nfXnkfJ - gzitkshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/10410/10/10_chapter 5.p… · nfXnkfJ - gzitk GkJh ekBQ f;zx BkGk d/ gqekfPs ekoi ft~u ;kIK pko/ ikDekoh 5H1H ;kIL gfoGkPk

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nfXnkfJ - gzitk

GkJh ekBQ f;zx BkGk d/ gqekfPs ekoi ft~u ;kIK pko/ ikDekoh

5H1H ;kIL gfoGkPk s/ wjZst

5H2H GkJh ekBQ f;zx dhnK fbysK ft~u ;kIK pko/ ikDekoh

5H3H sZs tor d/ ;kIK pko/ t/otk

(thDk, f;sko, szp{ok, opkp, prb sozr)

5H4H ftqs iK ntBX ;kI

(fwqdzr, ygkti, vkT{o{, Y'b, Yv)

5H5H ;[fPo (;[fyo) ;kIK pko/ t/otk

(pK;[oh, PjBkJh, phB, nbr'i/, Bfoz;rk, ;js{o, ;zy)

5H6H xB ;kIK pko/ ikDekoh

(xzNk, yVskb, S?D/, ibsozr, wzihok, MKi, xz[xo{, skb)

5H7H ;kIK pko/ fJfsjk;e s/ seBheh ikDekoh

5H8H r[opkDh d[nkok ;kIK pko/ ikDekoh

5H9H ;kIK pko/ nkb'uBkswe ftuko

228

;zrhs Ppd d/ noE nfs ftPkb jB, fi; ft~u rkfJB tkdB ns/

fBos fszB' ebktK Pkwb jB. gzfvs ;kozrd/t ofus rqzE ‘;zrhs osBkeo’

ft~u ;zrhs dh gfoGkPk j?L

xhra ok|a rFkk rR;a] =k; laxhreqP;rs noEks rkfJB, tkdB ns/ fBos fszBK ebktK d/ ;w{j dk Bkw

‘;zrhs’ j?. Gkosh Pk;soh ;zrhs ft~u ‘rkfJB’ dh soQK jh ‘tkdB ;zrhs’

Bz{ th nfjw ;EkB jk;b j?. wzfBnk iKdk j? fe ;zrhs dh tk;sfte ebk dk

ftek;, tkdB ;zrhs ft~u jh j'fJnk. feT[Afe rkfJB ebk ft~u fi~E/

;to^b?n Bkb ekft dk ;wkt/P (lekos'k) ehsk frnk, j?, T[ZE/ fBos ftu

b?n d/ Bkb, nzrhfeqs Gkt w[doktK dk ;z:'r j[zdk j? .gozs{ e/tb s/ e/tb

tkdB ;zrhs ft~u ;to ns/ b?n dk jh gq:'r jz[dk j?. tkdB ft~u Bk jh

ekft j?, ns/ Bk jh fBos dh soQK nzr ;zukbB. fJ;/ eoe/ tkdB ebk,

rkfJB ns/ fBos Bkb'A tZX ;{\w ns/ nfXe nkBzd dkfJe wzBh iKdh j?.

f;oc ;to ns/ b?n T[Zgo nkXkos j'D ekoB ‘tkdB ebk’ ;zrhs dh

g{oBô{g ft~u gqshfBX ebk j?. p/PZe g[okD/ ;w/A d"okB ‘tkdB’ dk gq:'r

rkfJB s/ fBos Bkb ;zrs ti'A ehsk iKdk ;h, gozs{ j"bh j"bh tkdB ;zrhs

B/ ;zrhs irs ft~u nkgDk ;[szso ns/ nfjw ;EkB jk;b eo fbnk.

Gkosh Pk;soh ;zrhs dh ftPkb gozgok ft~u tkdB ;zrhs d/ y/so

ft~u th pj[s ftek; j'fJnk. tZy tZy ;fwnK nB[;ko, fi~E/ Bt/A Bt/A ;kI

j'Ad ft~u nkT[Ad/ rJ//, T[ZE/ fJzBK ;kIK d/ nDfrDs nfij/ gqfsGkPkbh tkde

th g?dk j't/, fiBQK nkgDh ftbZyD tkdB P?bh Bkb tkdB ebk d/ wjZst Bz{

j'o T[ikro ehsk. ;[szso tkdB gozgok dh bVh ft~u w[rb pkdPkj w[jzwd

Pkj ozrhb/ (1719^1748) d/ dopkoh ;zrhsekoK B/ thDk d/ ;[szso tkdB dh

229

;Ekgsh bJh nfjw o'b ndk ehsk. fJ; w"e/ d/ gqf;ZX ;zrhseko ;dkozr

(fBnkws yK) fJ~e uzr/ rkfJe j'D d/ Bkb Bkb T[Zue'Nh d/ thDk tkde th

;B, fiBQK d/ tkdB s'A pkdPkj w[jzwd Pkj p/jZd gqGkfts j'J/ ;B.

skB;?B d/ ;w/A thDk tkde ‘Xo[gd rkfJeK’ Bkb ;zrs eod/ ;B,

gozs{ j"bh j"bh tkdeK d/ wB ft~u ;[szso tkdB dh ifrnk;k g?dk j'Jh.

;[szso tkdB gozgok B/ nZi d/ ;w/A sZe gj[zufdnK gj[zufdnK i' fPyoh

gqkgshnK jk;b ehshnK, T[; ekoB nZi ;zrhs irs ft~u ;[szso tkdB ns/

tkdeK Bz{ nfjw ns/ ;BwkB:'r ;EkB jk;b j?. fi; ekoB ;zrhs d/ y/so

ftZu fiZE/ ;kIK dk wjZst j'o tXdk ik fojk j? T[~E/ ;kIK dh frDsh ft~u

th pj[s tkXk j'fJnk j?.

T[go'es uouk s'A Gkt j? fe nkozG ft~u p/PZe tkdB ;zrhs dk iBw

rkfJB dh ;zrsh bJh j'fJnk, gozs{ ;wK gk e/ fJ; B/ nkgDh fJ~e ;[szso

j'Ad pDk bJh j?. Gkosh ;zrhs d/ fJfsjk; ftu fJ~e szsoh thDk (ss

;kI), G{wh^d[d[zGh (ntBX ;kI), t?Bz{ (;[fPo) nkfd ;kIK dk toDB tZy

tZy g[oksB rqzEK ft~u fwbdk j?. tZy tZy :[~rK ftZu nB/e Bt/A ;kIK dh

ouBk j[zdh rJh ns/ ;w/A dh wzr nB[;ko, thDk, opkp, skBg[ok, f;sko,

fdbo[pk, skBg[ok, ;kozrh, fwqdzr, gykti, spbk, jkow'Bhnw nkfd ;kIK

dh tos'A ;zrsh ;kIK d/ o{g ft~u j'D bZrh.

5H1 ;kIL gfoGkPk s/ wjZst

Gkosh ;zrhs ft~u nkfd ekb s'A jh ;kIK dk wjZstg{oB ;EkB fojk

j?. vkH Pou uzdq PqhXo goKig/ nB[;ko, “f;zX xkNh dh ;fGnsk dh

;fGnsk d/ i' ntP/P gkJ/ rJ/ jB, T[BQK ft~u e[M ;hNhnK jB ns/ e[M

230

nfij/ fuZso jB, fiBQK T[Zgo ‘f;zr’ dh nkfeqsh j?. ;hNh ns/ f;zr ('kàx),

fJj d't/A c{e Bkb tZiD tkb/ ;kI jBHHH ikBtoK d/ f;zrK Bz{ c{e Bkb tikT[D

dh gqEk ;kohnK g[oksB ;fGnksktK ft~u gkJh iKdh j?. t?fde :[Zr ft~u

f;zr, ;zy tor/ nB/e ;kIK d/ gq:'r dk T[b/y fwbdk j?.”1

fJB;kJheb'ghvhnk nw?ohekBk ns/ fJB;kJheb'ghvhnk fpqN/fBek ft~u

;kI bJh fwT{iheb fJz;Nq{w?AN (Musical Instrument) Ppd tofsnk fwbdk

j?.2

fjzdh gzikph e'P ft~u ;kI bJh tkfdsq (okfn=), tkd: (ok|) nkfd

Ppd fwbd/ jB.3

GkJh ekBQ f;zx BkGk B/ r[o[Ppd osBkeo wjkB e'P ft~u ;kI bJh

tkik, tkfdsq, tkd: nkfd PpdK dk gq:'r ehsk j?. ;zrhskukohnk gq'H skok

f;zx nB[;ko, fi; ;kXB d[nkok ;zrhskswe ;[o ns/ b?n g?dk j[zdh j?,

T[;Bz{ tkd:, ;kI iK tkik efjzd/ jB.4 vkH doPB f;zx Bo{bk nB[;ko,

“;{\w fdqPNh Bkb d/yhJ/ sK g{o/ ‘ftPt’ d/ ‘;zrhs’ ftu ;kIK dk wjZst

nkfdêkb s'A nZi sZe ekfJw j? feT[Afe ;zrhs dh g/Pekoh ftu ;kIK pr?o

r[ikok BjhA j?.HHH fit/A Ppih^Gkih s/ wfmnkJh ftu Bwe, fwou, jbdh,

fxT[ s/ yzv Io{oh j? T[t/A jh ‘ftPt ;zrhs’ ftu ‘;kI’ Io{oh jB.”5

vkH :Pgkb Powk nB[;ko, “;zrhs ftu ;kIK dh ;Zsk gokuhB ekb

s'A jh j?. b?n ns/ ;[o d/ T[sgkde fe;/ th :zso Bz{ ;kIK dh P/qDh ft~u

o~fynk iKdk j?.”6 vkH PPh G{PD ‘ror’ dk eEB j? fe, “;zrhs ;kI s'A

Gkt fJe nfij/ T[geoB s'A j? fi;dk gq:'r ;zrhse X[BhnK T[sgzB eoB

bJh ehsk iKdk j?. f;XKfse gZy'A e'Jh th t;s{ i' X[Bh T[sgzB eodh j't/

;zrhs ;kI j' ;edh j?.”7 gq'H Bti's e"o e;/b nB[;ko, “tkd: Ppd ‘td’

231

Xks{ s'A pfDnk, fi;dk noE j? fi; Bkb p[bkfJnk ik ;e/. noEks, wB[Zy

;t? nkgD/ Poho s'A Bkd T[sgzB Bk eoe/ fi; :zso s'A Bkd T[sgzB eodk j?,

T[j jh ‘tkd:’ j?.”8

T[go'es uouk s'A ;gPZN j? fe gokuhB ekb s'A jh ;kI ;zrhs dk

wjZstg{oB nzr oj/ jB. ;kv/ g[oksB rqzEK, w{oshnK, g[oksB fJfsjk;e

wzdoK ft~u pD/ fuZso Gbh GKs ;kIK dh wjZssk Bz{ T[ikro eod/ jB.

owkfJD, wjkGkos, t?fde ekb ftu ;kBz{ nB/e ;kIK dk toDB fwbdk j?.

5H2 GkJh ekBQ f;zx BkGk dhnK fbysK ft~u ;kIK pko/ ikDekoh

GkJh ekBQ f;zx BkGk B/ nkgD/ rqzEK ft~u rkfJB ebk d/ Bkb Bkb ;kIK

pko/ th nfs wjZstg{oB ikDekoh gqdkB ehsh j? ns/ e[M ;kIK pko/ fJj th

fIeo j? fe fJj ;kI Gkosh ;zrhs d/ ;o{g Bz{ g{oB s"o s/ T[ikro eoB

ft~u n;woE j?. T[BQK nkgDhnK fbysK ft~u t?fde ekb d/ ;kIK s'A b? e/

nkX[fBe :[Zr d/ gZSwh ;kI jkow'Bhwnw sZe dk fIeo ehsk j? ns/ e[M

otkfJsh ;kIK d/ fuZso th nkgDhnK fbysK ft~u fdZs/ jB. ftdtkBK

nB[;ko Gkosh Pk;soh ;zrhs ft~u ;kIK d/ ;o{g ns/ pBktN d/ nkXko s/

;kIK dk torheoB ;G s'A gfjbK Gosw[Bh d/ gqf;ZX rqzE ‘BkN: Pk;so’

ftu j'fJnk fwbdk j?.

;kozrd/t d/ fby/ rqzE ‘;zrhs osBkeo’ d/ nkXko s/ Gkosh ;kIK d/

uko w[Zy Gkr ntBX ;kI, sZs ;kI, ;[fPo ;kI, xB ;kI nkfd wzB/ rJ/

jB, ‘Pqh ;zrhsêbkXo’ ft~u th ;kIK d/ uko tor, ss, ftss, ;[fPo ns/

xB nkfd tofDs ehs/ fwbd/ jB. gozs{ GkJh ekBQ f;zx B/ nkgDh ouBk

232

r[o[ws gqGkeo (gzBk 402) ft~u tkfdnK (;kIK) dk torheoB eod/ j'J/

fJBQK Bz{ uko dh EK gzi GkrK ft~u tzve/ g/P ehsk j?.

pknd ftZu r[o[ws wkoszv g[;se d/ d{i/ Gkr ftZu ;kIK dk

torheoB ft;Eko ;fjs fJ; goeko fwbdk j?L^

“gzi tki/ fJj jBL^

(T) ss ^ (rr~) sko ns/ szd d/ tki/, f;sko opkp nkfd.

(n) ftqs ^ (o`r) uzw Bkb wV/ j'J/ tki/, fwqdzr Y'be nkfd.

(J) xB ^ Xks d/ tki/, xzNk S?D/ e?A;hnK nkfd.

(;) Bkd ^xVk nkfd, fiBQK d/ g[bkV ftZu'A jZE d/ gqjko Bkb ;[o

eZYhdk j?.

(j) ;[fyo (lqf"kj) c{e Bkb tikT[D tkb/ tki/, Bchoh, w[obh nkfd”9

;kIK Bz{ tikT[D d/ gZy s'A GkJh ekBQ f;zx B/ wjkB e'P ftZu ;kIK dk

torheoB S/ GkrK ftZu fJ; goeko th ehsk j?L^

“1H J/ej;s L i' fJe jZE Bkb tikfJnk ikt/, fJeskok, skBg[ok

nkfd.

2H fd_j;sL i' d' jZEK Bkb tikJhJ/, fwqdzr, gykti, thDk nkfd.

3H e[v:kxks L i' vze/ Bkb tikfJnk ikt/, Brkok, Y'b nkfd.

4H XB[okxoP L^ i' ewkD dh Peb d/ tkbK d/ ri Bkb tikJhJ/,

;kozrh, ;ozdk, skT{; nkfd.

5H j{seko L i' wz{j dh c{e Bkb tikfJnk ikt/ Bchoh, w{obh nkfd.

6H pj[ozrheL i' go;go skVB s'A pZi/, MKM, yVskb nkfd.”10

233

;kIK dh pDso dk fIeo eofdnK Bkb'A Bkb GkJh ;kfjp B/ ‘;qh r[o{

rqzE ;kfjp’ ns/ ‘d;w rqzE’, ‘r[ogqskg ;{o:’ nkfd ftZu'A T[j gzeshnK th

fdZshnK jB, fiBQK ft~u ;pzXs ;kI dk fIeo j?.11

GkJh ;kfjp B/ ‘r[o[ws wkoszv’ Gkr d{ik ft~u ;kIK dk torheoB

gzi GkrK *u eofdnK, fJBQK bJh ‘gzi tki/’ ns/ ‘gzu Ppd’ nkfd PpdK

dh tos'A th ehsh j?. gozs{ Bkb jh fJ; Ppd d/ gozgfoe Xkowe ftPtkPK

ns/ fwfEjk; pko/ th T[b/y ehsk j? fit/A feL

“:'rhnK d/ ebg/ j'J/ d;w d_ko d/ gzi Ppd ^ ;zy, fwqdzr, fer[zoh, w[obh ns/ thDk dh X[fB nkfd. g[okDK nB[;ko gzi PPd, i' oki/ nZr/ tZiDk ftXkB j? ^ f;zx vc, ;zy, G/oh ns/ i:xzNk nkfd.”12

GkJh ;kfjp nB[;ko, ;zrhs rqzEK ft~u ss, ftss (ftqs), xB, ns/

;[fyo nkfd uko tki/ [;kI] jh w[Zy jB. nbZr nbZr tor Bkb ;pzXs

otkfJsh ns/ BthB ;kIK pko/ nkg tZb'A g/P ehsh ikDekoh fJ; goeko

j?L^

5H3 ss tor d/ ;kIK pko/ t/otk

Gkosh ;zrhs d/ ftdtkBK nB[;ko ss ns/ ;[fyo (;[fPo) ;kIK dk

;pzX ;to T[sgzB eoB Bkb j?, id fe ftss (ftqs) ntBZX ns/ xB ;kI

;zrhs dh b?n Bkb iK ;wK BkgD d/ gow[Zy ;kXB wzB/ rJ/ jB. wjkB e'P

ft~u nwoe'P dk jtkbk fdZsk j?L^

“ssz thDkfdez tkd:zr”13

noEks, thDk nkfde tkfd:z (tkfdnk) sko dko tki/ ‘ss’ tor d/

;kI jB. tZy tZy ss ;kIK pko/ ikDekoh fJ; goeko fwbdh j?L^

234

1H thDk

ftdtkBK nB[;ko thDk ft~u sZs tor d/ ;kIK d/ ;ko/ o{g Pkwb jB,

fiBQK dk g[oksB ns/ wZX ekbhB Gkos ft~u gow[Zy ;EkB fojk j?. GkJh

ekBQ f;zx nB[;ko skodko tki/ ‘thDk’ dhnK nB/e PebK j[zdhnK jB,

“ftP/P eoe/ thDk s[zp/ ns/ g'b/ ekB dh vzvh Bkb pDkJh iKdh j?. vzvh g[o

;[oK d/ G/d eoB bJh ;[zdohnK bZrhnK ofjzdhnK jB. ;zrhs ft~u fJ; d/

Sh G/d fby/ jBL^

(T) Bebh ^ d' sko dh d[skok

(n) fsqszfsq ^ fszB sko dh f;sko

(J) okiXkBh ^ uko sko dh szp{ok

(;) ftgzuh ^ gzi sko dh wX:w nkfd

(j) ;kotoh ^ Sh sko dh

(e) gotkfdBh ^ ;Zs sko dh.

fJ; fgSb/ G/d dh thDk d/ fszB sko b'j/ d/ ns/ uko sko fgsZb d/

j[zd/ jB. vzvh d/ d'jK f;fonK ft~u tZv/ s[zp/ j'fJnk eod/ jB. ;o;tsh ns/

Bkod nkfde fJjh thDk tosd/ jB no T[BQK dh thDk d/ fGzB^fGzB Bkw jB

^ wjKd/t dh thDk bzph, ;o;tsh dh eSgh, Bkod dh wjsh, s[zp[o[ dh

ebktsh nkfd.”14 nkX[fBe ns/ gokuhB rzqEK ft~u thDk d/ fszB doiB s'A

tZX G/d gVB Bz{ fwbd/ jB.15

vkj:kbkb fPtokw nB[;ko, ss ;kIK ft~u thDk fJ~e g{iD:'r ns/

nkfd ;kI wzfBnk iKdk j?. gokuhB ;z;feqs rqzEK ft~u fJ;dh P'Gk d/ nB/e

235

T[b/y fwbd/ jB. n~iê~b thDk Bz{ ‘phB’ th fejk iKdk j?, fi;d/

fBowkDêosk wjKd/t jB. fJ;d/ w[~y goeko uko jB noEks, Bkodh

thDk (szp{o), pqkjwh thDk (;to wzvb), o"dqh thDk ns/ Pkodh thDk

nkfd.16

2H f;sko

f;sko (fsqszsoh thDk) B{z th ss tor d/ ;kIK ft~u frfDnk iKdk j?.

Gkosh: ;zrhs e'P nB[;ko ‘f;sko’ |ko;h Ppd j?, fJ;dk noE j? ‘shB

sko’.17 ;z;ko d/ gqf;ZX f;sko tkde gzfvs oth Pzeo nB[;ko fsqszsoh jh

f;sko dh iBBh j?.18 wjkB e'P ftubh ikDekoh nB[;ko fszB sko dk

pkik f;sko j?, fi;d/ b'j/ dh sko tikT[D bJh wZXw ;[o dh ns/ d'

fgZsb dhnK skoK PVi ;[o dhnK j[zdhnK jB. c[ZN B'N ft~u ;{uBk j?

fe n;hA eJh nfijhnK f;skoK Gh d/yhnK jB, fiBQK d/ b'j/ dh sko

e'Jh BjhA j[zdh. d' fgZsb dhnK skoK, fiBQK Bz{ pki iK i'Vk nkyd/ jB,

pikT[D bJh, ns/ fJ~e fgZsb dh sko ;[o dh ;jkfJsk bJh j[zdh j? no

Xks{ dh ;[zdohnK d/ EK szd d/ pzd j[zd/ jB. j[D fJ; dk [f;sko dk] BkT[A

wZXw j? no gzi skoK j[zdhnK jB, eJhnK d/ J/dz{ tZX Gh j[zdhnK jB.19

f;sko d/ fJ~e j'o goeko dk toDB wjkB e'P ft~u (gzBk 463)

‘ukorkj’ f;ob/y nXhB ehsk fwbdk j? fe ‘ukorkj’ fJ~e goeko dh

f;sko, fi;d/ uko skoK j[zdhnK jB. pikT[D dk i'Vk ns/ d' skoK ;[oK

dh ;jkfJsk bJh. Xks{ dh ;[zdohnK dh EK, szd d/ pzd pZX/ j[zd/ jB.

f;sko GkJh ekBQ f;zx BkGk dk wB^g;zd ;kI fojk j?. GkJh ;kfjp d/

gVg'so/ w/io nkdoPgkb f;zx gk;'A gqkgs ikDekoh nB[;ko nkg dh f;sko

236

bzwK ;wk ftqi/P GtB BkGk fty/ ;zGkb e/ oZyh rJh ;h fi; dk fuZso wjkB

e'P ft~u th t/fynk ik ;edk j?.

wjkB e'P ft~u GkJh ;kfjp d/ P;sq^n;sq ns/ f;sko nkfd d/ fu~so

gfNnkbk dopko tZb'A 1930 JhH ft~u gqekfPs wjkB e'P Bz{ id'A

GkPk ftGkr gzikp tZb'A fJ~e Gkr ft~u Skfgnk frnk. fJ; d/ w[ZY ft~u

fJfsjk;eko PwP/o f;zx nP'e tZb'A GkJh ekBQ f;zx ih dk

ihtB^ftqZsKs th fdZsk frnk j?, fi; ft~u GkJh ekBQ f;zx d/

P;sq^n;sqK dhnK s;thoK ft~u T[BQK dk wBg;zd ;kI f;sko th Pkwb

j?. nP'e ih nB[;ko GkJh ;kfjp Bz{ ;zrhs dk p/j~d P'e ;h. ;zrhs gqsh

;B/j ikjo eoB bJh skT{;, fdbopk ns/ f;sko nkfd GkJh ;kfjp d/

gow[~y ;kI ;B.

‘;qh ;zrhsêbkXo’ rqzE ftubh ikDekoh nB[;ko, phB dk tkdB

efmB j'D ekoB, nwho y[;o' B/ phB d/ nkXko s/ BthA ebgBk Bkb f;sko

237

dk fBowkD ehsk. phB ftu d' fwiokp dk gq:'r ns/ f;sko ft~u fJ~e

fwiokp dk gq:'r j[zdk j?, fJ; ekoB f;sko dk tkdB, phB s'A ;ob wzfBnk

iKdk j?.20

T[go'es uouk s'A ;g~PN j? fe ;w/A ;w/A nB[;ko ;kIK dk ftek; j[zdk

frnk. f;sko d/ th eJh o{g j'Ad ft~u nkJ/.

3H szp{ok

Gkosh ;zrhs d/ sZs ;kIK ft~u szp{o/ Bz{ nfjw ;EkB jk;b j?, feT[Afe

fJ; dh ;jkfJsk Bkb rkfJe ;to ;kXBk eod/ jB. rkfJe nkgD/ rba/

ftZu'A tZy tZy okrK dk ;o{g fJ; dh wZdd Bkb pDkT[Adk j?. szp[o/ ft~u

fe;/ rhs, rs iK s'V/ dk tkdB BjhA j' ;edk, rkfJe f;oc ;to dh X[fB

bJh fJ;Bz{ tikT[Adk j?.

wjkB e'P nB[;ko, szp{ok iK skBg[ok, “sz[p[o rzXot dh ouh

‘thDk’ j?, fi;d/ uko sko j[zd/ jB. sz{p/ Bz{ vzvh brke/ fJj ;kI pDdk

j?, fJ;d/ ;[o nkXko rtZ:/ rk:B eod/ jB.”21 nkX[fBe :[Zr ftZu

szp{o/ dk Bkw tX/o/ eoe/ ‘skBg[ok’ jh gqu~bs j?. ftdtkBK B/ rkfJB dh

P[~Xsk bJh skBg[o/ Bz{ ;op'sw ;kI wzfBnk j?. nkX[fBe :[Zr ft~u skBg[ok

;kI, fJb?eNqkfBe skBg[o/ d/ o{g ft~u th T[gbpX j?, i' fe fpBK skoK S/V/

skBg[o/ torh X[Bh T[sgzB eodk j?.

szp{ok ;kI d/ ouBjko s[zp[o{ rzXot pko/ gokuhB rqzEK d/ jtkb/ Bkb

e[M fwfEjk;e ikDekoh g/P eod/ j'J/ GkJh ;kfjp dZ;d/ jB fe “sz[p[o{

fJzdq dh ;Gk dk rt?:k, i' rzXot iksh dk j?, fJ;B/ pqjwk s'A ;zrhs

ftd:k f;Zyh. ftPBz{ GrtkB fJ;dk rk:B pV/ gq/w Bkb ;[Dd/ jB.”22

238

vkH bkb wDh fwPok nB[;ko, “p/PZe fJ; ;kI dk ;pzX s[zpo[ foPh Bkb

I'fVnk iKdk j?, go ;ZukJh fJj j? fe szp{o/ dk toswkB ;o{g s/jothA

Pskpdh d/ pknd dk jh j?. ;zrhs gkohiks s'A gfjbK fe;h rqzE ftu fJ;d/

Bkw dk T[b/y BjhA. fJZE'A sZe fe ;zrhs weozd, ;zrhs osBkeo tor/

gow[Zy rqzEK ft~u th fJ;dk toDB BjhA. gokuhB ekb s'A b? e/ pkjothA

Pskpdh sZe dh r[cktK, ;s{gK, wzfdoK nkfd ft~u th szp{o/ dk fusqD

BjhA.”23 szp{ok ;kI dh fi; pBktN dk fIeo GkJh ekBQ f;zx B/ wjkB e'P

ft~u s;tho ;w/s ehsk j?, Gkosh ;zrhs ft~u nZi th szp{ok fJ;/ o{g ft~u

gqu~bs j?.

4H opkp

ss tor d/ ;kIK ft~u ‘opkp’ fJ~e nfijk ‘;kI’ j?, fi; dk

r[opkDh Bkb rfjok ;pzX j?. fJ;d/ nkftPeko pko/ ftdtkBK ft~u ekch

w~sG/d jB. fJ; d/ tZy tZy o{g nop, |oK;, n|}kfB;skB ns/ :{ogh

d/PK ft~u th gqu~bs oj/ jB. nkj'pb B/ nkgDh ouBk ‘;zrhs^gkohiks’

ftu fJ; dk fIeo ehsk j?. Grs epho ih ns/ r[o{ ;kfjpkBK B/ ‘opkp’

dk fIeo fJbkjh pkDh ft~u fJ; goeko ehsk j?L

“s{Nh szs[ B pi? opkp[ (nk;k epho, Pqh r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp gzBk 478)

opkp gykti skb (nk;k wL õ, gzBk 381)”

opkp ;kI d/ fgS'eV pko/ gqf;~X ftdtkB pbpho f;zx eztb d~;d/ jB

fe “;owkfJnk fJPos dk eosk ;kde nbh yK, nkgDh gqf;~X feos

fijVh T[;B/ 1886 JhH ftu fbyh ns/ fijVh 1 iBtoh, 1874 Bz{ Skgh rJh

239

ftu T[j fJzM doi eodk j?L “pknI dk e"b j? fe opkp Jhikd ehnK j{nk

r[o{ BkBe Pkj |eho ek j?.”24

gqf;ZX rkfJe skB;?B d/ tz;IK B/ fJ; ;kI Bz{ ngDkfJnk. Gkosh:

;zrhs e'P nB[;ko, nop d/P d/ t;{d rqkw tk;h npd[Zbk B/ jikoK ;kb

gfjbK ‘o[p/p’ BK d/ ;kI nkftPeko ehsk i' toswkB ;w/A ‘opkp’ BK Bkb

ikfDnk iKdk j?.25

GkJh ekBQ f;zx BkGk nB[;ko, “sko ns/ szd dk fJ~e tkik

‘opkp’ (Reebok) GkJh wodkB/ dk fgnkok ;kI ;h. ;zrhs ft~u fJ;dk

Bkw ‘‘oktD thDk’’ j?. fJ;d/ d' G/d jB ^ fJ~e fBpZX (fi;d/ szdK d/

pzd, ;[oK d/ fuzB bJh pzB/ j'D), d{ik nfBpZX (fi;d/ pzd Bk j'D)”26

r[o Ppd osBkeo wjkB e'P d/ Bt/A tkX/ ft~u ;{uBk j? fe GkJh wodkB/ dk

opkp, fgPkto ft~u GkJh ;kX{ f;zx, ;oB f;zx ih jehw gk; j?, i' d:roh

dotki/ gk; j?.27

fJ;h soQK e[M j'o ss ;kIK pko/ ikDekoh wjkB e'P ft~u fJ; goeko

t~y t~y fJzdokIK ft~u doi ehsh fwbdh j? fit/A feL^ “d[skoK d' sko dk

;kI j?, fi;dk ;zrhs ft~u Bkw Be[bh thDk j?. w'o dh Peb dk fJ~e

tkik ‘skT{;’ ri Bkb tikJhdk j?. fJ~e ;kI ‘;kozrh’ i' ;kozr (XB[y)

i?j/ ri Bkb tikJhdk j?. opkp dh soQK dk fJ~e j'o tkik j?

‘fdbo[pk’. T[Zsw ;[o d/D tkbk skodko ;kI ‘;kozdk’ ri Bkb

tikJhdk j?. ‘;kozdk’ ;qh r[o{ noiB d/t ih B/ nkgDh sithI Bkb

pDtke/ f;Zy okrhnK Bz{ pyfPnK ns/ tikT[Dk f;ykfJnk.’’28

240

GkJh ;kfjp tZb'A uouk dk ftPk pDkJ/ rJ/ T[go'es ss ;kIK dk fi~E/

gzikp d/ b'e ;zrhs ns/ r[opkDh ;zrhs Bkb vz{xk ;pzX j?, T[ZE/ toswkB

Gkosh Pk;soh ;zrhs ft~u th fJBQK dk wjZstg{oB ;EkB j?.

5H4 ftqs iK ntBX ;kI

ftqs iK ntBX (forr vFkok vku)) ;kIK dk ;pzX b?n ns/ skb

Bkb j?. gq'H skok f;zx nB[;ko, “;zrhs T[j nkeqfPe bfbs ebk j?, fi;

d[nkok ;zrhseko nkgD/ fjod/ d/ ;{yPw GktK Bz{ ;[o ns/ b?n d/ wkfXnw

okjhA ;keko eodk j?.”29 ftdtkBK B/ ;[o ns/ skb Bz{ ;zrhs ebk d/ d'

gow[Zy nzr wzfBnk j?. ;zrhs dh b?n skb iK ;wK BkgD d/ gow[Zy ;kXB,

uzw Bkb wV/ j'J/ ;kI vwo{, fwqdzr, Y'be, spbk, gykti nkfd ftss

(ftqs) iK ntBZX ;kIK dh Pq/Dh ft~u frD/ iKd/ jB. wjkB e'P nB[;ko

fPt dh sKvt fBqs: s'A ‘s’ ns/ gkopsh dh bk;: fBqs: s'A ‘b’ b? e/

‘skb’ Ppd pfDnk j?.HHH ;zrhs nB[;ko ;w/A ns/ b? dh tzv eoB bJh

skbh dh X[Bh ‘skb’ j?.30 ;zrhs d/ ftdtkB nfBb Bo{bk nB[;ko, “b?n

gqfeqsh ftu ;G irQk w"i{d j? ns/ jo/e t;s{ b?n T[Zs/ nkXkfos j?. wB[Zy

B/ ;G s'A gfjbK jZE Bkb skbh tikJh j't/rh ns/ T[; fgZS'A skb Bz{ gqdofPs

eoB bJh ;kIK dh b'V wfj;{; ehsh j't/rhHH i/eo fPt ih Bz{ skb ns/ b?n

dk w'Yh ;wM bJhJ/ sK e'Jh Pze/ tkbh rZb BjhA feT[A i' fPt ih d/ ;o{g Bz{

n;hA jw/PK skb, ;kI vwo{ d/ Bkb gqsZy o{g ftu t/yd/ jK.”31

fwfEjk;e g~y s'A skb dh T[sgsh d/ ;pzX ft~u eJh ws gqu~bs jB

fejk iKdk j? fe id'A fPt ns/ ;sh gkopsh B/ gq;zBsk^g{ope fBos ehsk

T[d'A fezB/ jh skbK dh T[sgsh j'Jh. fJ~e ws nB[;ko, id'A d/ts/ s/ dkBt

241

;w[zdo wzEB eo oj/ ;B, sK T[; ft~u'A nzfwqs fBefbnk. nzfwqsgkB dh

bkb;k Bkb d/ts/ ns/ dkBtK B/ ftfGzB goeko dk fBos ehsk, fi; s'A nB/e

skbK dh T[sgsh j'Jh. fJ~e shik w~s fJj th j? fe id Pqh feqPD B/ ekbh:

Bkr Bz{ B~fEnk sK T[;d/ cB T[go fBos ehsk, fi;s'A nB/e skbK dh T[sgsh

j'Jh.32

fJ~E/ T[go'es uouk s'A fJj Gkt j? fe, fwfEjk;e g~y s'A th skb ft~u

Gkosh ;zrhs dk rfjok ojZ; S[fgnk fwbdk j?. ;zrhs ft~u rkfJB, tkdB

ns/ fBos fszB'A ebktK Pkwb jB ns/ fJBQK fszBK (rhsz tkd:z sEk fBos:z)

Bz{ i' fB:ws eodk j?, T[;Bz{ ‘skb’ fejk iKdk j?. fi; soQK SzdjhB eftsk,

eftsk BjhA ejh iKdh, T[;h goeko skb pr?o rkfJB, T[Zsw rkfJB BjhA

fejk iKdk. ;zrhs d/ gokuhB rqzEK ns/ t/dK ft~u ‘skb’ Bkb ;pzXs nB/e

ftqs iK ntBZX ;kIK dk fttoD fwbdk j?. wjkB e'P ft~u ftss ;kIK Bkb

;pzXs ikDekoh fJ; goeko j?L^

1) fwqdzr

fwqdzr Gkosh Pk;soh ;zrhs ft~u fJ~e gokuhB ;kI wzfBnk iKdk j?.

;qh r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp ns/ d;w rqzE ft~u fJ;dk fIeo fwbdk j?. wjkB e'P

ftubh ikDekoh nB[;ko, “Y'b d/ nkeko dk tkik ‘fwqdzr’ wZX Gkr s'A

w'Nk ns/ d'jK f;fonK s'A gsbk j'fJnk eodk j?. fJj uzw Bkb wfVQnk

ns/ uzw dhnK tZXohnK Bkb fyfunk iKdk j?. fJ;dk ;Zik g[Vk f;nkjh

tkbk ns/ yZpk gk;k ykbh j[zdk j?, fi; g[o nkNk bkJhdk j?.”33 c[ZN

B'N ftubh ;{uBk nB[;ko ;G s'A gfjbK fJj xV/ tkeo nkth ft~u

242

gekfJnk fwZNh dk j'fJnk eodk ;h, fi;s'A “fwqdzr” ;zr:k j'Jh. j[D

ekm iK Xks{ dk j'fJnk eodk j?.

Gkosh: ;zrhs e'P nB[;ko, “p'bukb dh GkPk ft~u fJ;Bz{ ‘y'b’ fejk

iKdk j? ns/ pzrkb d/ w[Zy ns/ ftfPPN ;zrhs, ehosB d/ Bkb y'b pikfJnk

iKdk j?. wDhg[oh fBqs Bkb th y'b pikT[D dh ohs gqu~bs j?.”34

2H gykti

wjkB e'P nB[;ko, “fJ;dk dfjDk (;Zik) Gkr f;nkjh tkbk j[zdk

j? ns/ pkJ/ (yZp/) Bz{ nkNk bkJhdk j?. fJj ;kI b: sko mhe oZyD

tk;s/ toshAdk j?.”35 fJ;h soQK wjkB e'P ft~u skb Bkb ;pzXs fJ~e

j'o ftqs ;kI ‘spb/’ dk fIeo fwbdk j? fe skb d/D dk fJ~e tkik

spbk, spbj iK i'Vh j?, fi;dk ;Zik f;nkjhdko ns/ yZpk ;kdk j[zdk

j? fi; g[o nkNk bkJhdk j?.36

Gkosh: ;zrhs e'P nB[;ko, gykti B{z th fwqdzr fejk iKdk j?.37 e[M

ftdtkBK nB[;ko g[oksB ekb ft~u fwqdzr Bz{ ‘g[Peo’ th fejk iKdk ;h i'

d/tfsnK dk th fgqn ;kI ;h. e[M ftdtkBK nB[;ko gykti, fwqdzr dk

gq:k: j? i' y/soh GkPktK dh d/D j?. pqi GkPk d/ Grs ethnK d/ toDB

ft~u fwqdzr ns/ gykti d't/A Bkwk dk gq:'r ehsk fwbdk j?.37 wjkB e'P

ft~u fwqdzr ns/ gykti PpdK pko/ nb~r nb~r d' fJzdokiK ft~u

ikDekoh t/yD Bz{ fwbdh j?. fi;s'A ;gP~N j? fe GkJh ekBQ f;zx B/ d'tK

Bz{ nbZr nbZr ;kI wzfBnk j?.

‘Pqh ;zrhsêbkXo’ nB[;ko, fwqdzr d/ nkXko s/ GtkBhdk; gyktihJ/

B/ gykti dk nkftPeko ehsk.38

243

3H vkT[o{

Gkosh ;zrhs ft~u vkT[o{ fJ~e nfijk ;kI j?, i' GrtkB fPt d/

fgnko/ ;kI ti'A ikfDnk iKdk j?. fejk iKdk j? fe GrtkB Pzeo B/ u"dK

tko vwo{ (vT[o{) tikfJnk fi;s'A u"dK wj/Pto ;{soK dh T[sgsh j'Jh.

u"dK wj/Pto ;{soK ft~u skb nZyoK dh fJ~e ftP/P bVh j?, fi;dk

ftnkeoB dh fdqPNh Bkb pj[s wjZst j?.39

wjkB e'P nB[;ko, “vkT[o{ [vwo{] tkik i' fJ~e' j~E Bkb tikJhdk

j?. fJ;dk ftuekobk Gkr gsbk ns/ d't/A f;o/ u"V/ j[zd/ jB ns/ uzw

Bkb wV/ ofjzd/ jB. fJj fwqdzr dh soQK oZ;hnK Bkb ef;nk iKdk j?. d'

egV/ dhnK v'vhnK bzwh oZ;h Bkb pZXhnK j[zdhnK jB. id jZE Bkb

v'o{ fjbkJhdk j?, sd T[j v'vhnK uzw T[go ike/ tidhnK jB, fi;s'A

vw vw Ppd j[zdk j?. fJj fPt dk fgnkok tkik [;kI] j?.”40

vkj:kbkb fPtokw dk eEB j? fe ntBX ;kIK ft~u Pzeo ih dk vwo{

gfjbk ;kI wzfBnk iKdk j?. fejk iKdk j? fe fJ;h vwo{ s'A wjKd/t ih B/

fwqdzr d/ p'b T[sgzB ehs/. fJ;h vwo{ d/ nkXko s/ rD/P ih B/ fwqdzr

pDkfJnk.41

toswkB ekb ft~u foZS, pzdo dk swkPk ftykT[D bZr/ wdkoh th

vwo{ iK vT[o{ ;kI dh tos'A eod/ jB.

4H prbsozr

GkJh ;kfjp B/ fJe j'o goeko d/ v"o{ ‘prbsozr’ dk th fIeo

ehsk j?, fi;d/ wV/ j'J/ uzw ft~u v'ok gkfJnk ofjzdk j?. v"o{ Bz{ prb

ft~u dpke/ yZp/ jZE Bkb v'ok fyZuhdk j? ns/ ;Zi/ jZE Bkb v'o/ g[o

244

fwiokp bkJhdk j?. v'o/ d/ fYZbk eoB ns/ e;D s'A ;[o BhtK ns/ T[Zuk

j[zdk j?. dPw rqzE d/ 405t/A ufosq ft~u fJ; ;kI dk toDB fwbdk j?

noEks, “ejz{ prbskozr pki/ pikt?”42

5H Y'b

gzikp d/ b'e ;kIK ft~u Y'b ns/ Y'beh wjZstg{oB ;kI wzB/ iKd/

jB. nkw eoe/ n"osK dk ;kI Y'beh ns/ wodK dk ;kI Y'b wzfBnk iKdk

j?. gzikp d/ ftPt gqf;~X b'e Bku GzrV/ Bkb Y'b dk ;kE p/jZd Io{oh

wzfBnk iKdk j?. wjkB e'P ft~u fJ; pko/ fIeo j?, fe “ft~u'A y'dh ns/

bzwh r'b b~eVh d/ d'jhA gk;hA uwVk wVe/ fJj ;kI pDkfJnk iKdk j?.

fJ; fwqdzr i/j/ pki/ Bz{ \wdko bZeV d/ vzfvnK Bkb r~b ft~u bNeke/

tikT[Ad/ jB.”43

y[Ph ns/ T[sPkj bJh tikfJnk ikD tkbk Y'b nZi gzikph ;fGnkuko

dk gqf;ZX b'e ;kI ns/ gzikph ihtB dk nfBZyV nzr pD u[Zek j?.

6H Y~v

wjkB e'P nB[;ko, “v'o{ dh Peb dk fJ~e tkik, [YZv] fi;Bz{

yZp/ jZE ft~u cVe/ ;Zi/ jZE dh T[Arbk d/ gqjko Bkb tikJhdk j?.

fJ;d/ tikT[D tkfbnK dh Ykvh (YkYh) ;zr:k j' rJh.”44 np[b |Ib

dh pj[uofus ouBk nkJhB^fJ^nepoh ftu T[b/y j? fe Ykvh gzikph

rt~Jhnk Bz{ efjzd/ jB, fijV/ Y~v ns/ fezrok tik e/ rkT[Ad/ jB.45

p/P~e Gkos d/ nB/e gqKsK ft~u fJ; ;kI dh tos'A j[zdh t/yD Bz{ fwbdh

j? gozs{ gzikp d/ b'e ;kIK ft~u Yv ns/ ;kozrh dk ;EkB nfs wj~stg{oB

245

j?. r[owfs ;zrhs ft~u tko rkfJB bJh T[u/u/ s"o *s/ YZv ns/ ;kozrh ;kI

dh tos'A ehsh iKdh j?.

T[go'es dh soQK jh wjkB e'P ft~u j'o pj[s ;ko/ ftss iK ftqs

P/qDh d/ ;kIK dk fIeo fwbdk j?, fit/A fe vc, Brkok, fvzfvw, gNj

nkfd. ;zrhs d/ ftdtkBK B/ GkJh ekBQ f;zx BkGk tZb'A ss, ftss, ;kIK

pko/ g/P ehsh ikDekoh Bz{ Pbkxk:'r dZf;nk j?.

5H5 ;[fPo (;[fyo) ;kIK pko/ t/otk

ss ns/ ftqs ;kIK dh soQK jh ;[fPo ;kIK dk th nkgDk fJ~e tZyok

wjZst j?. fJ; Pq/Dh ft~u c{e Bkb tikT[D tkb/ ;kI Pkwb jB. ;zrhs d/

ftdtkB nfBb Bo{bk nB[;ko, “nkozG ft~u nkfd wkBt B/ izrb ftu

r[Iodh j'Jh nktkI dh ;K ;K Bz{ ;[fDnk j't/rk fi;d/ Bshi/ ti'A T[;Bz{ fJ;

rZb dk fXnkB j'fJnk j't/rk fe pK; ftu jtk d/ gqt/P Bkb fJe goeko dh

X[Bh T[sgzB j[zdh j?.”46

toDB:'r j? fe, fiBQK ;kIK ft~u wB[Zy B/ jtk d/ ezgB d[nkok X[Bh

T[sgzB ehsh, ;to T[sgzB ehs/, ;[fPo Pq/Dh d/ ;kI ikD/ iKd/ jB. vkH bkb

wDh fwPo nB[;ko, ;zrhs d/ gow[~y rqzEK ;zrhs dkw'do, ;zrhs gkohiks,

;zrhs osBkeo nkfd rqzEK ft~u sZs ;kIK dh soQK jh ;[fPo, c{e Bkb tikJ/

ikD tkb/ ;kIK dk fIeo tZvh frDsh ft~u fwbdk j?, fit/A fe “Bkdh, tzPh,

gkoh, wkX[oh, ;zy, ekjb, w[obh, gktk, w[ythDk, s[zdeBh, gfsqek, uzr,

;to;kro, Bkr;o w[Zy thDk nkfd.”47

gokuhB ekb s'A jh wkBt nkgDhnK GktBktK dh nGhftnesh d/ o{g

ftu ;zrhs dk gq:'r eodk nk fojk j?. w[~Yb/ d"o d/ ;kI gfjbK pj[s jh

246

;kXkoD fe;w d/ ;B. j"bh j"bh id ;kIK Bz{ tikT[D ft~u e[Pbsk nkJh

;kIK ft~u ;[Xko ns/ ftek; j[zdk frnk. wz{j d[nkok c{e Bkb tikJ/ ikD

tkb/ ;kI, ;[fPo ;kI nytkJ/. fJBQK ;kIK ft~u tk:{ d/ dpkU Bz{ xNk tXke/

;to Bz{ T[~uk Bhtk ehsk iKdk j?. ;[fPo ;kIK dk wjZst ss ;kIK d/ ;wkB

jh j?, feT[Afe d'tK dk gq:'iB fJ~e jh j?. vkH nziBk Gkort nB[;ko, ‘ss’

ns/ ‘;[fPo’ ;kIK ft~u jh ;to d/ gow gq:'iB ‘oziB’ dh f;qPNh j[zdh

j?.”48 wjkB e'P ft~u ;[fPo ;kIK pko/ th toDB fwbdk j? i' fJ; goeko

j?L^

1H pK;[oh

pK;[oh (pz;oh), ;[fPo Pq/Dh dk gokuhB ;kI j?. fit//A GrtkB fPt Bz{

vT[o{ dk gow[Zy tkde wzfBnk iKdk j?, GrtkB feqPB Bz{ gow[Zy pz;[oh tkde

wzfBnk iKdk j?. wjkB e'P nB[;ko “tzP (pK;) dh Bbeh ft~u 8 S/e

eoe/ pDkJ/ tki/ dk Bkw pK;[oh iK w[obh j?.”49

t/dK, g[okDK s'A fJbktk d;w rqzE ft~u th fJ; ;kI dk fIeo fwbdk

j?. fJ;dk gq:'r Pk;soh ;zrhs ns/ b'e ;zrhs, d'jK ft~u ehsk iKdk j?.

gokuhB ekb ft~u fJj ;kI pK; s'A pDtkfJnk iKdk ;h, fi; eoe/ fJ;dk

Bkw tzPh nEtk pK;[oh j'fJnk. nZiêZb gqu~bs pz;[oh d/ eJh goeko

t/yD Bz{ fwbd/ jB.

;zrhskukohnk gq'H skok f;zx dk eEB j? fe g[oksB ekb ft~u fJ;Bz{

‘Bkdh’ th nkfynk iKdk ;h. Bkdh dk Gkt j? Bkd, X[Bh iK nktkI T[sgzB

eoB tkbk ;kI. c{e Bkb tikJ/ ikD tkb/ ;ko/ ;kIK dh iBBh pz;oh jh

j?.50 wjkB e'P ft~u fJ; ;kI bJh ‘tzMbh’ Ppd dh th tos''A ehsh

fwbdh j?.

247

2H PjBkJh

PjBkJh th tzPh tork jh ;[fPo tor dk ;kI j?. fJ; dh pDso

pko/ wjkB e'P ft~u e'Jh yk; fIeo BjhA, gozs{ fJ; Bkb ;pzXs

fJzdokI ft~u ;qh r[o{ BkBe d/t ih dh r[opkDh dh T[j gzesh fdZsh j?

fi; ft~u PjBkJh Ppd tofsnk fwbdk j?. vkH Pouuzdq ;qhXo goKig/

nB[;ko, fJ;d/ nozG dk mhe mhe gsk BjhA ubdk, gozs{ fJfsjk;e fdqPNh

s'A fJ; ;kI dk ftP/P gquko 16thA Jh;th ft~u gkfJnk iKdk j?.HHH fJj

ftnkj nkfde wzrb gq;zrK s/ tikJh iKdh j?.51 GkJh ekBQ f;zx BkGk B/

fJ; ;kI bJh ‘Bchoh’ Ppd dh th tos'A eofdnK dZf;nk fe c{e Bkb

tikT[D tkbk tkIk PjBkJh Bz{, G/oh (S'Nh B"ps) Bkb fwbke/ tikJhdk

j?. wjkokfinK ns/ pkdPkjK d/ do s/ B"ps Bchoh tZiD dh pj[s

g[okDh ohfs j?.52

e[M j'o ;[fPo ;kIK pko/ th wjkB e'P ftu t/otk fwbdk j? fit/A feL

“fJ~e c{e dk tkik ‘phB’ ;g'b/ i'rh tikT[Ad/ jB. sKp/ fgZsb dh

fJ~e Bbeh ‘Bof;zrk’ fprb dh soQK pikJhdk j?, fJ;dk d{ik Bkw r'w[y

Gh j?. fprb dh fe;w dk fJ~e tkik ‘;jg{o’ j?. gzikp d/ b'e ;kI

Br'fInK pko/ GkJh ;kfjp dZ;d/ jB fe nbr'Ik fJ~e goeko dh pz;oh

j?, i' w[obh dh soQK pikJhdh j?. w[obh N/vh oZye/ tikJhAdh j? ns/

nbr'i/ Bz{ wz{j ft~u f;ZXk oZyhdk j?. fJj \k; eoe/ gZSwh gzikp ft~u

tofsnk iKdk j?.’’53 toswkB ;w/A *u gzikp nzdo nbr'Ik, b'e rhsK

Bkb tikfJnk ikD tkbk fJ~e gow[Zy ;kI j?. feXo/ feXo/ w/fbnK ft~u th

248

fJ;dk ;[szso tkdB ;[DB Bz{ fwbdk j?. ‘;zy’ nkfde Xkowe wjZst tkb/

nB/e ;[fPo ;kIK dk fttoD th wjkB e'P ft~u fwbdk j?.

5H6 xB ;kIK pko/ ikDekoh

Gkosh ;zrhs ft~u tos/ iKd/ ;kI x[zxo{, wzihok, yVskb, fuwNk,

ibsozr, xzNk nkfd xB ;kIK dh Pq/Dh ft~u nkT[Ad/ jB. fJj ;kI m'eo

brke/ tikJ/ iKd/ jB, fiBQK dk ;pzX b?n Bkb j?. fJj ;kI eK;k, fgZsb,

bZeVh, b'jk nkfd d/ pDkJ/ iKd/ jB. fJ; tor d/ fInkdkso ;kIK ft~u'A

p/PZe fJ~e ;[o dh jh T[sgsh j[zdh j? gozs{ j[D xB ;kIK ft~u th ekch

ftek; j' u[Zek j? n~iê~b xB tor d/ ;kIK ft~u ibsozr, Bb sozr, ek;N

sozr nkfde nfij/ ;kI th Pkwb j' u[Ze/ jB, fiBQK ft~u'A b'V nB[;ko T[Zu/

Bht/A ;[o g?dk ehs/ ik ;ed/ jB.

vkH nziBk Gkort nB[;ko, “fijV/ ;kI m'eo brke/ tikJ/ iKd/ jB

‘xB’ efjbkT[Ad/ jB. wkBt dh gqkozfGe feqnktK, Pohfoe nzrK T[go u'N,

IwhB s/ Ekg d/Dk nkfd fJBQK ;kIK d/ fBowkD dh w{b gq/oDk ojh j?. fJBQK

;kIK ft~u X[Bh, ;kIK Bz{ go;go u'N d/ e/, orV e/ nEtk fjbke/ T[sgzB

ehsh iKdh j?.”54

vkH bkb wDh fwPo fbyd/ jB fe, “e[M b'eK dk wzBDk j? fe ;zrhs

ft~u xB ;kI nkgDk nbZr n;fsst BjhA oZyd/, j'o ;kIK Bkb pikJ/ ikD

s/ jh ;z[do bZrd/ jB.HHH fJ;/ eoe/ e[M nukohnk B/ fJjBK dh frDsh nZX/

;kIK ft~u eoe/ ;kIK dh ;zfynk uko d/ ;EkB s/ ;kY/ fszB wzBh j?.”55 j'oBK

;kIK dh soQK nozG s'A jh xB ;kIK dk th Pk;soh ns/ b'e ;zrhs Bkb

rfjok ;pzX fojk j?. wjkB e'P ns/ GkJh ekBQ f;zx BkGk dhnK j'o fbysK

249

ft~u ss, ftss, ;[fPo dh soQK ‘xB’, ;kIK dk toDB th fwbdk j?, fiBK

ft~u'A e[M e[ pko/ t/otk fBwBfbys nB[;ko j?L^

1H xzNk

xzNk gokuhB ekb dk fJ~e xB ;kI j?. fJ;dk gokuhB Bk ‘ebgso[’

th fojk j?. wjkB e'P nB[;ko, “xzNk (NZb) eK;h nkfd Xks[ dk w{X/

GGe/ (rbk;) d/ neko dk GKvk, fi;d/ feBko/ pkjo t~b T[Go/ j'J/ j[zd/

jB, fJj Ykbe/ fsnko ehsk iKdk j?, no nzdo' fJ~e bNedh j'Jh

jE'Vh d[nkok tidk j? iK pjo'A jE'Vh d[nkok tikfJnk iKdk j?.”56

fJ; ;kI pko/ GkJh ekBQ f;zx BkGk B/ pV/ jh fJfsjk;e wj~st tkbh

ikDekoh g/P ehsh j? i' fJ~E/ ftukoB :'r j?. ftPt Go dhnK wj~stg{oD

EktK dk fIeo eofdnK GkJh ;kfjp fJ; ;kI (xzN/) pko/ d~;d/ jB fe

“fBZe/ xzN/ pj[s g[okD/ ;w/A s'A ub/ nkT[Ad/ jB, feT[Afe fJj fw;o

dhnK g[okDhnK epoK ftZu'A, no fBBht/ (Nineveh) d/ yzvoK ft~u'A b~G/

jB. o'w ft~u Pkjh ;BkB dk ;wK xzN/ d[nkok dZf;nk iKdk ;h. Gkos

ft~u xzN/ pj[s g[okD/ ;w/A s'A d/tkfbnK ft~u tid/ nkJ/ jB. fjzd[;skB

ft~u ;G s'A tZvk xzNk ;'wBkE d/ wzfdo ft~u ;h fi; B{z wfjw{d riBth

B/ u{o u{o ehsk ns/ ;'B/ dk iziho b[ZfNnk.

fJ; t/b/ ;G s'A tZvk xzNk wk;e' o{; ft~u j?, fi;dk tiB gzi

jIko gzi ;" u[skbh wD gZe/ (198 NB) j?. fJj ;zB 1733 ft~u

Ykfbnk frnk. powk, g/fuzr (uhB), e'bkB (iowBh) thn?Bk ns/

g?fo; ft~u th tiBdko s/ e~dkto xzN/ jB. fJzrfbPskB ft~u ;G s'A

250

tZvk xzNk e[Zb uko ;" nmskbh wD gZe/ (16 NB) dk j? i' “;/AN gkb”

Bkw/A wjkB froixo ft~u w"I{d j?.”57

vkH bkb wDh fwPok dk eEB j? fe, “toswkB ;w/A ft~u fjzd{ wzfdoK

ft~u i' fGzB fGzB d/ nkeko d/ xzN/ Nzr/ ofjzd/ jB, T[BQK B{z ‘;zrhs;ko’,

‘;zrhs gkohiks’ nkfd rqzEK ft~u ‘ebgso[’ fejk frnk j?.”58 Gkosh:

;zrhs e'P nB[;ko, eK;h, fwPos fgZsb nEtk b'j dk pfDnk xzNk gqu~bs

j?.HHH Gkos toP ft~u d/t g{ik ft~u fi; goeko d/ xzN/ dk fttjko j[zdk j?.

T[;d/ Bkb fgZsb iK eK;h fBofws fJ~e dzv th ofjzdk j?, pkJ/ jZE ft~u

fJj dzv ozye/ xzNk tikfJnk ikdk j?. PoXkb{ wzfdoK ft~u gqt/P eod/ ;w/A

fJj xzNk tikT[Ad/ jB.59 ftPD[ g{ik bJh wzfdoK ft~u xzNk w[Zy ;kI j?.

fJ; dk Bkw NZb th gqf;~X j?. xzN/ dh soQK jh wzfdoK ft~u ‘xfVnkb’ th

tikJh iKdh j?.

wjkB e'P nB[;ko, eK;h nkfd dh fJ~e t;s[, ‘xfVnkb’ i' st/

d/ neko dh j? B{z th d/t wzfdoK ft~u tikJhdk j?.60 ;zrhs;ko, ;zrhs

osBkeo nkfd g[oksB ;zrhs rqzEK ft~u xzNk, i:^xzNk nkfd ;kIK dk

nfXnksfwe wjZst tofDs ehsk fwbdk j?.

2H yVskb iK eoskb

GiB ehosB Bkb nkw tos'A tkb/ xB ;kI yVskb ik eoskb dk

fIeo th wjkB e'P ft~u fwbdk j?. g[oksB ;w/A s'A b/ e/ j[D sZe fJj ;kI

\k; eoe/ GiB, ehosB eoB tkb/ ;kX{, ;zsK gk; t/yD B{z fwbdk j?. wjkB

e'P ft~u eoskb d/ noE eqwkN, yVskb nkfd ehs/ fwbd/ jB. Bkb jh

d~f;nk j? fe d' jZEK d/ go;go wkoB dh feqnk ‘eoskb’ j?.61

251

3H S?D/

xB tor d/ fJ; ;kI dk toDB eofdnK GkJh ;kfjp B/ dZf;nk j?

fe ‘S?Dk’, SDeko eoB dk tkik, eK;h dk skb, wzfdoK ft~u nkosh

ehosB nkfd ;w/A tikfJnk iKdk j?. ‘MKi’ f;ob/y Bkb th eK;h d/

tZv/ S?D/ eK;h d/ skb dk fIeo fwbdk j?.62

4H ib sozr

xB ;kIK ft~u th ;w/A d/ Bkb ekch ftek; j'fJnk j?. fJ; tor ft~u

ibsozr, Bbsozr, ek;N sozr, ;Nhb sozr nkfd nfij/ ;kI th j'Ad ft~u

nkJ/ jB, fiBQK ft~u b'V nB[;ko ;[o T[zu/ Bht/A pDkJ/ ik ;ed/ jB. Pk;soh

ns/ b'e ;zrhs ft~u fJBQK dh tos'A pV/ jh ebkswe Yzr Bkb ehsh ikdh j?.

wjkB e'P ft~u fJ; ;kI pko/ T[b/y j? fe ‘ibsozr’ (ib tkd:) fJj

;kI “Xks{ nEtk uhBh dhnK S'NhnK tZvhnK pkJh (22) eN'ohnK ft~u

ib gk e/ pDkfJnk iKdk j?. tZvh ns/ pj[s ib tkbh eN'oh dk ;[o

T[sfonk ns/ S'Nh sEk E'V/ gkDh dk ufVnk ;[o j[zdk j?. gkDh tZX xZN

eoB s'A ;[o mhe eo bJhdk j?. nub mkN pDke/ beVh dh S'Nh w{zrbh

nEtk ;'Nh Bkb fJ;B{z tikJhdk j?.”63 Gkosh: ;zrhs e'P nB[;ko,

tkde d'tK jZEK ft~u d' vzvhnK dh ;jkfJsk Bkb ‘ibsozr’ tikT[Adk j?.

fJ;dh X[Bh nfsnzs wX[o j?. toswkB ekb ft~u ibsozr dk fttjko e[M

x~N j'fJnk j?.64

gq'H skok f;zx nB[;ko, “xB ;kIK d/ tor ft~u nkX[fBe ;w/A ekch

ftek; j' fojk j?. ftdtkBK dk ftuko j? fe fJ; tor dh fJ~e T[g^Pq/Dh j'o

252

wzBDh ukjhdh j? sK i' nkX[fBe ‘sozrK’ d/ ;G goeko fJ; Pq/Dh ftu Pkwb

j' ;eD.”65

fJ; soQK ;kIK d/ nzfsw goeko nkg;h Neokn Bkb X[Bh g?dk eoB

tkb/ ‘xD ;kIK’ pko/ th GkJh ekBQ f;zx BkGk d/ gqekfPs ekoi ft~u b'VhAdh

ikDekoh doI j?. T[go'es s'A fJbktk wzihoK, xz[xo{, skb nkfd ;kIK pko/

th wjkB e'P ft~u ikDekoh T[gbpX j?.

5H7 ;kIK pko/ fJfsjk;e s/ seBheh ikDekoh

Pk;soh ns/ b'e ;zrhs Bkb ;pzXs e[M ;kIK pko/ fJfsjk;e

ikDekoh th wjkB e'P ft~u fwbdh j? fit/A fe T[b/y j? fe i"Bg[o

(iwdfrBg[o), “:{Hgh d/ pBko; fvthIB ft~u r'wsh Bdh d/ feBko/ fJ~e

Pfjo, i' fIb/ dk gqXkB Pfjo j?, [fJ~E/] B"t/A ;fsr[o{ ftoki/ jB. fJ~E/

pD/ r[od[nko/ dk Bkw ‘;zrfs fwqdzrtkbh’ j?. r[opyP f;zx d/ xo r[o{

;kfjp B/ v/ok ehsk ns/ ehosB bJh fwqdzr pyPh, i' j[D T[; EK

;BwkB Bkb oZyh j'Jh j?.”66

fJ;h goeko fIeo j? fe “okr ftd:k d/ fJ~e g{oD gzfvs’ fcod/

B/ r[o{ BkBe d/t dh nkfrnk Bkb GkJh wodkB/ B{z okr ftd:k f;ykJh

ns/ opkp ;kI ;fsr[o{ dh G/Nk ehsk.”67

oki dopkoK ft~u t~id/ nk oj/ otkfJsh ;kIK pko/ GkJh ;kfjp B/

d~f;nk fe, wjkokfinK ns/ pkdPkjK d/ do s/ B"ps Bchoh pZiD dh

pj[s g[okDh ohfs j?. T[j n;EkB fiE/ B"ts Bchoh tikJh iKdh, T[;

wekB B{z ‘B"ps\kBK’ fejk iKdk. g[okD/ ;w/A gzi tko fdBôks ft~u

B"ps Bchoh pikJh iKdh.68

253

fJ~e j'o ;kI ;o'd pko/ T[b/y eofdnK d~f;nk j? fe opkp dh soQK

d/ fJ~e tki/ ;o'd B{z ekpbh pj[s g;zd eod/ jB.69 GkJh ekBQ f;zx BkGk

tZb'A fby/ fJ~e fBpzX ft~u opkp ;kI dh T[sgsh pko/ d~f;nk j? fe

“;zrhsrqzEK ft~u opkp’ dk Bkw ‘oktD thDk’ j? ns/ fJj ;kI oktD

dh ekY j?.70 szp{ok ;kI i' g[okDh thDk j?, fJ;dk fBowkD fJzdo dh

;Gk d/ s[zpo[ B/ ehsk.”71 f;sko dhnK f; (fszB) skoK j'D eoe/ gfjbK

Bkw f;sko j'fJnk, j[D pki dk sko wZXw ;[o dk j'D s'A Bkw ‘wZXw’

j' frnk j?. d[sko/ dk g[okDk Bkw ‘Be[bh thDk’ j?.72 fwqd (fwZNh) d/

Y'b B{z nkth ft~u geke/ ns/ uzw Bkb wVe/ pDkJ/ iKd/ ;kI dk Bkw

‘fwqdzr’ fgnk i' m'eo bZrD s'A c[ZN iKdk ;h, fJ; bJh f;nkfDnk B/

bZeV ns/ Xks[ dk pDkT[Dk nkozfGnk. fJ;/ dk o{gKso gykti (i'Vh)

j?.73

fJ;h soQK nkgDh nkyoh ouBk ‘;zy/g fJfsjk; \kBdkB GkJh

;kfjp okJh; pkrVhnK’ ft~u ekBQ f;zx BkGk fbyd/ jB fe r[o{ ;kfjpkB

d/ fBeNtosh GkJh o{g uzd ih d/ gfotko gk; r[o{ ;kfjp dk ;kI

;kozdk w"i{d j?.74 r[o{ ;kfjp dk fJj gft~so ;kI j[D fgzv GkJh o{gk

(pfmzvk) ft~u GkJhe/ gfotkoK ft~u'A GkJh r[ou/s f;zx d/ xo ;KfGnk t/yD Bz{

fwbdk j?.

GkJh ;kfjp t~b'A fby/ e[M g~soK ftu th ;kIK d/ y/soh wj~st ns/

gozgok pko/ ikDekoh fwbdh j?. GkJh ;kfjp B/ ;zB 1906 d"okB gjkVh

fonk;sK dk ns/ 1907 s/ 1908 JhH ft~u tbkfJs dk ;|o ehsk. gjkVh

;|o d"okB e[~b{ (fjwkub) s'A nkgD/ S'N/ Gok ftPB f;zx Bz{ 29 ;szpo 1906

d/ fby/ g~so okjhA d~;d/ jB fe “e~b J/E/ d[Pfjo/ dk w/bk pVh X{w Xkw

254

dk j':k. fisB/ ukbh guk; e'; d/ d/t j? ;G gkbehU w/A p?m eo

;i^Xi Bkb nkJ/. fJj d/t ekm d/ pj[s jB ^ e'Jh e'Jh Xks{ dk Gh j?

^ go ;G ;'B/ uKdh d/ rfjfBUA ;/ fPrko/ j[J/ j?A. fJBe/ nkr/ Bchoh,

Y'b, oDf;zr/, s[ohnK, ;zy nkfde pid/ nkT[Ad/ jB.”75

;kIK ;pzXs PpdK dh seBheh ikDekoh th fes/ fes/ t/yD B{z fwbdh

j? fit/A L^

1H ;[oXoh L^ “;ozd/, f;sko nkfd dh x'Vh, fi;s/ skoK oZyhnK

j[zdhnK jB (szsqk;B, i[tkjoh, Bridge) fJj jkEh dzd, eoVh bZeV iK

f;zr s'A pDkJh iKdh j?.”76

2H fwiokp L^ “Iop bkT[D dk ekm dzd Xks[ nkfd dk vZek

nEtk SZbk, fi; Bkb opkp, f;sko nkfd tikJhd/ jB, Plectrum.77

fJ;/ soQK ;kI ftP/P B{z tikT[D tkb/ tkdeK Bkb ;pzXs PpdKtbh th

t/yD B{z fwbdh j? fit/A Brkok tikT[D tkbk ‘Brkouh’ opkp tikT[D tkbk

‘opkph’, YY tikT[D tkbk ‘Ykvh’, Y'b tikT[D tkbk ‘Y'buh’, fwqdzr

tikT[D tkbk ‘fwqdzrh’, gykti tikT[D tkbk ‘gyktih’ ns/ fBos ;w/A

x[xo{ tikT[D tkbk ‘ukoD’ nkfd.

5H8 r[opkDh d[nkok ;kIK pko/ ikDekoh

;kIK pko/ ikDekoh d/AfdnK GkJh ;kfjp B/, ;kIK Bkb ;pzXs r[opkDh

dhnK s[eK d/ e/, T[BQK ;kIK dk r[owfs ;zrhs Bkb ;pzX do;kfJnk j?.

dPw rqzE ns/ j'o fJfsjk;e rqzEK ftZu'A th jtkb/ bJh s[eK fdZshnK j? fit/A

fe tkik, tkd: (;kI) fJzdokI ftu ;qh r[o{ BkBe d/t ih dh T[ukoh nk;k

okr u T[ukoh pkDh ft~u'A s[Ze fdZsh j? L

255

tkik wfs, gykti GkT[

fJ;/ soQK ;kIK Bkb ;pzXs gqwkD bJh wjkB e'P ftu r[opkDh dhnK

gzeshnK jB L

“opkp[ gykti skb (nk;k wL 5)

s{Nh szs[ Bk pi? opkp[ (nk;k epho)HHH

ej[ prb skozr pko/ pikt? (d;w rqzE ufosq 405) HHH

bfbs XBk;oh pikt? ;zr pk;[oh (d;w rqzE) HHH

;[o e' eos pikfJ d[skok (r[o gqskg ;{o:) HHH

pod uY/ vT[o{ Ywekt? (r'Av Bkwd/T[) HHH

pki/ pifj fwqdzr nBkjd (wbko gVskb wjbk 5)

ss fps xB ;[yo; ;G pki?

;[B wB okrz, r[fBrB bki?A (d;w rqzE) HHH

eo eoskb gykti B?Bj[ (okwebh w 5) HHH

chb[ opkph pbd[ gykti (nk;k epho)”78

r[opkDh ftZu'A fds/ fJBK jtkfbnK okjhA fi~E/ ;kIK d/ g[oksB BkwK

pko/ ikDekoh fwbdh j?, T[ZE/ r[opkDh ehosB gozgok ft~u tos/ iKd/ ;kIK

pko/ th ‘pj[gZyh’ ikDekoh fwbdh j?. g[okD/ ehosBhJ/ f;ZyK d/ ;kIK pko/

GkJh ;kfjp B/ fuZsoK ;w/s th ikDekoh fdZsh j? fiBQK ft~u f;sko, d[skok,

skT{;, skBg[ok, ;ozdk, opkp, i'Vh (spbk) nkfd Pkwb jB.

256

1H f;sko, 2H d[skok, 3H skT{;, 4H skBg{ok, 5H ;ozdk, 6H opkp, 7 i'Vh (spbk)

Enclyclopaedia of Sikh Literature (Volume One), English Transation of Mahaan Kosh, page. 449

nkgDhnK ekft ouBktK ft~u th GkJh ;kfjp B/ ;kIK Bkb ;pzXs

Ppdktbh dh y[be/ tos'A ehsh j?. fit/A fe nkgDh fJ~e ekft ouBk ft~u ;qh

r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx ih dh PkB ft~u fbfynk j? L

b?eo d[skok rkt? ;zrfs w/A tko nk;k, geV d[Xkok tkj? Psq[ f;o nkok j?]

nfij/ ekch T[dkjoD GkJh ;kfjp dhnK ouBktK ft~u t/yD Bz{ fwbd/

jB.

257

5H9 ;kIK pko/ nkb'uBkswe ftuko

Gkosh ;zrhs d/ Pk;soh ns/ b'e ;zrhs Bkb ;pzXs t~y t~y torK d/

;kIK dh rZb eofdnK ;kIK dh T[sZwsk pko/ ns/ T[BQK dh :'r tos'A ftXh

pko/ th nkgDhnK fbysK ft~u uouk ehsh j?. Gkosh Pk;soh ;zrhs dh o{g

B{z g{oh soQK BK gorNkT[D tkb/ ;kIK pko/ th nkg Gbh GKs ;[u/s ;B.

GkJh ;kfjp d~;d/ jB fe ‘;kI’ T[j T[Zsw j? i' rkT[D t/b/ ;[o

dh ;jkfJsk eo/, iK okr dk P[ZX nbkg eo ;e/. fi; ;kI ft~u ;_o dh

Pqüsh BjhA T[gidh, i/jk fe jkow'Bhnw j?, T[j okr dk ;o{g gorN

BjhA eo ;edk. ;qüfs g?dk eoB tkb/ ;kI sko szs[ iK c{e d/ jh j' ;ed/

jB.79 GkJh ;kfjp okJ/ d/Ad/ jB fe ;kIK ns/ i'Vh dh ;[o fJsBh Xhwh

j'Dh ukjhdh j? fe rtZ:/ dh ntkI ;kIK T[Zs/ Sk ikt/. nkgD/ fJ~e

fBpzX ‘oDihs Brkok’ (;zB 1929 JhH) ft~u nkg d~;d/ jBL ftfdnk

ft~u ewkb oZyD tkb/ nuko:, nkgD/ wB d/ GktK B{z tkfinK ftZu'A

nZyo o{g eoe/ gorN eo fdykT[Ad/ jB.

r[owfs ;zrhs ft~u ;kIK dh tos'A pko/ GkJh ;kfjp \k; fXnkB :'r

rZbK d;d/ jB. fJehthA f;Zy n?i{e/PBb ekBcqz; (nzfwqs;o) dh

gqXkBrh eofdnK 4 ngq?b 1931 d"okB GkJh ;kfjp B/ dZf;nk fe ;qh

r[o{ noiB d/t ih B/ r[o{ BkBe d/t ih dh ubkJh ehosB dh ohsh B{z

nio nwo eoB bJh skBg[ok ns/ ;ozdk jZE cVe/ f;ZyK B{z ;zrhs

ftd:k f;ykJh.

‘okr ftfdnk f;Zyh dk nzr j?. r[otke j? L^

r[D r'fpzd rktj[ ;fG jfoiB. okr osB o;Bk nbkg] (fpbktb wL 5)’

258

“n;hA j[D r[ows ;zrhs s'A nDikD j' oj/ jKHHH jkow'Bhnw tki/

B/ okr B{z Gkoh jkBh gj[zukJh j? feT[Afe T[; ftu ;[oK dk ftGkr ‘Pqüsh’

BjhA j?, fi; fpBK okr dk P[~X nbkg BjhA j' ;edk.”80

fuwNk s/ yVskb p/PZe gzikp d/ gow[Zy b'e ;kIK dh frDsh ft~u

nkT[Ad/ jB gozs{ r[owfs ;zrhs ft~u fJBK xB ;kIK dh p/B/wh tos'A pko/

GkJh ;kfjp ;[u/s eod/ j'J/ fbyd/ jB L

“fuwN/ Bkb eJh okr fto'Xh GiB wzvbhnK ehosB eoB t/b/

skb g{odhnK jB.”81

“fuwN/ s/ yVskbK B/ i' okr ftd:k B{z G? Ghs ehsk j? T[;dk

fIeo sK fJ~e gk;/ fojk, fJ; eVe[ZN ft~u r[opkDh d/ uzr/ gkmhJ/ Gh

wkb{w BjhA eo ;ed/ fe fJj e/jVk Ppd rkfJnk ik fojk j?.”82

;koKP ti'A fejk ik ;edk fe ;zrhs Bkb ;pzXs ss, ftqs, ;[fPo, s/

xB ;kIK pko/ GkJh ;kfjp g{oB frnkB oZyd/ ;B. T[BQK fi~E/ Gkosh

Pk;soh ;zrhs d/ w[ZYb/ s/ gokuhB ;kIK pko/ ikDekoh fdZsh j?, T[BQK d/

fJfsjk;e s/ fwfEjk;e fgS'eV dh uouk ehsh j?, T[ZE/ r[owfs ;zrhs d/

gozgokrs ;kIK pko/ th s;thoK ;w/s tvw[Zbh ikDekoh fdZsh j?. ‘prb

sozr’ tor/ e[M ngqu~fbs ;kIK pko/ th fIeo fwbdk j?. gzikp d/ b'e ;kIK

Y'b, Y'beh, YZv, Brkok, s{zph (fJeskok), ;kozrh, d'skok, Br'I/, fuwNk,

yVskb nkfd pko/ th EkT[A EkJhA, ;zy/g tke|hes fwbdh j?. ;kIK dh Pqüsh

gZXo s/ tos'A dh rZb eoe/ nkg Gkosh ;zrhs d/ fJ~e ;[bM/ j'J/, ;zrhs d/

ftdtkB d/ o{g ft~u, ;kjwD/ nkT[Ad/ jB, fJj tZyoh rZb j? fe T[BQK dh

P\;hns d/ fJ; nfjw gZy s'A fInkdkso ;zrhs gq/wh ns/ Gkosh ;zrhs d/

ftdtkB ikD{ BjhA jB. fBo;zd/j GkJh ;kfjp dhnK fbysK ft~u doI ;kIK

Bkb ;pzXs ikDekoh dk fJfsjk;e wjZst j?.

259

jtkb/ ns/ fN~gDhnK

1. Pou uzdq ;qhXo goKig/, ;zrhs p'X, wZX: gqd/P fjzdh rqzE nekdwh,

1992, gzBk 132

2. The Encyclopeadia Americana, Volume 19, Page. 668. The New

Encyclopaedia Britiannica Vol. 5812, Page 372, 729.

3. fjzdh gzikph e'P, GkPk ftGkr, gzikp, 2001, gzBk 879

4. skok f;zx (gq'H), otkfJsh s/ BthB ;zrhse ;kI, GkPk ftGkr,

gzikp, gfNnkbk, 1994, gzBk 1

5. doPB f;zx Bo{bk (vkH) “fwqdzr, gykti ;kIK dk wjZst ns/

fBek;” ;wkie ftfrnkB gZso, ;zrhse ;kI ftP/P nze, (w[Zy

;zgkde vkH nwoihs e"o) gzikph :{Bhtof;Nh, gfNnkbk 2010, gzBk

89

6. :Pgkb Powk (vkH), “;kI torheoB ^ ;whfynk ns/ ;zGktBktK”

;wkie ftfrnkB gZso, 2010, gzBk 21

7. ;Ph G{PD ‘ror’ (vkH), “;kI ;zrhs d/ y/so ftu Bt/A gq:'r”

;wkie ftfrnkB gZso, 2010, gzBk 32

8. Bti's e"o e;/b (vkH), sZs tkd:'A eh iBBh thDk, fBowb

gpbhe/Pz;, fdZbh, copoh 2009, gzBk 25

9. ekBQ f;zx BkGk, r[o[ws wkoszv, 1985, gzBk 689H

10. ekBQ f;zx BkGk, r[o[Ppd osBkeo wjkB e'P, 2005, gzBk 1089H

11. T[jh, gzB/ 512, 1022, 831, 878

12. ekBQ f;zx BkGk, r[o[ws wkoszv, Gkr d{ik, 1985, gzBk 690

13. ekBQ f;zx BkGk, r[o[Ppd osBkeo wjkB e'P, 2005, gzBk 572

260

14. T[jh, gzBk 1106

15. ftwbeKs okJ/ u"Xoh, Gkosh: ;zrhs e'P, 1998, gzBk 156

16. vkj:kbkb fPtokw, Pqh ;zrhsêbkXo, 2006, gzBk 245^246H

17. ftwbkeKs okJ/ u"Xoh, Gkosh: ;zrhs e'P, 1998, gzBk 159H

18. skok f;zx (gq'H) otkfJsh s/ BthB ;zrhse ;kI, 1994, gzBk 3

19. ekBQ f;zx BkGk, r[o[ Ppd osBkeo wjkB e'P, 2005, gzBk 195

20. vkj:kbkb fPtokw, Pqh ;zrhsêbkXo, 2006, gzBk 246

21. ekBQ f;zx BkGk, r[o[Ppd osBkeo wjkB e'P, gzBk 605

22. T[jh, gzBk 596

23. bkb wDh fwPo (vkH) Gkosh: ;zrh: tkd:, Gkosh: r:kBghm,

18H fJz;NhfuT{N J/ohnk, b"Xh o'v, BthA fdZbh, 2005, gzBk 99H

24. pbpho f;zx eztb, gzikp d/ gqf;~X okrh opkph, 2010, gzBk 25H

25. ftwbeKs okJ/u"X[oh, Gkosh: ;zrhs e'P, 1998, gzBk 156H


27. T[jh, gzBk 1211H

28. T[jh, gzB/ 643, 582, 187, 170, 634, 171

29. skok f;zx (gq'H), “r[opkDh ;zrhs ns/ Gkosh ;zrhs dk s[bBkswe

nfXn?B”, ft;wkd Bkd (r[owfs ;zrhs ftP/P nze), (w[Zy

;zgkde^nwoihs f;zx ro/tkb), r[od[nkok r[o frnkB gqekP, itZdh

ebK, b[fXnkDk, nes{po, 1992, gzBk 22


31. nfBb Bo{bk (vkH) gzikp d/ b'e ;kI, gzikph :{Bhtof;Nh, gfNnkbk

1996, gzBk 8

261

32. vkj:kbkb fPtokw, Pqh ;zrhsêbkXo, 2006, gzBk 110H

33. ekBQ f;zx BkGk, r[o[Ppd osBkeo wjkB e'P, 2005, 1005H

34. ftwbeKs okJ/ u"Xoh, Gkosh: ;zrhs e'P, 1998, gzBk 154H

35. ekBQ f;zx BkGk, r[o[ Ppd osBkeo wjkBe'P, 2005, gzBk 731H

36. T[jh, gzBk 576H



39. nfBb Bo{bk (vkH) okrK dk ftek; s/ ftt/uBkswe nfXn?B, 1999,

gzBk 30H



42. ekBQ f;zx BkGk, r[o[Ppd osBkeo wjkB e'P, gzBk 831H

43. T[jh, gzBk 567H

44. T[jh, gzBk 564H

45. pbpho f;zx eztb, gzikp d/ gqf;~X okrh opkph, 2010, gzBk 31H

46. nfBb Bo{bk (vkH) gzikp d/ b'e ;kI, 1996, gzBk 31H

47. bkbwDh fwPo (vkH) Gkosh: ;zrhs tkd:, 2005, gzBk 214H

48. nziBk Gkort, (vkH) Gkosh: ;zrhs Pk;sq'A w/A tkd:'A ek fuzsB,

efBPek gpfbPo;, fv;NohfpT{Nq;, BthA fdZbh 2002, gzBk 107H


50. skok f;zx (gq'H) otkfJsh s/ BthB ;kI, 1994, gzBk 27H

51. Pouuzdq ;qhXo goKig/, ;zrhs p'X, 1992, gzBk 159H


262

53. T[jh, gzB/ 878, 683, 84, 138H

54. nziBk Gkort, (vkH) Gkosh: ;zrhs Pk;sq'A w/A tkd:'A ek fuszB,

2002 gzBk 175H



57. T[jh, gzBk 447H




61. T[jh, 302, 371H

62. T[jh, 494, 543H

63. T[jh, gzBk 512H

64. ftwbeKs okJ/u"Xoh, Gkosh: ;zrhs e'P, 1998, gzBk 145H

65. skok f;zx (gq'H) otkfJsh s/ BthB ;zrhse ;kI, 1994, gzBk 4H

66. ekBQ f;zx BkGk, r[o[ Ppd osBkeo wjkB e'P, 2005, gzBk 816H

67. T[jh, gzBk 816H

68. T[jh, gzBk 682, 722H

69. T[jh, gzBk 170H

70. ekBQ f;zx BkGk, “ehosB” pho ;ojZdh, fgPkto, 1934H

71. ekBQ f;zx BkGk, “ehosB” fpyo/ w'sh, (;zgkH oftzdo e"o oth),

2008, gzBk 30H

72. ekBQ f;zx BkGk, r[o[Ppd osBkeo wjkB e'P, 2005, gzB/ 195,

1106H

263

73. ekBQ f;zx BkGk, “ehosB” fpyo/ w'sh, 2008, gzBk 30H

74. ekBQ f;zx BkGk, ;zy/g fJfsjk; \kBdkB GkJh ;kfjp oJh;

pkrVhnK, (;zgkH oftzdo e"o oth), Bt:[r gpfbPoI, fd~bh, 2011,

gzBk 24H

75. oSgkb e"o (;zgkH), GkJh ekBQ f;zx BkGk d/ ngqekfPs ;|oBkw/,

ftqi/P GtB BkGk, 1983, gzBk 6H

76. ekBQ f;zx BkGk, r[o[Ppd osBkeo wjkB e'P, 2005, gzB/ 1145H

77. T[jh, gzBk 969H

78. T[jh, gzB/ 1022, 831, 848, 643, 557, 1005, 788, 302, 731H

79. ekBQ f;zx BkGk, “ehosB”, fpyo/ w'sh, 2008, gzBk 28H

80. ekBQ f;zx BkGk, f;Zy n?i{e/PBb ekBcqz; dk gqXkBrh GkPD, uh|

ykb;k dhtkB, nzfwqs;o, 1931, gzBk 18H


82. ekBQ f;zx BkGk, f;~y n?i{e/PBb ekBcqz; dk gqXkBrh GkPD, 1931,

gzBk 19H

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nfXnkfJ - gzitkshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/10410/10/10_chapter 5.p… · nfXnkfJ - gzitk GkJh ekBQ f;zx BkGk d/ gqekfPs ekoi ft~u ;kIK pko/ ikDekoh 5H1H ;kIL gfoGkPk