1. ? : 2. ()() 3. : 99()() : ()() 4. 97 98 99 100 1010 0 0 12 0 1 0 12() ... 6 5 4 52 4 5 3 13 1 1 1 13 0 2 0 14() 0 1 3 51 0 0 1 410 2 1 01 5. 6. 7. 102 (): CODBOD (): - (): (): 8. 8 9. ,!9 10. decantation filtration distillation chromatography 11. 12. 13. Avogadros hypothesis 1811 A.Avogadro17761856 moleculeTPV n 14. 1 mol 12C 12 112C 12 amu NA12.0000 1 C 12 12.0000 amuNA 1 1 amu 1 N A amu NA 15. 6.0210231 :1. 2. = = 16. CMvolumetric molar concentration M mol/L Q 2.00 M 100 mL W NaCl 58.5 W =11.758.5 20.1 17. 0.001 M KMnO4100 0.0158 100 60 18. ppm ppm 106mgkg mg mg ppm kg L 19. 20. likedissolves like ADEKBC 21. KCl KNO3NH4Cl NaCl Cu(NO3)2 C12H22O11 Li2SO4 Ce2(SO4)3Na2SO4 CaSO4MnSO4 IAIIA 22. NH4NO3H=25.7kJ/mol MgSO4H=91.2kJ/molCaCl2 H= 81.3kJ/mol thermal pollution ()http://nature.tesri.gov.tw/tesriusr/internet/projshow.cfm?IDNo=27 23. 24. 2011 H He Li Be5 B6 C7 N8 O9 F Ne427394111214161920102311 Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca2412271328143115 32 16351740183919 40 20 25. 26. 1.n2n2 2.2,8,8. 3. 26 27. 9e-e-e-(valenceelectron)e- e -e- e-e-e- +1 +2 +3 -2-1 28. 28 29. 2H2O O8 NaF1[] + [] - 8 30. A1) A (1A~8A)2) 1A 2A 7A 8A 31. 32. ()1. 2. 3. : 33. ()4. 1A Li < Na < K < Rb < Cs5. 1A LiNaK 34. ()1. 4A7A 2. F 3. HeNeAr 4. HF 35. 3-1 36. HOCH2O C2H4O2 H C C CH3COOHO HH 37. 1.2.3. CSiSiO2SiC 4. 38. 39. P4 O10CaCl 2NaOHMg(ClO) 4 KOH O2 CCO2 H2OOHCxHyOz 12x : y : zCO2 C CO 2 44 C H O2 ::H2O H H 2O12 1 16 18O=CxHyOz-C-HCx H yOz 40. 1. C%H%O%C% H% O%2. nC : nH : nO: :p:q:r12 1 163. CpHqOr 41. 100% ( ) CaCO 3 40 12 16 3 100 40 1 Ca%100% 40% 100 12 1 C% 100% 12%100 16 3 O% 100% 48%100 42. 16%C3H6N6H=1,C=12,N=14C3 H 6 N 6 12 3 1 6 14 6 12614 6N% 100% 67% 126 43. 3-6CCCHO1.000 g0.405 gU1.500 gC176 gmolH1.008C12.01O16.0012 x : y : zCO2C 1.500 0.409g440.409 0.045 0.546:: 212116H 2O H 0.405 0.045g180.0341: 0.0446 : 0.0341 O =1.000 - 0.409 - 0.045 = 0.546g 3: 4:3 123 14 163 88 gC3H4O3 mol 176 g / mol2(C3H4O3)2 C6H8O6 88 g / mol 44. molecular formula(1)(2)(3) n(4)()n 45. CnH2n+2CnH2nCl2 56 (1) (2) Cl = 35.5 46. aN2H4bN2O4 cN2dH2Oabcd =Ca3(PO4)2 + SiO2 + C CaSiO3 + P4 +CO 47. 2.4 CH3COOH4.4 C5H11OH2.6 CH3COOH C5H11OH CH3COOC5H11H2O(1) (2) C = 12H = 1O = 16 48. (1) CH3COOH 60C5H11OH 88 2.44.4 60 = 0.040 80 = 0.050 CH3COOHC5H11OH CH3COOC5H11H2O 1111(2) 0.040 130 1300.040 = 5.2 2.6 2.6 = 100 % = 50 % 5.2 49. NaN32NaN3(s) 2Na(s) 3N2(g)14.7 N2=14.7/24.5=0.600 mol ; NaN3x=, 2 : 3 = x : 0.6 , x 0.400 mol (1) NaN3 65.0 gmol 0.400 mol 26.0 g 50. 51. 1 Mg(s) + O2(g) MgO(s) H = - 602 kJ1 HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq)1 NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)H = -56.7 kJ 52. 53. Hesss law Germain Henri Hess 18021850 54. 2NaF(aq)CaCl2(aq) CaF2(s)2NaCl(aq) 2Na+(aq)2F (aq) Ca2+(aq) 2Cl (aq) CaF2(s)2Na+(aq)2Cl (aq) Ca2+(aq)2F(aq) CaF2(s) 55. 1) H2O(aq) H+(aq)OH(aq)2) 25 [H+] = [OH] = 1.0107 M3) Kw Kw = [H][OH] = 1.01014254) Kw 56. [H +]1. [H] > 107 M > [OH]2. [H] = 107 M = [OH]3. [OH] > 107 M > [H] 57. pH1) pH = log[H]2) [H] = a 10bMpH = b log a[H] = 2 10 5 M pH = 5 log 2 = 4.73) 25 pH7 pH = 7 pH7 58. 25.0 0.400 M KOH(aq) 0.250 M HCl(aq) 59. 1. KOH(aq)HCl(aq) KCl(aq)H2O(l) KOH OH HCl H OH = 0.40025.0 mmol 2. H = OH 0.40025.0 = 0.250VHCl VHCl = 40.0 0.250 M 40.0 60. 2. 1) 2) 61. 1. 2. 2Na(s)Cl2(g) 2NaCl(s) NaCl23. 62. CH 63. IUPAC ()1. 2. 3. , 4. 64. IUPAC 2- 1. 2. 65. IUPAC2,3- 1. 2. 3. , 66. IUPAC 3--4- 67. 1 7 2 6 3 5 4 1--4- 68. 1. 2. 2--1-1- 69. 1 2 31 45 6 4 562 35--2- 5--2- 70. C6H6 - 1 1 ,2 71. () 72. 73. 74. 75. - C C C 1 2 3 76. () 1 2 3 (((O O OH H H))) 77. 78. 98%2%98100 ( ) 98 % 0( ) 2% 98 95%5%95100 ( ) 95 % 0( ) 5% 95 79. - 80. 81. 82. - 83. 1(nm)10-9m 1nm ~100nm 84. - (YBa2Cu3O7-x) 85. (1) 86. (2) 87. COCO2 SO2SO3NOx (CxHy) CFC 87 88. (%) 100 %47% 100% 89. ? !