Vegetative Morphology

How would you describe these plants?

Morphological description에 대한 용어는

1) 교과서1) 교과서

2) 웹페이지의 “Photo Gallary of Vascular Plant and Terminology”

h // b ll /Ph G ll OfV l Pl /h l/h l h lhttp://amborella.net/PhotoGallaryOfVascularPlants/html/help.html

3) “이창복도감 용어도해” 를 참고할 것

Pl t H bitPlant Habit 습성

· HERB 초본 – no above ground persistent woody tissue but may have underground perennating structures; may be annual 일년생, g p g ybiennial 이년생, or perennial 다년생

· SUBSHRUB 아관목 (=suffrutescent) – lower stems woody but upper stems herbaceous (prefix "sub" means "almost")stems herbaceous (prefix sub means almost )

· SHRUB 관목 – a woody low-stature perennial plant with one to many slender trunks arising from near its base

· TREE 교목 – a large woody perennial plant with one to several relatively massive trunks and an elevated crown

· SUCCULENT 다육성 – possessing thick usually soft watery leaves· SUCCULENT 다육성 – possessing thick, usually soft, watery leaves and/or stems. Stem succulents & leaf succulents

· VINE 초본성 덩굴식물 – a woody or herbaceous plant with a long, f fslender, more or less flexible stem which cannot support itself

· LIANA 목본성 덩굴식물(만목) – a woody, climbing vine (characteristic of the tropics)tropics)

LianaLiana

vein

Roots 뿌리

• usually the portion of the plant that absorbs water and minerals

• mostly underground• mostly underground • principal organ of attachment • lacks nodes and buds (a node is that portion ( p

of the stem where the leaves originate) Stems 줄기

l f b i i i f l• leaf-bearing main axis of a plant • aerial or subterranean • divided into nodes and internodesdivided into nodes and internodes • gives rise to branches, leaves, and flowers Leaves 잎• lateral appendages on a stem • usually serves as the primary photosynthetic

surface of the plantsurface of the plant • can be extremely modified in morphology

Root typesTAPROOT t l i· TAPROOT 주근 – central main root that descends vertically; larger than any branching root

· FIBROUS 수염뿌리 – thin thread-like roots arising from a taproot or from stem tissuetaproot or from stem tissue

· ADVENTITIOUS 부정근 – roots that originate from any part of th l t th th th tthe plant other than the root system

Question: 왜 rhizome은 지하”경” 즉 줄기 이고 수평으로 뻗어나가는뿌리라고 할 수 없는가?

Stem types

· RHIZOME 지하경 – an underground horizontal persistent stem; its leaves are often reduced to scales and it usually

구경

ybears adventitious roots and buds

· STOLON 포복경 – a horizontal stem near the d f h d lground surface that produces new plants

at its nodes or tip (runner)

· BULB 인경 – a thickened, underground BULB 인경 a thickened, underground short vertical stem with large storage leaves; usually borne below ground

지하경괴경

· CORM 구경 – a solid, erect underground stem with leaves absent or dry and scale-like

포복경like

· TUBER 괴경 – a solid, enlarged, underground horizontal stem that serves

지하경

as a storage area for food reserves 포복경

포복경

StolonStolon (=Runner)(=Runner)

포복경

괴경

bulb

corm인경

구경 지하경

Stem features

· NODE 절 – the position on a stem where a leaf or NODE 절 the position on a stem where a leaf or bud is or was attached

· INTERNODE 절간 – the portion of a stem between two nodes 정아

· AXIL 잎겨드랑이; 액 – the upper angle between a leaf (or any other lateral structure) and the stem to which it is attached

아린

· AXILLARY BUD 액아 – a bud borne in the axil of a leaf (also called a lateral bud)

· BUD 눈; 아 – the structure giving rise to a leafy

측아

피목엽흔

액아

stem, a flower, or both; it may be naked or protected by bud scales or stipules; it may be lateral or terminal

BUD SCALES 아린 l lik l th t t t

절간

· BUD SCALES 아린 – scale-like leaves that protect the buds

· BUD SCALE SCARS 아린흔 – scars remaining when the bud scales fall off

관속흑

절

the bud scales fall off

· STIPULES 탁엽 – usually a pair of appendages located at the base of a leaf but may be fused into a ring around the stem; variable in size,

수

g ; ,shape and texture; serves for protection or to attract pollinators

탁엽

· STIPULE SCARS 탁엽흔 – a pair of scars or pa single ring-like scar when stipules fall away

· LEAF SCAR 엽흔 – the scar left when a leaf falls from a twig; it contains oneleaf falls from a twig; it contains one or more vascular bundle scars

잎 (leaf) = 엽신 + 엽병 + 탁엽

엽맥

윗면; 배면; 등; 향축면줄기

싹; 芽(측아) 윗면; 배면; 등; 향축면아랫면; 복면; 배

엽연엽병엽병

탁엽

엽선엽신cf. pulvinus: 비대부위

Leaf persistence · EVERGREEN 상록성 – bearing green foliage all year round· EVERGREEN 상록성 – bearing green foliage all year round · DECIDUOUS 낙엽성 – the loss of leaves during unfavorable

conditions (such as at the end of each growing season)

Leaf parts · LEAF BLADE 엽신 – expanded portion of a leaf 엽신 p p· PETIOLE 엽병 – stalk of a leaf · STIPULES 탁엽 – the pair of appendages located at the base

of a petioleof a petiole

Leaf attachment

· PETIOLATE 엽병을 갖고 있는 – having a petiole

· SESSILE 엽병이 없는 – lacking a petiole (or leaf stalk)

· SHEATHING 엽초를 갖는 – leaf base enwraps stem

Leaf arrangement 엽서Leaf arrangement 엽서

- ALTERNATE 호생 – one leaf per node

- OPPOSITE 대생 – two leaves per nodeOPPOSITE 대생 two leaves per node

- WHORLED 윤생 – three or more leaves per node

호생 대생 윤생

※ 참조: 90도씩 돌려가며 대생하는것※ 참조: 90도씩 돌려가며 대생하는것교호대생(decussate)

Leaf complexity

· SIMPLE LEAF 단엽 – a leaf with a single blade (it is not di id d i l fl h i l fl f bl ddivided into leaflets; there is always a flange of blade tissue connecting adjacent lobes)

· COMPOUND LEAF 복엽 – a leaf with more than one blade l d f l fl dper petiole (it is made up of two or more leaflets and

these leaflets are wholly separate)

- PETIOLULE 소엽병 – the stalk of a leaflet

- LEAFLET 소엽 – one of the segments of a compound leaf

- RACHIS – the axis of a pinnately compound leaf

· PINNATELY COMPOUND 우상복엽 – a leaf in which there 우상복엽

are more than three leaflets arranged in two rows along a common axis. The leaflets are attached like the vanes of a feather

· PINNA (pl. PINNAE) – the primary division (or leaflet) of a pinnately compound leaf

· BIPINNATELY COMPOUND 2회 우상복엽 – leaf divided twice BIPINNATELY COMPOUND 2회 우상복엽 leaf divided twice

· TRIPINNATELY COMPOUND 3회우상복엽 – leaf divided three times; a pinnule is the ultimate division of a 2- or 3-times compound leafcompound leaf

Tripinnately compound leaf

Bipinnately compound leaf

· PALMATELY COMPOUND 장상복엽 –where the leaflets arise from a

i f h hcommon point of attachment; there is no rachis

· TRIFOLIOLATE 3출엽 – a compound leaf with three leafletsleaf with three leaflets

※ TRIFOLIATE 잎이 3개나는 윤생– three separate leaves arising from the same nodesame node

Simple leaf

Simple leaf or compound leaf?

Compound leafCompound leaf

우수우상복엽 기수우상복엽

2회기수우상복엽

장상복엽 삼출엽 단신복엽

Leaf venationLeaf venation · PINNATE 우상맥 – consisting of a central mid-

vein with many secondary veins emerging on b th id t f f th lik ttboth sides to form a feather-like pattern

· PALMATE 장상맥 – all primary veins arise at the same point at the base of the leaf

· PARALLEL 평행맥 – veins lie more or less parallel to the leaf margins

Leaf blade shape · LINEAR 선형 – long and narrow with the sides

parallel (>4:1)parallel (>4:1) · OBLONG 장타원형 – nearly rectangular with the

sides parallel (2-4:1) · LANCEOLATE 창형 – spear-shaped; widening LANCEOLATE 창형 spear shaped; widening

above base and then long tapering to apex (3-4:1)

· OVATE 난형 – egg-shaped; broad nearest base OVATE 난형 egg shaped; broad nearest base (<3:1)

· OBOVATE 도란형 – ovate, but with narrower end towards point of attachmenttowards point of attachment HINT: The prefix "ob" means opposite, so "obovate" is the opposite of "ovate."

· ELLIPTIC 타원형 – ellipse-shaped; widest near ELLIPTIC 타원형 ellipse shaped; widest near middle and tapering at both ends

· ORBICULAR 원형 – circle shaped · RENIFORM 신장형 – kidney shaped RENIFORM 신장형 kidney shaped

Heterophylly (이형엽성): 동일한 식물체에서도 다른 모양의 잎을 갖는 경우

Leaf apices 엽두

· ACUTE 예두 – sharp ending in a point with ACUTE 예두 sharp, ending in a point with straight sides to the apex (<90 degrees)

· ACUMINATE 점첨두 – sharp, ending in a long-tapering point with concave sides

· OBTUSE 둔두 – blunt, rounded (>90 degrees)

MUCRONATE 급첨두 ll b t i t· MUCRONATE 급첨두 – a small, abrupt point

Leaf bases 엽저· ACUTE 예저 – sharp <90 degrees ACUTE 예저 sharp, <90 degrees · ACUMINATE 유저 – sharp, long-

tapering point · OBTUSE 둔저 – blunt >90 degrees OBTUSE 둔저 blunt, >90 degrees · CORDATE 심장저 – heart shaped (equal

rounded lobes at the base) · OBLIQUE 왜저 – unequal sized lobes at OBLIQUE 왜저 unequal sized lobes at

base· PELTATE 순저 – umbrella like; the petiole

is attached to the blade insideis attached to the blade inside of the margin; often orbicular in shape

예두 둔두 둔두

요두 절두

유두원두급첨두

예저 둔저 설저

원저 유저 절저원저 유저 절저

심장저 열저

화살저

Leaf margins 엽연 거치· ENTIRE 전연– a margin without any toothing or division (smooth) · CRENATE 둔거치 scalloped or round toothed· CRENATE 둔거치 – scalloped or round-toothed · SERRATE 예거치 – a saw-toothed margin with sharp teeth pointing towards

the apex DENTATE 치아상거치 h h j i i h l f h i· DENTATE 치아상거치 – sharp teeth projecting at right angles from the margin

· PINNATELY LOBED 우상열 – lobed towards the midrib but not reaching it · PALMATELY LOBED 장상열 – lobes all arising from one point at the base of g p

the leaf

Surface features · GLABROUS 털이 없는 – lacking hairs

(trichomes); a smooth surface(trichomes); a smooth surface · PUBESCENT 털이 있는 – covered with

hairs (also called trichomes) STELLATE 성 가 있는 h i h· STELLATE 성모가 있는 – hairs that branch at or near their base (star-shaped from above)

· GLANDULAR 선모가 있는 – hairs that bear glands (that break down into sticky beads of fluid); they may be t lk d ( ti it t ) ilstalked (stipitate) or sessile

※ trichome: 털, 모용 = indumentum

Special features· TENDRIL 덩굴손 – an

elongated twining segmentelongated, twining segment of a leaf, stem, or inflorescence by which a plant clings to its supportclings to its support

· THORN 경침 – a woody, sharp-pointed, modified stem (has stem like vasculature)stem-like vasculature)

· SPINE 엽침 – a sharp-pointed modified leaf or leaf part STIPULAR SPINE 탁엽성 엽침 borne- STIPULAR SPINE 탁엽성 엽침 – borne in pairs and lateral to leaf (or leaf scar)

· PRICKLE 피침 – a sharp pointed outgrowth from thepointed outgrowth from the epidermis