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New anticoagulants: Monitoring or not Monitoring? Not Monitoring Anna Falanga, MD Immunohematology and Transfusion Medicine & Center of Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Ospedali Riuniti Bergamo, Italy The 2 nd World Congress on CONTROVERSIES IN HEMATOLOGY (COHEM) Barcelona, Spain – September 68, 2012

New anticoagulants: Monitoring and not Monitoring? Not ... · New anticoagulants: Monitoring or not Monitoring? Not Monitoring Anna Falanga, MD ... • No available antidote

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Page 1: New anticoagulants: Monitoring and not Monitoring? Not ... · New anticoagulants: Monitoring or not Monitoring? Not Monitoring Anna Falanga, MD ... • No available antidote

New anticoagulants: Monitoring or not Monitoring?

Not Monitoring

Anna Falanga, MD

Immunohematology and Transfusion Medicine

& Center of Hemostasis and Thrombosis, 

Ospedali Riuniti 

Bergamo, Italy

The 2nd

World Congress onCONTROVERSIES IN HEMATOLOGY (COHEM)Barcelona, Spain –

September 6‐8, 2012

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OLD ORAL ANTICOAGULANT DRUGS: “Warfarin”

- slow onset (and offset) of action: requires bridging therapy with heparins.

- unpredictable pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics- interacts with many other drugs- variability in relation to diet and comorbidities- variability in relation to genetic factors (CYP2C9 and VKORC1

polymorphisms)

- narrow therapeutic range- need for laboratory monitoring

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What are the characteristics of the ideal anticoagulants?

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Prothrombinase

Xa, Valipid

ThrombinProthrombin

FONDAPARINUX

(XIMELAGATRAN)BIVALIRUDINARGATROBANDESIRUDIN

Fibrinformation

Plateletactivation

Fibrinolysisinhibition

Cellulareffects

New Anticoagulants (NOACs)

APIXABANRIVAROXABAN

DABIGATRAN

EDOXABAN

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Main pharmacological characteristics of  selected new oral anticoagulants

Dabigatran Rivaroxaban Apixaban Edoxaban

Target IIa Xa Xa Xa

Hours to Cmax 2 2‐4 1‐3 1‐2

Prodrug Yes No No No

CYP metabolism NoYes (CYP3A4/A5, 

CYP2J2)

YES (CYP3A4, CYP1A2, CYP2J2)

YES (CYP3A4)

Efflux transporter P‐gp Yes Yes Yes Yes

Bioavilability 7% 80% 66% >45%

Protein binding 35% >90% 87% 55%

Half‐life (Hours) 12‐14 9‐13 8‐15 8‐10

Renal elimination 80% 66% 25% 35%

Dosing Twice a day Once a day Twice a day Once a day

Bid= twice daily; od= once daily; Tmax= time to peak plasma concentration

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Comparative features of VKAs and NOACs

VKAs NOACs• Need for regular anticoagulation monitoring:‐food and drug interactions‐ narrow therapeutic window‐

inter‐

and intra‐individual variability in dose 

response

• Fixed dose regimen without need for routine 

monitoring:‐low potential for food and drug interaction‐ wider therapeutic window‐ predictable anticoagulant effect

• Delayed onset of action • Rapid onset of action

• Long half‐life • Short half‐life

• Mainly hepatic metabolism • Mainly renal clearence

• Available antidote • No available antidote

• Anticoagulant monitoring through INR • No standardized monitoring test

INR: international normalized ratio, NOACs: novel oral anticoagulants, VKAs: vitamin K antagonist

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Why monitoring drugs?

• Drug monitoring aims to optimize dosage regimens  in order to increase efficacy and/or safety

• If 

the 

plasma 

concentration 

of 

drug 

can 

be  accurately 

anticipated 

from 

the 

dose 

applied 

and 

the 

patient’s 

body 

weight, 

it 

does 

not 

usually  require monitoring, even if its therapeutic window  is narrow.

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Not monitoring

Why not monitoring NOACs?

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Dabigatran: Predictable Pharmacokinetics

Dose‐proportional  increase in Cmax

and AUC  indicate linear 

pharmacokinetics over a  wide range of doses

After a Single Dose

At Steady State

Stangier J.: Clin Pharmacokinet 2008:47:285‐295

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Reproducible PK Profile of Dabigatran

PK profile is reproducible

across a wide range of doses1,2

1Stangier et al. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2007:64:292‐3032Stangier Clin Pharmacokinet 2008;47:285‐295

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The oral direct thrombin inhibitor  Dabigatran  has:

• A predictable, linear PK/PD profile

• Quick onset and offset of action

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Pharmacokinetics of Rivaroxaban

Kubitza D., et al. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2005

Dose‐proportional and linear PK with no accumulation after multiple dosing

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Efficacy and safety

No monitoring has been used in phase III clinical trials  that established the efficacy and safety of the NOACs

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Schulman S et al. NEJM 2009; 361: 2342‐2352  

Event rateEvent rateDABIGATRANDABIGATRAN 2.42.4

% %

WARFARINWARFARIN 2.12.1

% %

Efficacy outcomeEfficacy outcomeRecurrent venous thromboembolismRecurrent venous thromboembolism

p< 0.001p< 0.001 for non inferiorityfor non inferiority

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EINSTEIN investigators NEJM 2010; 363: 2499‐2510  

Efficacy outcomeEfficacy outcome

Safety outcomeSafety outcome

Major bleeding or clinically Major bleeding or clinically relevant nonmajor bleedingrelevant nonmajor bleeding

Recurrent venous Recurrent venous thromboembolismthromboembolism

p< 0.001p< 0.001 for non inferiorityfor non inferiority

P= 0.77P= 0.77

Event rateEvent rateRIVAROXABANRIVAROXABAN 2.12.1

% %

EnoxEnox--

WARFARINWARFARIN 3.03.0

% %

Event rateEvent rateRIVAROXABANRIVAROXABAN 8.18.1

% %

EnoxEnox--

WARFARINWARFARIN 8.18.1

% %

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Effects of NOACs on Coagulation Assays

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NOACs cause a significant prolongation of coagulation  reactions producing misleading results in routine 

clotting assays

Direct Thrombin Inhibitors Direct FXa Inhibitors

PT in sec and INR ↑ ↑APTT ↑ ↑Thrombin Time (TT) ↑↑ No

Fibrinogen (Clauss) No/↓ No

D‐dimers No No

These 

alterations 

do 

not 

correlate 

with 

the 

drug 

concentration, 

therefore  these tests are not to be performed to determine the drug activity.

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Effect of Dabigatran

on APTT

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Effects of Dabigatran

on Coagulation Assays

Van Ryn J et al, Thrombs and Haemost 2010

The time curves for aPTT, PT (expressed as international normalised ratio

[INR]), TT and ECT values 

parallel the plasma concentration–time curve of dabigatran. 

The maximum effect of dabigatran on clotting parameters occurs at the same time as maximal plasma 

concentrations, indicating that thrombin inhibition by dabigatran is a direct effect linked to the central 

plasma compartment. 

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Effects of Rivaroxaban

on Coagulation Assays

Harenberg J et al, Expert Rev. Hematol. 2012

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“Monitoring”

vs “measuring” the anticoagulant effects of the NOACs 

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Measurement of the anticoagulant activity after a  therapeutic dose of rivaroxaban or dabigatran etexilate 

may be informative in cases of:

Patients with low body weights or obese patients‐ Pediatric Patients‐ Renal or hepatic impairment‐ Accidental or deliberate overdose‐ To measure adherence‐ To evaluate patients with hemorrhagic or thrombotic complication‐ Before surgery

However, 

in 

the 

absence 

of 

specific 

antidotes, 

measured 

high 

activity 

merely  allows us to approximate after which time the drug activity will

vanish, according 

to its pharmacokinetic properties, which could have 

been 

calculated 

if 

the 

timing  of administration and the exact dose are known.

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Current problems with measuring these drugs

• No validated assays

• Each drug has unique effect

• Drug effect on clotting factors is transient

Therapeutic ranges are uncertain

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WHICH TEST?

• APTT

• Thrombin Time (TT)

• PT-INR

• Ecarin clotting time (ECT)

• Anti-Xa

• Thrombin Generation

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DABIGATRAN

Features Test

APTT PT ECT TT

Responsiveness + - ++ ++++Linearity - + + +Standardization - - + -

Availability -+ + +

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RIVAROXABAN/APIXABAN

Characteristics Test

PT APTT HepTest DRVVT aXa

Responsiveness + + ++ ++ ++

Linearity + + - - +

Standardization +/- - ? ? +/-

Availability -+ + - -

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• ECT might be the choice for Dabigatran

• PT and/or aXa might be the choice for Rivaroxaban/Apixaban

For the time being, and only in case it is needed:

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What the users of the new oral anticoagulants  need to know

The new direct Factor Xa‐

and IIa‐inhibitors affect  conventional clotting tests

These effects are reagent‐dependent

Do not routinely measure aPTT or prothrombin time to  detect over‐

or underdose

Use specific tests recommended (if available) to detect  over‐

or underdose, in particular in special patient 

populations

However there is no need for routine

monitoring.  

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NOACs do not need monitoring on a routine basis