Njrpaf; nfhs;if kly; - NIO · 5 Njrpaf; nfhs;if kly; KfTiu Njrpa Gj;jp[Ptpfs; mikg;G (NIO) fle;j Rkhu;

Njrpaf; nfhs;if kly;

© Njrpa Gj;jp[Ptpfs; mikg;G

ISBN 978-955-8696-56-9

Kjw;gjpg;G:

2019 ngg;utup

mr;rPL:

yPl;]; fpu/gpf;];

356/E> gd;dpg;gpl;ba tPjp>jytj;Jnfhl.

vy;yh jfty;fSk;:

,y.33>

= Rg+jpGu khtj;ij>

gj;juKy;iy

njhiyNgrp: 011 2885686> 0777 1995424> 071 4458399>

071 8449424

njhiyefy;: 011 2885686

kpd;dQ;ry;: [email protected],izaj;jsk;: www.nio.lk


nghUslf;fk;

mwpTj;jpwk; gilj;j ,yq;if ………………………… 04fy;tp

jfty; njhopEl;gk;

tpQ;Qhd njhopEl;gk;> Muha;r;rp kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jp

KOepiwthd ,yq;if …………………………………… 28Rfhjhuk;

fiyAk; fyhrhuKk;

tpisahl;L

tPlikg;G

J}a;ikahd ,yq;if ……………………………………… 49Rw;whly;

tpidj;jpwd;kpf;f ,yq;if …………………………… 59Nghf;Ftuj;J

murhq;f eph;thfk;

ePjpkd;wk;

nghyp]; Nrit

gpui[apd; nghWg;G


cWjpg;ghlhd ,yq;if ………………………………………….. 70 nghUshjhuk;

ngUe;Njhl;lf; ifj;njhopy;

tptrhak;

fhy;eilfs;

kPd;gpb kw;Wk; ePuftsf; ifj;njhopy;

vuprf;jp

ntspehl;Lf; nfhs;iffs;

Njrpa ghJfhg;G

xOf;fnewprhh;e;j ,yq;if ……………………………….. 100Gjpa murpayikg;G

Njrpa xw;Wik

kfspu; chpik

rpWtu;fSk; ,isQu;fSk;

KjpNahh; rdj;njhif

rpiwf;ifjpfs; eyd;Ghp

khw;Wj;;jpwdhspfspd; eyd;Ghp

XhPdr; Nrh;f;ifahsh;fs; r%fk;

ciog;gpd; kjpg;G

Clf Rje;jpuKk; [dehafKk;

rl;lj;ij kjpf;fpd;w ,yq;if ……………………………… 117,yQ;rKk; CoYk;

Nghijg;nghUs;fs;

Fw;wr;nray;fs;

5


KfTiu

Njrpa Gj;jp[Ptpfs; mikg;G (NIO) fle;j Rkhu; <uhz;L fhyg;gFjpapy;

Nkw;nfhz;l fy;tprhu; eltbf;ifapd; gadhf ,j;Njrpaf; nfhs;if Mtzj;ij

ngUk; vjpu;ghu;g;GfSld; cq;fs; fuq;fspy; jto tpLfpwJ. ,yq;if muirf;

fl;bnaOg;Gk; rthiy ,jD}lhf ehk; ek;kplNk nfhz;LNru;g;gpj;J tUfpd;Nwhk;.

Rje;jpuj;jpw;Fg; gpd;ida ,yq;if mile;Js;s khngUk; r%f> nghUshjhu>

murpay; kw;Wk; r%f neUf;fbepiyapypUe;J ehl;il kPl;nlOg;gjw;nfdpy;>

cz;ikahfNt ,e;ehl;il Nerpf;fpd;w> mjw;fhf jd;dykw;W mu;g;gzpg;Gld;

nrayhw;Wfpd;w xU rhuhupd; gq;fspg;Gk; rupahd J}uNehf;Fk; fhzg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

mj;jifa jiyaPl;Lf;F mtrpakhd mwpTrhu;> rpe;jidrhu; gq;fspg;ig

toq;Ftjw;F mtrpakhd jhf;fKs;s xU rf;jp fle;j fhyg;gFjp KOtJk;

Njrpa Gj;jp[Ptpfs; mikg;igr; #o mzpjpuz;lJ. ,f;nfhs;if Mtzj;ij

cUthf;Ftjpy; mtu;fspd; tplhKaw;rpAs;s jiyaPL Kf;fpa ce;Jrf;jpahf

tpsq;fpaJ.

eilKiwapYs;s et jhuhz;ikthj re;ijg; nghUshjhuk; kw;Wk;

mjd; kdpjhgpkhdkw;w r%f kw;Wk; khdpl nry;thf;if tpQ;rpr;nry;tij

,yf;fhff;nfhz;l r%f rpe;jidnahd;wpdhy; ,f;nfhs;iffs; Nghrpf;fg;gLfpd;wd

vd;gJ vkJ ek;gpf;ifahFk;. mNjNghy;> ,f;nfhs;iffisj; jahupf;Fk;NghJ

,jw;F Kd;du; ,e;ehl;by; mKypypUe;j nfhs;ifr; rl;lfq;fs; NghyNt

ru;tNjr uPjpahf epyTk; nfhs;ifrhu; mZFKiwfs; kw;Wk; cyf Nky;tup

vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf;fspd; kPJ vkJ ftdk; <u;f;fg;gl;lJ. mt;thW mKypypUe;j

kw;Wk; mKypYs;s nfhs;ifr; rl;lfq;fspy; epyTk; Neu;g;gbahd gz;Gfis

cs;thq;fpf;nfhz;Lk; mtw;wpd; vjpu;khwhd gioikNgZk; epiyikfis

jtpu;j;Jf;nfhz;Lk; ,f; nfhs;ifr; rl;lfj;ij cq;fs; fuq;fspy; Nru;g;gpf;Fk;

Njit ,Ue;jJ. ,k;Kaw;rpapy; nghJkf;fspd; fUj;Jf;fSk; Kd;nkhopTfSk;

vkJ gFg;gha;Tf;F cl;gl;l Vida Njhw;wr;rhay;fshFk;.

kWNfhzj;jpy;> ,f;nfhs;if MtzkhdJ NkYk; mfy;tpupthf

myrg;glNtz;Lk; vd;Wk;; jpwdha;Tf;Fk; ciuahlYf;Fk; cl;gLj;jg;gl

Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; ehk; ek;Gfpd;Nwhk;. ,jd; Clhf ,r;rhuk; gw;wpa nghJkf;fspd;

fUj;jhliy tpupTgLj;jf;$bajhf ,Uf;Fk;. Njrpa Gj;jp[Ptpfs; mikg;gpd; trk;

gue;j murpay; kw;Wk; r%f Nehf;nfhd;W fhzg;gLfpwJ. mJ ntWkNd murpay;

mjpfhuk; gw;wpa mgpyhiriaj; jhz;ba r%f khw;wk; gw;wpajhFk;. ,yq;if

muirf; fl;bnaOg;Gk; khngUk; nghWg;ig epiwNtw;Wtjw;F ,dpAk; xd;Wtpl;L

xd;WkhwptUk; murpaYf;F vt;tpjj;jpYk; Mw;wNyh my;yJ Neu;ikahd

vjpu;ghu;ghu;g;Ngh ,y;iy vd;Nw ehk; ek;Gfpd;Nwhk;. ,j;jifa rk;gpujha

mjpfhugPlq;fspdhy; fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;Ls;s mdu;j;jq;fSf;F kj;jpapy; GjpaNjhu;

murpay; ghijiaAk; Kd;Ndwpa mwpTrhu;> fyhrhu jiyikj;Jtnkhd;iwAk;

gue;j kf;fs; rf;jpnahd;iwAk; fl;bnaOg;Gk; rthy; ek; midtu; vjpupYk;

fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,j;Njrpa nfhs;if Mtzk; mjw;F mbj;jskpLk; vd;W ehk;

ek;Gfpd;Nwhk;.

6


mwpTj;jpwk;gilj;j ,yq;if

mwpTj;jpwk;gilj;j ,yq;ifia cUthf;FtNj vkJ KOnkhj;j

murpay; Kd;ndLg;gpd; kpf Kf;fpa vjpu;ghu;g;ghFk;. mwpT Qhdk;> tpQ;Qhdk;>

njhopy;El;gk;> fy;tp> jfty; njhopEl;gKk; Muha;r;rpfSk; Kjyhd Jiwfspy;

Kd;Ndwpa> jpl;lkpl;l xU Ntiyj;jpl;lj;jpd; Clhf ,yq;ifapd; kdpj

tsj;ij nghWg;Gs;s xU gpui[ahf cUthf;fpf;nfhs;sf;$bajhf ,Uf;Fk;

vd;gNj vkJ vjpu;ghu;g;ghFk;. KOnkhj;j r%fKk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; mjprpwe;j

fy;tpapd; %yk; mwpTj;jpwk;gilj;j ,yq;ifiaf; fl;bnaOg;GtNj vkJ

Nehf;fkhFk;.

7


fy;tpneUf;fbapd; jd;ik

fy;tpj;Jiwapy; neUf;fbapd; Mok;> mfyk;> fhuzpfs;> mjid vt;thW jPu;f;fyhk;

vd;gJ gw;wpa gy;NtW fUj;jpay;fs; fhzg;gl;lNghJk;> fy;tpj;Jiwapy; ghupa xU

neUf;fbepiy fhzg;gLfpwJ vd;gijAk; mjw;F Jupj> Neu;g;gbahd Jyq;fy;fisf;

fhz;gpg;gJ ,d;wpaikahjJ vd;gijAk; midtUk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;tu;;. fy;tp xU kdpj

cupikahFk;. ,yq;ifapd; ,ytrf; fy;tp gw;wp ehk; ngUkpjj;Jld; NgRfpd;Nwhk;.

vdpDk;> ,d;iwa ,yq;ifapd; fy;tpr; nrad;Kiwapy; ,iltpyfy; tpfpjk;; (drop-out ratio) kpf cau;e;jsthff; fhzg;gLfpwJ. ghlrhiynry;Yk; guhaj;jpYs;s rpWtu;fspy;

Muk;gf; fy;tpf;fhf Nru;f;fg;gLk; rjtPjk; 97% Mff; fhzg;gl;lNghJk;> Ie;jhk;

Mz;by; 94% rjtPjkhdtu;fs; kl;LNk Nru;f;fg;gLfpd;wdu;. mjpy; 87% rjtPjkhdtu;fs; kl;LNk 10 Mk; Mz;L tiu fy;tpiaj; njhlu;fpd;wdu;. 51% rjtPj;jpdu; kl;LNk f.ngh.j. (rh/j) rpj;jpaile;J cau;juf; fy;tpapy; gpuNtrpf;fpd;wdu;. mjpYk; 3% rjtPjj;jpdUf;F kl;LNk gy;fiyf;fofk; GFk; tha;g;G fpl;LfpwJ. gy;fiyf;fofk;

Gfj; jifikngWNthupy; 17% rjtPjj;jpdu; kl;LNk gy;fiyf;fof EioTf;fhd

tha;g;igg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tJ Nfhbl;Lf;fhl;lj;jf;fjhf cs;sJ. 20 taJf;F Nkw;gl;l

rdj;njhifapy; 26.8% rjtPjj;jpdu; Kiwrhu; njhopw;gapw;rpiag; ngwtpy;iy. Kjyhk;

Mz;Lf;F gps;isfisr; Nru;f;Fk;NghJ ngw;Nwhu; Kfq;nfhLf;Fk; rpukq;fSk;

Fwpj;j nrad;Kiwapy; fhzf;$ba Coypd; jd;ikAk; gw;wpa tpku;rdq;fs; kpfTk;

ghuJ}ukhdjhff; fhzg;gLfpwJ. vdpDk;> jw;NghJs;s 10>194 ghlrhiyfspy; 5>161

ghlrhiyfSk; (49%) 200f;Fk; Fiwe;j gps;isfs; fy;tpfw;Fk;; ghlrhiyfshf

,Ug;gjpypUe;J ghlrhiy Kiwikapd; Kuz;gl;l epiyAk; mj;jifa Kuz;gl;l

epiy gw;wp r%fk; fhl;Lk; $Uzu;Tk; Gyg;gLfpwJ. mNjNghy;> ~,ytr| fy;tp

mKypy; ,Ug;gjhfj; njuptpf;fg;gLk; xU ehl;by; fy;tpf;fhf jdpg;gl;l uPjpapy;

Rkf;f Ntz;bajhfTs;s nryT ghupajhFk;. cjhuzkhf> ,uz;lhk;epiyf; fy;tpapy;

<Lgl;Ls;s xU gps;isf;F khjnkhd;Wf;F Fiwe;jgl;rk; Rkhu; 13>000 &ghit gpuj;jpNaf

tFg;GfSf;Fk; Gj;jfq;fSf;Fk; nrytpl Ntz;bAs;sJ. khj tUkhdk; &.11>000 I

tplf; Fiwe;j 42% Md rdj;njhifapdhy; ,jid vt;tpjj;jpYk; jhq;fpf;nfhs;s

KbahJ. ngw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$ba fy;tpapd; gz;Gj;juk; kl;Lkd;wp> fy;tpia ehLk;

tha;g;Gf;$l xUtupd; nghUshjhu epiy kPJ jq;fpAs;sJ vd;why; mjpy; kpifay;y.

Kd;nkhopag;gLk; ve;jnthU nfhs;ifAk; Ntiyj;jpl;lKk; ,d;iwa fy;tp neUf;fbf;F

cupa jPu;T fhzf;$bajhfTk; rkj;Jtk;> rkTupik> rktha;g;Gfs; Nghd;w ,ytrf;

fy;tpapd; Nehf;fq;fis cWjpg;gLj;jf;$bathWk; tFf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

fy;tp rPu;Fiye;Js;s xU epiyikf;F kj;jpapy; mjid Nkw;nfhs;sNtz;bAs;sJ

vd;gijAk;; mjid xU FWfpa fhyj;jpy; khw;wpaikf;f KbahJ vd;gijAk;

ehk; mwpNthk;. ve;jsT rpukkhdjhf ,Ue;jNghJk;> mj;jifa ePz;lfhy> Ngz;jF

,yf;Ffis va;Jtjw;F mtrpakhd mbg;gilia tFf;ff;$bathNw ,f;nfhs;ifr;

rl;lfk; jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

8


fy;tpia xU tu;j;jfg; gz;lkhf;fy; my;yJ re;ijKjy;thjj;jpy;

mKy;gLj;jg;gLtjd; %yk; fy;tpapd; mry; Nehf;fj;ij mile;Jnfhs;s KbahJ

vd;Nw ehk; ek;Gfpd;Nwhk;. cj;Njr Ntiyj;jpl;lj;jpd; Clhf jdpahu;Jiw Fwpg;ghf>

,yhgNehf;fpy; ,aq;Fk; fy;tp epWtdq;fspd; Njit gbg;gbahf Fiwtile;Jnry;Yk;

vd;Nw vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpwJ. vdpDk;> Fwpj;j Ntiyj;jpl;lk; g+u;j;jpailtjw;F rpwpJ

fhyk;nry;Yk;. mjd; fhuzkhf> mf;fhyg;gFjpia ,ilg;gl;l fhykhf (transitional phase) milahsk; fhz NeupLk;. ,j;jifa ,ilf;fhy tha;g;GfSf;F kj;jpapy;

jdpahu; fy;tp epWtdq;fis xOq;FWj;Jtjw;F jw;fhypf epWtdf; fl;likg;Gfis

Vw;gLj;j NeupLk;.

nfhs;if Nahridf;F mbg;gilahf mike;j Nfhl;ghLfs;

,ytrf; fy;tp

fy;tp> cyfk; jOtpa xU khdpl cupikahFk;. gpsTfspd;wp egnuhUtUf;F

fy;tpia Rje;jpukhf mZFtjw;F epahakhd tha;g;Gfs; Vw;gLj;jpf;nfhLf;fg;gl

Ntz;Lk;. vy;yh ,dg; gpupTfisAk; tpNrl NjitAila egu;fs; kw;Wk; Gwf;fzpf;fg;gl;l

r%fg; gpupTfs; gw;wpa tpNrl ftdj;Jld; nrayhw;wg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ghyu; ghlrhiyf;

fy;tpapy; njhlq;fp %d;whk;epiyf;fy;tp tiu mtrpag;gLk; epjpia muR KjyPLnra;a

Ntz;Lk; vd;gJld;> ,ytrf; fy;tpr; nrad;Kiwia Kd;ndLj;Jr; nry;tjw;Fk;

mjid xOq;FWj;Jtjw;Fk; mtrpakhd kdpj> ngsjpf cs;spl;l cl;fl;likg;G

trjpfis cWjpg;gLj;JtJ murhq;fj;jpd;ghw;gl;l nghWg;ghFk;.

rkNehf;F (Equity)

kl;Lg;ghbd;wp r%fj;jpy; vy;yhf; FOf;fSf;Fk; jkJ jifikfSf;Fk;

jpwikfSf;Fk; Vw;whw;Nghy; fy;tpia rkkhf mZFtjw;fhd tha;g;G ,Uf;f

Ntz;Lk;. r%fj;jpd; fPo;kl;lj;jpYs;s rhuhiu fy;tpr; nrad;Kiwapy; ,iagilar;

nra;tjw;fhd xU tpNrl Ntiyj;jpl;lk; fhzg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

nghUj;jg;ghL (Relevance)

nghWg;Gs;s xU gpui[ vd;w tifapy; r%f newpKiwfis Vw;Wf;nfhz;L

mtw;Wf;F kjpg;gspg;gJld; mtrpakhd mwpT> Mw;wy;fs;> csg;ghq;Ffs;> eilKiwfs;>

ngWkhdq;fs; vd;gtw;iw fy;tpapd; %yk; toq;f Ntz;Lk;. mJ ntWkNd njhopw;re;ij

kw;Wk; njhopypy; Njitapd;; mbg;gilapyhdjhf mikayhfhJ vd;wNghJk;> r%fj;

NjitfisAk; tpisTg; ngUf;fj;ijAk; mjpfupf;fj; Jzpe;j Ntiyahl;fisg;

ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;F fy;tp gq;fhw;w Ntz;Lk;.

Vw;Wf;nfhs;sj;jf;f jd;ik (Acceptability)

fy;tpapd; cs;slf;fk; midj;J ,dq;fSk; mlq;fyhd midj;J fyhrhuq;fspdhYk;

Vw;Wf;nfhs;sj;jf;f> ve;jnthU r%ff; FOkj;;ijAk; ghugl;rj;Jld; ftdpf;fhj>

midj;J FOkq;fSf;Fk; ghJfhg;gspf;Fk; gz;igf; nfhz;ljhf mika Ntz;Lk;.

9


nghWg;Gilik (Responsibility)

fy;tpahdJ jw;NghJs;s mwpitg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tijAk; mj;jifa mwpit

CLflj;JtijAk; mNjNghy; Gj;jwpit cUthf;FtijAk; cs;slf;fpa xU

nrad;KiwahFk;. mjd; fhuzkhf> MnshUtu; fy;tpapd; Clhf mile;Jnfhs;Sk;

midj;J tpjkhd mgptpUj;jpfSk; fhzg;gLk; midj;J fyhrhuq;fSf;Fk; kpfg;

ngupa xU gq;fspg;ig toq;FfpwJ. mNjNghy;> jkJ gpui[fSf;fhf fy;tp rhu;ghf kpf

cau;e;j xU nryT r%fj;jpdhy; Rkf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,jd; mbg;gilapy;> r%fj;jpw;Fg;

nghWg;Gf;$Wk; xU gpui[ fy;tpapd; %yk; cUthf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

Ngz;jF jd;ik (Sustainability)

r%f> nghUshjhu kw;Wk; Rw;whly; Jiwfspd; ePL,Ug;igAk; gz;Gj;juj;ijAk;

tsu;g;gJ fy;tpapd; Kf;fpa Nehf;fq;fspy; xd;whjy; Ntz;Lk;. cyf kw;Wk; cs;@u;j;

Njitfspd;gb tsq;fs; Efug;gLtJld;> vjpu;fhyj;jpy; mit ghJfhf;fg;glf;$bathW

nrayhw;Wtjw;Fk; Gj;jhf;f eltbf;iffis Cf;Ftpg;gjw;Fk; fy;tp Kw;gl Ntz;Lk;.

tho;ehs; fy;tp (Lifelong Learning)

fy;tp> Fwpj;j xU taJg; gpuptpdUf;F kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;ljd;W. mNjNghy;> mJ xNu

jlitapy; g+u;j;jpnra;af;$ba xU nrad;KiwAk; md;W. Mifahy;> milag;ngw;Ws;s

cau; fy;tpj; jifik vJthapDk;;> <LgLk; njhopy; vJthapDk; tho;ehspNyNa

fy;tpiag; ngwf;$ba tpjj;jpy;; mr;nrad;Kiw xOq;fikf;fg;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;.

khw;wpaikj;Jf;nfhs;tjw;fhd nefpo;Tj;jd;ik (Adaptability)

fy;tp fhyj;jpw;FupajhfTk; r%fj; Njitg;ghLfSf;F Vw;wthWk; ,w;iwg;gLj;jg;gl

Ntz;Lk; vd;gJld;> cyf kw;Wk; cs;ehl;Lj; Njitg;ghLfSf;F gad;glf;$bathWk;

khw;wp mikj;Jf;nfhs;tjw;fhd tha;g;Gs;sjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

KOjshtpa fy;tp (Holistic Education)

fw;wy; #oypy; mbg;gil kdpj tpOkpaq;fSk; njhlu;GfSk; Nghd;Nw> nraywpTf;

fw;wiy Cf;Ftpg;gjd; %yk; jdpkdpjupy; tho;f;if gw;wpa Mokhd mu;j;jnkhd;iwAk;

r%fKk; cyFk; gw;wpa gue;jnjhU Nehf;ifAk; Vw;gLj;Jtjd;%yk; fw;wy; gw;wpa

Nguhu;tj;ij cUthf;f Ntz;Lk;.

Nkw;$wpa Nehf;fq;fis mile;Jnfhs;tjw;F fy;tpr; nrad;Kiw gpd;tUk;

fl;likg;Gfisf; nfhz;ljhf mikjy; Ntz;Lk;:-

mwpT (Knowledge)

Gj;jwpT cw;gj;jpia ,yf;fhff;nfhz;l Muha;r;rpfis Cf;Ftpj;jy;> Gj;jhf;fk;>

Nkw;ghu;it kw;Wk; kjpg;gPL> mwpitg; gfpu;jy; kw;Wk; iff;nfhs;sy;> jfty; kw;Wk;

njhlu;ghly; njhopy;El;gj;ij <LgLj;jpf;nfhs;tjd; %yk; Gj;jwpit mile;Jnfhs;tJk;

mjidg; gfpu;jYk;.

10


kjpAiu (Advocacy)

jiyikj;JtKk; xOf;fgz;ghLk; KOjshtpaKk; r%fepiyngau;Tk; r%fg;

gq;Nfw;Gk; (Social Mobilization & Community Engagement) gy;ypd r%fg; gpupTfspd;

gq;Nfw;ig tsu;j;jYk; gad;$u; njhlu;ghlYk;.

,ay;jpwk; (Capacity)

fy;tp> njhopy; mgptpUj;jp> fiyj;jpl;lKk; NghjidapaYk;; (Curriculum Pedagogy) vd;gtw;iw mbf;fb ,w;iwg;gLj;Jjy;> cl;fl;likg;G trjpfisg; NgZjYk;

tpUj;jpnra;jYk;> juepu;zaKk; juhju mq;fPfhuKk; (Standards & Accreditation)> gzpf;Fohk; Kfhikj;Jtk;.

epUthfk;

murpay; mgpyhir> rl;lthf;fk;> nfhs;iffSk; xOq;FWj;JifAk;> %Nyhghaj;

jpl;lq;fis tFj;jy;> epjpaPl;lk;> epWtdf; fl;likg;G. ju cWjpg;ghLk;; tuNtw;Gk;

nghWg;Gf;$wYk;.

nrad;Kiwfs;

01. Kd; rpWtu; guha mgptpUj;jpf; fy;tp

Kd; rpWtu; guha mgptpUj;jp vd;gJ nghJ epakk;ngw;w xU rl;lfj;jpw;F cl;gl;l

fy;tp md;wp gps;isf;F FLk;g #oypy; ,Ue;J r%f tho;tpy; gpuNtrpg;gjw;F mtrpakhd

mbg;gil trjpfis toq;Fk; xU nrad;KiwahFk;. mjw;F tha;g;gspg;gJk;;

mf;fhyfl;lj;jpy; r%f jputpakhf gps;isiaf; fhj;J tsu;g;gJk; r%fj;jpd;ghw;gl;l

nghWg;ghFk;;.

• 03 njhlf;fk; 05 tUlq;fs; tiuahd taJg; gpuptpYs;s midj;Jg;

gps;isfSf;Fk; Kiwrhu; Kd;rpWtu; guha mgptpUj;jpf; fy;tpnahd;iw

,ytrkhf toq;FtJ murhq;fj;jpd; nghWg;G vd;gij Vw;Wf;nfhs;sy;.

• midj;Jg; gps;isf;Fk; jkJ tPl;bypUe;J my;yJ ngw;Nwhupd; njhopy;

,lj;jpypUe;;J 02 fpNyh kPw;wu; njhiytpYs;s ghyu; ghlrhiynahd;wpy; fy;tp

ngwf;;$ba tpjj;jpy; mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;l juhjug;gb mikf;fg;gl;l Kd;rpWtu;

guha mgptpUj;jp epiyaj; njhFjpnahd;iw Vw;gLj;Jjy;.

• Kiwrhuh ghlj;jpl;lq;fSf;Fk; nraw;ghLfSf;Fk; gjpyhf gps;isfspd; cly;>

cs epiyikfshy; GyDf;nfl;lf;$ba tpjj;jpYk; r%f tho;tpy; gpuNtrpg;gjw;F

mtrpakhd ew;gof;ftof;fq;fisAk; csg;ghq;FfisAk; xOf;fq;fisAk;

tsu;f;ff;$ba nraw;ghLfisAk; cs;slf;fpa xU epfo;;r;rpj;jpl;lj;ij

mwpKfg;gLj;jy;.

jd;dk;gpf;ifAld; ehshe;j tho;tpw;Fk; maw;#oYf;Fk; ,irthf Ntiynra;tjw;fhd

Mw;wy;fis tpUj;jpnra;tjd; kPJk; ,q;F ftdk; nrYj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

• Kd; rpWtu; guha mgptpUj;jp epiyaq;fis Njrpa Kd; rpWtu; guha mgptpUj;jp

mjpfhurigapd; %yk; fz;fhzpj;jy;.

11


• Kd;rpWtu; guha mgptpUj;jp epiya ngz; Nkw;ghu;itahsu;fSf;Fk;

Mrpupa MrpupiafSf;Fk; Mff;Fiwe;j fy;tpj; jifikfisAk; fl;lha

njhopw;gap;w;rpiaAk; mwpKfg;gLj;j eltbf;if vLj;jYk; mr;Nritf;F

njhopy;rhu; kl;lj;jpy; nghJ mq;fPfhuk; fpilf;fj;jf;f tpjj;jpy; Mff;Fiwe;j

rk;gsj;ij epu;zapj;jYk;.

• Kd;rpWtu; guha mgptpUj;jpj; njhopy;thz;ikapdiug; gapw;Wtpg;gjw;fhd

Kiwrhu; Njrpa epWtdnkhd;iwAk; mjNdhbize;j fpis Kiwiknahd;iwAk;

ehLjOtpastpy; Vw;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; mtu;fspd; njhopYf;fhd tuNtw;ig

cWjpg;gLj;Jjy;.

• jha;nkhopf;F Nkyjpfkhf Ngr;Rj; njhlu;ghly; nkhopfshf Vida Njrpa

nkhopfSk; Mq;fpynkhopAk; gw;wpa mDgtq;fis gps;isfSf;F toq;Ftjw;F

mtrpakhd epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fis xt;nthU Kd;rpWtu; guha mgptpUj;jp

epiyaj;jpYk; mKy;gLj;Jjy;.

• gy kj> gy;ypd> gy; fyhrhu gy;ypdj;jd;ikia mDrupj;J> mj;jifa

gy;ypdj;jd;ikf;F kjpg;gspj;Jr; nrayhw;Wtjw;F gps;isfis gof;Fk;;

epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fs; mKy;gLj;jg;gLtij fl;lhakhf;Fjy;.

• gps;isfspd; Rfhjhuj;ijAk; Nghrhf;ifAk; tsu;g;gjw;fhd epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fis

mKy;gLj;JjYk; mtw;iwf; fz;fhzpj;jYk;.

• jw;Nghija midj;Jg; ghyu; ghlrhiyfSf;Fk; mtrpakhd trjpfis

Vw;gLj;jpf;nfhLj;J Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l Kd;rpWtu; guha mgptpUj;jp epiya

KiwikAld; ,izg;gjw;F eltbf;if vLf;fg;gLk;. mNjNghy;> mtw;wpy;

gzpahw;Wk; mbg;gilj; jifikfisf; nfhz;Ls;stu;fs; ghyu; ghlrhiy gw;wpa

njhopw;gapw;rpia toq;fpa gpd; Njrpa ghyu; ghlrhiy njhopy; NritAld;

,izf;fg;gLtu;.

02. Muk;g kw;Wk; ,uz;lhk;epiyf; fy;tp

ghlrhiyfs; tifaPL

xt;nthU gps;isf;Fk; 13 tUl fy;tpawpTrhu; my;yJ njhopy;rhu; ghlrhiyf;

fy;tp fl;lhakhf;fg;glf;$ba tpjj;jpy; ghlrhiyf; fy;tp kPs;fl;likf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

mNjNghy;> ghlrhiy kj> ,d my;yJ ghy;epiyia mbg;gilahff;nfhz;L NtW

gpupf;fg;glhjpUg;gij cWjpnra;a Ntz;Lk;. midj;Jg; gps;isfSf;Fk; trjpfs;nfhz;l

ghlrhiynahd;Wf;F Nghl;bapd;wp mDkjp ngwf;$bathW Muk;gg; ghlrhiy

Kiwiknahd;Wk; Muk;gg; ghlrhiyfs; 02 I my;yJ 03 I cs;slf;ff;$bathW

fdp\;l> ,uz;lhk;epiy ghlrhiy KiwikAk; rpNu\;l ,uz;lhk;epiy ghlrhiy

KiwikAk; cUthf;fg;gLk;. rpNu\;l ,uz;lhk;epiyg; ghlrhiy Kiwikapy;

fy;tpawpTk; njhopw;fy;tpAk; mKy;gLj;jg;gLk;. mNjNghy;> mtrpakhdthW

fy;tpawpTrhu; my;yJ njhopw;fy;tprhu; xt;nthU Jiwf;Fk; tpNrlkhd ghlrhiyfs;

,Uf;fyhk;.

12


vy;yh ghlrhiy tFjpfSk; gpd;tUkhW tifaPL nra;ag;gLk;:

● 01 Mk; Mz;bypUe;J 05 Mk; Mz;L tiuahd Muk;g ghlrhiyfs;.

● 06 Mk; Mz;bypUe;J 09 Mk; Mz;L tiuahd fdp\;l ,uz;lhk;epiyg;

ghlrhiyfs;.

● 10 Mk; Mz;bypUe;J 13 Mk; Mz;L tiuahd rpNu\;l ,uz;lhk;epiyg;;

ghlrhiyfs;.

Kjyhk; Mz;bypUe;J Ie;jhk; Mz;L tiuahd Muk;gg; ghlrhiyf; fy;tp

• vy;yh gps;isf;Fk; jdJ tPl;bypUe;J my;yJ ngw;Nwhupd;; njhopy; ,lj;jpypUe;J

04 fpNyh kPw;wu; njhiytpw;F cl;gl;l xU ghlrhiyapy; fy;tpngwf;$ba tpjj;jpy;

mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;l juhjuq;fSf;F Vw;g jahupf;fg;gl;l murhq;fg; ghlrhiyf;

fl;likg;nghd;iw Vw;gLj;Jjy;> gpuNjrj;jpd; rd mlu;j;jpiaAk; Gtptpay;

mikg;igAk; ftdj;jpnyLj;J ,g;ghlrhiyf; fl;likg;igj; jahu;nra;a

Ntz;Lk;. Njitg;ghLfSf;Fk; mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;l juhjuq;fSf;Fk; mikthf

ghlrhiy Nghf;Ftuj;J Kiwiknahd;iw epWtp Kd;ndLj;Jr;nry;tjw;F

me;je;j cs;@uhl;rp epWtdq;fspdhy; eltbf;if vLf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

• midj;Jg; ghlrhiyf;Fk; ,Uf;fNtz;ba Mff;Fiwe;j trjpfis milahsk;

fhz;gjw;F eltbf;if vLj;jYk; mj;jifa Mff;Fiwe;j trjpfisg;

Ngzpr;nry;tjw;F mtrpakhd ngsjpf kw;Wk; kdpj tsq;fis toq;FtJk;

murhq;fj;jpd; nghWg;G vd;gij milahsq;fhzy;.

• tFg;giwapy; ,Uf;fNtz;ba Mff;$ba khzhf;fupd; vz;zpf;ifiaAk;

,Uf;fNtz;ba Mff;Fiwe;j trjpfisAk; epu;zapj;jy;.

• rpWtu; guhaj;jpw;F jlq;fyhf mikthjthW me;je;j taJg; gpupTfSf;F

Vw;wthWk; mehtrpakhd xU Rikiar; Rkj;jhjthWk; xU ghlj;jpl;lj;ijj;

jahupj;jy;.

fdp\;l ,uz;lhk;epiyf; fy;tp

06 Mk; Mz;bypUe;J 09 Mk; Mz;L tiuahd ehd;F Mz;Lfs; fdp\;l

,uz;lhk;epiyf; fy;tpf; fl;lkhf milahsk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. ew;gpui[ xUtiu

cUthf;Ftjw;F mtrpakhd vOj;jwpT> tpQ;QhdKk; fzpjKk;> r%f> njhopy;El;g

kw;Wk; mofpaw;fiy Nghd;Nw nkhop mwpT cs;spl;l nghJf; fy;tpia toq;FtJk;>

rpNu\;l ,uz;lhk;epiyf; fy;tpf;F mtrpakhd gpd;dzpia tFf;Fk; xU fy;tpia

toq;FtJk; fdp\;l ,uz;lhk;epiyf; fy;tpapd; Nehf;fkhFk;. ,e;Nehf;fj;jpw;F

nghUj;jkhd xUikahf;fg;gl;l ghlj;jpl;lnkhd;iwj; jahupj;J mKy;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.

• Muk;g ghlrhiyfs; ,uz;il my;yJ %d;iw cs;slf;ff;$bathW ,f;fdp\;l

,uz;lhk;epiyg; ghlrhiy Kiwik epWtg;gLk;.

13


• khzhf;fupd; taJg; gpupTfSk; mtw;Wf;Fupa mwpTrhu; epiyikfSk; tsuf;$ba

tpjj;jpy; ghlj;jpl;lq;fs; kPs jahupf;fg;gLk;.

• gps;isfspd; Mw;wy;fSf;Fk; tpNrl jpwd;fSf;Fk; Vw;wthW cau;fy;tpia

my;yJ njhopw;fy;tpiaj; njupTnra;af;$ba tpjj;jpy; 06 Mk; Mz;bypUe;J

09 Mk; Mz;L tiuapy; fw;gpf;fg;glNtz;ba gpujhd ghlq;fs; milahsk;

fhzg;gLk;.

• gps;isfspd; r%f xOf;fq;fisAk; gpui[fspd; nghWg;Gf;fisAk;

tpUj;jpnra;tij cWjpg;gLj;Jk; Nkyjpf ghlq;fisAk; nraw;ghLfisAk;

mwpKfg;gLj;JtJ fl;lhakhf;fg;gLk;.

• xt;nthU gps;isf;Fk; jdJ rkak; gw;wpa kw;Wk; ,yq;ifapd; gpujhd rkaq;fs;

gw;wpa xg;gPl;Lf; fy;tp fpilf;ff;$ba tpjj;jpy; rka ghlk; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gLk;.

• me;je;j taJg; gpupTfSf;F Vw;w tpjj;jpy; ghypay; kw;Wk; ,dg;ngUf;f

Rfhjhuk; gw;wpa fy;tpia toq;f eltbf;if vLf;fg;gLk;.

• Rw;whly; el;GwitAk; ,aw;ifapd; ,Ug;igAk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; csg;ghq;Ffis

tsu;f;Fk; epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fs; fl;lkhf;fg;gLk;.

kjpg;gPl;Lr; nrad;Kiw

ghlrhiy kl;l guPl;irfs;

• 01 Mk; Mz;bypUe;J 05 Mk; Mz;L tiuahd njhy;iy jUk; guPl;irfs; %yk;

gps;isfspd; kjpg;gPl;Lf;Fg; gjpyhf> xt;nthU gp;s;isapd; jpwik kl;lq;fis

ntt;Ntwhf milahsk; fhz;gjw;Fk; (Feedback) mjd;gb tpNrl Vw;ghLfis

Nkw;nfhs;tjw;Fk; eltbf;if vLf;fg;gLk;.

• 06 Mk; Mz;bypUe;J 09 Mk; Mz;L tiuapy; elj;jg;gLk; guPl;irfspd; Ngupy;

gps;isfis juepiyg;gLj;Jtjw;F (Rank) eltbf;if vLf;fg;glhJ. gps;isfspd; jdpg;gl;l jpwd;fis mjprpwe;j kl;lj;jpy; njhluwhky; Ngzpr;nry;tjw;F

mtrpakhd kjpg;gPl;L Kiwfs; mKy;gLj;jg;gLk;.

• xt;nthU Mz;bd; ,Wjpapy; mwpAk; Mw;wy;fSf;F Vw;wthW tpNrl ftdk;

nrYj;jg;gl Ntz;ba gps;isfis milahsk; fz;L> mtu;fSf;F nghUj;jkhd

epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fs; mKy;gLj;jg;gLk;.

Njrpa kl;l guPl;irfs;

• jhy;iyjUk; Ie;jhk; Mz;L Gyikg;guprpy; guPl;ir Kiwia ,y;yhnjhopf;f

eltbf;if vLj;jy;.

• midj;J njhopy;El;g kw;Wk; Vida ngsjpf trjpfSld;$ba Njrpa guPl;ir

kjpg;gPl;L epiyankhd;iw cUthf;Fjy;.

14


• f.ngh.j. (rh/j) kw;Wk; f.ngh.j. (c/j) kjpg;gPl;L eltbf;ifis xU khj fhyj;Js; g+u;j;jp nra;tjw;Fk; ngWNgWfis ngw;Wf;nfhLf;ff;$ba tpjj;jpYk;

tUlhe;j ghlrhiyf; fy;tp ehl;fhl;biaj; jahupj;jy;.

• mt;tg; ghlj;ij ghlrhiyfspy; fw;gpf;Fk; Mrpupa Mrpupiafspd; kjpg;gPl;Lr;;

nrad;Kiw gw;wpa gapw;rpnahd;iw toq;fp> kjpg;gPl;Lr; nrad;KiwAld; mtu;fs;

njhlu;GgLtijf; fl;lhakhf;Fjy;.

• cau;e;j tpidj;jpwDlDk; rupahe;jd;ikAlDk; kjpg;gPl;Lr; nrad;Kiwapy;

<LgLk; gupNrhjfu;fs; gw;wp tUlhe;j mwpf;iffis KiwtYg;gLj;jYk;

mtu;fis juepiyg;gLj;jp Cf;Ftpg;Gf; nfhLg;gdTfis toq;FjYk;.

NjfhNuhf;;fpak;

• gps;isfspd; cly; kw;Wk; cs rkepiyfisg; Ngzpr;nry;tjw;F mtrpakhd

epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lq;fis Kd;ndLj;Jr;nry;y eltbf;if vLf;fg;gLk;.

• gps;isfspd; cly; kw;Wk; cs MNuhf;fpaj;ij rkepiyAld; Ngzpr;nry;tjw;F

mtrpakhd tpisahl;L kw;Wk; Vida epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fs; fl;lkhf;fg;gLk;.

mjw;F mtrpakhd tpisahl;L ikjhdq;fs;> Fspay; miwfs; Kjyhd

cl;fl;likg;G trjpfis xt;nthU ghlrhiyapYk; cUthf;FtJld;>

mjw;Nfw;whw;Nghy; ghlrhiy Neu#rp jahupf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

• ,uz;lhk;epiy ghlrhiyfspy; r%f ,Ug;ig tsu;g;gjw;Fk; mJ rhu;e;j

gpur;rpidfs; gw;wp nrayhw;Wtjw;Fk; tho;f;ifj;njhopy; jpwd;nfhz;l kdpj

tsq;fisAk; njhopy;El;g gad;ghl;Lld;$ba myFfisAk; epWTjy;>

Nghija+l;Lk; xsljq;fspd; ghtid> jk;ikNa tUj;jpf;nfhs;sy; Kjyhd

gpur;rpidfs; Fwpj;J tpNrlkhf eltbf;if vLj;jy;.

• Fwpg;ghf> fy;tp epWtdq;fspd; Rw;waypy; Nghija+l;Lk; xsljq;fspd;

tpw;gidiaAk;; tpepNahfj;ijAk; jLg;gjw;fhd xUKfg;gLj;jpa

epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lnkhd;iw mKy;gLj;Jjy;.

rpNu\;l ,uz;lhk;epiyf; fy;tp

r%fj;jpd; gpui[ xUtuhf nrayhw;Wtjw;F mtrpakhd mbg;gil mwpitAk;

nry;thf;ifAk; ngw;Wf;;nfhs;tJ rpNu\;l ,uz;lhk;epiyf; fy;tpapd; Nehf;fkhFk;.

mNjNghy;> %d;whk;epiyf; fy;tpf;F mbg;gilahf mikAk; fy;tpawpTrhu;

my;yJ njhopy;rhu; mwpTk; gpuNahfq;fSk; gw;wp ftdj;jpnyLj;J ghlj;JiwfSk;

ghlj;jpl;lq;fSk; jahupf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. Mifahy;> ,uz;lhk;epiy fy;tpiaj; njhlu;e;J

fy;tpawpTrhu; my;yJ njhopy;rhu; cau;fy;tpapy; gpuNtrpf;Fk; khzhf;fu;fSf;F

mtrpakhd mbg;gil mwpitAk; Neubahf njhopy;fspy; <Lglf;$ba khzhf;fu;fSf;F

mtrpakhd Muk;g fy;tp mbg;giliaAk; ,j;jUzj;jpy; tFf;f Ntz;Lk;.

09 Mk; Mz;by; elj;jg;gLk; Njrpa kl;l guPl;iriaj; njhlu;e;J khzhf;fu;fs;

jkJ jpwd; kw;Wk; tpUg;gpd; Ngupy; (tpQ;Qhdk;> fiy> tu;j;jfk; Nghd;w ghlj;Jiwfs;)

my;yJ njhopy; ghlj;Jiwia (NeubahfNt VNjDk; njhopYf;F Vw;Gila)

15


njupTnra;tu;;. ,uz;lhk;epiy rpNu\;l fy;tpapd; Kjy; ,uz;L Mz;L fhyj;jpy;

jdJ tpUg;gpd; gpufhuk; xU ghlj;JiwapypUe;J kw;WnkhU ghlj;Jiwf;F khwf;$ba

tpjj;jpy; ghlj;JiwfSk; mtw;wpd; epiyNaw;wq;fSk; mKy;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

• 09 Mk; Mz;L ,Wjpapy; njupTnra;ag;gl;l gpujhd ghlq;fSf;F Njrpa kl;lj;jpy;

elj;jg;gLk; xU guPl;iriaAk; ghlrhiy mbg;gilapyhd kjpg;gPl;bd; %yk;

gps;isfspd; rpwg;gpay;GfSk; mjidaLj;j fy;tpj;Jiwia njupTnra;tjw;F

mtrpakhd cs;shu;e;j Mw;wy;fSk; milahsk; fhzg;gLk;.

• me;je;j khzhf;fupd; cs;shu;e;j Mw;wYf;Fk; ,urizf;Fk; Vw;wthW

ghlj;Jiwiaj;; njupTnra;a tha;g;gspf;fg;gLk;.

• fy;tpawpTrhu; kw;Wk; njhopy;rhu; mbg;gilia toq;Fk; me;je;j ghlj;JiwfSf;F

rpwg;ghaike;j ghlq;fSk; nghJj; jpwd;fis tpUj;jpailar;nra;Ak;

njhopy;El;g mwpT> tho;f;ifj;jpwd;;> ,yf;fpa eak;> mbg;gilr;rl;lk; Kjypa

ghlq;fSk; mwpKfk;nra;ag;gLk;. mjd;NghJ 10 Mk; Mz;L Kjy; 13 Mk;

Mz;L tiu nry;Yk;NghJ gbKiwahf Fwpj;j ghlj;Jiwf;Fupa mwptpd; Mok;

mjpfupf;fpd;wthW ghlj;jpl;lk; jahupf;fg;gLk;.

• 11 Mk; Mz;bd; ,Wjpapy; jdJ tpUg;gpd;gb xU ghlj;JiwapypUe;J kw;WnkhU

ghlj;Jiwf;F khwf;$ba tifapy; ghlj;jpl;lq;fs; vspjpy; ,zq;Fj;jd;ik

nfhz;ljhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

16


• ,yq;ifapd; ,d> kj> fyhrhu gy;ypdj;jd;ikia mDrupj;J mj;jifa

gy;ypdj;jd;ikf;F kjpg;gspj;Jr; nrayhw;Wtjw;F gps;isfisg; gof;Fk;

fw;wy; #onyhd;iw cUthf;FtJk; epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fis ghlrhiyfspy;

mKy;gLj;JtJk; fl;lhakhf;fg;gLk;.

• tho;f;ifj;jpwd;fSf;Fk; r%ftakhf;fYf;Fk; (socialization) mtrpakhd

mwpitAk; gpuNahf uPjpahd jpwd;fisAk; tpUj;jpnra;tjw;F mtrpakhd

epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fis mKy;gLj;JtJ fl;lhakhf;fg;gLk;.

• gps;isfspd; cly; kw;Wk; cs rkepiyfisg; NgZtjw;F mtrpakhd

epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fis njhlu;e;Jk; Kd;ndLj;Jr;nry;y eltbf;if vLf;fg;gLk;.

• ,isQu;fSf;F Vw;w tpjj;jpy; ghypay; kw;Wk; ,dg;ngUf;f Rfhjhuk; gw;wpa

fy;tpia njhlu;e;Jk; toq;f eltbf;if vLf;fg;gLk;.

• ghlrhiy tho;tpypUe;J tajile;jtu;fspd; cyif Nehf;fp efUk; epiykhw;w

Afj;jpw;F Kfq;nfhLg;gjw;F mtrpakhd mwpitAk; csg;ghq;FfisAk;

jpwd;fisAk; toq;fq;$ba fw;wy; #onyhd;W toq;fg;gLk;. (nghWg;Gf;fis

tfpj;jy;> jiyikj;Jtk;> czu;Tg; gq;fPL> r%f cwTfisg; Ngzpr;nry;yy;>

gpur;rpidfSf;F Kfq;nfhLg;gjw;Fk; mtrpakhdNghJ r%f cjtp Kiwikfis

Nehf;fp efu;tjw;fhd mwpT)

ghlrhiyf; fy;tp epUthfk;

• fy;tpj;Jiw Ml;Nru;g;Gfs;> gjtpcau;Tfs;> ,lkhw;wq;fs;> Vida njhopy;rhu;

eltbf;iffSf;fhd RahjPd epUthf Nrit Mizf;FOnthd;iw epakpg;gjd;

%yk; murpay; fyg;gw;w epiyf;F khw;Wjy;.

• ghlrhiy epWtdq;fspy; Vw;glf;$ba vy;yhg; gjtp ntw;wplq;fisAk; 02 khj

fhyj;jpy; g+u;j;jpnra;tjw;F mtrpa eltbf;if vLj;jy;.

• Muk;g kw;Wk; ,uz;lhk;epiyf; fy;tpf;F xNu mikr;ir cUthf;Fjy;.

kdpj tsq;fis Nkk;gLj;JjYk; Kd;ndLj;Jr; nry;yYk;

• Mrpupaj; njhopypy; gpuNtrpf;Fk; xt;nthUtUk; fy;tp gw;wpa gl;ljhupahf

,Uf;ff;$ba tpjj;jpy; mtrpakhd kdpj kw;Wk; ngsjpf tsq;fis Vw;ghLnra;J

midj;J Mrpupau; gapw;rpf; fyhrhiyfisAk;; fy;tpapay; gPlq;fisAk;

gl;lkspg;G epWtdq;fshf juKau;j;JjYk; xOq;FWj;JjYk;.

• gz;Gj;ju fy;tpr; nrad;Kiwnahd;iw Ngzpr;nry;tjw;F mtrpakhd kdpj

tsq;fis jpul;Ltjw;Fk; mtu;fis jf;fitj;Jf;nfhs;tjw;Fk; ,yq;ifapd;

cau; rk;gsk; ngWk; 10 njhopy;fspy; Mrpupaj; njhopy; cs;slq;ff;$bathWk;

Mrpupau;fs; ngWk;; rk;gsq;fis kPs;fl;likj;jy;.

• Mrpupaj; njhopypy; gpuNtrpf;f Kd;du; Fiwe;jgl;rk; Xuhz;L fhy

njhopw;gapw;rpia fl;lakhf;Fjy;.

17


• ghlj;jpl;l khw;wq;fSk; Jiwapd; Gjpa Nghf;FfSk; Fwpj;J xt;nthU %d;W

Mz;LfSf;F xUKiw gapw;rp epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fis fl;lakhf;Fjy;.

• fy;tp gw;wpa Muha;r;rpfisAk; nrayhw;Wifg; gFg;gha;Tfspy; <LgLtjw;F

mtrpakhd trjpfisAk; toq;FjYk; mj;jifa eltbf;iffspy; <LgLNthUf;F

Cf;Ftpg;Gf; nfhLg;gdTfis toq;FjYk;.

• xt;nthU ehd;F Mz;Lf;F xUKiw ghlj;jpl;lq;fis ,w;iwg;gLj;Jjy;.

• ghlrhiy Kiwikapy; midj;J rKjhaq;fSk; Kfq;nfhLf;Fk; ghypay;

my;yJ kw;nwy;yh tifahd Jd;GWj;jy;fisAk; xopj;Jf;fl;Ltjw;F

gyk;nghUe;jpa fl;likg;nghd;iw vy;yh epWtdq;fspYk; Vw;gLj;JjYk; mjw;F

mtrpakhd gapw;wg;gl;l kdpj tsj;ijAk; ngsjpf tsq;fisAk; toq;FjYk;.

• fiyj;jpl;l mgptpUj;jp> ghl E}yhf;fk;> kjpg;gPl;Lr; nrad;Kiw vd;gtw;iw

xd;Wld;xd;W njhlu;GgLj;jf;$bathW xNu epWtdf; fl;likg;ig cUthf;Fjy;.

03. %d;whk;epiyf; fy;tp

%d;whk;epiyf; fy;tp vd;gjpy; njhopy;fSf;fhd tpNrl gapw;rp> mwpTrhu; cw;gj;jp>

tpepNahfk;> mwpit iff;nfhs;sy; vd;w $Wfs; mlq;Fk;. njhopy;fSf;fhd tpNrl

gapw;rpapd;fPo; tpNrl gapw;rp cs;slq;Fk; ve;jnthU njhopw;WiwAk; (cjhuzkhf

kUj;Jtk;> nghwpapay;> rl;lk;> Mrpupau;> njhopy;El;g Nritfs;> Rw;Wyh Nritfs;>

epjpapaw; Nritfs;> fiy kw;Wk; fyhrhu...) mlq;Fk;. rhd;wpjo; kl;lj;jpypUe;J

gl;lg;gpd;gbg;G tiuahd ve;jnthU kl;l fy;tpAk; ,jpy; mlq;Fk;. mwpTrhu; cw;gj;jp

vd;gjpy; r%f uPjpahf mtrpag;gLk; ve;jnthU Gjpa mwpTk; mwpTrhu; cw;gj;jpf;F

mtrpakhd Mszpapdiu cUthf;FjYk; mlq;Fk;.

%d;whk;epiyf; fy;tp vd;gjpy; gy;NtW tpjkhd epWtdq;fs; mlq;fyhk;.

njhopw;gapw;rp gy;fiyf;fofj;jpw;F ntspapypUe;J xOq;fikayhk;. vdpDk;> mwpTrhu;

cw;gj;jpAk; r%fj;jpd; mwpTj;jpwk;gilj;j jiyikj;Jtk; tfpf;ff;$ba gpuptpdiu

cUthf;FtJk; mwpTrhu; cw;gj;jpf;F mtrpakhdtu;fis cUthf;FtJk; Mfpa

%d;Wk; xU gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; fl;lhakhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. %d;whk;epiyf; fy;tpapy;

gy;NtW tpjkhd epWtdq;fs; mlq;fyhk;. njhopw;gapw;rp gy;fiyf;fofj;jpw;F

ntspapypUe;J xOq;fikayhk;. vdpDk;> mwpT cw;gj;jp r%fj;jpd; mwpTj;jpwk;gilj;j

jiyikj;Jtk; tfpf;ff;$batu;fis cUthf;FtJk; mwpTrhu; cw;gj;jpf;fhf

mtrpakhdtu;fis cUthf;FtJk; vd;gjpy; gy;fiyf;fofk; xd;wpy; fl;lhakhf

,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,k;%d;W $WfisAk; KOjshtpathW cs;slf;fpa epWtdq;fNs

gy;fiyf;fofkhff; fUjg;gLk;.

Ntiyj;jpl;lk;

• 01 Mk; Mz;by; Nru;f;fg;gLgtu;fspy; Fiwe;jgl;rk; 50% rjtPjkhdtu;fis fy;tpawpTrhu;> njhopy;rhu; my;yJ njhopy;El;g cau;fy;tpapd; Clhf

gl;lk;ngWk; tiu fy;tp ngWtjw;F jpwik mbg;gilapyhd rk tha;g;Gfis

toq;ff;$ba tpjj;jpy; %d;whk;epiyf; fy;tpj; Jiwia tp];jupj;jy;.

18


• %d;whk;epiyf; fy;tp Mizf;FOnthd;wpd;%yk; %d;whk;epiyf; fy;tpia

xOq;FWj;Jjy;.

• me;je;j njhopw;Wiwfspy; mlq;Fk; midj;J NritfSf;Fk; mtrpakhd

%d;whk;epiyf; fy;tpj; jifikfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;F mtrpakhd

fw;ifnewpfis tpUj;jpnra;jy;.

• %d;whk;epiyf;; fy;tp epWtdq;fspy; epyTk; trjpfis mgptpUj;jpnra;Ak; nghUl;L

gpd;tUk; Jiwfs; kPJ tpNrl ftdk; nrYj;JtJ Kf;fpakhFk;. tpLjpfs;>

tpupTiu kz;lgq;fs;> Ma;T$lq;fs;> Rfhjhuk;> tpisahl;L> ,yf;fpak;> nghJ

khztu; nraw;ghLfs;> E}yf ,iza ,izg;Gtop> vy;yhr; rKjhaq;fSf;Fk;

gad;gLj;jf;$ba juepakq;fSf;F mikthd czTr;rhiyfs;.

• %d;whk;epiyf; fy;tp epWtdq;fspy; ,lk;ngWk; ,k;irfisj; jLg;gjw;fhd

xUKfg;gl;l fl;likg;nghd;iwj; jahupj;jy;.

• %d;whk;epiyf; fy;tp epWtdq;fspd; fy;tpawpTrhu; Rje;jpuj;ij cWjpg;gLj;Jjy;.

• tpNrl NjitAilNahUf;F ve;jNthu; Xuq;fl;LjYk; ,d;wp %d;whk;epiyf;

fy;tpapy; gpuNtrpg;gjw;F tha;g;gspj;jYk; mjw;Fupa kdpj kw;Wk; ngsjpf

trjpfis toq;FjYk;.

• jw;Nghija gy;fiyf;fof rl;lj;ij cj;Njr nfhs;iffSf;Fk;

Ntiyj;jpl;lj;jpw;Fk; mikthdthW ,w;iwg;gLj;Jjy;.

%d;whk;epiyf; fy;tp epWtdq;fspd; fy;tpr; RahjPdj;jd;ikia

cWjpg;gLj;Jjy;.

epUthf epWtdq;fspd; RahjPdj;jd;ikiaAk; [dehafj;ijAk;

cWjpg;gLj;Jjy;.

fy;tprhu; kw;Wk; fy;tprhuh Ml;Nru;g;G eltbf;ifKiwia murpay;

fyg;gw;wjhf;Fjy;.

epUthf kw;Wk; Vida njhopy;rhu; gpur;rpidfs; Fwpj;J fpilf;fg;ngWk;

Kiwg;ghLfis tprhupg;gjw;F Kiwrhu;e;jJk; RahjPdkhdJkhd xU

fl;likg;ig xt;nthU %d;whk;epiyf;fy;tp epWtfq;fspYk; epWTjy;.

• Njrpa kw;Wk; gpuhe;jpa Njitfisf; ftdj;jpnyLj;J %d;whk;epiyf; fy;tp

epWtfq;fspy; fw;ifnewpfSk; Muha;r;rpfSk; Kd;ndLj;Jr;nry;yg;gLtij

Cf;fg;;gLj;Jjy;.

• gl;lg;gpd;gbg;G fw;iffisAk;; Muha;r;rpfisAk; gyg;gLj;Jtjw;F mtrpakhd

epjp kw;Wk; ngsjpf tsq;fis tpUj;jpnra;jYk; mjw;F mtrpakhd

fl;likg;Grhu; khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;JjYk;.

• tpQ;Qhd kw;Wk; njhopy;El;gj; Jiwapy; gl;lg;gpd;gbg;G fw;iffisg;

gyg;gLj;Jtjw;F mj;Jiwapy; gl;lg;gpd;gbg;Gf;fhd jdpNtwhd cs;ehl;L>

ntspehl;Lf; ifj;njhopy;fSld; Muha;r;rp Kd;ndLg;Gfis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhd

trjpfs;nfhz;l gy;fiyf;fof Kiwiknahd;iw cUthf;Fjy;.

19


• khzhf;fu;fSf;F rUtNjr gy;fiyf;fofq;fspy; gl;lg;gpd;gbg;G fy;tpiaj;

njhlu;tjw;F mtrpakhd Mq;fpynkhop mlq;fyhd Vida mbg;gilj;

jifikfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$ba tifapy; midj;J %d;whk;epiyf; fy;tp

epWtdq;fspYk; tpNrl myFfis epWTjYk; mj;jifa myFfs; %yk;

rUtNjr gy;fiyf;fofq;fspy; gl;lg;gpd;gbg;G fw;iffisj; njhlu;tjw;F

tha;g;igg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;F mtrpakhd njhlu;gpizg;Gf;fis tp];jupj;jYk;.

%d;whk;epiyf; fy;tpf;fhd mZFtop

• me;je;j fw;ifnewpfspd; Mff;Fiwe;j jifikfis milahsq;fz;L

mj;jifa jifikfisg; g+u;j;jpnra;Ak; midtUf;Fk; fy;tpngWtjw;fhd

tha;g;Gf; fpilf;fpd;wthW %d;whk;epiyf; fy;tp Kiwikia gbKiwahf

tp];jupj;jy;.

• njhopy; fw;ifnewpfSf;F gf;fj;jpypUe;J gpuNtrpj;jy;fis (Lateral Entries) gbKiwahf mwpKfk;nra;a eltbf;if vLj;jy;.

• xU g+u;thq;f eltbf;ifahf gy;fiyf;fof EioTf;fhd jw;Nghija khtl;l

mDkjpg;gq;F Kiwia (Quota System) jpUj;jp> tyaf; fy;tpg; gpupTfs; Nghd;w kpfr; rpwpa fy;tp myFfspd; mbg;gilapyhd mDkjpg;gq;F Kiwnahd;iw

mwpKfg;gLj;Jjy;.

Fwpj;j myfpd; Clhf me;je;j tplaj;Jiwf;F Njhw;wpa cau;ju tFg;G

mNgl;rfu;fspd; vz;zpf;ifAk; Fwpj;j myFf;Fupa rdj;njhifAk; ,q;F

ftdj;jpnyLf;fg;gLk;.

04. KjpNahu; fy;tp

Kd;Ndwpa r%f> murpay; kw;Wk; fyhrhu Gupe;Jzu;TfSlhd xOf;fnewprhu;e;j>

nghWg;Gs;s rKjha tho;itg; Nghrpj;J ew;gpui[ xUtiu cUthf;Ftjw;F mtrpakhd

Kiwrhu; rKjhaj;ij ikakhff;nfhz;l fy;tpNa KjpNahu; fy;tp vd;gjhy; fUjg;gLk;;.

gy;NtW fhuzq;fspd; Ngupy; Kiwrhu; fy;tp Kiwapdhy; gy;NtW re;ju;g;gq;fspy;

tpyf Neupl;l xt;nthUtiuAk; KOikahd xU gpui[ahf khw;Wtjw;F mtrpakhd

r%f> murpay; kw;Wk; fyhrhu fy;tpia toq;FtJ Fwpj;J ,q;F tpNrl ftdk;

nrYj;jg;gLk;.

• xt;nthU gpuNjr nrayf mjpfhu ,lg;gug;gpYk; rKjhaf; fy;tp epiyaq;fs;

epWtg;gLk;. gpuNjrj;jpd; fy;tp epWtd> E}yf> fyhrhu epiyaq;fSld;

,ize;J ,e;epiyaq;fs; nraw;gLk;;.

• xt;nthU gpui[f;Fk; rpq;fsk;> jkpo;> Mq;fpyk; Mfpa Kk;nkhop mwpthw;wiy

toq;Ftjw;fhd fw;ifnewpfis cUthf;Fjy;.

• mbg;gilr; rl;lk;> jfty; njhopy;El;gk;> njhopy;El;gf; fUtpfspd; gad;ghL

vd;gd gw;wpa fy;tp epfo;;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fis mKy;gLj;Jjy;.

20


05. jpwe;j kw;Wk; njhiyf;fy;tp

gy;NtW njhopy;fspy; <Lgl;bUf;Fk;> gy;NtW re;ju;g;gq;fspy; %d;whk;epiyf;

fy;tpia epiwT nra;tjw;F Kd;du; Kiwrhu; fy;tpapypUe;J tpyf Neupl;ltu;fSf;F

%d;whk;epiyf; fy;tpia toq;FtJ ,jd;%yk; fUjg;gLk;. mjd;gb> jkJ Nrit

me;j];Jf;F my;yJ Gtpapay; fhuzpfSf;Fj; jlq;fyhf mikahjthW cau;fy;tpapy;

gpuNtrpf;ff;$ba tha;g;Gfs; tp];jupf;fg;gLk;.

• jpwe;j kw;Wk; njhiyf;fy;tp> %d;whk;epiyf; fy;tpapd; Xuq;fk; vd;gJ

Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.

• gpuhe;jpa kw;Wk; jpwe;j fy;tpj;Jiwapy; ,e;Nehf;fj;ij epiwNtw;wpf;nfhs;tjw;F

jw;NghJs;s epWtdf; fl;likg;Gfs; tp];jupf;fg;gl;L gyg;gLj;jg;gLk;.

06. fy;tpf; nfhs;ifia mKy;gLj;Jtjw;F mtrpakhd mur

fl;likg;G

• cj;Njr fy;tpf; nfhs;ifia mKy;gLj;Jtjw;F murpay; mjpfhurigapd;

NjitAk; mu;g;gzpg;Gk; ,d;wpaikahjJ vd;gJld;> mt;Ntiyj;jpl;lj;ij

mKy;gLj;Jtjw;F mtrpakhd epUthfk;rhu;> fl;likg;Grhu; khw;wq;fis

Vw;wthW Vw;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. Fwpg;ghf> fy;tprhu; epWtdq;fs; midj;ijAk;

xNu mikr;rpd;fPo; nfhz;LtUjy; Ntz;Lk;.

jfty; njhlu;ghly; njhopy;El;gk; mwpTj;jpwk;gilj;j ,yq;ifiaf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;fhd cau; kdpj tsj;ij

rpwe;j jfty; njhopEl;g jpwd;gilj;j xU rKjhakhf khw;WtJk; jfty;

njhopy;El;gj; jPu;Tfis toq;Fk; Kd;Ndhbahf ,yq;ifia khw;wpaikg;gJk; Fwpj;j

,ilntspapd; Clhf Njrpag; nghUshjhuj;jpw;F Kf;fpa gq;fspg;nghd;iw toq;FtJk;

Vida Jiwfspy; jfty; njhopy;El;gj;ijg; gad;gLj;jf;$ba re;ju;g;gq;fis

njhlu;e;Nju;r;rpahf Vw;gLj;jpf;nfhLg;gJk; Nehf;fkhFk;.

cyfpd; vy;yhj; JiwfspYk; rk;gpujhaf; fUtpfisAk; gpuNahfq;fisAk; jfty;

njhopEl;gij mbg;gilahff;nfhz;l #l;bifahd (Smart) tpiut+f;ff; fUtpfisAk; gpuNahfq;fs;%yk; kPl;lspj;jiy Jupjkhf fhzf;$bajhf ,Ug;gJld;> mjw;F ghupa

xU re;ijf; Nfs;tpAk; epyTfpwJ. cyfpy; ICT gpuNahfq;fSf;Fk; cs;sPLfSf;Fk;

nrytplg;gLk; gzj;njhif kpfj; Jupjkhf mjpfupj;Js;sJ. NkYk;> jpl;lkpl;l

xU Ntiyj;jpl;lj;jpd; Clhf mr;re;ijapy; gpuNtrpg;gjw;fhd cs;shu;e;j Mw;wy;

,yq;ifapd; trKs;sJ. cupa mur jiyaPLk; xU Ntiyj;jpl;lKk; ,d;wpaNghJk;>

World Economic Forum ,dhy; ehLfspd; jfty; njhopy;El;g cs;shu;e;j Mw;wiy

kjpg;gPl;Lf;F cl;gLj;Jk; mstha;T mwpf;ifapd;gb cupa mur jiyaPnlhd;Wk;

xU Ntiyj;jpl;lKk; ,d;wpaNghJk;> ehk; 2016 Mk; Mz;by; 63 Mk; ,lj;ij

21


mile;Njhk;. ,e;jpah> tpal;dhk; Nghd;w Mrpa gpuhe;jpaj;jpd; Vida ehLfs; ek;ikg;

gpd;dile;Js;sd. cyfpy; jiyrpwe;j nkd;nghUs; nghwpapayhsu;fs; ,Uf;fpd;w

ehLfs; kj;jpapy; ,yq;if 49 Mk; ,lj;ij tfpg;gJld;> distributed system Jiwapy;

Kjyplk; tfpg;gJk; ,yq;ifNa. ICTA mwpf;ifg;gb> 2018 Mk; Mz;lstpy; ,j;Jiwapy;

1.0 gpy;ypad; nlhyu; me;epar; nryhtzpia ,yq;if <l;bAs;sJ.

cupa xU Ntiyj;jpl;lKk; mur jiyaPLk; nfhz;ljhf vkJ tiuaWj;j

tsq;fisAk; kdpj %yjdj;ijAk; Ngz;jF mbg;gilapy; <LgLj;jpf;nfhs;tjd;%yk;

jfty; njhopy;El;gj;jpy; cs;shu;e;j Mw;wy;nfhz;l> Kd;dpiy tfpf;Fk; ehlhf

,yq;ifia kpspur; nra;a KbAk;.

cghaKiw Nehf;fq;fs;

• jfty; njhopy;El;g Gjpa ghltpjhdq;fisAk; KiwikfisAk; fy;tp

Kiwikapy; epWTjy;.

• tu;j;jf epiyaq;fs;> Muha;r;rpfs;> cgfuzq;fs;> epiyaq;fs; kw;Wk; tpiuthd

,izaj; njhlu;gpizg;Gfs; Nghd;w jfty; njhopy;El;g cl;fl;likg;G

trjpfis Nkk;gLj;Jjy;.

• Gjpa cw;gj;jpfisAk; jPu;TfisAk; tpUj;jpnra;tjw;F $Ljy; Kd;Dupik

toq;Ftjw;fhd jpwd;fs;> mu;g;gzpg;Gfs; kw;Wk; xOf;fnewpKiwfs;>

gz;GfSld;$ba toq;Feu; xUtuhf njd;dhrpahtpd; jfty; njhopy;El;g

ikakhf ,yq;ifia khw;wpaikj;jy;.

• gpuhe;jpa kw;Wk; cyfshtpa uPjpapy; tu;j;jfj; njhlu;Gfisf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;fhf

tu;j;jfj; Jiwapy; jfty; njhopy;El;g gpuNahfq;fis tp];jupg;gjd;%yk;

Fwpj;j rKjhaq;fSf;F Gjpa tu;j;jf tha;g;Gfis fz;lwptjw;Fk; mtw;iw

Kd;Ndw;Wtjw;Fk; tha;g;gspj;jy;.

• cyfshtpa toq;fy; tiyaikg;gpy; Gjpa mwpTk; jpwd;fSk; nfhz;l

ciog;ghsu;fsJk;; Gjpa gupkhzq;nfhz;l cw;gj;jpfsJk; toq;Feuhf

,yq;ifapd; tu;j;jf rpd;dj;ij epiyngwr;nra;jy;.

• vjpu;tUk; Ie;J Mz;L fhyg;gFjpapy; kpf Kf;fpa me;epar; nryhtzp tUkhd

khu;f;fnkhd;whf jfty; njhopy;El;gj; Jiwia khw;wpaikj;jy;.

• ehl;by; ehshe;j kf;fs; tho;tpy; jfty; njhopy;El;gj;jpd; gad;ghLfis

mjpfupg;gjw;fhf ~#l;bifahd| gpui[fisf;nfhz;l (smart citizens) tpiut+f;fKs;s xU r%fj;ij cUthf;Fjy;.

• midj;J mgptpUj;jpf; fUj;jpl;lj; jpl;lkply;fspd;NghJ jfty; njhopy;El;g

gpuNahfq;fs; Clhf #l;bifahd efuq;fisAk; fpuhkq;fisAk; cUthf;Fjy;.

• njhlu;ghly; Jiwapd; midj;J gpupTfisAk; cs;slf;ff;$bathW KOjshtpa

nfhs;ifg; gzpr;rl;lj;ij nghUs;Nfhly;nra;jYk; xt;nthU Jiwapd;fPo; gpujhd

jpl;lq;fspd; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij kPsha;Tnra;tjw;fhd Nkw;ghu;itr; rl;lfnkhd;iwj;

jahupj;jYk;.

22


nrad;Kiwfs;

jfty; kw;Wk; njhlu;ghly; njhopy;El;gj;jpw;fhd fl;likg;G

• Jiwapy; rl;lk;rhu; epiyikfis ,w;iwg;gLj;Jk; Njitg;ghl;ilAk; mjw;fhd

kjpAiufisAk; murhq;fj;jpw;Fk; nghJkf;fSf;Fk; toq;Ftjw;F rl;l kjpAiu

Mizf;FOnthd;iw epWTjy;.

• jfty; njhopy;El;gj; Njitg;ghLfisAk; gpuNahf eltbf;iffisAk;

tpidj;jpwd; cilajhf;Ftjw;F Fwpj;j mikr;Rr; nrayhsu; cgFOit

epWTjy;.

• Njrpa kw;Wk; tpahghuj; Njitg;ghLfSf;fhd fl;lw;w> jpwe;j nkd;nghUs;fspd;

cUthf;fk;> Nrit toq;fy;> irgu; ghJfhg;G Kiwfisj; jahu;gLj;jy;;> Kiwrhu;

kw;Wk; Kiwrhuh fy;tp eltbf;iffspy; kjpAiu uPjpahf jiyaPLnra;jy;>

Gj;jhf;fq;fSf;fhd mDruizfs;> trjpfis toq;Fjy;> nghJepakq;fis

tFj;jy; Mfpatw;Wf;fhd Njrpa nkd;nghUs; kd;wnkhd;iw Vw;gLj;jy;.

• tpahghuq;fis Kd;ndLj;Jr;nry;yy;> Gjpa tpahghuq;fis Muk;gpg;gjw;fhd

jfty; njhopy;El;g Njitg;ghLfs; kw;Wk; Nrit msTfspd; Kd;Dupikfis

epu;zapg;gjw;F jfty; njhopy;El;g tpahghu cupikahsu; nghJ Nkilfis

(Owners Forum) epWTjy;.

• mwpTk; GyikAk;nfhz;l> Kd;Ndwpa> Mf;fg+u;tkhd njhopy;thz;ikapdiu

,izj;Jf; nfhs;sYk; mtu;fisj; jf;fitj;Jf;nfhs;tjw;fhf jfty;

njhopy;El;gj;Jiw njhopy;thz;ikapdu; nghJ Nkilfis (Professionals Forum) epWTjYk;;.

• rKjhaj;jpw;F jfty; njhopy;El;gk; gw;wpa jkJ fUj;Jf;fis NeubahfNt

toq;Ftjw;Fk; gupkhwpf;nfhs;tjw;Fk; tha;g;gspf;ff;$ba tifapy; jpwe;j

nghJ Nkilfis (Open Forum) Vw;gLj;Jjy;.

• eilKiwapYs;s rl;ljpl;lq;fisg; gyg;gLj;jp tpisTg;ngUf;fj;ij mjpfupg;gjw;F njhiyj;njhlu;G xOq;FgLj;jy; Mizf;FOtpy; (TRC) mtrpakhd

rl;lf; fl;likg;Grhu; khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;Jjy;.

• murhq;fj; jpizf;fsq;fspYk; $l;Lj;jhgdq;fspYk; epajpr;rl;l rigfspYk;

Nfs;tpg;gj;jpu kw;Wk; ngWif eltbf;ifKiwfis xOq;FgLj;jy; mlq;fyhf

epWtd tpidj;jpwidAk; ntspg;gilj;jd;ikiaAk; Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhf jfty;

njhopy;El;gj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jjy; njhlu;gpy; gpujhd njhopy;El;g cj;jpNahfj;ju;

gjtpnahd;iw (CTO) Vw;gLj;Jjy;.

IT Park kw;Wk; efuq;fs;

epWtg;gLk; jfty; njhopy;El;g efunkhd;wpd; %yk; Kd;ndLf;fg;gLk; jfty;

njhopy;El;gg; g+q;fhq;fis (IT Park - Incubators) nfhOk;G> fz;b> khj;jiw> mEuhjGuk;>

aho;g;ghzk;> kl;lf;fsg;G Mfpa ,lq;fis mz;bajhf epWtp> Gjpa tpahghu kw;Wk;

njhopy;El;g gpuNtrq;fSf;F ,ytr my;yJ rYif mbg;gilapyhd mwtPLfspd;

mbg;gilapy; toq;Fjy;.

23


Jiwapy; mjpfupj;j tpahghu tha;g;Gfis Vw;gLj;jy;

• jfty; njhopy;El;gk;rhu;e;j rl;lthf;fj;ijj; Jupjg;gLj;jpf;nfhs;tjw;fhf

rl;lkhmjpgu; jpizf;fsj;jpy; jdpNtwhd Xu; myif epWTjy;.

• Gj;jhf;f ,yj;jpudpay; gpuNahfq;fSf;fhd cjpupg;ghfq;fs;> nkd;nghUs;

ifj;njhopYf;fhd fzpdp kw;Wk; tiyaikg;ghf;f cgfuzq;fs; vd;gtw;Wf;F

tupr;rYifia toq;FjYk; ,iza trjpfSf;Fupa tup tpyf;fspj;jYk;;.

• Gjpa tpahghuq;fis Muk;gpg;gjw;fhf vy;yh njhopy;El;g kw;Wk; Vida

cl;fl;likg;G trjpfisf;nfhz;l tpahghu epiyaq;fis Kjy; Mz;by;

,ytrkhf toq;FKfkhf nfhOk;G> fz;b> khj;jiw> aho;g;ghzk;> mEuhjGuk;

Mfpa gFjpfspy; jfty; njhopy;El;gg; g+q;fhf;fspd; tiyaikg;nghd;iw

epWTjy;.

• Xuhz;L fopj;J Fwpj;j njhopy;Kaw;rpahsUf;F jdJ Njitapd; Ngupy; mNj

fl;blj;jpy; thlif mbg;gilapy; jdJ tpahghuj;ij ,af;fpr;nry;y KbAk;.

Vida gpujhd efuq;fSf;Fk; ,j;jifa epiyaq;fs; tp];jupf;fg;gLk;.

• rpwpa kw;Wk; eLj;ju msthd tpahghupfSf;F Jiwf;Fr; jdpr;rpwg;ghaike;j

Njitfis epiwNtw;WKfkhf tl;bapy;yh/ rYif tl;b mbg;gilapyhd

fld; trjpia mspj;jy;.

• Gjpa tpahghuq;fis Muk;gpg;gjw;F tha;g;gspf;fpd;wthW cs;ehl;L kw;Wk;

ntspehl;L KjyPl;lhsu;fSld; Gjpa cw;gj;jpahsu;fis njhlu;GgLj;Jtjw;;fhd

nghJ Nkilfis (Venture Capital Forums) epWTjy;.

• ve;jnthU Njitf;Fk; kpfTk; Vw;w jfty; njhopy;El;g ikakhf ,yq;ifapd;

tzpff;Fwp milahsnkhd;iwf; fl;bnaOg;GjYk; Gjpa njhopy;El;g

Kd;itg;GfSk; gpuNahfq;fSk; Njrpa ciog;ghsu; mzpAk; gw;wpa jfty;fis

ru;tNjr uPjpahf gug;gPLnra;tjw;fhd njhlu;ghly; epiyankhd;iw Vw;gLj;JjYk;.

#l;bifahd murhq;fk; (Smart-Government)

• ePjpkd;wk;> nghyp];> tq;fpfs;> Nkhl;lhu; thfd Nghf;Ftuj;Jj; jpizf;fsk;>

JiwKfk;> Rq;fk;> rpiwr;rhiy Kjyhd murhq;f epWtdq;fspy; mtw;wpw;F

Vw;GilthW tiyaikg;ig Vw;gLj;jy;.

• gy;NtW gpupTfspy; fhzg;gLk; juTfis ,dq;fhzy;> mit Fwpj;J Muha;jy;>

jPu;khdnkLj;jy;> trjpaspj;jy;> nraw;if mwpTj;jpwj;ij r%f eyDf;fhf

<LgLj;jpf;; nfhs;tjw;F Vida nkd;nghUs;fSf;fhd Nrit ePbg;nghd;Wld;$ba

Gjpa nkd;nghUs; Kiwiknahd;iw epWTjy;.

• cs;ehl;L> ntspehl;L kw;Wk; jdpg;gl;l jfty;fisAk; murpay; kw;Wk; tpahghug;

Nghf;FfSk; NritfSk; gw;wpa jfty;fisAk; gupkhwpf;nfhz;L xOf;fnewprhu;>

nghWg;ghd gpuNahfnkhd;Ws;s Njrpa r%f tiyaikg;nghd;iw cUthf;Fjy;.

24


• tptrha cw;gj;jpfSf;Fk; tu;j;jf epiyaq;fSf;Fk; ,ilapy; Neubj;

njhlu;GfisAk; nfhLf;fy;thq;fy;fisAk; cUthf;fp epak tpiynahd;iw

Vw;gLj;JjYk;;> vjpu;fhy epiyikfs; gw;wp murhq;fj;jpw;F mtrpakhd

juTfisAk; vjpu;T$wy;fisAk; toq;FjYk;; Kiwrhuh kpif cw;gj;jpiaj;

jLj;jy;> gpd; mWtil Nrjq;fisf; Fiwj;jy;> fhydpiy CWfisf; Fiwj;jy;

Kjypatw;Wf;fhd Kd; gapuply; fhyj; jfty;fs;> juTfspd; gFg;gha;T> gupkhw;wk;

vd;gtw;iwj; jPu;khdpg;gjw;F IoT, Big data, AI Nghd;w njhopy;El;gq;fisf;nfhz;l

gpuNahfq;fis cUthf;FjYk;.

• cw;gj;jpapd; tpisTg;ngUf;fj;ij mjpfupg;gjw;fhf XusT kw;Wk; jd;dpaf;fKs;s

tptrha tpisepyq;fis cUthf;Ftjw;F drone, IoT, MR, robo Nghd;w

njhopy;El;g gpuNahfq;fis tptrhapfs; kj;jpapy; mwpKfg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd xU

tpNrl Ntiyj;jpl;lj;ij mKy;gLj;Jjy;.

• jw;NghJs;s mdu;j;j Kfhikj;Jt Kiwikia ,yj;jpudpay; ,izag;

gpuNahfq;fis (IoT) jd;dpaf;fKs;s juTg; gFg;gha;thsu;fs; tiu ePbj;J>

cyfpy; tpidj;jpwdhd mdu;j;j Kfhikj;Jt Kiwikahf 02 Mz;L

fhyj;jpy; Kd;Ndw;Wjy;.

• tpidj;jpwdhd> rpwe;j Rfhjhu Nritnahd;iw Kd;ndLj;Jr;nry;tjw;F Mixed reality(MR) and extended reality(XR), IOT, BigData Nghd;w Gjpa gupkhzq;fisg;

gad;gLj;jp Rfhjhu Nritfs; kw;Wk; Kfhikj;Jt eltbf;iffSf;fhd

nkd;nghUs; njhFjpnahd;iw cUthf;Fjy;.

• egnuhUtupd; gpwg;G gjpTnra;ag;gLk; re;ju;g;gj;jpy; toq;fg;gLk; fzpdp

,yf;fnkhd;wpd;%yk; NjUeu; ,lhg;Gg; gjpitAk; Msilahs ml;il> flTr;rPl;L

Kjyhd jdpkdpj eltbf;iffSf;F mtrpakhd jfty;fisAk; jd;dpaf;f

mbg;gilapy; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhd tiyaikg;ghf;f jfty; Kiwiknahd;iw

cUthf;Fjy;.

kdpjts mgptpUj;jpAk; ,af;fg;ghLk;

• jfty; njhopy;El;gj;jpy; mbg;gil mwpit khzhf;fu;fs; midtUf;Fk;;

fl;lhakhf;FjYk; fy;tpapy; njhopy;El;gg; gpuNahfq;fspd; gpuNahfj;ij

midj;Jg; ghlrhiyfspYk;; mwpKfg;gLj;JjYk;.

• jfty; njhopy;El;gj;jpd; Mf;fg+u;tkhd ghtidiaAk; IQ ngWkhdj;ij

mjpfupg;gijAk; ,yf;fpl;ljhf ghlrhiy jfty; njhopy;El;g ghlj;jpl;lj;ijj;

jpUj;Jjy;.

• midj;J ghlrhiyfSf;Fk; fzpj Ma;T$lq;fis toq;FjYk; fzpjj;ij

Mf;fg+u;tkhd xU ghlkhff; fw;gpg;gjw;Fk; fiyg; ghlq;fSld; Vw;wthW

fzpjj;ijf; fw;gpg;gjw;Fk; tpNrl gapw;rp mku;Tfis Muk;gpj;jYk;.

• jfty; njhopy;El;gj;ijg; gug;gPLnra;tjw;F ghlrhiy kl;l gilg;ghf;fg;

Nghl;bfis xOq;Fnra;jy;.

25


• fy;tp epWtdq;fspy; gilg;ghf;fj; jpwd;fis nkU$l;LtijAk; jfty;

njhopy;El;gj;ijg; gug;gPLnra;tijAk; Nehf;fhff;nfhz;L Nghl;bfis

elj;Jtjw;F mtrpakhd mDruizia toq;Fjy;.

• gy;fiyf;fofq;fs;> cau; njhopw;gapw;rp epWtdq;fs; Nghd;w %d;whk;epiyf;

fy;tp epWtfq;fspy; fy;tp eltbf;iffSf;F jfty; njhopy;El;gj;ijg;

gad;gLj;jpf;nfhs;tjw;F tpNrl myFfs; epWtg;gLtij fl;lhakhf;Fjy;.

• njhiyf;fy;tp kw;Wk; njhlu;fy;tp epWtdq;fspy; fw;gpg;gjw;fhf mwpTg; gupkhw;w

Clfnkhd;whf jfty; njhopy;El;gj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jjy;.

• njhopy;thz;ikapdUf;F etPd njhopy;El;g gpuNahfq;fSf;F mtrpag;gLk;

fzpj kw;Wk; fiyj; jpwd;fis nkU$l;Lk; mku;Tfis fl;lhakhf;FjYk;

mjw;Fupa epWtd trjpfs; toq;fg;gLtij fl;lhakhf;FjYk;.

• Rje;jpu njhopy;thz;ikapdUf;F jkJ mwpit tpUj;jpnra;Jnfhs;tjw;Fk;

mDgtq;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;Fk; IT efuq;fspYk; g+q;fhf;fspYk;

trjpfis Vw;gLj;JtJld;> mtu;fspd; NritfisAk; jpwikfisAk;

cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd tha;g;GfisAk; mtw;wpd;%yk; toq;Fjy;.

• ehl;by; Gj;jhf;f tpahghuq;fis cUthf;Ftij tpiuTgLj;Jk; Nehf;Fld;

Gjpa fz;Lgpbg;GfisAk; mjw;fhd Mf;fTupik mDkjpg;gj;jpuq;fisg;

ngw;Wf;nfhs;tijAk; Cf;Ftpj;jy;.

• jfty; njhopy;El;gj;Jiwapy; njhopy;thz;ikapdiu ,izj;Jf;nfhs;tjw;Fk;

mtu;fis ehl;by; jf;fitj;Jf;nfhs;tjw;Fk; mtrpakhd trjpfisAk;

Cf;Ftpg;GfisAk; toq;Fjy;.

• Nkw;Nghe;j nrad;Kiwfspd; Clhf Ie;J Mz;;L fhyg;gFjpapy;; nraw;if

mwpTj;jpwk;> ve;jpuf; fw;gpj;jy; gpuNahfq;fs;> Kiwikfs; kw;Wk; juTg; ghJfhg;G>

,izag; ghtid> tpupe;j juTfisf; ifahsYk; gFg;gha;Tnra;jYk; Kjypa

Jiwfspy; gzpahw;Wk; nkd;nghUs; nghwpapayhsu;fs;> jpl;lkpLeu;fs;> Ma;T

mDgtk;nfhz;l epu;khz fu;j;jhf;fs;> tpahghu gFg;gha;thsu;fs;> fUj;jpl;l

Kfhikahsu;fs; 300>000 Ngupd; gq;fspg;ig Jiwf;Fg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sy;.

#l;bifahd gpui[ (Smart-Citizen)

• xt;nthU gpuNjr nrayhsu; gpuptpYk; Vw;gLj;jg;gLk; rKjhaf; fy;tp

epiyaq;fspy; ehshe;jk; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; #l;bifahd njhopy;El;gf; fUtpfs;

gw;wpa mwpit toq;Fk; epfo;;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fis mKy;gLj;jy;.

• tpNrl NjitAilNahupd; ehshe;j eltbf;iffis vspJgLj;Jk; njhopy;El;gf;

fUtpfis mwpKfg;gLj;Jtij Cf;Ftpj;jYk; mtu;fspd; guprPyidf;fhf

ehl;by; mKy;gLj;jg;gLk; ,izaj;jsq;fSf;F WCAG 2.1 njhopy;El;gj;ij <LgLj;jpf;nfhs;tij Cf;Ftpj;jYk;.

26


tpQ;Qhd njhopy;El;gk;> Muha;r;rp kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jp

tpQ;Qhd njhopy;El;gk;> Muha;r;rp kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jpj;Jiw ,yq;ifapd; r%f>

nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jpapy; Gwf;fzpf;fg;gl;l xU JiwahFk;. murhq;fk; ,jw;F

tUlhe;jk; nkhj;jj; Njrpa cw;gj;jpapy; 0.16% rjtPj msit xJf;fPLnra;tjpypUe;J

,e;epiy Jyhk;gukhfpwJ. ,jd; fhuzkhfNt kf;fs; czu;tpy; gpd;dilitAk;

nghUshjhu nraw;ghl;bYk; cw;gj;jpfspYk; Muk;g epiyiaAk; ngUksTf;F

mtjhdpf;f KbfpwJ. kWNfhzj;jpy;> ,j;Jiwapy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; Muha;r;rpfis

fy;tp Nehf;fq;fSld; kl;Lk; FWf;fpf;nfhs;tij ngupJk; mtjhdpf;ff;$bajhf

,Ug;gJld;> kf;fs; tho;it Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;F my;yJ nghUshjhuj;Jiwapd; juj;ij

Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;F ,j;jifa Muha;r;rpg; ngWNgWfs; jhf;fKs;s tifapy; gq;fspg;Gr;

nra;atpy;iy.

kf;fl; r%fj;jpd; fw;gdh rf;jpia mjpfupj;J cau; khdpl r%fnkhd;iw

cUthf;Ftjw;Fk; nghUshjhu cw;gj;jpfspd; gz;Gj;juj;ijAk; tpisTg;ngUf;fj;ijAk;

mjpfupg;gjw;Fk; Fwpg;ghf Muk;g cw;gj;jpfspd; Nru;f;fg;gl;l ngWkhdq;fis

mjpfupg;gjd; Clhf mjd; ngWkhdq;fis mjpfupg;gjw;Fk; tpQ;Qhd njhopy;El;gk;>

Muha;r;rp kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jpj; Jiwia jhf;fKs;s tifapy; <LgLj;jpf;nfhs;s

KbAk; vd;gJ vkJ ek;gpf;ifahFk;.

Nehf;fq;fs;

• r%f> nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jp fUjp tpQ;Qhd njhopy;El;gk;> Muha;r;rp kw;Wk;

mgptpUj;jpj; Jiwia jhf;fKs;s tifapy; gq;fspg;Gr;nra;Ak; xU Jiwahf

khw;Wjy;.

• tpQ;Qhd> njhopy;El;gj; Jiwapy; gz;Gj;ju Muha;r;rpf; fyhrhunkhd;iw

Vw;gLj;jp> mjd; ngWNgWfis r%f mgptpUj;jpf;F gad;$u; tpjj;jpy;

<LgLj;jpf;nfhs;sy;.

• kf;fs; tho;tpy; tpidj;jpwidAk; cw;gj;jpfspd; tpisTg;ngUf;fj;ijAk;

mjpfupj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;fhf tpQ;Qhd njhopy;El;gk;> Muha;r;rp kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jpj;

Jiwia <LgLj;jpf;nfhs;tjd; %yk; rpwe;j tho;T epiynahd;iw mtu;fSf;Fg;

ngw;Wf;nfhLj;jy;.

nrad;Kiwfs;

• tUlhe;jk; Fiwe;jgl;rk; nkhj;jj; Njrpa cw;gj;jpapy; 02% rjtPjj;ij tpQ;Qhd

njhopy;El;gk;> Muha;r;rp kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jp JiwfSf;F xJf;fPLnra;tij

,yf;fhff;nfhz;L njhlf;fj;jpy; nkhj;jj; Njrpa cw;gj;jpapy; 0.75% rjtPjj;ij xJf;fPLnra;jy;.

• mur kw;Wk; jdpahu; Jiwapd; gq;fspg;Gld; tpQ;Qhd njhopy;El;gk;> Muha;r;rp

kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jpg; gzpfSf;F jdpNtwhd epjpankhd;iw Muk;gpj;jy;.

• tpQ;Qhd njhopy;El;gk;> Muha;r;rp kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jpg; gzpfs;> kjpAiu>

xOq;FWj;Jif> Cf;Ftpg;gpw;fhd tpQ;Qhd kw;Wk; njhopy;El;g Muha;r;rp

Kftuhz;ik vd;w ngaupy; GjpanjhU epWtdj;ij epWTjy;.

27


• ntspehL nrd;Ws;s Gfo;g+j;j tpQ;QhdpfSf;Fk; Muha;r;rpahsu;fSf;Fk;

kPz;Lk; ehL jpUk;GkhWk; Kfuhz;ikAld; ,ize;J gzpahw;WkhWk;

miog;G tpLj;J mtu;fSf;F mtrpakhd vy;yh trjpfisAk;

Vw;gLj;jpf;nfhLj;jy;.

• tptrhaf; ifj;njhopy;> flw;nwhopy; Nghd;w JiwfSf;F etPd

njhopy;El;gj;ij mwpKfg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; mtw;wpd; cw;gj;jpfspd;

tpisTg;ngUf;fj;ij mjpfupg;gjw;Fk; mtrpakhd Muha;r;rpfis

tpiuTgLj;Jjy;.

• vjpu;tUk; gj;J Mz;L fhyj;jpy; Jiwapd; ,yf;FfisAk;

Ntiyj;jpl;lj;ijAk; milahsk; fz;L mj;jifa Ntiyj;jpl;lj;ij

mKy;gLj;Jtjw;F mtrpakhd kdpj kw;Wk; ngsjpf tsq;fisAk; Vida

cl;fl;likg;G trjpfisAk; toq;Fjy;.

• jw;fhy midj;J Muha;r;rp epWtdq;fspd; gzpfisAk; mtw;wpd;

RahjPdj; jd;ikiaAk; jdpg;gl;l milahsj;ijAk; jlq;fyw;w tpjj;jpy;

xUq;fpizg;gjd; %yk; nghJthd xU Njrpa Ntiyj;jpl;lj;ij

,yf;fpLjy;.

• mur kw;Wk; jdpahu; Jiwapy; gad;gLj;jf;$ba mjpetPd Ma;T$lq;fisAk;

Muha;;r;rp trjpfisf;nfhz;l epWtdq;fisAk; khtl;le;;NjhWk; epWTjy;.

• tpQ;Qhd> njhopy;El;g kw;Wk; Muha;r;rpg; gpupit Cf;Ftpg;gjw;F

tpahghuq;fshf Ma;T$l kw;Wk; Muha;r;rp trjpfis epWTtjw;F

tupr;rYif mlq;fyhd Cf;Ftpg;Gfis toq;Fjy;.

• gy;fiyf;fofq;fs; mlq;fyhd %d;whk;epiyf; fy;tp epWtdq;fspy;

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; tpQ;Qhd Muha;r;rpfSf;F cjTtjw;F toq;fg;gLk;

epjpia mjpfupj;jy;.

• tpQ;Qhd mwpit gpui[fs; kj;jpapy; nfhz;LNru;g;gpg;gjw;Fk; mjd;%yk;

r%f mgptpUj;jpf;Fj; jlq;fyhf mikaf;$ba gpioahd fUj;Jf;fis

xopg;gjw;Fk; eltbf;if vLj;jy;.

• tpQ;Qhd kw;Wk; njhopy;El;g mwpitAk; Muha;r;rpg; ngWNgWfisAk;

gad;$u; tpjj;jpy; kf;fSf;F CLflj;Jtjw;F Clftpayhsu;fisg;

gapw;Wtpg;gJ mlq;fyhd etPd El;gKiwfis mwpKfg;gLj;Jjy;.

• Gyikr;nrhj;Jtj;ij cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;F jw;NghJ nray;tYtpYs;s

rl;lq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; FiwghLfis eptu;j;jpnra;tjw;Fk; Gjpa rl;lq;fis

mwpKfg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; Mf;fTupikiag; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjpy; cjTtjw;Fk;

ehl;bw;F rpwg;ghaike;j ,aw;if tsq;fspd; Mf;fTupikia cWjpnra;tjw;Fk;

Jupj eltbf;if vLj;jy;.

• tpQ;Qhdk;> njhopy;El;gk;> Muha;;r;rp kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jpj; Jiwfspy; jdpr;rpwg;ghd

jpwikfisAk; fz;Lgpbg;GfisAk; Nkw;nfhs;Sk; tpQ;Qhdpfis Cf;Ftpj;J

Nghw;WKfkhf Njrpa njhopy;El;g tpUJ tpohit mwpKfg;gLj;j eltbf;if

vLj;jy;.

28


KOepiwthd ,yq;ifekJ r%fj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;F r%fj;jpd; midj;J kdpj rKjhaKk;

jpUg;jpfukhd> KOepiwthd kf;fl; r%fkhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,jw;fhf

MNuhf;fpakhd> rpwe;j jdpkdpj MSiknfhz;l fiy> fyhrhu gpuNahfq;fSk;

eag;Gzu;Tk;nfhz;l xU r%fkhf khw;wg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,e;Nehf;fj;ij

mile;Jnfhs;tjw;F mtrpakhd r%fj; J}z;fshd fiy> tpisahl;L>

Rfhjhuk;> ntF[dj; njhlu;Grhjdq;fs; Kjypa Jiwfis jpUj;jkhd

nghUs;Nfhliyf;nfhz;lJk; cau; gpuNahfk; %yk; fl;bnaOg;Gtjd;%yk;

gr;rhjhgg;gly;fSk; tPo;r;rpfSk; mw;w KOepiwthd xU rKjhaj;ij

cUthf;f KbAk; vd;gJ vkJ ek;gpf;ifahFk;.

29


Rfhjhuk;neUf;fbapd; jd;ik

ve;jnthU kf;fl; r%fj;jpYk; gpui[apd; tho;epiyapd; cau;epiyia mstpLk;NghJ

mtuJ MNuhf;fpaepiy gpujhdkhd xU fhuzpahFk;. MNuhf;fpakhd xU gpui[ rpwe;j

xU FLk;gj;jpy; kfpo;r;rpfukhf tho;tjw;F cupikngWtjd;%yk; r%f mgptpUj;jpf;Fg;

gq;fspg;Gr; nra;fpd;whu;. vdpDk;> ,d;W vkJ Rfhjhuj;Jiw MNuhf;fpakhd xU

gpui[ia cUthf;f Kbahjepiyapy; gy;NtW neUf;fbfis vjpu;Nehf;fp cs;sJ.

Fbrd kjpg;gPl;L> Gs;sptptuj; jpizf;fsj;jpdhy; 2016 Mk; Mz;by; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l

mstha;tpd;gb ,yq;ifapy; gpwf;Fk; Foe;ijfspy;; 15.7% epakkhd gpwg;G vilia tplf; Fiwe;jitfshfg; gpwf;fpd;wd. taJf;Nfw;w cauk; Fiwe;j Foe;ijfspd;

msT 17.3% Mf ,Ue;jJld;> cly; nkype;j Foe;ijfspd; msT 15.1% MFk;.

njhw;W Neha;fisf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;F gaDWjptha;e;j eltbf;iffs;

vLf;fg;glhik fhuzkhf fzprkhd Mz;Lfspy; me;Neha;fs; guTNeha; epiy tiu

tsu;fpd;wd. 2017 Mk; Mz;by; kl;Lk; 186>000f;F Nkw;gl;l Nehahspfs; gw;wpAk;;

nlq;FNeha; fhuzkhf 400f;F Nkw;gl;l kuzq;fSk; mwpf;ifaplg;gl;ld. 20 taJf;F

Nkw;gl;l gpui[fspy; 25% VNjDnkhU njhw;wh Nehapdhy; thLtJld;> 60 taJf;F

Nkw;gl;l rdj;njhifapy; 7.7% tPjkhNdhu; VNjDnkhU ,Uja NehapdhYk; 30% rjtPjkhNdhu; cau; FUjp mOj;j NehapdhYk; 17.3% tPjkhNdhu; ePupopT NehapdhYk;

thLtjhf mstha;T mwpf;iffs; Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;wd. 1990 ,ypUe;J tlkj;jpa> Cth>

fpof;F Nghd;w khfhzq;fspy; ehl;gl;l rpWePufNeha; njhw;wpatu;fs; gw;wpa mwpf;iffs;

mjpfupj;Jf; fhzg;gl;lNghJk; ,d;Dk; me;Neha;j; njhw;wpd; kPJ ghjpg;Gr;nrYj;Jk;

epue;juf; fhuzpfs; my;yJ Neha;j; jLg;gpw;fhd rpfpr;ir Kiwfs; Fwpg;ghf milahsk;

fhzg;gltpy;iy. ehl;gl;l rpWePuf Neha; gw;wpajhd tpQ;Qhdj; jfty;fSk; ,d;Wk;

g+uzkw;witahf cs;sd.

jPtpu Rfhjhug; gpur;rpidfis eptu;j;jpg;gjw;fhd Kiwrhu; jpl;lnkhd;W

fhzg;glhik fhuzkhfTk; mtw;iw eptu;j;jpg;gjw;fhd mur jiyaPL vt;tpjj;jpYk;

Nghjpajhf ,d;ik fhuzkhfTk; vOe;Js;s neUf;fbepiy gy;NtW gpupTfspdhy; jkJ

tpahghu Nehf;fq;fis epiwNtw;Wtjw;fhf gad;gLj;jg;gl;L tUfpd;wd. Mff;Fiwe;j

Mgj;Jld;$ba vspjpy; nfhOj;j ,yhgkilaf;$ba xU Jiwahf Rfhjhu

KjyPLfs; milahsk; fhzg;gl;Ls;sd. ,ytr Rfhjhuk; gw;wp cr;rhzpapy;itj;Jg;

Ngrg;gl;lNghJk; Rfhjhuj;jpw;fhf nrytplg;gLk; njhifapy;; 38.43% I nghJkf;fs; jkJ nrhe;j nrytpy; Nkw;nfhs;tjhf njupate;Js;sJ. cyf Rfhjhu jhgdj;jpd;

(WHO) tpjg;Giufspd;gb Rfhjhuj;jpw;F nkhj;jj; Njrpa cw;gj;jpapy; (GDP) tUlhe;jk; xJf;fg;glNtz;ba msT Fiwe;jgl;rk; Rkhu; 5% Mf ,Ue;jNghJk;> ,yq;if mjw;F

nrytpLk; msT gbg;gbahf Fiwf;fg;gl;L tUfpwJ. 2007 Mk; Mz;by; 1.68% Mff;

fhzg;gl;lJld;> 2017 Mk; Mz;by; mj;njhif 1.48% kl;LNk MFk;.

jw;Nghija tiuaWj;j mur kw;Wk; jdpahu; Rfhjhu NritfSk; efuq;fis

ikag;gLj;jpajhf ,Ug;gJ Nfhbl;Lf;fhl;lj;jf;f xU gpur;rpidahFk;. efupypUe;J

30


njhiytpw;Fr; nry;Yk;NghJ kUj;Jtu;fs;> kUe;Jg;nghUs;fs;> cgfuzq;fs;> Vida

cl;fl;likg;G trjpfs; ,d;ik fhuzkhf fzprkhd Nehahspfs; Muk;g Rfhjhu

epiyaq;fis (fpuhkpa kw;Wk; XusT efu;g;Gw) jtpu;j;J ,uz;lhk;epiy kw;Wk;

%d;whk;epiy Rfhjhu epWtdq;fSf;F (gpujhd efuq;fspYs;s) tUtjd; fhuzkhf

,e;epWtdq;fs; mjpfsthd Nehahspfshy; epuk;gpAs;sd.

Rfhjhuj;ij tu;j;jfg; gz;lkhf;fpajd; Clhf Rfhjhuj;jpd; mry; Nehf;fq;fis

epiwNtw;wpf;nfhs;s Kbahnjd ek;Gfpd;w ehk; cj;Njr Ntiyj;jpl;lj;jpd;%yk;

jdpahu; Rfhjhu Nritapd; Njit gbg;gbahff; FiwAk; vd vjpu;ghu;ghu;f;fpd;Nwhk;.

,f;fhyg;gFjpapy; jdpahu; Rfhjhu epWtdq;fis xOq;FWj;Jtjw;fhd ,ilf;fhy

Ntiyj;jpl;lnkhd;iw Vw;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; Njit Vw;gLk;.

tpidj;jpwdhd> gad;$u; Rfhjhu Nritf;fhd %yf;Nfhl;ghLfs;

• gpui[ xt;nthUf;Fk; MNuhf;fpakhd tho;T thof;$ba tpjj;jpy; gz;Gj;jukhd>

tpidj;jpwdhd Rfhjhu Nritnahd;iw cUthf;Fjy;.

• gpui[f;F Neha;fSf;F rpfpr;iraspg;gij tpl Neha;j;jLg;ig Nehf;fhff;nfhz;l

rpwe;jnjhU tho;it cWjpg;gLj;jy;.

• gpui[ xt;nthUtUf;Fk; r%f my;yJ Gtpapay; NtWghLfspd;wp rpwe;jnjhU

Rfhjhu Nritf;fhd rk mZFKiwia cWjpg;gLj;jy;.

• ek;gfukhd mur Rfhjhu Nritnahd;iw cWjpg;gLj;jy;.

Kf;fpa nrad;Kiwfs;

• MNuhf;fpakhd xU tho;Tf;F mtrpakhd Kf;fpa Rfhjhu Nritfisg;

ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhd cupikia Xu; mbg;gil kdpj cupikahf murpayikg;gpy;

cl;Nru;j;jy;.

• NkNyj;Nja kw;Wk; MAu;Ntj> N`hkpNahgjp> rpj;j> A+dhdp kw;Wk; RNjr Rfhjhu

Nritfspd; fl;Lg;ghl;il jdpnahU mikr;rpd; fPo; nfhz;LtUjy;.

• Rfhjhuj;jpw;fhd nkhj;jj; Njrpa cw;gj;jpapy; 5% rjtPjj;ijr; nrytpLtij ,yf;fhff;nfhz;L vjpu;tUk; Ie;jhz;L fhyj;jpy; mjid 3% rjtPjk; tiu mjpfupj;jy;.

• nghJr; Rfhjhu Nritf;Fupa vy;yhr; rl;ljpl;lq;fisAk; ,w;iwg;gLj;jy;.

• xsljq;fs; rl;lj;ij kf;fs; el;GwT kpf;fjhf jpUj;jp nray;tYg;gLj;jy;.

• Nehahsu;fspd;; cupikfs; gw;wpa gl;lankhd;iw (Patient Charter) jahupj;J mjid nray;tYg;gLj;jy;.

• mur nfhs;iffis mKYf;Ff; nfhz;LtUk;NghJ nghJkf;fspd; Rfhjhuj;

Njitfs; cWjpnra;ag;gLtij cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;F cupa mikr;rpdhy;

xUq;fpizg;Gr;nra;ag;gLk; Njrpa Rfhjhu Nkk;ghl;Lg; gzpafk; (National Health Promotion Bureau) xd;iw epWTjy;.

31


• kUj;Jtkid Nritfis xOq;FWj;Jtjw;fhd xU RahjPd rigia

(Independent Health Service Accreditation Council) epakpj;jy;.

• Muk;gepiy kUj;Jtidfs;> gpuhe;jpa> Mjhu> khfhz nghJ kUj;Jtidfs;>

Nghjdh kUj;Jtkidfs; Mfpatw;Wf;F ,ilapy; rpwe;jNjhu; ,ilj;njhlu;G

epytf;$ba tpjj;jpy; rpfpr;irr; NritfSf;F mDg;gpitf;fg;gLtij

kpfTk; KiwtYg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; epGzj;Jt Nritfis toq;Ftjw;Fk;

,ae;jpunkhd;iwj; (Satellite specialized services) jahu;gLj;jy;.

• NehahspfSf;F rpfpr;iraspf;Fk;NghJ gpd;gw;wp xOfNtz;ba rpfpr;irf;fs

topfhl;Lnewpfis (Clinical Guidelines) mwpKfg;gLj;jy;.

• njhopw;rhiyfspYk; gzpGupAk; ,lq;fspYk; ,lk;ngWk; njhopYld; rk;ge;jg;gl;l

tpgj;Jf;fisAk; Rfhjhug; gpur;rpidfisAk; xOq;FgLj;Jtjw;Fk; jLg;gjw;Fupa

eltbf;if vLg;gjw;Fk; Xu; mjpfhurigia (Occupational Health Authority) epWTjy;.

• milahsk; fhzg;gl;l Muk;gepiy> ,uz;lhk;epiy kw;Wk; %d;whk;epiy

kUj;Jtidfis xd;Wld; xd;wpizj;J mtw;wpYs;s trjpfSk; epGzj;Jt

NritfSk;%yk; tpidj;jpwd; kpf;f xU Nritiag; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhd xU

gupkhw;w Kiwia (Shared Care Cluster System) epWTjy;.

• mtru Ntisfspy; Nehahspfis tPLfspypUe;J Nghf;FtuT nra;tjw;F

jw;NghJs;s Nehahsu; tz;br; Nritia (Ambulance Service) Kd;Ndw;WjYk;

mjw;F jpBu; tpgj;J Kfhikj;Jtj;jpw;fhd njhopy;El;gtpayu;; (Emergency Medical Technician) xUtUld;$ba xU FOit mwpKfg;gLj;Jjy;.

• MnstUf;Fk; nghWg;Gf;$Wk; rdr%f kUj;Jtu; xUtu; mlq;fyhd XU

FOtpd; fhg;ig toq;Ftjw;fhd xU Ntiyj;jpl;lj;ij (Community Doctor with a Supporting Team) mwpKfg;gLj;Jjy;.

• midj;J Rfhjhu Nrit cj;jpNahfj;ju;fspd; nrayilT kjpg;gPl;Lf;fhd

xU Ntiyj;jpl;lj;ij mwpKfg;gLj;jYk; Neha;f; fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;F toq;fg;gLk;

gq;fspg;gpd;gb gupRfisAk; Cf;Ftpg;Gf; nfhLg;gdTfisAk; toq;FjYk;.

(Appraisal system and rewarding mechanism)

• Rfhjhu Nritia Kd;Ndw;Wtjw;F cupa Muha;r;rp epWtdq;fis

xUq;fpizg;Gr;nra;tjw;F Rfhjhu mikr;Rld; ,izf;fg;gl;l mynfhd;iw

Vw;gLj;Jjy;.

• Nkiyj;Nja> MAu;Ntjk;> N`hkpNahgjp> rpj;jk;> A+dhdp> RNjr Nghd;w gy;NtW

kUj;Jt Kiwfis tpQ;Qhd uPjpahd mbg;gilnahd;wpd; Ngupy; ,ize;j

Nritfshf nghJkf;fSf;F toq;Fjy;.

• midj;J rpfpr;irr; NritfisAk; kUe;J tiffspd;; juepu;zag;gLj;jiyAk;

njhlu;e;Jk; tp];jupj;jy;.

• RNjr kw;Wk; ghuk;gupa kUj;Jt Kiwfs; Fwp;j;j gue;jstpyhd Ma;nthd;iw

elj;jp Fwpj;j mwpitg; Ngzpf; fhj;jy;.

32


Muk;g Rfhjhu Nritfs;

• kUj;Jtkidfs;/Rfhjhu epWtdq;fspypUe;J ngw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$ba Nritfs; Fwpj;J ,izaj;jpd; %yKk; njhiyNgrp thapyhfTk; jfty;fis

mwpe;Jnfhs;sf;$ba trjpfis Vw;gLj;Jjy;.

• ciof;Fk; kf;fSf;F ntspNehahsu; kw;Wk; rpfpr;irf; fs rpfpr;irfisg;

ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;F trjpahf mikAkhW thu ehl;fspy; K.g. 08.00 kzp

njhlf;fk; gp.g. 08.00 kzp tiuAk; QhapW jpdq;fisAk; cs;slf;fpathW

mr;Nritfis ePbj;jy;;.

• xt;nthU ntspNehahsUf;Fk; rpfpr;irfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;F

Fwpj;Jiuf;fg;gl;l xU Neuj;ij toq;fp Fwpj;j mf;fhyg;gFjpapy; rk;ge;jg;gl;l

kUj;Jtuplk; Mw;Wg;gLj;Jjy;.

• kUj;Jtidapy; jq;fpapUe;J rpfpr;ir ngw mDkjpf;fg;gLk; Nehahsu;

xt;nthUtUf;Fk; fl;bnyhd;W toq;fg;gLtij cWjpnra;jy;.

• Nehahsu;fisg; gupNrhjpf;fNtz;ba tpjk; Fwpj;j Xu; xOf;fnewpf;Nfhitiaj;

jahupj;jYk; nghJkf;fs; mwpe;Jnfhs;sf;$ba tpjj;jpy; mjidf;

fhl;rpg;gLj;jYk;.

• Neha;fSf;fhd rpfpr;irngWk; jpl;lj;ijAk; gupNrhjidapd; ngWNgWfisAk;

Nehahsu;fSf;F tpsf;fpf;$wg;gLtij fl;lhakhf;Fjy;.

• midj;J kUj;Jtkid Ma;T$lq;fSf;Fk; rUtNjr tifaPl;L Kiwnahd;iw

(ISO Standards) mwpKfg;gLj;jy;.

• xt;nthU kUj;JtkidapYk; Rfhjhu Nritfspd; jucWjpg;ghl;ilf;

fz;fhzpg;gjw;fhd mynfhd;W (Internal Quality Assurance Unit ) Vw;gLj;jg;gLtij fl;lhakhf;Fjy;.

• Nehahsu; xUtu; kUj;Jtkidf;F tUifje;J rpfpr;ir ngw;W ntspr;nry;Yk;

tiuahd vy;yh eltbf;iffisAk; Neha; tuyhW> gupNrhjidfs;> Neha;

epu;zak;> rpfpr;irfs; kw;Wk; fz;fhzpg;Gj; jpl;lkply; Fwpj;j jfty;fisAk;

mwpf;ifapLtjw;F fzpdp ,yf;fnkhd;iw toq;Fjy;. (e-health Technology)

• kUj;Jtkid tsit Rj;jkhfTk; mofhfTk; itj;jpUj;jYk; Nehahsu;fSf;F

thrpg;G> ,urpg;G> MNuhf;fpaj; jfty;fis mwpe;Jnfhs;sy; Kjyhd

nraw;ghLfSf;F mtrpakhd trjpfis Vw;gLj;jy;.

• kUj;Jtkid Nrit gw;wpa nghJkf;fspd; gpd;D}l;ly;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;Fk;

mit Fwpj;J nrayhw;Wtjw;Fkhd fl;likg;Gfis NkYk; gyg;gLj;Jjy;.

33


jPtpu rpfpr;ir (Emergency Care)• jPtpu Rfhjhuj; NjitfSf;fhd jfty;fis toq;Ftjw;F Fwpg;ghf xJf;fg;gl;l

24 kzpNeuKk; mKy;gLj;jg;gLk; xU njhiyNgrp ,yf;fj;ij midj;J

khtl;lq;fs;> Mjhu kw;Wk; khfhz kUj;JtkidfSf;Fk; mwpKfg;gLj;jy;.

• ghlrhiyfs;> mYtyfq;fs;> Ntiyj;jyq;fs;> nghJkf;fs; mjpfkhf elkhLk;

,lq;fSf;F KjYjtpg; gpupTfisf; fl;lhakhf;Fjy;.

xsljq;fSk; gupNrhjidfSk; (Drugs and Investigations)• midj;J kUj;JtkidfSf;Fk; mj;jpahtrpa xsljq;fspd; gl;banyhd;iw

mwpKfg;gLj;Jjy;.

• xsljq;fisAk; cgfuzq;fisAk; cs;@upy; cw;gj;jpnra;Ak; epWtdq;fspd;

vz;zpf;ifia mjpfupg;gjw;fhd eltbf;if vLj;jy;.

• xsljq;fspd; jug; gupNrhjidf;fhd Ma;T$l trjpfis tp];jupj;jy;.

• kypT tpiyapy; jukhd xsljq;fis kf;fSf;Fg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$ba

tpjj;jpy; mur kUe;jfq;fis (xRry) efuq;fs;NjhWk; epWTjy;.

ehl;gl;l Neha;fSf;Fupa rpfpr;irfs; (Chronic Disease Care) • 40 taJf;F Nkw;gl;l ahtiuAk; Fiwe;jgl;rk; Xuhz;Lf;F xUKiw g+uz

kUj;Jtg; gupNrhjidnahd;Wf;F cl;gLj;JtJ fl;lhakhf;fg;gl;L Nehahsu;fs;

gw;wpa fz;fhzpg;ig rdr%f kUj;Jtu; %yk; Nkw;nfhs;sy;.

• njhw;wh Neha;fs; (,Uja Neha;fs;> cau; FUjp mOj;jk;> ePupopT>

nfhnyh];jpNuhy; mjpfupg;G) fhuzkhf Vw;gLk; Fog;gepiyiaj; jzpg;gjw;F

rKjha mbg;gilapyhd xU Ntiyj;jpl;lj;ij mwpKfg;gLj;Jjy;.

• rpWePuf Neha;fSk; Gw;WNehAk; rk;ge;jkhd Muha;r;rpfSf;F ru;tNjr

xj;Jiog;igg; ngw;Wf;nfhz;L me;eltbf;iffis KiwtYg;gLj;jy;.

Neha;j; jLg;G (Disease Prevention)• kfg;Ngw;W> rpWtu; kw;Wk; jLg;Gr; Rfhjhuk; gw;wpa mbg;gil Rfhjhuf; fy;tpia

fl;lhakhf;Fjy;.

• ghlrhiynry;Yk; khzhf;fu; xt;nthUtUf;Fk; tUlhe;jk; kUj;Jtg; gupNrhjid

xd;Wf;F cl;gLj;jp Kiwrhu;e;j mwpf;iffisg; Ngzpr;nry;yy;.

• nlq;F Nghd;w nfhs;isNeha;fisf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;F Kd;Dupik mspg;gJld;>

rKjha mbg;gilapyhd fUj;jpl;lq;fs; %yk; Esk;Gg; ngUf;fj;ijf; Fiwj;J

kl;Lg;gLj;jp itj;jpUg;gij cs;@uhl;rp epWtdq;fspd; Kf;fpa gzpahf khw;wp

mjid xOq;FWj;JYk; Rfhjhu mikr;rpd; jiyikapy; mjid Nkw;nfhs;sYk;.

34


• Nghija+l;Lk; xsljq;fspd; jLg;gpw;fhd fLk; rl;ljpl;lq;fis mwpKfg;gLj;jy;.

• efue;NjhWk;> midj;J nghJ epWtdq;fspYk; juhjuKs;s nghJ

kyry$lq;fspd; njhFjpnahd;iw Vw;gLj;Jtij fl;lhakhf;FjYk; cs;Suhl;rp

epWtdq;fs;%yk; nghJkf;fs; mjpfk; elkhLk; ,lq;fspy; nghJ kyry$lj;

njhFjpfis epu;khzpj;jYk;.

• jPBu; tpgj;Jf;fSk; tPjp tpgj;Jf;fSk; fhuzkhf Vw;gLk; tyJFiwitAk;

kuzq;fisAk; Fiwg;gjw;F rk;ge;jg;gl;l epWtdq;fis xUq;fpizg;Gr;nra;J

Ngz;jF Ntiyj;jpl;lnkhd;iwj; jahupj;jy;.

• fz;Neha;j; jLg;gpw;fhf Rfhjhu mikr;rpd; njhw;wh Neha;fs; gpuptpy; jdpNtwhd

xU gpupit epWTjy;.

• cyf Rfhjhu mikr;rpd; Framework for Convention of Tobacco Control ,d;gb nrayhw;wp Njrpa Gifapiy kw;Wk; mw;fN`hy; mjpfhurigr; rl;lj;jpw;F

NkYk; tYt+l;Ljy;.

• Rfhjhug; ghJfhg;ghd czTfspd; Cf;Ftpg;ig fy;tprhu;> tptrhak;rhu;>

tu;j;jff; nfhs;iffspd; gpujhd xU Nehf;fkhf khw;wp rupahd Nygy; ,ly;>

elj;ijf;Nfhitf;F mikthd gpurhuk;> cs;slf;fk; gw;wpa rupahd jfty;fis

Efu;NthUf;F toq;Ftij cWjpg;gLj;Jjy;.

• fy;tp> tpisahl;L> Nghf;Ftuj;Jf; nfhs;iffspy; clypaw; nraw;ghl;il

Kd;Ndw;Wtjw;F mtrpakhd nrad;Kiwfis cs;slf;fp cs;@uhl;rp

epWtdq;fsJk; njhopy; ,lq;fsJk; xj;Jiog;Gld; elj;jy;> irf;fps; Xl;lk;

kw;Wk; gy;NtW tpisahl;Lf;fspy; <LgLtjw;fhd trjpfis mwpKfg;gLj;Jjy;.

csr; Rfhjhuk; (Mental Health)• csr; Rfhjhuj;ij Cf;Ftpj;jYk; csNeha;fisj; jLg;gjw;F Kiwahd xU

Ntiyj;jpl;lj;ij tFj;jYk;.

• csNehahsu;fspd; kdpj cupikfisg; ghJfhg;gjw;F cupa eltbf;iffis

vLj;jy;.

• csNeha;fSf;Fr; rpfpr;iraspf;Fk;NghJ rKjha mbg;gilapyhd

rpfpr;irfSf;F Kd;Dupik mspj;jy;.

czTk; Nghrhf;Fk; (Food & Nutrition) • goq;fisAk; kuf;fwp tiffisAk; cw;gj;jpnra;Ak;NghJk; mtw;iw

tpepNahfpf;Fk;NghJk; re;ijg;gLj;Jk;NghJk; Rfhjhug; ghJfhg;igAk; cupa

juepu;zaq;fisAk;; ghJfhg;gjw;F cupa rl;lq;fis mwpKfg;gLj;jy;.

• czTr;rhiyfSf;F cupa juepu;zaq;fis mwpKfg;gLj;jYk; mj;jifa

juepu;zaq;fs; Ngzg;gLtij cWjpg;gLj;jYk;.

35


• Kiwrhu; kw;Wk; Kiwrhuh ,lq;fspy; tpw;gidf;F itf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;

czTfisAk; FbePiuAk; cupa Rfhjhug; ghJfhg;G nfhz;lnjd;gij

cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;F mtrpakhd fs cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs;> Ma;T$lq;fs; cl;gl

gpw trjpfis Kd;Ndw;Wjy;.

• FWfpafhy kw;Wk; ePz;lfhy Fiwa+l;lj;jpdhYk;; clw;gUkdpdhYk; thLk;

gps;isfisAk; Ml;fisAk; milahsk; fhz;gjw;F rKjha mbg;gilapyhd

epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fis mKy;gLj;Jjy;.

%g;giltjd; fhuzkhf Kfq;nfhLf;Fk; gpur;rpidfs;

(Issues of Aging) • Xa;Tfhyj;ij MNuhf;fpaj;Jld; fopg;gjw;F trjpahf Xa;Tngw G+u;thq;f Xa;T

MNyhridr; Nritfis Muk;gpj;jy;.

• rpNu\;l gpui[fSf;F gfw;fhy ghJfhg;G Ntiyj;jpl;lnkhd;iwAk;

Neha;tha;g;gl;l Kjpatu;fSf;F jq;Fkpl trjpfisAk; toq;ff;$ba rKjha

mbg;gilapyhd fUj;jpl;lq;fis mwpKfg;gLj;jy;.

kdpjts mgptpUj;jp (HRM)• kUj;Jtf; fy;tpia mur gy;fiyf;fofq;fs; %yk; Kd;ndLj;Jr;nry;yy;.

• Rfhjhu Nritapy; milahsk; fhzg;gl;l njhopw;gapw;rpaspf;Fk; epWtdq;fis

gl;lkspg;G epWtdq;fshfj; juKau;j;jp mj;jifa Nritfspd; njhopy;uPjpahd

me;j];ij mj;jhl;rpg;gLj;Jjy;.

• kUj;Jt> jhjpau; rigfspd; RahjPdj;jd;ikiaAk; mjpfhuq;fisAk;

trjpfisAk; tp];jupj;jy;.

• gpd;ida kUj;Jt kw;Wk; Rfhjhuj;jpw;Fupa Vida njhopy;El;g/ cau;fy;tp

epWtfq;fspy; fw;ifnewpfis ,yq;ifapd; Rfhjhu Nritfis toq;Ftjw;F

kpfTk; crpjkhdthW mgptpUj;jpnra;jy;.

• milahsk; fhzg;gl;l NritfSf;F Kiwrhu; gl;lg;gpd;gbg;G fy;tp tha;g;Gfis

Vw;gLj;jy;.

• Rfhjhu Nritapd; midj;J Ml;Nru;g;Gf;fisAk; gjtp cau;TfisAk;

NeubahfTk; ntspg;gilj;jd;ikAlDk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l

msTNfhy;fSf;fika Nkw;nfhs;sy;.

• Rfhjhu Nritapd; rk;gsq;fs;> nfhLg;gdTfs;> cj;jpNahfg+u;t

thr];jyq;fSf;fhd gw;whf;Fiw> Nghf;Ftuj;J mnrsfupaq;fs;> eyd;Guprhu;

gytPdq;fs; mlq;fyhd njhopy;rhu; gpur;rpidfSf;F epahakhd jPu;Tfisg;

ngw;Wf;nfhLj;jy;.

36


fiyAk; fyhrhuKk; gpuNjr kw;Wk; Njrpa fyhrhu kuGupikia jpwdha;Tg+u;tkhf fl;bf;fhj;J

jpul;bnaLf;Fk; mNjNtis> cyfpy;; vq;fhtJ Xuplj;jpy; cUthFk; Nkk;gl;l fyhrhu

ntw;wpfspd; jpwdha;Tg+u;tkhd KOf;fUj;Njw;G mwpTk; (knowledge of Internalization) rpU\;bg;ghw;wYk; (Creativity) nfhz;lJk;> jkJ fyhrhu kuGupik (Cultural Heritage) Fwpj;j nfsutk; ,Ue;jNghJk;> Vida kdpju;fspd; fyhrhu cupikiaf; fl;bf;fhf;Fk;

vspjpy; ,zq;Fk; jd;iknfhz;lJk;> nghJthd khdplg; gpur;rpidfs; Fwpj;J

jPtputhjKk; gpuNjrthjKk; mw;w gue;jnjhU fz;Nzhl;lj;Jld; Gupe;Jnfhs;Sk;

mjprpwg;Gepiynfhz;lJk;> fyhrhuk; vd;gJ khdpl r%fj;ij ntspaf uPjpapYk;

kf;fspd; czu;r;rpia cs;sf uPjpapYk; gz;gLj;Jk; xU fUtp vd;gij mwpe;j>

nghJthd khdpl tpLjiyf;fhf fyhrhuj;ijg; Gjpjhf cUthf;Ftjw;fhd MNtrKk;

rpU\;bg;G Mw;wYk;nfhz;l gz;gl;l ehfupfeaKs;s xU gpui[iar; rpU\;bg;gjd;

%yk; ePLepiyg;gJk; Ngz;jF jd;iknfhz;lJk; mgptpUj;jpapd; %yk; xt;nthU

kdpjuJ cupikfisAk; mgpkhdj;ijAk; fhf;fpd;w mikjpahd> rftho;Tnfhz;l xU

ehl;il cUthf;f gq;fspg;Gr;nra;tJk; fyhrhuf; nfhs;ifapd; ika Nehf;fkhFk;.

fyhrhuk; gw;wpa fUj;JU uPjpahd mZFKiw

mgptpUj;jpaile;jJk; RgPl;rkhdJk; [dehaftag;gl;lJkhd xU r%fj;ijf;

fl;bnaOg;Gk; gzpapy; fiy> fyhrhuj; Jiwf;F ghupanjhU nraw;nghWg;G cupj;jhfpwJ.

mbg;gil kdpjj; Njitfspdhy; g+uzj;Jtk; mile;jJk;; rkj;JtKk; ePjpAk;nfhz;lJk;

r%fnkhd;iwf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjpy; nghUshjhu tsu;r;rpiaAk; mbg;gil kdpjj;

NjitfisAk; jhz;ba clypay;rhu;> Gyikrhu;> mwpTrhu; mgptpUj;jpf;fhf fy;tp>

Rfhjhuk; Nghd;w Jiwfspy; ,lk;ngWk; tsu;r;rpAk; kpf Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. khdpl

r%f mgptpUj;jpapy; ntWkNd nghUshjhu gupkhzj;ij kl;Lk; nghUl;gLj;jhj

KOjshtpa mgptpUj;jp mZFKiwapy; fyhrhuk;> gz;ghl;Lj;Jtk; vd;gtw;iw

tsu;g;gJk; ,d;wpaikahjjhFk;.

fyhrhuk; vd;gJ kdpjd; cyfpy; Njhw;;Wk; xU Kiwahf ,Ug;gjdhy;> ahNjDk; xU

rKjhaj;jpd; jdpj;Jt milahsj;jpd; ~Kfj;Njhw;wk;;| fyhrhu ,ay;igg; ngWfpd;wJ.

mjd; fhuzkhfNt> xU ehl;by; thOk; midj;Jr; r%fq;fsJk; fyhrhuj;ijf;

fl;bf;fhf;f Kd;tu Ntz;Lk;. cyfkakhf;fiyr; re;jpj;JtUk; Xu; cyfpy; ahNjDk;

jiyikepiyf; fyhrhuq;fspd; (Hegemonic Cultures) Mjpf;fj;jpdhy; ahNjDk;

r%fq;fspd; fyhrhu jdpj;Jt milahsq;fs; kq;fpkiwtijj; jLg;gJ cyfshtpa

uPjpahfTk; Njrpa uPjpahfTk; nfhs;ifapd; Xuq;fkhFk;.

MapDk;> fyhrhuk; vd;gJ jdpj;Jt milahsk; kl;Lkd;W. fyhrhu jdpj;Jt

milahsk; vd;gJk; kpfTk; ,af;fhw;wy; cilajhFk;. cs;ehl;bYk; cyfshtpa

mstpYk; xt;nthU r%fj;jpdJk; fyhrhu jdpj;Jt milahsq;fs; gupzhkkile;J

tUfpd;wikahy;> xt;nthU r%fj;jpd; fyhrhu jdpj;Jtj;jpd; ghJfhg;gpd; cupikiaAk;

gupzhkj;jpd; cupikiaAk; Vw;Wf;nfhz;L me;je;j rKjhaq;fSf;Fs;spUe;Nj vOfpd;w

37


ciuahly;fspd; gadhf Fwpj;j ghJfhg;Gk; gupzhkKk; gw;wpj; jPu;khdpf;Fk; cupik

cWjpnra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;.

~gz;ghl;il| fl;bnaOg;Gjy; vd;gJk; fyhrhuj;jpd; Kf;fpa xU $whFk;. mjhtJ

ahNjDnkhU r%fj;jpw;F cupj;jhdnjdf; fUjg;gLk; fyhrhuj;jpd; tuk;Gfs;; Fwpj;J

mr;r%fk; tpopg;Gzu;tilAk;NghJ Fwpj;j vy;iyfspypUe;J Rje;jpuk;> tpLjiy

vd;gtw;iw Nehf;fp tsu;tjw;Fs;s cupikia Vw;Wf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. mjhtJ khdpl

Rje;jpuj;jpw;Fk; fyhrhuj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapy; Nkhjy; epyTk;NghJ kpfTk; Rje;jpukhd

xU fyhrhuj;ijf; fw;gidnra;tJk; fyhrhuj;jpDila xU gFjp vd;w Gupe;Jzu;T

nfhs;ifapd; XU gFjpahf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

fyhrhuk; vd;gjhy; ~gapu;nra;jy;|> ~gz;gLj;Jjy;|> ~ey;nyhOf;fk; fw;gpj;jy;;| vdg;

nghUs;nfhs;sg;gLtJld;> kdpjdpd; ntspg;Gw r%fj;ijAk; kdpj cs;suq;fj;ijAk;

gz;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk;> ey;nyhOf;fk; fw;gpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; ek;gg;gLfpwJ.

ehfupf eaKs;s> gz;gl;l xU kdpjidf; (Cultured Man) fl;bnaOg;Gtjpy; fiyf;F

Mw;wf;$ba gzp msg;gupaJk; xg;Gtik mw;wJkhFk;.

cs;ehl;L kw;Wk; ntspehl;Lf; fyhrhu Qhdj;ijf; iff;nfhz;L ehfupfkhd

gpui[ (Cultured citizen) tho;nthd;iwf; fopf;ff;$ba> mwpTs;s> ey;ywpTgilj;j>

czu;Tg+u;t ,ay;jpwdpdhy;> eag;G rf;jpapdhYk; rkepiyahd kdj;jpdhYk;

el;GwtpdhYk; Ml;nfhs;sg;gl;l nfhs;ifg; gpbg;Gs;s xU kdpjidf; fl;bnaOg;GtJ

fiyapd; gzpahFk;. cs;@u; fyhrhuq;fisr; Nru;e;j Mokhd fUj;JUf;fspdhYk;

gz;ghl;Lj;Jtk; gw;wpa ru;tNjr ciuahlypy; Njhw;wkspf;Fk; fUj;JUf;fspdhYk;

kf;fl; r%fk; xspu;fpd;wJ.

~fyhrhuk;| vd;w fUj;JUtpy; fhzf;fpilf;Fk; Ra gupNrhjid gupkhzKk; xU

r%fj;jpy; fyhrhuj;jpy; njhlu;e;Jk; fhzg;gl Ntz;Lk;. mjhtJ ePjp> epahak;>

xOf;f gz;ghLilik gw;wpa mbg;gilr; rk;gpujhaq;fSf;NfDk; Fwpj;j gpui[fs;

kjpg;gspf;fpd;wduh vd;gJ Fwpj;J njhlu;e;Jk; ftdpg;Gld; ,Ug;gjhFk;. fiyahdJ

Nkw;gb Mj;k gupNrhjidapd; xU fUtpahFk;.

gz;gl;l kdpjDs; fyhrhu uPjpahd ngUkpjk; Fbnfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. jdJ

fyhrhuk; gw;wpa nfsutk;> cyf khdpl gz;ghl;bd; cau;e;j ,lq;fisf; ifg;gw;Wk;

ntspg;gilj;jd;ik Mfpa ,uz;bdhYk; cUg;ngw;wpUg;gJ jw;fhyj;jpy; ,d;wpaikahj

xd;whFk;.

fyhrhuk; vd;gJ Vfhjpgj;jpa rf;jpfspdhy; jkJ mjpfhu fUj;jpl;lq;fSf;fhf

gad;gLj;jg;gLk; xU kz;lyk; (zone) vd;w tplak; gw;wpAk; fhydpj;Jtthjk; -

fyhrhuk; vd;gtw;Wf;F ,ilapy; epytpa njhlu;G gw;wpAk; kpfTk; edTepiyAld;

cyf Kjyhspj;Jtj;jpdhy; ,yhgkPl;Lk; thjj;jpw;F fyhrhuk; vDk; kz;lyj;ij

mbikg;gLj;Jk; re;ju;g;gq;fs; kPJ jpwdha;Tg+u;tkhd xU gpuiriaf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;F

mu;g;gzpf;f Ntz;Lk;. MapDk;> ntspehl;Lf; fyhrhu ntw;wpfs; ahTk; Vfhjpgj;jpaj;jpd;

my;yJ ntspehl;bdj;Jtj;jpd; ngauhy; epuhfupg;gJ nfhs;ifahf ,Uj;jyhfhJ.

cyfpy; ve;jNthu; ,lj;jpy; vOe;jNghJk; kdpjdpd; fyhrhu ntw;wpfs; vkJk;

ntw;wpahFk;.

Mjyhy;> ntspehl;Lf; fyhrhuf; $Wfs; ~ntspehl;Lilait| vd;gjhy; mtw;iw

38


Iaf; fz;nfhz;L Nehf;fhj> mit fhuzkhf mr;RWj;jYf;F cs;shfhj vspjpy;

,zq;Fk; czu;Tnfhz;l xU gpui[ia rpU\;bg;gjw;Fk; mt;thwhd gpui[fspd;

fyhrhunkhd;iwr; rpU\;bg;gjw;Fk; ehk; mu;g;gzpg;Nghk;. ekJ Njrpa fyhrhuq;fspy;

tUk; mjprpwg;ghd $Wfis cyfj;jhUld; gfpu;e;Jnfhs;Sk; czu;r;rpf; fpsr;rpiaAk;

jpwd;gilj;j gpui[f; fyhrhuj;ijAk; fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;Fk; ehk; mu;g;gzpg;Nghk;.

fyhrhuk; vd;gJ khw;wkilahjJk; epiyaikjpg; gz;GilaJkhd xd;wy;yhj>

kpfTk; ,af;fhw;wy; nfhz;lJk; gupzhkkile;jJk; ,aq;Ftpirahw;wy; nfhz;lJkhd

xd;nwdf; fUjp fyhrhu gupzhkk; ghJfhf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,q;F muRf;F Fwpj;j

xU gzp ,Ug;gJld;> fyhrhu gupzhkj;jpd; nghUl;L Rje;jpukhd xU r%fk; ,Uf;f

Ntz;Lk;.

Njrpa murpy; thOk; midj;J kdpju;fsJk; fyhrhu milahsq;fSf;Fr; rkkhd

xU tuNtw;Gf; fpilf;fpd;w> fyhrhu gd;ikj;Jtj;ijg; Nghw;Wfpd;w xU r%fj;ijf;

fl;bnaOg;GtJ mtrpakhFk;. mNjNghy;> me;je;j ,dg;gpupTrhu;e;j FOf;fSf;fpilapy;

kl;Lkd;wp cs;Sf;Fs;Sk; fyhrhu gy;ypdj;jd;ikf;Fs;s ,lj;ijg; ghJfhf;Fk;

fyhrhu uPjpahf vspjpy; ,zq;Fe;jd;ik fhzg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

,f;fhyj;jpy; vy;yh rKjhaj;jpw;Fs;Sk; gutptUk; rka jPtputhjj;jpw;F

Kfq;nfhLf;Fk;NghJ fyhrhu vspjpy; ,zq;Fe;jd;ik mtrpakhdJ vd;gJld;> fyhrhuf;

nfhs;if ,t;tplaj;jpd; kPJ ftdk; nrYj;jpAs;sJ. ve;jnthU rKjhaj;jpdJk;

rka uPjpahd milahsk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lNghJk; tho;tpd; xt;nthU mq;fj;ijAk;

Nehf;fp rka jPtputhjk; guTtijj; jLg;gjw;F cfe;j fyhrhu Ntiyj;jpl;lnkhd;W

fl;bnaOg;gg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

mNjNghy;> xU ,dg;gpupTfspd; fyhrhu ntw;wpfSf;F kw;WnkhU ,dg;gpupT

gq;fspg;ghw;wp ,Uf;f KbAk; vd;gJ mry; fyhrhu uPjpahd kdpjdpd; Gupe;Jzu;tpy; xU

gFjpahf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. rpq;fs kf;fspd; fyhrhu ntw;wpfSf;F rpq;fstu; my;yhj

kdpju;fs; gq;fspg;ghw;wpapUg;gJ vt;thW> jkpo; kf;fspd; fyhrhu ntw;wpfSf;F jkpo;

my;yhj kf;fs; gq;fspg;ghw;wpapUg;gJ vt;thW> vd;w tifapy; khdpl fyhrhuj;ij

cUthf;Fk; fij kpfTk; KOjshtpa tpjj;jpy; Gupe;Jnfhs;tJ Kf;fpakhdJ.

mNjNghy;> me;je;j fyhrhuj;jpYs;s ngWkjpahd mwpTj;njhFjpfis tho;T

ghu;it ,wg;gpw;Fr; nrd;Wtplhky;> mtw;wpd; %yk; ,d;iwa Qhdj;ijg; Nghrpf;f

KbAkh vd;gijg; gupNrhjpg;gJ mtrpakhFk;

fyhrhuk; vDk; kz;lyj;jpy; fyhrhuj;jpd; ngauhy; epyTk; gy;NtW ,k;irfSk;

Xuq;fhl;ly;fSk; Vsdg;gLj;jy;fSk; Nghd;w nghy;yhq;Ffisj;; jLf;Fk; nghUl;L

njhlu;r;rpahd fyhrhu jpwdha;T mtrpakhfpd;wJ.

FbaurpYk; nghJr; r%fj;jpYk; kfspu; jkJ ghypay; milahsk; fhuzkhfNt

,k;irf;F cs;shfpd;wduh vd;gjpy; njhlu;e;Jk; Ez;zpg;ghf ,Ug;gJ gz;ghl;Lj;Jtj;jpd;

Xu; ,ay;ngdf; fUjp kw;iwa ghypay; milahsq;fisf;nfhz;l kdpju;fSf;Fk;

g+uzkhd kdpju;fs; Nghy; ngUkpjj;Jld; ftdpg;gJ fyhrhuf; nfhs;ifapd; Xuq;fkhf

,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

39


~fyhrhuk;| vd;gjd; %yk; rka tof;fhw;W KiwfisAk; rka ek;gpf;iffisAk; kl;Lk;

ftdpg;gJ jtwhdnjd;gij Vw;Wf;nfhz;L fyhrhuk; vd;gjpYs;s Mokhd cNyhfhaj

mu;j;jj;ij typAWj;jp gy;NtW cNyhfhaj fyhrhuf; $Wfs;> fyhrhu re;ju;g;gq;fs;>

fyhrhu tof;fhWfs; Kjyhdtw;wpy; ,Ug;gpd; cupik Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.

mNjNghy;> xU r%f tFg;gpy;> FOkj;jpy; my;yJ gpuNjrj;jpy; ~fyhrhuk;| vdf;

nfhs;sg;gLtd Vida fyhrhuq;fSf;F xg;gPlhf Mjpf;fj;jpw;F cs;shtijj; jLg;gJk;

nfhs;ifahFk;. fyhrhu tplaq;fs; rk;ge;jkhf kf;fspilNa jw;nrUf;F my;yJ

jho;Tkdg;ghd;ik epyTk; epiy mu;j;jKs;s xU [dehaf ehl;by; fhzg;glyhfhJ.

xUrpy fyhrhu ntspaPLfs; kl;Lk; ~tpopg;Gzu;Tilait| my;yJ ~Nkk;gl;lit|

vdf; fUjp jPu;khdpg;gJk; xUrpy fiy ntspaPLfs; ~tpop;g;Gzu;tw;wit| vdf; fUjp

jho;thff; fUJtJk; mZFKiwahf mikayhfhJ. midj;J fyhrhu ntspaPLfspd;

xg;gPl;Lg; ngWkhdj;ijg; Gupe;Jnfhs;Sk; vspjpy; ,zq;Fk; jd;iknfhz;l czu;T

Kd;Ndwpa kdpj r%fnkhd;wpy; fhzg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

[duQ;rf fyhrhuk; vd;gjhy; Fwpf;fg;gLk; gFjpapy; ntspaplg;gLk; kdpjg;

gilg;ghw;wYf;F kjpg;gspj;J xUrpy gpuGj;Jtkw;w fiy ntspaPLfs; [duQ;rf

fyhrhuj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpwJ vd;Wk; me;j gpuGj;Jtkw;w kf;fs; gpupTfspy; gilg;ghw;wYk;

gilg;ghsupd; ciog;Gf;Fk; cupa kjpg;gPL fpilf;f Ntz;Lk;. mNjNghy;> ~[duQ;rd

fyhrhuk;|> ~tu;j;jf fyhrhuk;| vd;w ,uz;bw;Fk; ,ilapyhd tpj;jpahrk; vd;gJ

typAWj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

ntWkNd ,yhgkPl;Lk; nghUl;L fhzg;gLk; fyhrhu cw;gj;jpfis mjprpwe;j fyhrhu

cw;gj;jpfspypUe;J gpupj;jwpe;J nfhs;sf;$ba ~fyhrhu mwpit| tsu;j;Jf;nfhs;tJ

nfhs;ifapd; Xuq;fkhFk;.

mNjNghy; jw;fhy ntF[dj;njhlu;G rhjdq;fs;%yk; kpfTk; El;gkhd KiwapYk;

Mf;fpukpg;Gj; jd;ikAlDk; ,d;gthjj;ijAk; (Hedonism) jdpad; nfhs;ifiaAk; (Individualism) ikakhff;nfhz;L gadPl;Lthjj;ijg; (Consumerism) gug;gp

Kd;ndLj;Jr; nry;yg;gLfpwJ. Mifahy;> ehfupf khdpl xOf;fnewpfisr; #o

$l;Lzu;Tf; fyhrhunkhd;iw kPz;Lk; fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;F fyhrhuk; vDk; kz;lyj;ijg;

gad;gLj;jpf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

mNjNghy;> fyhrhu nry;tk; md;Nwy; fyhrhu cw;gj;jp xg;gPlhd epahaj;jd;ikAld;

gfpu;e;Jnry;y Ntz;Lk; vd;gJld; gy;NtW nkhopfs;> mwpTj;njhFjpfs;> fiy kuGupik

Kjypad xU r%fj;jpy; thOk; midtUf;Fk; mZff;$ba kl;lj;jpy; fhzg;gl

Ntz;Lk;.

fyhrhu mgptpUj;jpapy; muRf;F ghupa xU gzp cup;j;jhfpd;wNghJk;> fyhrhuk; vd;w

kz;lyk; murpypUe;J xg;gPl;lstpy; tpLtpf;fg;gl;bUg;gJ mtrpakhFk;. fyhrhuk; vd;gJ

murpd; murpay; my;yJ fUj;jpay;thj jiyikepiyf;F cl;gl;l xd;wy;y vd;gJld;>

fiyapd; tsu;r;rpf;Fk; mj;jifa Rje;jpuk; ,d;wpaikahjJ vd;gJ typAWj;jg;gl

Ntz;Lk;.

nropg;ghd kdpj tho;tpw;F mu;j;jKs;s fyhrhu tho;nthd;Wk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lnkd;W

ek;gg;gLtJld;> kdpju;fspd; czu;Trhu;> Gyikrhu;> eag;Grhu; ,ay;jpwid tsu;g;gjd;

40


Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij typAWj;Jfpd;Nwhk;. kdpju;fs; jj;jkJ njhopy;fspy; <Lgl;L jkJ

ciog;ig tpijj;J Nkw;nfhs;Sk; nghUshjhug; gzpf;F cupa ngWkhdj;ij toq;fp

cupa Kiwapy; mgptpUj;jpaile;j xU ehl;by; kdpjUf;F mu;j;jKs;s Xa;nthd;Wk;

,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd ek;Gfpd;Nwhk;.

xU ehl;bd; mbg;gilr; rl;l Kiwikf;F kjpg;gspj;jy;> Ma;Tg+u;tkhf mtw;iwg;

guPl;rpj;J jpUj;Jjy;> murpayikg;GKiw xOf;fk; Kjypatw;wpdhy; mikf;fg;gl;l

nfhs;ifg; gpbg;G fyhrhu kdpjdpd; Xu; ,ay;G vd;gij Vw;Wf;nfhz;L mj;jifa

fyhrhu czu;it tsu;f;f Kaw;rpf;fpd;Nwhk;.

Mjyhy;> fyhrhug; gpbg;Gs;s xU gpui[ia cUthf;Ftnjd;gJ Xu; murpay;

Nghuhl;lk; vd;gij typAWj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;gJld;> mJ Fwpj;J kpfTk; edTepiyAld;;

mu;g;gzpj;Jr; nrayhw;w Ntz;Lk;.

nghJthd nrad;Kiwfs;:

• fy;tpj;Jiw vd;gij fyhrhug; gpui[iaf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;F mbj;jskpLk;

Kf;fpa re;ju;g;gkhf Vw;Wf;nfhz;L ghlrhiyfs;> Mrpupau; gapw;rpf; fyhrhiyfs;

kw;Wk; gy;fiyf;fofq;fspd; MjuTld; gz;ghl;Lj;Jtj;ij tsu;g;gjw;fhd

epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fis Muk;gpj;jYk; Kidg;Gld; mtw;iw elj;jpr;nry;yYk;.

• KfE}y; (FB) Nghd;w r%f Clf tiyaj;jsq;fis cgNahfpj;J E}y;fis

thrpj;jy;> fiy eag;G gw;wpa nghJkf;fs; ,ilg;gug;gpy; ciuahliy

Kidg;ghf;fp ,Ugj;Njhuhk; E}w;whz;bd; fyhrhug; gpui[ia cUthf;Ftjw;F

Mtznra;jy;.

• thypg ,yq;ifaDf;F neUf;fkhd El;gKiwfisf; fw;gidnra;J ghlrhiy

KiwikAld; Kd;ndLf;fg;glf;$ba nraw;ghLfisj; jpl;lkpl;L Jupj Efu;Trhu;

kfpo;r;rpia tho;tpd; Kd;Djhuzkhf khw;wpf;nfhz;L ,Ug;gjhfj; Njhd;Wk;

thypgg; guhaj;jpYs;s kdpjiu etPd fyhrhug; gpui[ahf khw;w eltbf;if

vLj;jy;.

• cj;jpNahfg+u;t fy;tp Kiwikapy; fiy-fyhrhug; ghlq;fisf; fw;gpg;gJ

ftu;r;rpfukhdJk; mwpTg; Gj;njOr;rpf;Fj; J}z;Ljyspg;gJkhd tpjj;jpy;

fw;gpj;jy; gw;wpa Kiwahd xU gapw;rpia Mrpupau;fSf;F toq;Ftjw;fhd

nrayku;TfisAk; fUj;juq;FfisAk; elj;jpr;nry;tjw;fhd epWtdq;fis

Muk;gpj;jy;.

• fyhrhuk; Xu; cNyhfhaj kz;lykh vd;gijr; Rl;Lk; fy;tpf; nfhs;ifnahd;iw

ghyu; ghlrhiyfspy; gpuNahfj;jpw;Ff; nfhz;Ltuf;$ba tpjj;jpy;

ghlj;jpl;lq;fis tpupTgLj;Jjy;;.

• mofpay; ghlk; rhu;e;j Kiwrhuh fy;tp tha;g;Gfis Vw;gLj;Jtjd;%yk;

ghlrhiy Mrpupau;fs; Nghd;wtu;fSf;F mwpTngWk; tha;g;Gfis cUthf;fpf;

nfhLj;jy;.

41


• fiy-fyhrhuj; Jiwapy; murhq;f epWtdq;fs; vLf;Fk; KbTfs;> Fwpj;j

epWtdq;fspd; nfhs;ifrhu; Kidg;Gfis gpur;rpidf;F cupajhf;Fk; vd;w

fUj;Jj; njuptpf;fg;gLk; re;ju;g;gq;fspy; cldbahf khw;W Nahridfis

Kd;itj;J mJ rhu;e;j ciuahly;fis Muk;gpj;jy;.

• fiyr; rig> mjd; ,ilNeu;tpisthd rigfs;> jpiug;glf; $l;Lj;jhgdk;>

ltu;N`hy; kd;wk; mlq;fyhd fyhrhu mYty;fs; my;yJ Njrpa kuGupikfs;

mikr;rpd; fPOs;s neUf;fkhd njhlu;Gs;s epWtdq;fis gaDWjptha;e;j

tpjj;jpy; Kd;ndLj;Jr;nry;tJ Fwpj;j ,Wjp KbntLf;fg;gLk; tiu mit

Fwpj;J Muha;tjw;fhd fz;fhzpg;Gr; rignahd;iw epakpj;jy;.

• gy;NtW gFjpfSf;Fk; nfhz;Lnry;yf;$ba fiy-fyhrhu epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lnkhd;iw

cldbahf fl;bnaOg;gp fpuhkq;fs;NjhWk; mjid vLj;Jr;nry;tjw;fhd xU

nghwpKiwia Vw;gLj;Jjy;.

• xt;nthU gpujhd efuj;jpYk; fiy-fyhrhu mYty;fSf;fhd epWtdq;fs;

mike;Js;s tyankhd;iw epWtp mj;jifa tyaj;jpw;F gpui[fis

njhlu;e;Jk; ftu;e;njLj;jy;.

• efuq;fs; NjhWk; Njrpa nkhopfisAk; rUtNjr nkhopfisAk; fw;gpf;Fk;

tha;g;Gfis Vw;gLj;Jk; mtrpakpUg;gjhy;> mjw;fhd ~,uTNeu nkhopg;

ghlrhiy| Kiwiknahd;iw Vw;gLj;Jtjd;%yk; nkhopfisf; fw;Wf;nfhs;Sk;

re;ju;g;gj;ij taJte;jtu;fSf;Fk; Vw;gLj;jpf;nfhLj;jy;.

• gykhd Gyikr;nrhj;Jf;fs; rl;lnkhd;iw cUthf;fp fiyQu;fspd;

gilg;Gf;fspd; cupikia cWjpg;gLj;jy;.

• ftd <u;g;ig ntd;nwLf;Fk; Nehf;Fld; midj;J fiyj;JiwfisAk; xl;bajhf

Njrpa Gj;jp[Ptpfs; tpUJ toq;fy; tpohnthd;iw xOq;Fnra;jy;.

• midj;J Ez;fiyfSf;Fk; mtrpakhd cgfuzq;fs; Kjypatw;Wf;F

tpjpf;fg;gLk; tupfisf; Fiwj;J mj;jifa fiyfSf;F murhq;f Mjuit

toq;Fjy;.

• midj;J fiyj;JiwfspYk; JiwNghe;jtu;fsJk; Xa;Tngw;wtu;fsJk; eyd;Gup

fUjp xU Ntiyj;jpl;lj;ij xOq;Fnra;jy;.

• midj;J fiyfisAk; xl;bajhf Kk;nkhopf; fy;tp ntspaPLfisg;

gpuRupg;gjw;fhd trjpfis mspj;jy;.

• murhq;fj;jpd;fPo; gjpTnra;J nfhz;Ls;s fyhya tiyaikg;nghd;iwf;

fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;fhd tpNrl eltbf;if mYtyfnkhd;iwf; fl;bnaOg;GjYk;

tUlhe;jk; cjtpfis toq;FjYk;.

42


me;je;j fiyj;Jiwfspd; tsu;r;rpf;fhf vLf;fg;glf;$ba eltbf;iffs;

,yf;fpaj;Jiw

• ,yf;fpaj;Jiwapd; tsu;r;rpf;F mtrpakhd nghUs;rhu; trjpfis mspj;jYk;

Vida mr;rPl;L %yg;nghUs;fSf;F ,yf;fpa E}y;fspd; cw;gj;jpapd;NghJ tup

tpyf;fspj;jYk;.

• tUlhe;jk; ntspaplg;gLk; ,yf;fpa E}y;fspy; fiyahk;r uPjpapy; cau;epiy

tfpf;Fk; E}y;fisf; nfhs;tdTnra;J ghlrhiy E}yfq;fSf;Fk; nghJ

E}yfq;fSf;Fk; tpepNahfpg;gjpy; cjTjy;.

• efuq;fs;NjhWk; my;yJ cg efuq;fs;NjhWk; Kd;Ndw;wfukhd E}yfq;fis

cUthf;fp Kidg;ghd thrfu; tl;lq;fis Vw;gLj;jy;.

• efuq;fs;NjhWk; tUlhe;jk; my;yJ miuahz;Lf;F xUKiw ,yf;fpa

jpdnkhd;iw xOq;Fnra;J mjd; Rw;waypYs;s fiy ,urpfu;fspd; ,yf;fpaf;

fiy uridia tsu;j;jy;.

• gps;isfis ,yf;fpl;ljhf ,yf;fpa Mu;tj;ij mjpfupg;gjw;fhd

epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fis mKy;gLj;jy;.

• ,yf;fpaj; jpwdha;Tf;Fk; eag;Gf;Fk; xJf;fg;gl;l rQ;rpiff; fyhrhunkhd;iw

kPz;Lk; Vw;gLj;jy;.

• ghlrhiy Mrpupau;fisAk; khzhf;fu;fisAk; ,yf;fpl;ljhf ,yf;fpa eak;rhu;e;j

epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fis xOq;Fnra;tjd;%yk; Gjpa ,urpfu;fis cUthf;Fjy;.

• rpWtu;;; kdij tha;ikia czu;e;jwptjw;Fj; jpwe;Jtplf;$baJk; khiaapd;

gpbapy; rpf;fptplhjpUg;gjw;Fj; J}z;Ljyspg;gJkhd cyfg; Gfo; ,yf;fpa E}

y;fisj; njupTnra;J mtw;iw rpq;fsj;jpYk; jkpopYk; nkhopngau;j;jy;.

• ,yf;fpaf; FUFyq;fspd; fUj;jpay;fSld; gad;$u; tpjj;jpy; re;jpg;Gfisg;

ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;F mtrpakhd tha;g;Gfis cUthf;Fjy;.

• cyfg; gupkhzj;jpy; ntsptUk; jiyrpwe;j ,yf;fpa E}y;fis rpq;fsj;jpYk;

jkpopYk; nkhopngau;f;Fk; epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fis cUthf;FjYk; mj;jifa

nkhopngau;g;Gg; gzpapy; <LgLNthUf;F Cf;Ftpg;gspj;jYk;.

• khtl;l kw;Wk; Njrpa vOj;jhsu; ngau;r;Rl;bnahd;iw Kiwahfg; Ngzp

mtu;fspd; gq;Nfw;Gldhd ,yf;fpaf; fiyf; fUj;jhly;fs; Kjypatw;iw

cUthf;Fjy;.

ehlfj;Jiw

• ehlfj; jahupg;Gf;Fk; fhl;rpg;gLj;jYf;Fk; epjpAjtpfis toq;Fjy;.

• gpujhd efuq;fs; NjhWk; ehlf muq;Ffis cUthf;FjYk; jw;NghJs;s ehlf

muq;FfSf;F vLf;Fk; nryit <Lnra;Jnfhs;tjw;F epthuzq;fis mspj;jy;>

Kjw;fl;lkhf khtl;l fiyauq;fj; njhFjpnahd;iw Vw;gLj;jy;.

43


• ehlfk; gapYk; re;ju;g;gq;fis rYif tpiyapy; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$bathW

gpujhd efuq;fspy; my;yJ $Ljyhf ehlfq;fs; jahupf;fg;gLk; jiyefupy;

Vw;gLj;jpf;nfhLj;jy;.

• jw;fhy cyf ehlfq;fis nkhopngau;g;gjw;Fk; jahupg;gjw;Fk; Cf;Ftpg;gspj;jy;.

• ehlff; fiy ,uriz czu;it tsu;g;gjw;fhd epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fis

efuq;fs;NjhWk; Vw;gLj;jy;.

• ehlfq;fisj; jahupg;gjw;Fk; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; cupa tupfisf; Fiwj;jy;.

• rkfhy ehlff; fiy gw;wpa Njrpa Muha;r;rp kw;Wk; gapw;rpf;fhd xU epWtdj;ij

epWTjy;.

• ,yq;if G+uhTk; gue;Js;s fyhrhu epiyaq;fspd; tiyaikg;ig kPsf;

fl;likj;jy;.

• rUtNjr fyhrhu cwTfis Kd;Ndw;Wtij ,yf;fhff;nfhz;l ntspehl;Lr;

Rw;Wyhf;fisAk; gapw;rpngWtjw;fhd mjpf tha;g;GfisAk; Vw;gLj;jy;;.

rpdpkhTk; njhiyf;fhl;rp ehlfq;fSk;

• xt;nthU rpdpkh gilg;igAk; tpepNahfpf;Fk;NghJ gfpuq;f muq;fhl;Lifr;

rigr; rhd;wpjopy; Fwpg;gpLk; jpfjpia Kd;Dupikahdjhff; fUJjy;.

• jpiug;gl muq;fj; njhopy;El;gj;ijAk; trjpfisAk; Kd;Ndw;Wtjw;F epjpAjtp

mspj;jYk; mtw;iw mgptpUj;jpnra;jYk;.

• rUtNjr rpdpkh tpohnthd;iw Mz;LNjhWk; Vw;ghLnra;jy;.

• jiyrpwe;j rpdpkh gilg;Gfisf; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd epiyaq;fis

fpuhkpa kl;lj;jpy; Vw;gLj;jp mjd; JizAld; njhlu;e;Jk; rpdpkhf; fiyrhu;

ciuahly;fis Vw;gLj;jy;.

• gapw;rpngWk; rpdpkh fiyQu;fSf;fhf Njrpa rpdpkh fw;if epWtfnkhd;iw

epWTjy;.

• njhiyf;fhl;rp ehlfj; Jiwia juepu;zaj;jpw;F cl;gLj;Jtjw;fhd

epWtdq;fis cUthf;Ftjw;F fiyQu;fs; rpyuhy; Vw;fdNt jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;s

njhiyf;fhl;rp ehlfq;fs; juepu;zag;gLj;jYk; mgptpUj;jpnra;tjw;Fkhd

epWtdr; rl;lj;ij nray;tYg;gLj;JtJ Fwpj;j fye;Jiuahly;fis Muk;gpj;jy;.

eldk;

• rk;gpujha eldj;ijg; ghJfhg;gijAk; Cf;Ftpg;gijAk; Nehf;fhff;nfhz;l

epWtfnkhd;iw epWTjy;.

• ,yq;ifapd; fpuhkpa eldq;fspd; Muha;r;rpia Cf;Ftpj;jy;.

• fyhrhu milahsnkhd;Wld;$ba eld rk;gpujhaq;fis Cf;Ftpj;jy;.

44


• fiyj;jpl;lq;fis tpUj;jpnra;Ak; re;ju;g;gq;fspy; eldf; fy;tp rk;ge;jkhd

epWtdq;fisAk; JiwNghe;jtu;fisAk; njhlu;GgLj;jpf;nfhs;Sk;

nghwpKiwnahd;iw Vw;gLj;jy;.

• Gjpa eld nry;newpfs; Fwpj;j fw;if kw;Wk; NgZiff;fhd mynfhd;iw

epWTjy;.

• eldk; gw;wpa rUtNjr fw;iffSf;fhd tha;g;Gfis Vw;gLj;jpf;nfhLj;jy;.

Xtpaf; fiyAk; Gifg;glf; fiyAk;

• Xtpa kw;Wk; fl;Gyf; fiyapd; etPd Nghf;Ffs; Fwpj;J Ma;Tnra;tjw;fhd

xU epWtdj;ij epWTjy;.

• gy;NtW JiwfspYk; gpugy;ak;ngw;w fl;Gyf; fiyj;Jiwfis milahsk;

fhzYk; mtw;iw Cf;Ftpj;jYk;.

• khfhz fiyauq;Ffis epWTjYk; gilg;Gfis fhl;rpg;gLj;Jtjw;F rYif

tpiyapy; fiyauq;Ffis toq;FjYk;.

• ru;tNjr khehLfSf;Fk; fz;fhl;rpfSf;Fk; gilg;ghspfis mDg;gpitj;J

cjTjy;.

• fl;Gyf; fiyg;gilg;Gfspd; tpw;gidf;fhf Njrpa kw;Wk; ru;tNjr gilg;Gfspd;

re;ijia tpUj;jpnra;jy;.

• fyhrhu epiyaq;fspd; tiyaikg;ig Kiwrhu;e;j tpjj;jpy; mKy;gLj;jy;.

• rkfhy gilg;ghspfspd; Muha;r;rpfSf;fhd etPd fiyauq;nfhd;iw

cUthf;Fjy;.

,ir

• ,irr; rk;gpujhaq;fisg; Ngzpf; fhg;gjw;Fk; mjd; Cf;Ftpg;gpw;Fk; Njrpa

xypgug;Gf; $l;Lj;jhgdj;jpd; jiyikapyhd epWtdnkhd;iw epWTjy;.

• ,yq;ifapd; fpuhkpa ,ir Muha;r;rpfis Cf;Ftpj;jy;.

• fiyj;jpl;lq;fis tpUj;jpnra;Ak;NghJ ,irf; fy;tp rk;ge;jg;gl;l

epWtdq;fisAk; JiwNghe;jtu;fisAk; njhlu;GgLj;jpf;nfhs;tjw;fhd xU

nghwpKiwia Vw;gLj;jy;.

• Gjpa ,ir nry;newpfs; Fwpj;j fw;if kw;Wk; NgZiff;fhd mynfhd;iw

epWTjy;.

• ghly;fSk; ,irAk; gw;wpa Gyikr;nrhj;J rl;ljpl;lq;fis tpUj;jpnra;jy;.

• rUtNjr fw;if Ma;TfSf;fhd tha;g;Gfis Vw;gLj;jpf;nfhLj;jy;.

• mur ,irf; FOit ,irj;Jiwapy; Gjpa Muha;r;rpg+u;t gilg;Gfspy; <LgLj;jy;.

45


rKjhaj;jpw;fhf tpisahl;L jw;fhyj;jpy; tpisahl;L> njhopnyhd;iwg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhd xU jifikahf

kl;Lk; fUjg;gLtJld;> MNuhf;fpakhd xU gpui[ia cUthf;Ftjpy; tpisahl;bd;

gq;fspg;G Gwf;fzpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jd;fhuzkhfNt ehl;by; tpisahl;Lf;

fyhrhunkhd;W cUthtjw;F mtrpakhd xU #oy; cUthftpy;iy. clw;fy;tp

,d;iwa fy;tpapy; Xuq;fkhf khw;wg;glhky; ,Ug;gJld;> fPo;kl;lj;jpYs;s milahsk;

fhzg;gl;l KistpLk; tpisahl;L tPuu;fis Njrpa muq;F tiu nfhz;LtUtjw;F

mtrpakhd jpl;lkpl;l xU Ntiyj;jpl;lj;ijAk; fhz Kbatpy;iy. jw;NghJs;s

mikg;ghu;e;jjy;yhj Kiwapdhy; rpy tpisahl;Lj; JiwfSk; tpisahl;L tPuu;fSk;

jdpahu; cupikahsu;fspd; gpbapy; rpf;fp cs;sdu;. tsq;fs; efu;g;Gwq;fis

Nehf;fpajhf ikag;gLj;jg;gl;bUg;gJld;> fpuhkpa tpisahl;L tPu tPuhq;fidfs;

Gwf;fzpf;fg;gLtjd; fhuzkhf fzprkhd jpwikkpF tpisahl;L tPu tPuhq;fidfs;

fPo;kl;lj;Jld; kl;Lk; kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sdu;. tpisahl;Lj; Jiwapy; tpidj;jpwdw;w

Kfhikj;JtKk; murpay; jiyaPLfSk; tpisahl;bd; mgptpUjjpf;F Kf;fpa

jlq;fiy Vw;gLj;jpAs;sJ. ,r;nrad;Kiwapd; ngWNgwhf tpisahl;Lj;Jiw ,d;W

kpfr; nrhw;gsthdtu;fis ikag;gLj;jpajhf mj;Jiwf;F cs;spUe;Nj ruptile;J

tUfpwJ.

Nehf;fq;fs;

MNuhf;fpakhd> xOf;fj;ij kjpf;Fk;> kjpAEl;gk; tha;e;j kf;fl; r%fnkhd;iw

cUthf;Fk; nrad;Kiwapy; tpisahl;Lj;Jiw KOnkhj;j r%fj;jpw;fhdjhf ,Uf;f

Ntz;Lk;. tpisahl;Lk; NjfhNuhf;fpaKk; nghJthd r%ff; fl;likg;gpy; ,d;wpaikahj

Xuq;fkhf khw;wp vkJ ,oe;Js;s tpisahl;L kuGupikia ehl;by; tpj;J}d;wr;nra;tJ

,e;j tpisahl;Lf; nfhs;ifapd; Kf;fpa Nehf;fkhFk;. ,it gpujhd Nehf;fj;ij

mile;Jnfhs;tjw;fhd cg Nehf;fq;fspw; rpythFk;.

• MNuhf;fpakhd xU re;jjpia cUthf;FKfkhf tpisahl;Lf; fyhrhunkhd;iw

jhgpj;jy;.

• ghlrhiyapypUe;J rUtNjrk; tiu nry;yf;$ba jpl;lkpl;l ,ize;j

tpisahl;L Ntiyj;jpl;lnkhd;iw tFj;jy;.

• clw;fy;tp kw;Wk; tpisahl;bd; Clhf ngWkhdk;nfhz;l kdpju;fis

r%fj;jpy; cUthf;Fjy;.

• kdpjts mgptpUj;jp kw;Wk; Kfhikapd; Clhf njhopy;rhu; epGzj;Jtk;tha;e;j

tpisahl;L tPu tPuhq;fidfis cUthf;Fjy;.

• tpisahl;Lj; JiwiaAk; nghUshjhuj;jpy; Nfhbl;Lf;fhl;lj;jf;f

ghj;jpaijAilatuhf gq;fspg;ghw;wr;; nra;jy;.

• ru;tNjr cwTfisf; fl;bnaOg;Gk;NghJ tpisahl;il Kidg;ghf

gad;gLj;jpf;nfhs;sy;.

46


jPu;Tr; nrad;Kiwfs;

• midj;Jg; ghlrhiyfSf;Fk; tpQ;Qhd uPjpahf gapw;Wtpf;fg;gl;l

gapw;Wtpg;ghsu;fisAk; clw;fy;tp Mrpupau;fisAk; ,izj;jy;.

• tpisahl;L cl;fl;likg;G trjpfspd; mgptpUj;jpiaj; Jupjg;gLj;JtJld;>

khfhz tpisahl;Lf; fl;blj;njhFjpfsJk; khtl;l kw;Wk; gpuNjr

tpisahl;luq;FfsJk; mgptpUj;jpf; fUj;jpl;lq;fis mKy;gLj;Jjy;.

• ehl;bd; midj;J gpuNjr nrayhsu; gpupTfisAk; cs;slf;ff;$ba tpjj;jpy;

1>000 rKjha cly; MNuhf;fpa epiyaq;fis epWTjy;.

• rKjhajjpd; MNuhf;fpaj;ij cWjpnra;Ak; rhd;wpjnohd;iw tUle;NjhWk;

toq;FjYk; mj;jifa jFjpr; rhd;wpjOf;F gy;fiyf;fof

Eiotpd;NghJk;> njhopnyhd;iwg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk;NghJk;> gjtp

cau;Tfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk;NghJk; fhg;GWjp cj ;j uthjnkhd ;iwg ;

ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk;NghJk; ed;ikfs; fpl;lr;nra;jy;.

• tpisahl;L tPu tPuhq;fidfspd; tpisahl;Lj;Jiw eltbf;iffspd;

mgptpUj;jpf;Fk; tpisahl;Lj;Jiw mgptpUj;jpf;Fk; mtrpakhd

cl;fl;likg;G trjpfis epiwTnra;tjw;F murhq;fj;jpd; gq;fspg;Gld;

gy;NtW jug;GfSf;F cjtf;$ba tpisahl;L mgptpUj;jp e p j p a nk hd ;iw

epWTjy;.

• Njrpa gapw;rpf; Fohk;fspy; ,Uf;fpd;w tpisahl;L tPu tPuhq;fidfspd;

jifikfSf;F Vw;g fy;tp kw;Wk; cau;fy;tp my;yJ njhopw;gapw;rpf;

fw;ifnewpfSf;F Mw;Wg;gLj;Jtjw;F mtrpakhd xU Ntiyj;jpl;lj;ij

Muk;gpj;jy;.

• Njrpa mzpfis gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;jpa> gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;Jk; midj;J

tpisahl;L tPu tPuhq;fidfSf;Fk; Xa;T+jpankhd;iwg;

ngw;Wf;nfhLj;jYk; fhg;GWjpj; jpl;lnkhd;iw mwpKfg;gLj;jYk;.

• Njrpa tpisahl;Lf;fspy; ntw;wpfis milAk; tpisahl;L tPu tPuhq;fidfspd;

cau;fy;tp tha;g;GfSf;F trjpfis mspj;jy;.

• fpupf;fl; tpisahl;by; gpuNjr tPuu;fSf;F mtrpakhd trjpfis

Kd;Ndw;Wtjw;fhf 09 khfhz fpupf;fl; MLfsq;fis rUtNjr ju kl;lk;

tiu Kd;Ndw;Wjy;.

• midj;J gpuNjr nrayhsu; gpupTfspYk; rKjhaj;jpw;Fg; nghJthf

gad;gLj;jf;$ba trjpfs;nfhz;l 10 tpisahl;luq;Ffs; tPjk;

epu;khzpj;jy;.

• xt;nthU tpisahl;Lf;Fk; murhq;fj;jpd; jiyaPl;Lld; trjpfs;nfhz;l

tpisahl;Lf; fl;blj; njhFjpfis epu;khzpj;jYk; mtw;iwg; guhkupf;Fk;

nghWg;ig Fwpj;j Njrpa rq;fq;fsplk; xg;gilj;jYk;.

• Njrpa tpisahl;Lg; gapw;rpg; ghlrhiynahd;iw ikakhff;nfhz;L 09

khfhzq;fSf;Fk; tpisahl;Lg; ghlrhiy tiyaikg;nghd;iw Vw;gLj;jy;.

47


• Njrpa tpisahl;Lr; rk;Nksdk;/rq;fq;fSf;F tpisahl;Lj;Jiw mgptpUj;jpf;fhd

gz uPjpahd cjTnjhiffis toq;FjYk; Njrpa kw;Wk; rUtNjr uPjpahf

fpilf;fg;ngWk; gupRfisAk; cjtpfisAk; Fwpj;j tpisahl;Lj;Jiwapd;

mgptpUj;jpf;fhf <LgLj;jYk;.

• tpisahl;Lj;JiwapdJk; clw;fy;tpapdJk; NjitfSf;fhd gq;fspg;GfisAk;

KjyPLfisAk; Nkw;nfhs;Sk; jug;GfSf;F tupr;rYif toq;Fjy;.

• rUtNjr tpisahl;Lr; rk;Nksdq;fspdhy; elj;jg;gLk; rpwg;gwpQu; tpisahl;Lg;

gapw;rp kj;jpa epiyaq;fspy; gapw;rpngwj; jFjpngWk; tpisahl;L tPu

tPuhq;fidfSf;F Gyikg;guprpy; jpl;lnkhd;iw mKy;gLj;jy;.

• tpisahl;Lg; gapw;Wtpg;ghsu;fSf;Fk; njhopy;El;g cj;jpNahfj;ju;fSf;Fk;

mtrpakhd ,w;iwg;gLj;jpa mwpitAk; gapw;rpiaAk; toq;Fjy;.

• xt;nthU tpisahl;Lj; Jiwf;Fk; Njrpa gapw;rpf; Fohk;fis Muk;gpj;J njhlu;

gapw;rp eltbf;iffis Kd;ndLj;Jr; nry;yy;.

• tpisahl;Lj; Jiwapy; tpQ;Qhd Muha;r;rpfSf;fhd Muha;r;rp epWtdnkhd;iw

epWtp Kd;ndLj;Jr;nry;yy;.

• tpisahl;Lj;Jiwf;fhd xOf;fnewpf;Nfhitnahd;iw mwpKfg;gLj;jYk;

tpisahl;Lj; Jiwf;fhd rl;ljpl;lq;fis ,w;iwg;gLj;Jtjpy;

jiyaPLnra;jYk;.

• fpuhkpa tpisahl;Lf;fsJk; fyhrhu tpisahl;Lf;fsJk; mgptpUj;jpAk;

NgZifAk;.

• tpisahl;Lj;Jiwapd; mgptpUj;jpf;fhf rk;ge;jg;gl;l epWtdq;fspdhYk;

ghj;jpaijAila jug;GfspdhYk; vLf;fg;gLk; eltbf;iffSld;

rk;ge;jg;gl;l nrad;Kiw rhu;e;j epWtdq;fSk; nfhs;ifj; jPu;khdq;fSk;

Fwpj;j kPsha;itAk; Gydha;itAk; fz;fhzpg;igAk; m t r p a k h d

jpUj;jq;fisAk; Nkw;nfhz;L> mtw;iw ,w;iwg;gLj;jp njhlu;e;Jk;

Kd;ndLj;Jr; nry;yy;.

tPlikg;G,yq;ifau; r%fj;jpd; r%f nghUshjhu gpd;Gyj;ij vLj;Jf;fhl;Lk; xU Fwpfhl;bahf

tPlikg;G mike;Js;sJ. vdpDk;> ,d;W ,yq;ifapy; thOk; 6>094>115 FLk;gq;fspy;

5>277>408 FLk;gq;fSf;F kl;LNk VjhtnjhU kl;lj;jpy; tPnlhd;W cs;sJ. me;j

mbg;gilapy;> nrhe;j ciwAs; xd;Wf;fhd cupj;jw;w vl;L ,yl;rj;jpw;Fk; Nkw;gl;l

FLk;gq;fs; ehl;by; tho;;e;J tUfpd;wd. ehl;bd; Fbj;jd myFfspy; %d;W ,yl;rk;

msthdit jw;fhypf tPLfspNyNa tho;e;J tUfpd;wdu;. Fwpj;j jw;fhypf tPLfspy;

30% rjtPjkhdit nfhOk;G efupy; mike;Js;sd.

KOnkhj;j tPLfspy; 1% rjtPjkhdit njd;dq;fpLFfshy; Ntag;gl;l tPLfshf mike;jpUg;gJld;> $iuj;jfLfs; nfhz;L $iu mikf;fg;gl;l tPLfspd; msT 8% rjtPjkhFk;. mtw;wpy; fzprkhdit Etnuypah khtl;lj;jpy; mike;Js;sd.

48


nrad;Kiwfs;:

• tPlw;w midj;Jf; Fbj;jd myFfSf;Fk; ePu;> kpd;rhuk;> Jg;GuNtw;ghl;L

trjpfs; mlq;fyhd tho;tjw;F cfe;j tPLfis toq;Fk; ehlshtpa

Ntiyj;jpl;lnkhd;iw mKy;gLj;Jjy;.

• Fiwe;j tUkhdk;ngWk; twpa kf;fSf;F ,ytrkhf trjpahd tPl;L myFfisg;

ngw;Wf;nfhLj;jy;.

• eLj;ju kw;Wk; Fiwe;j rk;gsk; ngWk; mur kw;Wk; jdpahu; Jiw Copau;fSf;F

ngWkjpapy; 50% ngWkjpapy; tPLfis toq;Fk; epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fis

mKy;gLj;Jjy;.

• murhq;f cj;jpNahfj;ju;fSf;F cj;jpNahfg+u;t thr];jyq;fis toq;Fk;

epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lnkhd;Wk; mjd;fPo; Fwpj;j cj;jpNahfg+u;t thr];jy> njhlu;khb

tPLfs; mikf;Fk; epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fspd;fPo; njhopy;GupAk; ,lq;fSf;F rkPgkhf

epu;khzpj;jy;.

• ntspehLfspy; njhopy;GupAk; Copau;fSf;fhd tPlikg;Gf; fUj;jpl;lq;fis

mKy;gLj;JtJld;> murhq;fj;jpd; nghWg;nghd;whf mtu;fSf;F rYif tpiy

mbg;gilapy; tPLfis toq;Fjy;.

• mj;jifa tPLfSf;fhf mtu;fs; njhopy;GupAk; ehLfspd; gz myFfs; %yk;

jtizj; njhiffisr; nrYj;Jk; Kiwnahd;iw mwpKfg;gLj;jy;.

• efu; kw;Wk; ,il efu;g; gpuNjrq;fspy; midj;J tPLfisAk; njhlu;khb

tPlikg;G Kiwg;gb mikj;jy;.

• ,d;W murpay;kakhfpapUf;Fk; tPlikg;G Ntiyj;jpl;lj;ij tPLfs; mw;w

kf;fSf;F Fwpj;Jiuf;fg;gl;l xU fhyg;gFjpapy; tPLfis toq;Fk; xU

Ntiyj;jpl;lkhf khw;wpaikj;jy;.

• tPlikg;Gf; fUj;jpl;lq;fs; rhu;e;j> tPLfspd; FbapUg;ghsu;fSf;Fk; rpWtu;fSf;Fk;

fy;tp> ghJfhg;G> ePu; kw;Wk; Jg;GuNtw;ghl;L trjpfisAk; nghOJNghf;F

trjpfisAk; Vw;gLj;Jjy;.

• 05 tUl fhyj;Js; Nrupg;Gwq;fspYk; FbirfspYk; yad; miwfspYk; thOk;

midtUf;Fk; tPLfs; fpilg;gij cWjpnra;jy;.

49


J}a;ikahd ,yq;if

vd;Wk; gRik> Fspu;r;rp> moFepiw jhtuq;fs;> tpyq;Fg; gy;tifik

nfhz;l ,e;ehl;il J}a czT> fpuhkg;Gw kw;Wk; efu;g;Gw myq;fhukhd

ntw;wplq;fis xOq;fikj;jy; Kjypa kz;lyq;fs; ahtw;iwAk; rpwe;j

J}a;ikahd> mjprpwg;ghd Fwpfhl;bnahd;wpy; itj;Jg; guhkupg;gJ

vkJ nghWg;ghFk;. gpui[f;F capu;tho;tjw;fhd ,e;j ntw;wplkhd

g+kpiaAk; jhtu capu;fisAk; ghJfhf;Fk;NghJ Gtp ntg;gkhjy; gw;wpa

gpur;rpidiaf; Fiwj;Jf;nfhz;l mofpanjhU Rw;Wr;#oy; ekf;F vQ;Rk;.

50


Rw;whly;J}anjhU g+kpapy;> ePykakhd ePu;j;njhFjp> J}a;ikkpF tspf;Nfhsk;> ghJfhg;ghdJk;

Rj;;jkhdJkhd czTghdq;fisf;nfhz;l J}a trpg;gplk;> Nritahw;Wk; ,lk;

vd;gtw;iw cUthf;Ftjw;Fk; J}a mofpa xU Rw;whliy cUthf;Ftjw;Fk; ,d;W

ek; vjpNuAs;s rthy;fis ,dq;fhz;Nghk;.

J}a ,yq;ifiaf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;F ngWkjpkpf;f %yjdkhf ehk; ,dq;fhz

Ntz;ba> 65>610 rJu fpNyh kPw;wu; gug;gsitf;nfhz;l gy;NtW Gtpapay;

NtWghLfisf;nfhz;l epyg;gFjpnahd;Wk;> mjidg;Nghy; VO klq;F jhz;ba

tsq;fs; epuk;gpa rKj;jpu tyankhd;Wk;> epyj;ijAk;; rKj;jpuj;ijAk; cs;slf;fpa

gy;NtWgl;l #oy; njhFjpfspdhy; ,ilj; njhlu;nghd;iwf;nfhz;l jdpahd xU

#ow;nwhFjp.

rthy;fis ,dq;fz;L ntw;wpf;F topaikg;Nghk;

• Rw;whly; ghJfhg;gpw;fhd Fwpg;gplj;jf;f vz;zpf;ifahd rUtNjr rkthaq;fspy;

,yq;if ifr;rhj;jpl;Ls;s epiyapYk;> 100 f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l rl;ljpl;lq;fs;

epiwNtw;wg;gl;Ls;s epiyapYk; gy;NtWgl;l 10f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l vz;zpf;ifahd

Rw;whly; nfhs;iffs; ,Uf;fpd;wepiyapYk; ,JtiuapYk; J}aNjhu;

,yq;ifiaf; fl;bnaOg;g vk;khy; Kbahjepiyapy; ,Uf;fpd;Nwhk;.

• tpQ;Qhd uPjpahf jahupf;fg;gl;l Njrpa epyg; gad;ghl;Lj; jpl;lnkhd;iw

mKy;gLj;jhj jtW fhuzkhf ehl;by; Rkhu; 04 kPl;lu; msthd> fdj;j

nropg;ghd kz; gilnahd;W jw;NghJ fLk; Mgj;jhdepiyf;Fj; js;sg;gl;Ls;sJ.

jPtpu kz;zupg;Gk; Kiwrhuhj fl;Lkhdq;fSk; epyj;jpd; fdpa tsj;

J\;gpuNahfKk; fhuzkhf kz;rupTfs;; Vw;gLtJ mjpfupj;jpUg;gJk; tskw;w

epyKk; ghiytdkhjypd; njhlf;fg; gz;Gfs; rpy gFjpfspy; Njhd;wpapUg;gJk;

ghupa xU rthyhFk;.

• Kidg;ghd ,U gUtg;ngau;r;rpf; fhw;W kiofSk; ,U ,ilg; gUtg;ngau;r;rpf;

fhw;W kiofSk; fpilf;fpd;w vkJ ehL Mz;nlhd;Wf;F kioapd;%yk;

mz;zsthf 111>250 kpy;ypad; fpa+g; kPw;wu; ePiug; ngWfpd;wJ. mjid

Ve;jpepw;Fk; 103 Mw;Wg;gs;sj;jhf;Ffs; ek; ehl;by; cs;sd. xUfhyj;jpw;F fLk;

Nrjq;fis cz;Lgz;Zk; nts;sg;ngUf;fpw;Fk; kw;WnkhU fhyj;jpy; fLk;

tul;rpf;Fk; ,iuahtJk;> ngww;fupa ePu;tsk; khRgl;L mdu;j;jnkhd;wpd; tbtpy;

ghjpg;Gf;fis Vw;gLj;JtJ tiu tsu;tJk; kw;WnkhU rthyhFk;.

• khdpl kw;Wk; capupdq;fspd; ,Ug;gpw;F ngupJk; JiztUk; tspf;Nfhsk;

Kiwrhuh ifj;njhopy;kakhf;fypdhy; ntsptplg;gLk; grpapiytPl;L kw;Wk;

khrile;j tsp fhuzkhfTk; Kiwrhuhj Nghf;Ftuj;J Kiwikapd; tpisthf

ntsptplg;gLk; er;Rj; Jfs;fs; fhuzkhfTk; jPitg;GfSk; jPanaLg;GfSk;

mjpfupj;JtUtjd; %yk; Vw;gLk; ghjpg;gpdhYk; g+Nfhs ntg;gepiy mjpfupg;gpd;

kPJ ehKk; gq;fspg;Gr; nrYj;Jfpd;Nwhk;. ,jw;Fg; gjpyhf ehshe;j ePuhtpahjy;

51


,ul;bg;ghfp ,Uj;jYk;; #oy;; ntg;gepiy mjpfupj;jYk; tul;rpepiy Njhd;WjYk;;

rpW epyg;gug;gpy; jpBnud ngUkiofs; nga;jYk; ,aw;if mdu;j;jq;fSf;Fk;

Rfhjhu mr;RWj;jy;fSf;Fk; cs;shtJk; J}a ,yq;ifnahd;iwf;

fl;bnaOg;Gtjpy; vjpu;Nehf;Fk; rthy;fshFk;.

• ehl;by; fhzf; fpilf;Fk; Gtptpay; NtWghL> vkf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; kiotPo;r;rpapd;

tpahgfk; vd;gtw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; rpwg;ghd rpy #oy; njhFjpfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

,jd; fhuzkhfNt gue;jNjhu; capu;g; gy;tifik fhzg;gLtij xU khngUk;

mUl;nfhilahff; fUj Ntz;Lk;. ehl;by; ,dq;fhzg;gl;Ls;s 3>150 g+f;Fk;

jhtu ,dq;fSk;> mjpy; vkJ ehl;bw;F kl;Lk; cupj;jhd 894 jhtu ,dq;fSk;>

,yq;ifapy; ,dq;fhzg;gl;l 972 capupdq;fSk; mjpy; vkJ ehl;bw;F kl;Lk;

cupj;jhd 330 ,dq;fSk; mjpy; mlq;Fk;.

J}aNjhu; ,yq;ifiaf; fl;bnaOg;Gk;NghJ ,e;j capu;g;gy;tifikia

ngww;fupa nry;tnkhd;whff; fUjp vkJ ehl;by; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;LtUk; fhlopg;Gk;

Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;LtUfpd;w nfhs;isapLk; nghUshjhu Kiwapdhy; ,lk;ngWk;

guk;giuayFj; jpUl;Lk; vkJ tdg;Nghu;itkPJk; capupdq;fspd; ,Ug;gpd; kPJk; Nkhrkhd

Kiwapy; jhf;fk;nrYj;Jk; Mf;fpukpg;Gj;jd;iknfhz;l jhtu> tpyq;fpdq;fspd;

guk;gYk; #oy; rkepiyaPdq;fis cUthf;fp> #oypy; ,lk;ngWk; mopTld; Vw;gLk;

tpyq;Ffs; tptrha epyq;fs;> efuq;fs; tiu Gilngau;tJk; #oy; rkepiyiar;

rPu;Fiyg;gjd;%yk; gy;NtW capupdf; $l;lq;fspd; vz;zpf;if mjpfupg;gJk;

xU rthyhf ,dq;fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,J Rw;whly;> nghUshjhu> r%f neUf;fbfs;

Njhd;Wtjw;Fk; ngupJk; fhuzkhf mike;Js;sJ.

• rKj;jpu tyaj;ij ,dq;fhZk;NghJ 18060 rJu fpNyh kPw;wu; gue;Js;s rKj;jpu

tyankhd;Wk; 19620 rJu fpNyh kPw;wu; nfhz;l jdpj;Jtkhd nghUshjhu

rKj;jpu tyankhd;Wk; jw;NghJ ,dq;fhzg;gl;L cupj;jhdjhfTs;s 437>400

rJu fpNyh kPw;wu; nghUshjhu rKj;jpu tyankhd;Wk; vkf;Fr; nrhe;jkhdjhf

cs;sJ. ,e;j xl;Lnkhj;j rKj;jpu tyaq;fSk; mjidj; jhz;ba rKj;jpuj;jpd;

ngUk; vz;zpf;ifahd jhtuq;fSk; capupdq;fSk; nrwpthd fdpag;gbkq;fSk;

cupj;jhdNghJk; mJ gw;wpa cupa Ma;nthd;W ,Jtiu Nkw;nfhs;sg;gltpy;iy.

Gije;JNghAs;s ,t;thwhd xU nry;tj;jpw;F cupikNfhUk; ehk; mjid

cupaKiwapy; vy;iy epu;zak;nra;J ,Jtiu cupj;ij cWjpnra;Jnfhs;shky;

,Ug;gJ ngUk; Fiwghnlhd;whFk;. fiuNahuk; rhu;;e;jjhf mKy;gLj;jg;gLk;

gy;NtW fUkq;fSk; kdpj nraw;ghL fhuzkhf rKj;jpuj;jpw;F tpLtpf;fg;gLk;

fopTg;nghUs;fs; fhuzkhfTk; rKj;jpuj;jpw;Fk; jiuf;Fk; ,ilapy; ghupa

cWjpg;ghlw;w jd;ikia cUthf;fptUtJ xU ghupa rthyhFk;.

• xU ehL vd;w tifapy; ehk; vjpu;Nehf;Fk; rthy;fspilNa Ml;rpahsu;fSf;F

gjpyspf;f Kbahj Fg;ig$sq;fs; ghuJ}ukhd xU neUf;fbahf khwpAs;sJ.

xOq;fw;w jpl;lq;fSk; etPd tho;f;ifg; ghzpapy; rpf;fyhd jd;ikAk;

,yhgkPl;Ltij Nehf;fhff;nfhz;l nghUshjhu nrad;KiwAk; fhuzkhf

,yq;ifapy; Rkhu; 7>000 nkl;upf; njhd; fopTg;nghUs;fs; ehshe;jk;

gpwg;gpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ePu;> tsp> kz; khrile;J Rw;whly;> nghUshjhu>

52


Rfhjhu kw;Wk; r%fg; gpur;rpidfs; ,jd; Clhf cUthf;fptplg;gLtJ J}a

,yq;ifnahd;iwf; fl;bnaOg;Gk;NghJ kw;WnkhU rthyhf cs;sJ.

• ,yq;iff;F rpwg;ghaike;j ahid ,dk; Rw;whlYf;F mzpfydhfTk;

nghUshjhuj;jpw;F nry;tj;ij <l;bj;jUk; xU khu;f;fkhfTk;

gad;gLj;jpf;nfhs;Sk; tha;g;G ,Uf;ifapy;> ahidfspd;%yk; xU kdpjd;

nfhy;yg;gLk;NghJ kdpju;fspdhy; %d;W ahidfs; nfhy;yg;gLk; tpfpjk;

tiu gpur;rpid jPtpukile;jpUg;gJk;> ehLG+uhTk; gpur;rpid tpahgpj;jpUg;gJk;

mjw;fhf vLf;fg;glf;$ba eltbf;iffspy; fhzg;gLk; Njhy;tpepiyAk; J}a

,yq;ifnahd;iwf; fl;bnaOg;Gk;NghJ ek; vjpupYs;s rthy;fshFk;.

• ePz;lfhykhf Rw;whlYld; Nenujpuhd xU nfhLf;fy;thq;fypy; <LgLk; jtw;iw

vl;Lj; jpf;FfspypUe;Jk; Rl;bf;fhl;Lk; xU jUzkhf ,d;iwa fhyfl;lj;ij

ehk; ,dq;fhz;gJld;> ehl;bd; jiug;gFjpia ClUj;Jr;nry;Yk; capu;f;nfhy;yp

rpWePuf NehAk; nlq;F nfhs;isNehAk; Gw;WNeha;> Rthr Neha;fs; Kjypa

Neha;fSk; Rfhjhug; gpur;rpidfisj; jhz;br;nrd;w jtwhd Rw;whly;

gpuNahfq;fshy; vOe;j xU rthyhFk;.

Nehf;fq;fs;

1. ,yq;ifapd; r%f nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jpf;Fk; Rw;whlYf;Fk; ,ilapy;

rkepiyia Ngzg;gLfpd;wthW ,aw;if tsq;fisAk; Rw;whly;

Kfhikj;Jtj;ijAk; Kd;Ndw;Wjy;.

2. Rw;whliyAk; ,aw;if tsq;fisAk; Ngz;jF tpjj;jpy; Kfhiknra;Ak;NghJk;

jpl;lkpLk;NghJk; xUKfg;gl;l mZFKiwia Integrated Approach& mDrupj;jy;.

3. Rw;whly; NgzYf;fhd epWtdq;fspilNa rpwe;j xUq;fpizg;igAk;

ey;yhl;rpf;fhd %yf;Nfhl;ghLfisAk; mKy;gLj;Jtjd; Clhf Rw;whly;rhu;

rl;lq;fisAk; epWtdf; fl;likg;igAk; gyg;gLj;Jjy;.

4. Rw;whly; Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd;NghJ ,d;W Kfq;nfhLj;Js;s tWikepiyia

xopj;Jf;fl;LtJk; fhydpiykhw;wq;fspd; ngWNgwhf cUthfpAs;s gy;NtW

Rw;whly; neUf;fbfisf; Fiwg;giAk; cWjpg;gLj;Jjy;.

5. Rw;whly; Ngziy cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf mwpitAk; kdg;ghq;FfisAk;

fl;bnaOg;Gtij Nehf;fhff;nfhz;l Kd;Ndwpa khdpl fyhrhunkhd;iwf;

fl;bnaOg;Gjy;.

Nfhl;ghLfs;

Rw;whly; epahak;: Rw;whliyg; ghJfhg;gJk; KOepiwthd xU Rw;whliy

cUthf;FtJk; ,yq;iftho; gpui[ xt;nthUtuJk; nghWg;ghFk;.

Rw;whlYf;Fk; mgptpUj;jpf;Fk; ,ilapy; rkepiyiag; NgZtjw;F nrayhw;Wjy;:

53


mgptpUj;jpj; jpl;lq;fspd;NghJ Vw;glf;Rba #oy; jhf;fq;fisf; Fiwg;gijAk;

tsq;fis Ngz;jF mbg;gilapYk; tpidj;jpwdhfTk; ghtidf;nfLg;gijAk;

cWjpg;gLj;Jjy;.

Rw;whly; njhFjprhu; mZFKiw: Rw;whly; tsq;fspd; mgptpUj;jp> Kfhikj;Jtk;>

NgZif vd;gtw;wpy;; xUq;fpize;j #ow;nwhFjprhu; mZFKiwiaf; ifahsy;;.

Ngz;jF tsq;fspd; ghtid: Rw;whly; tsq;fisg; ghtidf;nfLf;Fk;NghJ mtw;wpd;

gz;Gj;juKk; ngWkjpAk; FiwahjthWk; vjpu;fhy khdpl ,Ug;G Ngzg;gLfpd;wthWk;

ghtidf;nfLj;jy;.

epahag+u;t jd;ik: ,aw;if tsq;fisj; Ja;f;Fk;NghJ khdpl rkepiyiag; NgZk;

mNjNtis ve;jNthu; capupdj;jpw;Fk; ,Ug;ig Mgj;ij Nehf;fpj; js;sptplhik.

nghJkf;fs; gq;Nfw;G: #ow;ghJfhg;gpd;NghJk; Kfhikapd;NghJk; gq;Nfw;G

mZFKiwiia Kd;Ndw;Wjy;.

Kd;ghJfhg;G Kiwik: ahNjDnkhU nraw;ghL fhuzkhf KOikahf

kjpg;gPLnra;aKbahj Rw;whly; Mgj;njhd;W fhzg;gLk;NghJ mjid mKy;gLj;j

Kd;du; mr;nraw;ghl;il jilnra;tjw;F my;yJ tiuaWg;gjw;F eltbf;if vLj;jy;.

khRgLj;Jgtu; kPs;epug;gy;nra;a Ntz;Lk; (Polluter Pays Principle): Rw;whliy

mRj;jg;gLj;Jk; MnstuhapDk; mj;J}a;ikf;Nfl;il mfw;Wk; nghWg;ig xg;gilj;jy;.

Rw;whly;rhu; ey;yhl;rp: Rw;whly; rl;lq;fs;> Rw;whly; Kfhikj;Jt epWtdq;fs;>

ntspg;gilj;jd;ik> tif$Wk;ghq;F> kdpj cupikfSf;F kjpg;gspj;jy;> rKjhag;

gq;Nfw;G Kjypa Rw;whly; Kfhikj;Jtj;jpy; cs;sPu;f;fg;gLtij cWjpg;gLj;jy;.

rKjhaj;ij tYt+l;Ljy;: #ow;nwhFjpfSld; thOk; rKjhaj;jpw;F mtrpakhd

mwpitAk; mjw;fhd fyhrhuj;ijAk; fl;bnaOg;gp Ngz;jF ,Ug;ig cWjpnra;jy;.

Rw;whly; ghJfhg;G: kdpj nraw;ghLfspdhYk; ,aw;ifr; nrad;KiwfspdhYk;

vof;$ba Rw;whly; CWfspypUe;J #ow;nwhFjpfisg; ghJfhj;jy;.

nraw;ghLfs;

rl;ljp;l;lq;fSk; gl;laq;fSk;

• #ow;ghJfhg;ig cWjpnra;tjw;fhf jw;NghJ ,aw;wg;gl;Ls;s rl;lq;fspy;

fhzg;gLk; gytPdq;fs;> FiwghLfis ePf;Ftjw;Fk;> mtrpakhd Gjpa

rl;lq;fis cUthf;Ftjw;Fk; mt;tj; Jiwfspy; JiwNghe;jtu;fis

cs;slf;fpa Kf;fpa Mizf;FOnthd;iw epWtp kf;fs; fUj;Jf;fs;>

Nahridfis xd;wpizg;gjw;fhd nghwpKiwnahd;iw tFj;jy;.

• rUtNjrj;Jld; nra;Jnfhs;sg;gl;Ls;s cld;gbf;iffSk; rkthaq;fSk;%yk;

J}a ,yq;ifiaf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;F Vw;glf;$ba jlq;fis ePf;fpf;nfhs;tjw;Fk;

#ow;ghJfhg;ig cWjpnra;Jnfhs;tjw;Fk; tplaq;fs; Fwpj;J Muha;tij

Nehf;fhff;nfhz;L mjw;fhd jifikrhy; rignahd;wpd;%yk; kPsha;Tnra;jYk;

54


mt;twpf;ifapd; mbg;gilapy; Kd;ida Nehf;fq;fis mile;Jnfhs;tjw;F

eltbf;if vLj;jYk;.

jp;l;lkp;lg;gl;l g+kp

• tptrha eltbf;iffs; fhuzkhf Vw;glf;$ba kz;zupg;igj; jLf;Fk; Nehf;Fld;

tptrhapfSld; njhlu;Ggl;l xU tpNrl fUj;jpl;lj;ij cUthf;Fjy;.

• mgptpUj;jpf; fUj;jpl;lq;fspd;NghJk; Vida fl;Lkhdq;fspd;NghJk; Vw;glf;$ba

kz;zupg;igj; jLg;gjw;F mj;jifa fUj;jpl;lq;fisj; jpl;lkpLk;NghNj Gjpa

rl;lq;fisAk; epge;jidfisAk; tpjpj;jy;.

• kzy;> kz;> fdpa mfo;Tfspd;NghJ Vw;glf;$ba kz;zupg;igj; jLg;gij

Nehf;fhff;nfhz;L mfo;Tf;fhd mbg;gilj; jpl;lkply;fspd;NghNj rk;ge;jg;gl;l

Gjpa rl;lq;fisAk; epge;jidfisAk; cl;gLj;Jjy;.

• jw;NghJ kz;zupg;G fhuzkhf tskpoe;Js;s> jukpoe;j epyq;fis kPz;Lk;

kWrPuikg;gij murhq;fj;jpd; Kf;fpa nghWg;nghd;whff; fUjp nrayhw;Wjy;.

• kz;zupg;gpd; kPJ fLikahf ghjpg;Gr;nrYj;Jk;> ehl;bw;F rpwg;ghdjhf mikahj

gapu;fis gbKiwahf mfw;WjYk; mj;jifa epyq;fspy; ,aw;if tdg;

Nghu;itnahd;iw cUthf;FjYk;.

• Mw;Wg;gs;sj;jhf;FfspYk; ePNue;J gFjpfspYk; kz;zupg;igj; jLf;Fk;

Nehf;Fld;> ehl;Lf;F rpwg;ghdjhf mikAk; ,aw;if tdg;Nghu;itnahd;iw

cUthf;Fjy;.

• ehl;bd; vjpu;fhy fl;Lkhdq;fis Nehf;fhff;nfhz;L ghiw tyaq;fisAk;

kz;zpd; Nrjd mikg;GfisAk; tpQ;Qhdg+u;tkhf milahsk; fhzy;.

• jPtpukhf kz;zupg;Gf;Fk; jPtpu kz;rupTf;Fk; ,iuahfpAs;s ehl;bd; ngWkjpahd

Gtpapay; tyankhd;whd kj;jpa kiyehl;bd; ghJfhg;ig cWjpnra;tjw;fhf

tpQ;Qhdg; gFg;gha;nthd;W Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ. mjd;gb> tdf;fhg;GfisAk;

ghJfhf;fg;gl;l g+kpfisAk; Gjpjhf mikj;jy;.

• tpQ;Qhdg+u;t epyf; ifahsy; jpl;lnkhd;wpd;gb ehl;bd; KOg; g+kpiaAk;

jpl;lkpl;L Kfhiknra;jy;.

ePu;

• Mw;Wg;gs;sj;jhf;FfspYk; kj;jpa kiyehl;bYk; kioePiur; Nrkpj;Jitf;ff;$ba

ePu;j;Njf;fq;fspd; msitf; fzpg;gpLtJld;> mjw;ftrpakhd nghUj;jkhd

Fbj;njhifnahd;iw mjpy; epWTjy;.

• ,yq;ifapd; vy;yh ePu;ts%yq;fisAk; fw;ifMa;nthd;iwj; njhlu;e;J

epymsitnra;J tu;j;jkhdpapy; gpuRupj;J Ngzpg;ghJj;jy;.

55


• gbKiwapy; mike;j Fsj;njhFjpia njhopw;gLj;jf;$ba Mw;Wg;gs;sj;jhf;Ffis

Kidg;ghf;Ftjd;%yk; Jupj nts;sg;ngUf;fpdhYk; tul;rpapdhYk; Vw;glf;$ba

ghjpg;Gf;fisj; jzpj;jy;.

• Nkw;gug;G ePUk; epyf;fPo; ePUk; khRgLk; midj;J ePu;ts%yq;fisAk;

milahsk;fz;L tpQ;Qhdg+u;tkhf Kiwg;gb khRwiyj; jLj;jy;.

• ifj;njhopy;> tptrha> Nrit ,lq;fspy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;L Rw;whlYf;F

tpLtpf;fg;gLk; ePiu rupahd tpQ;Qhdg+u;t Kiwnahd;wpd;gb J}a;ikg;gLj;jp

Rw;whlYf;F ntspNaw;Wtijf; fl;lhag;gLj;jy;.

• ePiug; gad;gLj;Jk;NghJ Vw;glf;$ba tPz;tpuaj;ijAk; NkhrbiaAk; mjpfstpy;

epyf;fPo; ePiug; gad;gLj;Jtjd; Clhf vof;$ba neUf;fbfisAk; Kfhik

nra;tjw;Fk; tpQ;Qhd> Rw;whly;rhu; ePu; Kfhikj;Jtj; jpl;lnkhd;iw tFj;J

mKy;gLj;Jjy;.

• ,yq;ifapd; nghUshjhu> r%f tuyhw;wpy; rpwg;gplk; tfpf;Fk; ePu;g;ghrd

ehfupfj;ij ehisa re;jjpf;F Ngzpg;ghJfhf;Fk; Nehf;Fld; Kiwahd

ePu;g;ghrd E}jdrhiynahd;iw cUthf;Fjy;.

capu;g; gy;tifik

• tdrPtuhrpfs; kw;Wk; tdg; ghJfhg;Gj; jpizf;fsj;jpdhy; ,Wjpahf

tu;j;jkhdpapy; mwptpf;fg;gl;Ls;s epy tyaq;fspy; kdpj nraw;ghLfs;

fhuzkhf mr;RWj;jYf;F cs;shfpapUf;Fk; gFjpfis milahsk; fz;L

kPz;Lk; mj;jifa gpuNjrq;fis Fwpj;j tyaq;fSf;Fs; cs;sPu;j;J NgZjy;.

• rUtNjr Rw;whly;rhu; rkthaq;fSf;F mikthf ifj;njhopy;> efu;g;Gw>

FbapUg;Gfs; kw;Wk; kiyehl;Lg; gFjpfspy; ntt;Ntwhf ,Uf;fNtz;ba td

mlu;j;jpapd; rjtPjq;fisg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhd Gjpa tdg; gug;Gfis epWtp

NgZjy;.

• KO ,yq;ifapd; #ow;nwhFjpapy;; capupdq;fspd; ,Ug;gpw;F Mgj;jhd

xU epiyia cUthf;Fk; Mf;fpukpg;Gj; jhtuq;fSk; tpyq;fpdq;fSk;

ehl;bw;Fs; Eiotijj; jLg;gjw;F tpQ;Qhdg+u;t Kiwahd jLj;Jitj;jy;

nrad;Kiwnahd;iw mKy;gLj;Jjy;.

• ,yq;;ifapy; rpwg;ghd ngWkhdq;fisr; Nru;f;Fk; jhtu kw;Wk; tpyq;F

kugZq;fis gy;NtW FWfpa nghUshjhuj; NjitfSf;fhf xUrpW gpuptpdupd;

Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;fhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; flj;jiy Kwpabf;f eltbf;if

vLg;gJld;> mjid mur Njrpa ngWkhdnkhd;whf kjpg;gPLnra;jYk;.

• ,yq;iff;F jdpr;rpwg;ghaike;j jhtu> tpyq;Ffspd; rhfpak; kdpj

nraw;ghLfSf;fhfTk; ,aw;ifr; Rw;whly;rhu; nrad;Kiwfs; fhuzkhfTk;

Mgj;jhd epiyia vjpu;Nehf;FjYk; mUfptUk; mr;RWj;jYf;F Kfq;nfhLf;Fk;

Mgj;ijAk; xopj;Jf;fl;Ltjw;F jpl;lkpLtJld;> mj;jifa jhtuq;fisAk;

capupdq;fisAk; ehisa re;jjpf;fhf NgZk; nrad;Kiwnahd;iw

mKy;gLj;JjYk;.

56


• Rw;whly; rkepiyiar; rPu;Fiyj;J tpyq;fpdq;fs; rpytw;wpd; mlu;j;jpfspd; Jupj

mjpfupg;G> xU Rw;whly; gpur;rpidahf milahsk; fhzg;gLtJld;> mt;thW

mjpfupf;Fk; capupay; fhuzpfs; Fwpj;J Muha;e;J ,aw;ifj; Nju;T Kiwapd;

%yk; tpQ;QhduPjpahf fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd jpl;lq;fis mKy;gLj;Jjy;.

• khdpl ,Ug;igAk; Rw;whliyAk; Ngz;jF mbg;gilapy; khw;Wk; Nehf;Fld;

Gjpa fUj;JUnthd;whf Rw;whly;rhu; FbapUg;Gf;fis mikj;jy;> Rw;whly;rhu;

efukakhf;fy; Mfpa fUj;JUf;fs; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gLtJld;> Kjy; 05

Mz;Lfspy; njupTnra;ag;gl;l 05 efuq;fisAk; mtw;iw mz;ba fpuhkq;fisAk;

,J rk;ge;jkhd epGzu;fspd; jpl;lq;fSf;fika khjpupnahd;whf epu;khzpj;J

kf;fs; ghtidf;fhf jpwe;Jtply;.

• KO capupd ,Ug;Gf;fhf epyf;Nfhsj;jpYk; tspf;Nfhsj;jpYk; capupa

gpupj;jopifr; nraw;ghl;il rpwe;jKiwapy; NgZtjw;F ghupanjhU nraw;gzpia

epiwNtw;Wk; Ez;Zapu;fspd; Fbj;njhiffis Mgj;jhd epiyf;Fj;

js;sptpl;L> kdpj nraw;ghLfspd; Ngupy; tpLtpf;fg;gLk; nraw;if ,urhadq;fis

Rw;whlYf;F tpLtpg;gij tpQ;Qhdg+u;t Kiwahd xU Ntiyj;jpl;lj;jpd;%yk;

fl;Lg;gLj;jj; jpl;lkply;.

tspf;Nfhsk;

• midj;J kdpj nraw;ghLfspd;; fhuzkhf tspf;Nfhsj;jpw;F tpLtpf;fg;gLk; thA

tiffSk; Ez; jpz;kj; Jfs;fSk; gw;wpa mstha;nthd;iw Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F

mtrpakhd Rw;whly; mstha;T mynfhd;iw epWTjy;.

• tspf;Nfhsj;jpw;F tpLtpf;fg;gLk; khrhf;fy; fhuzpahf mikAk; thA

tiffisf;nfhz;L Fwpj;j mNj ,lj;jpNyNa gf;ftpisT cw;gj;jpfis

cUthf;Fk; my;yJ ntspNaw;Wk; etPd njhopy;El;gq;fis mwpKfg;gLj;jy;

my;yJ tpLtpf;fg;glhjthwhd Kiwfspy; <LgLtjw;F murhq;f Mjuit

toq;fp gl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;Fj; jpl;lkpLjy;.

• tspf;Nfhsj;jpy; ntspg;gLk; ,urhad J}Rf;fs; cUthfp kdpj tho;it rthYf;F

cl;gLj;jp tsp khriljiy cr;rfl;lj;jpw;F ,l;Lr;nrd;Ws;s efuq;fis

milahsq;fz;L mj;jifa rpW J}Rf;fis Jupjkhf mfw;Wtjw;fhd etPd

njhopy;El;g Kiwfisf; ifahsy;.

• tspf;Nfhsj;jpy; grpapiytPl;L thAf;fis mfj;JwpQ;ry; kw;Wk; ntspaply;

nrad;Kiwia rkepiyahfg; NgZtjw;fhf fhgd; cwpQ;Rk; cau;e;j Mw;wYs;s

Jupj tsu;r;rpnfhz;l Rw;whlYf;F cfe;j ku tiffis mwpKfg;gLj;JtJld;>

mjd;%yk; tu;j;jf uPjpahf cw;gj;jpnra;ag;gLk; ifj;njhopy;fSf;F mur

Mjuit toq;Fjy;.

57


flNyhuKk; rKj;jpuKk;

• flNyhuj;jpy; my;yJ rKj;jpuj;jpy; NeubahfNth my;yJ kiwKfkhfNth

fopTg;nghUs;fis ntspNaw;wg;gLtij Kw;whf epWj;Jjy;.

• fiuNahu tyaj;jpy; mjp$Uzu;Ts;s #ow;nwhFjpfis milahsq;fz;L

mj;jifa #ow;nwhFjpg; ghJfhg;gjw;F mtrpakhd Mff;Fiwe;j vy;iyapDs;

kdpj nraw;ghLfis ,ilepWj;Jjy;.

• Vida fiuNahu tyaq;fspy; fiuNahug; ghJfhg;ig Mff;Fiwe;j

vy;iy tpQ;Qhd uPjpahf jPu;khdpg;gJld;> mjid rupahfTk; njspthfTk;

epymsitnra;J FwpaPLnra;J mt;nty;iyapy; Gjpa fl;Lkhdq;fis

,ilepWj;Jtjw;Fk; jw;NghJ fl;Lkhdq;fis gbKiwahf khw;WNahridfis

mwpKfg;gLj;jp mfw;Wtjw;Fk; eltbf;if vLj;jy;.

• kPs; tsk; mlq;fyhf Mo;flypYs;s ,aw;if tsq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;

mj;jifa tsq;fisg; ghJfhg;Gk; rKj;jpu khRf;fisf; Fiwg;gjw;Fk; rUtNjr

rl;lq;fSf;F ,izahf Rw;whly;rhu; rl;lq;fis ,aw;Wjy;.

• ,yq;if kf;fSld; fyhrhu uPjpahf gpizf;fg;gl;l fiuNahuj;jpy;

njupTnra;ag;gl;l rpy tyaq;fspy; midj;J trjpfSk; nfhz;l kdq;ftu;

Rw;whly;rhu; flNyhug;gFjpfis cUthf;Fjy;.

fopTg;nghUs; Kfhikj;Jtk;

• mbg;gil fopTg;nghUs; Kfhikj;Jtj;ij fopTg;nghUs;fs; cUthf;Fk;

,lq;fspypUe;Nj Muk;gpg;gjw;fhd Kiwrhu; Ntiyj;jpl;lnkhd;iw tFj;jy;.

• cw;gj;jpahsu;> tpahghup> thbf;ifahsu; MfpNahu; ,ize;J Rw;whlYf;F

tpLtpf;fg;gLk; fopTg;nghUs;fis xU r%fg; nghWg;Gld; ntspNaw;Wk; xU

Kiwikf;F cl;gLj;Jjy;.

• khtl;le;NjhWk; ,yj;jpudpay; kw;Wk; kpd;dZ fopTg;nghUs;fs; mlq;fyhd

jpz;k fopTg;nghUs; kPs;Row;rpf;fhf njupTnra;ag;gl;l rpy ,lq;fspy;

epiyaq;fis epWTjy;.

• xt;Nthu; cs;@uhl;rp epWtdj;jpYk; mur kw;Wk; jdpahu; Jiwapd; gq;fspg;igg;

ngw;Wf;nfhz;L capu; ,urhad fopTg;nghUs; Kfhikj;Jt njhopw;rhiyfis

epWTtJld;> $l;nlU kw;Wk; vuprf;jp cw;gj;jpapy; <LgLjy;.

58


gpur;rpidfis eptu;j;jpg;Nghk;

• ehl;bYs;s gpujhd capupd kw;Wk; tdg; ghJfhg;G tyaq;fis xUq;fpizf;ff;$ba

,lq;fis milahsk; fz;L tpyq;Ffspd; elkhl;lj;jpw;fhd Gjpa ghijfis

mikg;gjw;Fj; jpl;lkpLjy;.

• fhl;L ahidfSf;Fk; tdrPtuhrpfSf;Fk; tdq;fspy; czTj; Njitfis

epiwNtw;wp itf;ff;$ba #ow;nwhFjpfis cUthf;Ftjw;fhd jpl;lq;fis

tFj;jy;..

• fhl;L ahidfspd; je;jq;fs;> ahid Kj;Jf;fs;> kapu;fs; Fwpj;J Vida

tpyq;Ffs; njhlu;ghfTk; epyTk; r%f %lek;gpf;iffisAk; ngWkhdq;fisAk;

xopg;gjw;fhd mwpit toq;f Mtznra;jy;.

• fhl;L ahidfs; fpuhkq;fspYk; efuq;fspYk; CLUTtijj; jLg;gjw;F

Kiwahf kpd;rhu Ntypj; njhFjpnahd;iw epu;khzpg;gJld;> mjw;Fg; nghWg;ghd

Xu; myif epWTjy;.

• capupay; uPjpahd kw;Wk; etPd njhopy;El;g Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;jp kf;fs;

gq;Nfw;G epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fs; %yk; ahid-kdpjd; Nkhjy;fisf; fl;Lg;gLj;j

cupa eltbf;if vLj;jy;.

• Rw;whly; el;Gwthd kdpj ,Ug;gpw;F gbKiwahf r%fj;ij ,iaGgLj;jp

Rw;whlypdhy; kdpjDf;F Vw;gl;Ls;s rpWePuf Neha;> nlq;F> Gw;WNeha;> Rthr

Neha;fs; Kjypa Rfhjhug; gpur;rpidfis xopj;Jf;fl;Ltjw;F fy;tp kw;Wk;

Rw;whly; fyhrhunkhd;iwf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;fhd jpl;lq;fis tFj;jy;.

• kdpj thoplq;fshd tPLfisAk; Ntiyj;jyq;fisAk; Rfhjhug; ghJfhg;ghd

Rw;whly; el;Gwthd kdjpw;fpdpa ,lq;fshf khw;Wk; nghUl;L rKjha

gq;Nfw;Gld;$ba mur jiyaPL mlq;fpa jpl;lnkhd;iw tFj;jy;.

• kf;fspd; Efu;Tf;fhf Rj;jkhd jukhd czTfisAk; Vida ngsjpf

t];Jf;fisAk; nghUs;fisAk; Rw;whly; el;Gwthd Efu;Tf; Nfhynkhd;Wf;Ff;

nfhz;LtUtjw;fhd mwpit toq;Ftjw;Fk; mjw;fhd xU fyhrhuj;ijf;

fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;Fk; mtrpakhd jpl;lq;fis tFj;jy;.

59


tpidj;jpwd;kpf;f ,yq;iftpidj;jpwd;kpf;f Xu; murhq;f NritAs;s ehl;by; Fbkf;fsJ kdepiwT

cau;e;jsthdjhf ,Uf;Fk;. mjd; epUthff; fl;likg;ig rpwe;j Kiwapy;

xOq;FgLj;jp njhopy;El;g cjtpAld; Neuk;> nry;tk;> ciog;G vd;gtw;iw

kPjg;gLj;Jk;> tpidj;jpwd; kpf;f> Kw;Nghf;fhd Xuplkhf cUthf;FtJ

,d;wpaikahjjhf cs;sJ. ehl;bd; ePjpkd;w Kiw> epUthf Nrit Mfpad

,e;j tpidj;jpwDf;F cl;gLj;jg;glNtz;Lk; vd;gJld;> gpui[ mur

mYtyiu re;jpf;Fk;NghJ kpfTk; cs;sd;Gs;s> el;ghu;e;j> kWnkhop$Wfpd;w

nfhLf;fy;thq;fiy Njhw;Wtpg;gJk; vkJ Nehf;fhf cs;sJ. gpui[

murhq;fj;jpd; tpidj;jpwid czuf;$bajhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gJld;>

ehl;bd; murhq;fk; jkf;fhfNt mikag;ngw;Ws;sJ vd;gjpy; mg;NghJ

mtu;fs; ek;gpf;if nfhs;thu;fs;;.

60


tpidj;jpwd;kpf;f Nghf;Ftuj;Jr; Nrit

xU ehl;bd; tpidj;jpwid epu;zapf;Fk;NghJ mq;FthOk; nghJkf;fspd; Nghf;Ftuj;J

Kiwikapd; tpidj;jpwd;; xU Kf;fpa fhuzpahFk;. vkJ Nghf;Ftuj;Jr; NritAld;

njhlu;ghd gpur;rpidfspilNa mjd; nray;jpwdpd;ik> Kiwrhuhjjhf ,Uj;jy;>

tpNrlkhf ftdj;jpw;nfhs;sg;glNtz;ba Ml;fs; njhlu;ghd Gwf;fzpg;G kNdhghtk;>

ghJfhg;gw;w jd;ik vd;gd Kf;fpakhditahFk;. nfhOk;G Nghd;w neupry;kpf;f

gpuNjrq;fspy; Nkhl;lhu; thfdnkhd;wpy; gazpf;Fk; rhjhuz Ntfk; kzpj;jpahyj;jpw;F

5 fp.kP. - 15 fp.kP. f;F ,ilg;gl;l kpff; Fiwe;j ngWkhdj;ijf; nfhz;bUg;gjpypUe;J

Nghf;Ftuj;J KiwikapYs;s nraw;wpwdw;w jd;ik njspthfg; Gyg;gLfpd;wJ.

neupry; Fiwe;j gpuNjrq;fspy; mjpfsthd gazpfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;F nghJg;

gazpfs; Nghf;Ftuj;Jr; Nrit ke;jfjpapy; Nghf;Ftuj;jpy; <LgLtjd; fhuzkhf

mtw;wpy; gazpg;gjw;F mjpf fhyk; vLf;fpwJ.

Nghf;Ftuj;Jr; Nritapd; rPuw;w jd;ikia vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;w gpujhd

Fwpfhl;bfshf jpl;ltl;lkhd Neu ml;ltizf;fika Nghf;Ftuj;jpy; <Lglhik>

,yhgj;ij Nehf;fhff;nfhz;L nray;gLtjhy; tpNrlkhf khiy Neuk; jhz;b nghJg;

Nghf;Ftuj;Jr; Nritfs; nray;glhik. rpy fpuhkg;Gwq;fspy; nghJg; Nghf;Ftuj;Jr;

Nrit nray;glhik> Nghf;Ftuj;Jr; NritfspilNa rupahd xUq;fpizg;G ,y;yhik

vd;gtw;iwf; fUj KbAk;. tpNrl ftdk; nrYj;jg;glNtz;ba nghJkf;fspy;

miuthrpg; gFjpf;F Nkw;gl;ltu;fshd ngz;fisg; Nghd;Nw gps;isfSk; ghypay;

kw;Wk; NtW ,k;irfSf;F MshfptUtJk;> fpl;lj;jl;l 14% Md tNahjpgu;fisg;

Nghd;W rdj;njhifapy; 8% Md khw;Wj;jpwdhspfSk; mtu;fSf;Nf cupa gy;NtW

gpur;rpidfis nghJg; Nghf;Ftuj;Jr; Nritfspy; vjpu;Nehf;fp tUtJk; nghJthf

mwpa KbfpwJ. Rkhu; 30>000 tPjp tpgj;Jf;fs; Mz;LNjhWk; gjpthfp tUtJld;, mjpy;;

3>000 Ngupd; capu;fs; fhTnfhs;sg;gLtjpypUe;J Nghf;Ftuj;jpd; ghJfhg;gpd;ikAk;

mjd; jPtpuj;jd;ikAk; Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gLfpwJ.

nghJg; Nghf;Ftuj;jpd; tPo;r;rp fhuzkhf> Nghf;Ftuj;J Njitg;ghl;by;; 48% jdpahu; Nkhl;lhu; thfdq;fs; %yk; Nritiag; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s NeupLtjhy; mtu;fsJ

tUkhdj;jpy; ngUk; gq;if Nghf;Ftuj;Jf;fhf nrytpl Neupl;;Ls;sJ. ,J mjpf

Nghf;Ftuj;J neupriy cUthf;fpAs;sJ.

,jw;fika> Nghf;Ftuj;Jj; Jiwapy; fl;likg;Grhu; khw;wnkhd;W Vw;glhky;

,e;ehl;L kf;fs; vjpu;nfhs;Sk; Nghf;Ftuj;J neUf;fbf;Fj; jPu;Tfs; fhz KbahJ.

mjw;fika Kd;itf;fg;gLfpd;w Njrpa Nghf;Ftuj;Jf; nfhs;ifapd; jj;Jtkhf

miktJ 'nghJkf;fspd; Nghf;Ftuj;Jj; Njitfis KOikahf ,yf;fhff;nfhz;l>

Rw;Wr;R+oy; el;GwTtha;e;j Nghf;Ftuj;J Kiwik tiu gbg;gbahf khw;wkilAk;

njhiyNehf;Fld;> murpd; jiyaPL typAWj;jg;gLfpd;w> tpidj;jpwd;tha;e;j> ek;gfukhd>

ghJfhg;ghd> fz;zpakhd Nghf;Ftuj;Jr; Nritnahd;iw epiyehl;LtjhFk;."

61


Nfhl;ghLfs;

• tpidj;jpwd;tha;e;j> gz;Gj;juk;tha;e;j nghJg; Nghf;Ftuj;ij jdpg;gl;l

,yhgq;fis kl;Lk; vjpu;ghu;j;J nray;gLj;jg;gLk; xU tpahghuj;ij tpl nghJr;

Nritnahd;whf guhkupj;J tUtJ murhq;fj;jpd; nghWg;ghf ,Uj;jy;.

• Nghf;Ftuj;J KiwfSf;F ,ilapyhd xUq;fpizg;ig Vw;gLj;JjYk;; mjid

xOq;FgLj;jYk;.

• ngz;fs;;> Kjpatu;fs;> gps;isfs;> tyJFiwe;jtu;fs; Nghd;w gazpfspd;

,izg;ghf;fj;jpd;; khWghl;bw;fika mtu;fspd;; Nghf;Ftuj;Jj; Njitg;ghLfSf;F

,iathd Nghf;Ftuj;Jr; Nritiag; guhkupj;jy;.

• Nghf;Ftuj;Jr; Nritfis vjpu;fhy jiyKiwfSf;Fk; xNu khjpupahf

mDgtpg;gjw;Fs;s cupikia Vw;Wf;nfhz;L el;GwTtha;e;j> Ngz;jF

Nghf;Ftuj;Jr; Nritnahd;iwg; guhkupj;jy;.

nrad;Kiwfs;;

Kf;fpa nghJg; Nghf;Ftuj;J Kiwia tYg;gLj;Jjy;

• vjpu;tUk; 10 Mz;Lfspy;; nghJkf;fspd; Nghf;Ftuj;J Njitfspy; 80% I nghJg; Nghf;Ftuj;Jr; Nritfs; %yk; toq;Fjy;.

• njhlu;r;rpahfTk; tpidj;jpwdhfTk; gazpfs; Nghf;Ftuj;Jf;fhd Nghf;Ftuj;Jr;

Nrit xUq;fpizg;G epWtdnkhd;wpid epWTjy;.

• Muk;gj;jpypUe;J Nruplk;; tiuahd Gifapuj kw;Wk; NgUe;J Xl;l Neu

ml;ltizfis xUq;fpizg;gjd; %yk; ePLWjpj;jd;ikia cWjpg;gLj;Jjy;.

• Nghf;Ftuj;Jr; Nritapy; <Lgl;Ls;s midj;J njhopy;rhu;e;jtu;fSf;Fk;

njhopy;rhu; epGzj;Jtj;ijAk; xOf;fnewprhu; gapw;rpiaAk; fl;lhakhf;Fjy;.

• Nghf;Ftuj;Jr; Nritfspy; ,lk;ngWfpd;w midj;J tpjkhd Jd;GWj;jy;fSf;Fk;

vjpuhf cldbahf eltbf;if Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhd mynfhd;iwAk;

Fwpj;j Kiwg;ghLfis toq;Ftjw;fhf gpuNahf nkd;nghUnshd;iwAk;

mwpKfg;gLj;Jjy;.

• midj;J Gifapuj kw;Wk; NgUe;Jj; jupg;gplq;fspYk; Rj;jkhd Jg;GuNtw;ghl;L

trjpfisAk; czTghdq;fisAk; toq;Ffpd;w epiyaq;fis Vw;gLj;Jjy;.

Gifapuj Nrit

• vjpu;tUk; Ie;jhz;L fhyj;Js; Nghf;Ftuj;Jj; Jiwapy; Gifapuj Nritapd;

gq;fspg;ig 20% tiuAk; mLj;j Ie;jhz;L fhyj;Js; mjid 50% tiuAk; Kd;Ndw;wkilar; nra;jy;.

• ghohd epiyapYs;s midj;Jg; Gifapujg; ghijfisAk; GJg;gpj;jYk;;

jd;dpaf;f rkpf;iQ Kiwia mwpKfg;gLj;jYk;.

62


• gpujhd Gifapujg; ghijfs; midj;ijAk; ,U ,iltopfisf;

nfhz;litahfTk; gpujhd efuq;fis mz;batw;wpy; %d;W

,iltopfisf;nfhz;litahfTk; mgptpUj;jp nra;jy;.

• ,d;W Gifapuj tPjp tiyaikg;gpd; %yk; cs;slf;fg;glhj gpuNjrq;fs;

tiu Gifapujg; ghijfis ePbj;jy;.

• Gifapujg; ngl;bfis mjpfkhf Nritapy; <LgLj;JjYk; Gifapuj gazj;

jlitfis mjpfupg;gjd; %yk; tpidj;jpwd;kpF Nritianahd;wpid

NgZjYk;.

• efuq;fSf;fpilapyhd fLfjp Gifapuj Nrit jlitfspd; vz;zpf;ifia

mjpfupj;jy;.

• gazpf;Fk; nghJkf;fs; gad;gLj;Jfpd;w jdpahu; thfdq;fs; (cjhuzk;;:

Nkhl;lhu; thfdq;fs;> Nkhl;lhu; irf;fps;fs;> kpjptz;bfs;) epWj;jpitg;gjw;fhf

Gifapuj epiyaq;fis mz;bajhf jupg;gpl trjpfis Vw;gLj;Jjy;.

• Gwefu;g; gFjpfspy; Nghf;Ftuj;Jf;fhf kpd;rf;jpahy; ,aq;Ffpd;w

efuq;fSf;F ,ilNaahd nkd;uf Gifapuj Nritia mwpKfg;gLj;Jjy;.

Fwpg;ghf> ,g;Gifapuj Nrit ntspr; Rw;Wtl;l mjpNtfg; ghijia mZFk;

ghijfspypUe;J nfhOk;G efuj;ij cs;slq;Ffpd;wthWk; fz;b gpuNjrj;jpy;

Nguhjid> fl;Lf];Njhl;il> Fz;lrhiy Nghd;w gpuNjrq;fspypUe;J fz;b

efuj;ij cs;slf;Ffpd;wthWk; nray;gLj;jg;gLk;.

• vupnghUs;> rpnke;J> kh Nghd;w Efu;Tg;nghUl;fs;> cw;gj;jp %yg;nghUl;fs;

kw;Wk; kuf;fwp> goq;fs; Kjypatw;wpd;; Nghf;Ftuj;Jf;fhf Gifapuj

Nritia tpidj;jpwdhd Kiwapy; gad;gLj;jy;.

NgUe;Jg; gazpfs; Nrit

• gazpfs; Nghf;Ftuj;Jf;nfd;Nw cw;gj;jpnra;ag;gl;Ls;s> trjpfSld;$ba

NgUe;Jfis mwpKfg;gLj;Jjy;.

• XusT efu;g;Gw kw;Wk; fpuhkg;Gw tPjpfspYk; ,uT Neuq;fspYk; Nghf;Ftuj;ij

KiwtYg;gLj;Jk; nghUl;L NgUe;Jr; Nritia tYg;gLj;Jtjpy; jiyapLjy;.

• gazpfspd; vz;zpf;if Fiwe;j gpuNjrq;;fspy; nghJg; Nghf;Ftuj;ij

njhlu;e;Jk; guhkupg;gjw;fhf tupr; rYiffisAk; Njitahd re;ju;g;gq;fspy;

Cf;Ftpg;Gf; nfhLg;gdTfisAk; toq;f eltbf;if vLj;jy;.

• gazpf;Fk; kf;fs; gad;gLj;Jfpd;w jdpahu; thfdq;fs; (cjuhzk; Nkhl;lhu;

thfdq;fs;> Nkhl;lhu; irf;fps;fs;> kpjptz;bfs;) epWj;jpitg;gjw;fhf

NgUe;Jepiyaq;fis mz;bajhf jupg;gpl trjpfis Vw;gLj;Jjy;.

63


Neu ml;ltiz Kiwia mwpKfg;gLj;Jjy;

• gazpfs; Nghf;Ftuj;Jr; Nritf;fhf fl;lha Neu ml;ltiz Kiwia

mwpKfg;gLj;Jtjw;F eltbf;if vLj;jy;.

• Kd;Ndwpa jfty;; njhopy;El;gj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp jahu;gLj;jg;gLfpd;w Neu

ml;ltizfis ve;jnthU egUk; ,izaj;jpy; rQ;rupj;J Njlf;$ba juTf;

fsQ;rpakhf epWTjy;.

• tpNrlkhf J}u gaz Nritfspy; Kd;$l;bNa Mrdq;fis xJf;fpf;nfhs;tjw;F

gazpfs; nghJkf;fSf;F tha;g;gpid Vw;gLj;Jjy;.

• Gifapuj kw;Wk; NgUe;Jj; jupg;gplq;fs; xt;nthd;wpYk; Xl;l Neu ml;ltizfs;

fhl;rpg;gLj;jg;gLtJld; mf;Fwpj;j Neu ml;ltizg;gb ,aq;Ftij

fl;lhakhf;Fjy;.

fpuhkpa Nghf;Ftuj;J

• r%f Kfhikj;Jt Kiw %yk; nghUj;jkhd njhopy;El;gj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp

,g;NghJ ghoile;j epiyapYs;s midj;J fpuhkpa tPjpfisAk; Gduikj;jYk;

guhkupj;jYk;.

• fpuhkpa nghJkf;fspd; mj;jpahtrpa Nritfshd ghlrhiyfs;;> kUj;Jtkidfs;>

tu;j;jf epiyaq;fisg; Nghd;Nw mur epWtdq;fisAk; jpl;lkpl;l xU

KiwapDhlhf kf;fSf;F neUf;fkilar;nra;jy;;.

• fpuhkg;Gw gpui[fspd; cw;gj;jpfs; kw;Wk; ruf;Fg; Nghf;Ftuj;J kw;Wk; tpNrl

Nritfis nraw;gLj;Jjy;.

kpjptz;b ,iltopfs;

• tPjp neuprYs;s gpujhd efuq;fs; kw;Wk; gpujhd efuq;fspd; Rw;waypYs;s

gpuNjrq;fspypUe;J mf;Fwpj;j gpujhd efuq;fs; tiu ghJfhg;ghd

kpjptz;bfSf;fhd ,iltopfis Vw;gLj;Jjy;.

• kpjptz;bg; ghtidia kl;Lg;gLj;Jfpd;w rl;ljpl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; ghtidfisAk;

mfw;Wjy;.

tPjp Nkw;gug;G ,iltopfs;

• FWfpa J}ug; gazq;fSf;fhf eil gazj;ij Cf;Ftpg;gjw;fhf neupryhd

efu ikag;gFjp Nghd;Nw gpw Kf;fpa kw;Wk; khw;WtopfSf;F mUfpy;

,iltopfis Vw;gLj;Jjy;.

• KbAkhd midj;J ,lq;fspYk; tPjpapd; ,U kUq;fpYk;; epoy;juf;$ba

kuq;fis eLk; Kiwia mwpKfg;gLj;j eltbf;if vLj;jy;.

64


gz;l kw;Wk; gazpfs; Nghf;Ftuj;Jf;fhf ePu;topfis gad;gLj;Jjy;

• rhj;jpats Ma;itj; njhlu;e;J fz;lwpag;gLfpd;w midj;J ePu;topfspYk;

Nghf;Ftuj;J Nritfis eilKiwg;gLj;Jjy;.

cs;sf tpkhdg; Nghf;Ftuj;J

• 09 khfhzq;fisAk; cs;slf;Fk; tifapy; tpkhdepiyaq;fis

mgptpUj;jpnra;J cs;sf tpkhdg; gaz Nritfis Muk;gpf;f eltbf;if

vLj;jy;.

KjpNahu; kw;Wk; khw;Wj;jpwdhsupd; Nghf;Ftuj;Jj; Njitg;ghLfs;

• Gifapujk; kw;Wk; NgUe;J Nghd;w nghJg; Nghf;Ftuj;J thfdq;fSf;F

tyJFiwe;NjhUf;Fk;; KjpNahUf;Fk; EioT trjpfis toq;Ftij

fl;lhag;gLj;Jjy;.

• Gifapujk; kw;Wk; NgUe;J jupg;gplq;fspYk; tyJFiwe;j r%fj;jpdUf;Fk;

Kjpatu;fSf;Fk; nghUj;jkhd EioTg; ghijfspd; fl;Lkhdk;.

gazpfis xOq;FgLj;Jjy;

• gazpf;Fk; nghJkf;fs;> Gifapujg; gazpfs;> NgUe;Jg; gazpfs;> Kr;rf;fu

tz;bg; gazpfs;, ghjrhupfs;, irf;fps; xl;Leu;fshf xOq;FgLj;Jtjid

Cf;Ftpj;jy;.

• Nghf;Ftuj;Jj;Jiw gw;wpa KbTfis vLf;Fk;NghJ cupa gazpfs;

mikg;Gfis ghj;jpaijAila jug;gpdu;fshf gq;Nfw;fr;nra;jy;.

Nghf;Ftuj;Jr; NritapYs;s rpf;fy;fis ePz;lfhy kw;Wk; Ngz;jF mbg;gilapy;

jPu;g;gjhapd;> nghJkf;fspd; Nghf;Ftuj;Jj; Njitg;ghLfs; FiwAk; tifapy; ehl;bd;

nghUshjhuf; nfhs;iffSf;F ,irthf FbapUg;Gfs;, Nritfs; kw;Wk; efu;g;Gw

jpl;lkply;fs; fl;lhakhf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.

mur epUthfk;xU ehl;bd; r%f> nghUshjhu tsu;r;rpiaAk; mgptpUj;jpiaAk; ftdj;jpnyLf;Fk;NghJ

Fwpj;j me;ehl;Lg; gpui[fSf;Fj; Njitahd Nritfis tpidj;jpwdhd KiwapYk;;

Kiwrhu;e;j tpjj;jpYk; toq;Ftjw;F ,aYkhd mur Nrit epyTfpd;wjh vd;gJ

Kf;fpa fhuzpahFk;. MapDk;> ,yq;ifapd; jw;Nghija mur Nritapd; nray;jpwdw;w

jd;ik njhlu;ghf fLk; tpku;rdk; cs;sJ. jw;NghJ mur Jiwapy; ngsjpf

tsq;fisg; Nghd;W kdpj tsq;fs; fzprkhdtpy; mjpfupj;Js;sNghJk;> mjw;F

65


epfuhf nghJ kf;fSf;F toq;fg;gLfpd;w Nritfspd; tpidj;jpwd; cau;thdjhf

,y;iy. ngUk;ghYk; Nritfisj; jpl;lkpLk;NghJ murpay; my;yJ gpw r%fj;

njhlu;ghy; my;yJ ,yQ;rk; toq;fhkYk; Nritnahd;iwg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tJ kpfTk;

fbdkhdjhf cs;sJ. kf;fspd; jpdrup gpur;rpidfs; Fwpj;J nray;gLfpd;w Kjy;ju

nghJr; Nritfisj; jpl;lkpLfpd;w epWtdq;fspYk; ,e;epiyik kpfTk; Nkhrkhf

cs;sJ. jw;Nghija mur Nritapd; fl;likg;Gk; mjDs;Ns cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s

mjpfhuj;JtKila Nritfs; tpidj;jpwDld; guhkupg;gjw;F jlq;fiy Vw;gLj;Jk;.

jw;Nghija mur Nritapy; fl;likg;gpid kPz;Lk; jahu;nra;J kf;fs; Nritfis

tpidj;jpwDld; Nkw;nfhs;sNtz;ba fl;likg;ghf cUthf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

nrad;Kiwfs;

• mikr;ruitf;Fupa mur Nrit cj;jpNahfj;ju;fis Ml;Nru;j;jy;> gjtpAau;T

toq;fy;> gzpePf;fk; nra;jy; vd;gd njhlu;ghd jj;Jtq;fis 19 MtJ

murpayikg;Gj; jpUj;jj;jpd; fPo; epWtg;gl;Ls;s RahjPd Mizf;FOf;fSf;F

toq;fp mur Nritapd; RahjPdj; jd;ikia cWjpg;gLj;Jjy;.

• midj;J gFjpasT mur epWtdq;fspd; midj;J Ml;Nru;g;Gfs;> gjtp

cau;Tfs; kw;Wk; Nrit ePbg;Gfs; njhlu;gpy; RahjPd Mizf;FOnthd;wpid

epakpj;jy;.

• mur kw;Wk; gFjpasT mur NritfspYs;s gzpahsu;fspd; jpwikfs;>

epGzj;Jtk; kw;Wk; cau; jifikfs; njhlu;ghf tUlhe;j mwpf;iffs;

guhkupf;fg;gl;L gjtp cau;Tfspd;NghJ mtw;iwf; fUj;jpw;nfhs;sy;.

• mur kw;Wk; gFjpasT mur Nritfspd; midj;J Ml;Nru;g;GfisAk; Nghl;bg;

guPl;irfs; %yk; kl;Lk; Nkw;nfhs;sy;.

• tUlnkhd;Wf;Fs; gy;NtW mur epWtdq;fspilNa xOq;fPdkhf Ml;Nru;g;G

nra;ag;gl;Ls;s kw;Wk; Fiw Nritfis toq;Ffpd;w gjtpazpapdu;

njhlu;ghfTk; Kiwahd Ma;T Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;L mtu;fis jFe;j gzp

,lq;fSf;F ,izj;jy;.

• mur Nritapy; rk;gs Kuz;ghLfs; ePf;fg;gl;L vspa kw;Wk; tpQ;Qhd uPjpahd

rk;gs mikg;gpidj; jahu;gLj;Jtjw;fhd KO mjpfhuk;nfhz;l Mizf;FOit

epakpj;jy;.

• mur Nritapy; ,yQ;rk;> Coy; kw;Wk; Nkhrb cs;spl;l midj;J epjp

NkhrbfisAk; jLg;gjw;fhf KO mjpfhuk;nfhz;l Coy; tprhuiz kj;jpa

gzpafnkhd;wpid epWTjy;.

• tUlhe;j fzf;fha;T tprhuiz mwpf;ifapd;gb midj;J mur epWtdq;fspYk;

,yQ;rk;> Coy; kw;Wk; Nkhrbfs; njhlu;ghd mwpf;ifia toq;Fjy;.

• ,yQ;rk;> Coy; kw;Wk; Nkhrbfs; njhlu;ghf Fw;wr;rhl;Lf;fis ngwhJ tpisTg;

ngUf;fkhd Kiwapy; Nritapy; <LgLfpd;w mur Copau;fis kjpg;gha;Tf;F

cl;gLj;jp ntFkjp kw;Wk; nfhLg;gdTfis toq;Fjy;.

66


• jfty; mwpAk; rl;lj;ij mKy;gLj;Jk;NghJs;s jilfis ePf;Ftjw;fhf

Njitahd fl;likg;G uPjpahd khw;wq;fisr; nra;jy;.

• murhq;f Nritapy;; Vw;gLk; mbg;gil cupik kPwy;fs; njhlu;gpy; eltbf;if

vLg;gjw;fhf rl;l cjtpfs; kw;Wk; cjtp toq;Fk; RahjPd epWtdnkhd;wpid

epWTjy;.

• mur jhgdnkhd;wpd; %yk; epiwNtw;wg;gLfpd;w midj;J Njitg;gLfpd;w

nghJkf;fs; gzpfSf;fhf mjpfg;gl;r ehl;fis tpjpj;Jiuj;jy;.

ePjpkd;wk;

tpidj;jpwdhd kw;Wk; RahjPdkhf ePjpia epiyehl;Ltjw;Fk; mt;thW ePjp

epiwNtw;Wk; njhopw;ghL vJtpj fl;Lg;ghLfspd;wp nghJkf;fSf;F miltjw;fhd

,aYikia tpidj;jpwDldhd ePjpkd;w NritapypUe;J vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk;. MapDk;>

cupikf; Nfhupf;if tof;F Kbtjw;F ePz;lfhyk; nry;tJk; mjw;fhf Vw;fNtz;ba

tpiyfs; rhjhuz kf;fshy; Rkf;f KbahjpUg;gJk; mr;nraw;ghL rhjhuz kf;fshy;

mZf Kbahnjd czu;tJk; jw;Nghija ePjpj;Jiwj; njhlu;ghfTs;s fLk;

tpku;rdkhFk;.

nraw;ghLfs;

• ePjpkd;w eltbf;iffs; murpay; FWf;fPLfspd;wp Nkw;nfhs;tjw;Fk;> epakdk;>

gjtp cau;Tfs; toq;Ftij jpwikfs; kw;Wk; jFjpfspd; mbg;gilapy;

kl;Lk; Nkw;nfhs;tjw;Fk; trjpfs; fpilf;Fk; tifapy; jw;Nghija ePjpr;Nrit

Mizf;FOit RahjPd kw;Wk; Mw;wy; nfhz;ljhf epiyehl;Ljy;.

• mbg;gil cupikfis kPWk; re;ju;g;gq;fspy; ehl;bd; ve;jnthU gpui[f;Fk; cr;r

ePjpkd;wj;jpy; tof;Fj; jhf;fy;nra;a KbAkhd tpjj;jpy; mjd; eltbf;iffs;

gd;Kfg;gLj;jg;gLtJld; mjw;Fj; Njitg;gLfpd;w tof;fwpQupd; cjtpia

,ytrkhf toq;Fk; epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj;ij eilKiwg;gLj;jy;.

• ePjpkd;w tof;Ffs; gpw;Nghlg;gLtjhy; rhjhuz kf;fs; Jd;gq;fs; mDgtpf;f

Ntz;bAk;> tof;Fg; nghUl;fs; rpijtiltjhy; Vw;gLk; ,og;G> Neu ,og;G>

tPzhd ciog;G vd;gtw;iwf; fhuzkhff;nfhz;L kpf FWfpa fhyj;jpy;

ePjpkd;w eltbf;iffis KbT nra;tjw;fhf tpidj;jpwd; tha;e;j ePjpkd;wk;

Kiwnahd;wpid epiyehl;Ljy;.

• ,jd;fPo; fhzpfs;> Fw;wq;fs;> Nghijg;nghUs;;> fw;gopg;Gfs;;> rpWtu;

J\;gpuNahfq;;fs;rhu;e;j gy;NtW tif tof;FfSf;fika jPu;g;gjw;F vLf;fg;gLk;

fhy vy;iyf; Fiwg;gjw;fhf Njitg;gLfpd;w rl;luPjpahd jpUj;jq;fisf;

nfhz;L tUjy;.

67


• mNjNghy;> mf;Fwpj;j eltbf;iffis ntw;wpfukhf nray;gLj;Jtjw;fhf

nghyp];> rpiwr;rhiy> rl;lkhmjpgu; jpizf;fsk;> ePjpkd;wk; kw;Wk;; Fw;wtpay;

ePjpfis jPu;T toq;Fk; epWtdq;fspd; xUq;fpize;j gpuNtrk; kw;Wk;

,izg;ghf;f fl;likg;ig jahupj;jy.;

• midj;J tpjkhd Nkd;KiwaPl;L KbTfs;> mbg;gil cupikfs; tof;Fj;

jPu;Tfis 05 khj fhyj;Js; KbT nra;tjw;Fupa ePjpkd;w Kiw tpupthf;fk;

nra;jy;.

• ePjpkd;w RahjPdj;Jtk; cWjpg;gLj;jg;gLtJld; mbg;gil cupik kPwy;fs;

murhq;fj;jpw;F vjpuhf khj;jpuk; my;yhJ jdpahu;Jiw kw;Wk; NtW

epWtdq;fSf;F vjpuhfTk; eltbf;iffs; vLg;gjw;F gpui[fSf;F cupik

toq;Fk; rl;lq;fis jpUj;jk; nra;jy;.

• rl;l cjtpfs; jpizf;fsnkhd;wpid epWTjy;.

• ,g;Nghijf;F Ftpe;Js;s Nkd;KiwaPLfisAk;; cr;rePjpkd;w midj;J

tof;FfisAk; 03 tUl fhyj;Jf;Fs; jPu;j;J KbTnra;tjw;Fj; Njitahd

Vw;ghLfis jahu;gLj;Jjy;.

• rhjhuz Nkhl;lhu; thfd Fw;wq;fis> Gjpa njhopy;El;gk; ifahsg;gl;L

fz;lwptjw;Fk; mit njhlu;gpy; ePjpkd;wj;Jf;Fr; nry;yhJ jz;lg;gzk;

tpjpg;gjd; %yk; jPu;j;Jf; nfhs;tjw;Fk; eltbf;ifnaLj;jy;.

• ePjpkd;wq;fspy; tof;Ffisj; jPu;g;gjw;fhf Njrpa nkhopia gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;sy;

kw;Wk; tof;Fj; jPu;Tfis jhd; tpUg;gkhd nkhopapy; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;F

jug;gpdu;fSf;F cupik toq;Fjy;.

• khtl;l ePjpkd;wj;Jf;F rku;gpf;fg;gLfpd;w tof;Ffs; tpidj;jpwd;tha;e;j

Kiwapy; jPu;g;gjw;fhd nray;Kiwia cUthf;Fjy;.

nghyp]; Nrit

epfo;fhyj;jpy; ,yq;if nghyp]huhy; epiwNtw;wg;gLfpd;w Nritfs; gw;wp rhjhuz

kf;fs; kj;jpapy; mt;tsthf tuNtw;G fpilg;gjpy;iy. ,d;wstpy; nghJkf;fs;

nghyp]huplkpUe;J mjpfsT tpyfpAs;sdu;. ,yq;if nghyp]; Nritia nghJkf;fSf;F

kpfTk; neUq;fpa Nritnahd;whf cUthf;Ftjw;Fk; kw;Wk; mjd; tpidj;jpwid

mjpfupg;gjDhlhf el;GwTldhd nghyp]; Nritnahd;wpid epiyehl;Ltjw;Fk;

eltbf;ifnaLj;jy;.

,g;NghJ epiyehl;lg;gl;Ls;s nghyp]; Mizf;FO cz;ikahfNt RahjPd

epWtdkhf cUthf;Ffpd;Nwhk;.

• nghJkf;fsplkpUe;J tpyfpAs;s nghyp]; Nrit rhjhuz kf;fSld; neUq;fpa

njhlu;gpid Vw;gLj;Jk; tifapy; nghyp]; kf;fs; cwTf; FO epWTk;

epfo;rpj;jpl;lnkhd;wpid nray;gLj;Jjy;.

68


• nghyp]; Nritapd; midj;J epakdq;fs;;> gjtpAau;Tfs;> ,lkhw;wq;fs;

murpay; FWf;fPLfspd;wp Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhf nghyp]; Mizf;FOTf;F mjpfhuk;

toq;Fjy;.

• nghyp]hUf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; midj;J Kiwg;ghLfisAk; 06 khjq;fSf;F

Kd;du; tprhuiznra;J KbTnra;a Ntz;baJld; mt;thW nra;aKbahj

Mtzf; Nfhitfs; njhlu;ghf nghyp]huhy; Mizf;FOTf;F mwpf;ifaplg;gl

Ntz;Lk;.

• Fw;wtpay; tprhuizf;fhf gapw;rp> GJ njhopy;El;g fUtpfs; kw;Wk; jfty;

njhopy;El;gk; ifahsg;gLk;.

• nghyp]; Nritia njhopy;rhu; nghyp]; Nritahf cUthf;Fk; nghUl;L

Njitg;gLfpd;w mwpT kw;Wk; gapw;rpia toq;FtJ njhlu;ghf nghyp];

gy;fiyf;fofq;fs; tpiuthf epWtg;gl;L Fw;wtpay; mwpT kw;Wk; Fw;wtpay;

ePjp> nghyp]; - kf;fs; ,ilNaahd cwTfs;> kjpAiufs;> cstpay; Nghd;w

Jiwfs; njhlu;ghd gl;lg; gapw;rpg; ghlnewpfisg; gapy;tjw;fhd tha;g;Gfs;

Vw;gLj;jg;gLk;.

• rk;gs kw;Wk; nfhLg;gdTfis KO mur Nritf;Fk; rktpfpjhrug;gb

mjpfupg;gjw;Fk;> ,yQ;rk;> Coy; kw;Wk; Nkhrbfis nghyp]; NritapypUe;;J

xopg;gjw;Fkhd tpNrl Gydha;Tg; gpupT kpfTk; Mw;wy;tha;e;j Kiwapy;

nghyp];> rptpy; rl;lq;fs;; Nghd;w Jiwfs;; xUq;fpize;j mYtyu;fisf;

nfhz;L epWTk; nghUl;L rl;lq;fs; jahupf;fg;gLk;. mJ nghWg;Gf;$wNtz;baJ

nghyp]; Mizf;FOTf;F khj;jpuNkahFk;.

• rl;luPjpaw;w Kiwapy; nghJ kf;fs; kPJ jpzpf;fg;gLk; mOj;jq;;fs;> jhf;Fjy;fs;>

ngha;f; Fw;wr;rhl;Lf;fs; jahu;gLj;jp rpiwapyilj;jy; kw;Wk; murpay;

Njitg;ghLfspd; mbg;gilapy; nghJkf;fSf;F Gupfpd;w Jd;GWj;jy;fspd;NghJ

mjw;F vjpuhf nray;gLtjw;F Gjpa Kiwapy; epWtg;gLfpd;w nghyp];

Mizf;FOtpd; fPo; nraw;gLfpd;w tpNrl Gydha;Tg; gpupTf;F mjpfhuk;

toq;fg;gLk;.

• jpwik tha;e;j nghyp]; cj;jpNahfj;ju;fis kjpg;gpLjy;| gzk;> ntFkjpfs;

kw;Wk; rhd;wpjo;fis toq;Fk; epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lKk; mtu;fSf;F ntspehl;Lg;

gapw;rpfis toq;Fk; epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lKk; nray;Kiwg;gLj;jg;gly;.

• nghyp]; Nritf;Fupa ghupa gpur;rpidahTs;s tjptplk; gw;wpa gpur;rpidiaj;

jPu;g;gjw;F eltbf;if vLf;fg;gLtJld; mjd; %yk; tPlw;w midj;J

nghyp]; cj;jpNahfj;ju;fSf;Fk; tPLfis toq;Fk; epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lk;

nray;Kiwg;gLj;jg;gly;.

69


gpui[fspd; nghWg;Gfs;

mgptpUj;jpaile;j [dehaf r%fj;ijj; Njhw;Wtpf;Fk; nray;ghl;bd;NghJ gpui[

ce;jg;gl;l mur njhopw;ghl;Lld; njhlu;gLtJ mj;jpatrpakhdjhFk;. FbAupikia

gw;wp tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;Jk;NghJ FbauRf;Fs; rl;luPjpahd FbAupik ngWk;

midtUk; rkkhd gpui[fshff; fUjg;gLk; vd;w fhuzk; typAWj;jg;gLtJld;>

,uz;lhk; kl;lj;jpy; gpui[fs; ,Uf;Fk; FbauRf;Fs; kdpj nfsutk; ghJfhf;fg;gl

khl;lhnjd typAWj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Kd;nkhopTfs;

• rfy gpui[fsplKk; jd;dplKs;s rhj;jpag;ghLfs; kw;Wk; Mw;wy;fisg;

gad;gLj;jp mtw;iw nkU$l;b Nkk;gLj;jpf;nfhs;tjw;fhf fy;tpapd; cr;rstpid

miljy; Ntz;Lk;;. Mifahy;> fy;tp ngWjy; kw;Wk; mwpthy; jk;ik jpde;NjhWk;

tsg;gLj;jpf;nfhs;tJ gpui[apd; flikahfTk;; nghWg;ghfTk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;

gLtJld; mjw;fhf mur Rje;jpukhd fy;tp njhopw;ghl;bid ifahStjw;Fs;s

midj;Jg; gpui[fspdJk; cupikia cWjpg;gLj;JtjhFk;.

• gpui[f;F r%fj;jpy; Nkhjy;fs; FiwAk; tifapy; kw;Wk; ehl;ltu;fspilNa

mikjp Vw;gLk; tifapy; nray;gLk; nghWg;Gk; flikAk; cs;sJ. Mifahy;

gy; fyhrhu R+oypy; thOfpd;w gpui[apd; nghWg;ghf miktJ midj;J

fyhrhuq;fSf;Fk; kjpg;gspj;J r%f ey;ypzf;fj;ij cWjpg;gLj;Jk; tifapy;

nray;gLtjhFk;. gpui[ kw;Wk; murpay; KiwapilNa gu];gu njhlu;G

fhzg;gLtjhy; murpay; njhopw;ghl;Lldhd [dehaf nray;Kiwapy; gpui[apd;

nghWg;ghdJ rpwg;Gg; ngWfpd;wJ. murpay; kw;Wk; r%f Kiwf;Fs; kpfTk;

rpwe;j Kiwapy; [dehaf uPjpapy; Nju;jy; njhopw;ghl;bw;F gq;fspj;jy;> rupahd

mNgl;rfu;fisj; Nju;e;njLj;jy;> murpay; Kiwapy; Nkhrb kw;Wk; CoYf;F

vjpuhf nray;gLjy; Nghd;w fhuzpfs; gpui[apd; flikahf Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;L

mjw;fhf mtu;fis nray;gLk; tpjj;jpy; xj;Jiog;igg; ngwy;.

• gpui[fs; epiyg;ghl;Lldhd nghUshjhuk; kw;Wk; Rw;Wr;R+oy; njhopw;ghl;bw;F

gq;fspg;Gnra;a Ntz;bAs;sJ. ehl;L tsq;fs; kw;Wk; ,aw;ifr; Rw;whliy

vjpu;fhy gpui[fSk; gad;ghl;bw;F vLf;Fk; tifapy; gad;gLj;Jjy; kw;Wk;

Rw;whly; rkepiy kw;Wk; nghUshjhu eLepiy midtUf;Fk; fpilf;Fk;

tpjj;jpy; nray;gLj;Jk; nghWg;G gpui[fSf;F cs;sJ.

70


cWjpkpf;f ,yq;iftYthjhukpf;f nghUshjhuj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;GtJk; mjd;gad;fis

kf;fspilNa ePjpahf gfpu;e;jspg;gJk; cWjpkpf;f,yq;ifiaf;

fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;fhd mbg;gilahf mikAk;. tptrhak;> ifj;njhopy;>

fhy;eil> ngUe;Njhl;lk; kw;Wk; ifj;njhopy; Mfpadtw;iwf; fl;bnaOg;Gk;

NghJ vjpu;fhyj; Njitg;ghLfis ftdj;jpw; nfhz;L> etPd mwpT kw;Wk;

njhopEl;gk; vd;gd mj;JiwfSf;F cs;thq;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. cyf

ehLfspilNa mgpkhdkpf;f ehnlhd;whf ,yq;ifia jpfor; nra;tjw;F>

vkf;F tYthdnjhU ntspehl;Lf; nfhs;ifAk;> Ml;rpapd; vy;iyfs;

kw;Wk;; kf;fspd; ghJfhg;G njhlu;ghd Gjpa tiutpyf;fzj;Jld; $ba

Njrpa ghJfhg;Gf; nfhs;ifAk; mtrpakhfpd;wd.,t;tidj;J JiwfspdJk;

milTfspd; Clhf kPz;nlOk; ,yq;ifiaf; fl;bnaOg;g KbAk; vd;gJ

jpz;zk;.

71


jukpf;f tho;tpid Nehf;fpa rKjha mbg;gilapyhd Rw;whly;

eyd;kpf;f njhopEl;gj;Jld; ,ize;j cWjpkpf;f nghUshjhuk;

jw;Nghija nghUshjhu neUf;fb epiyapd; jd;ik

Rje;jpuj;jpw;Fg; gpd;du; 71 Mz;L fhykhf khwp khwp Ml;rpf;F te;j murhq;fq;fs;

filg;gpbj;j gy;NtW nfhs;iffspD}lhf ghupa fld; RikAld; $baJk;> nghUshjhu

rikepiyaw;wJk;> jkJ tho;f;ifia nfhz;L nry;tjw;F ,d;Ndhud;d Jauq;fis

mDgtpf;fpd;wJk>; tWikapy; thLfpd;wJk;> ntspehLfspd;; kPJ jq;fpAs;sJk;>

r%f> fyhr;rhu kw;Wk; Rw;whly; ngWkjpfs; tpiyNghFk;> mbikkpf;f nghUshjhu

Kiwiknahd;Nw vk;kPJ jpzpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

1977 fspy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l jpwe;j nghUshjhu kWrPuikg;Gf;fspd; gpd;du;

gy;NtW epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fs; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;l NghjpYk; mit ntWkNd

gpj;jyhl;lq;fshf khj;jpuNk fhzg;gl;ld. mjd; jPa tpisTfshf ke;jfjpapyhd

nghUshjhu tpUj;jp> tUkhdg; gq;fPl;L Kuz;ghL> nkhj;j Njrpa cw;gj;jpf;F gpuNjr

gq;fspg;G Kuz;ghL>vjpu;kiwahd me;epar; nryhtzp tpfpjk;> Ntiytha;g;gpd;ik>

gztPf;fk; Nghd;w nghUshjhu Rl;bfs; vd;gdtw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. 2017 Mz;by;

,yq;ifapd; xU MSf;fhd mz;zsthd Njrpa cw;gj;jp mnkupf;f nlhyu; 4>065

Mf ,Ue;j NghjpYk; mjw;F Ie;J jrhg;jq;fSf;F Kd;du; vkf;Fr; rkkhdsT

tUkhdk; ngw;w nfhupah> rpq;fg;G+u; Nghd;w ehLfspy; mg; ngWkhdk; KiwNa

m.nlh. 30>000 kw;Wk; 55>000 I tpQ;rpAs;sJ. tUkhdg; gfpu;T Kuz;ghL Fwpj;J

Nehf;Fk; NghJ nkhj;j Njrpa tUkhdj;jpd; miuthrpf;F mjpfkhdsT mjhtJ

50.8% gfpug;gLtJ ehl;bd; rdj;njhifapd; nry;te;ju;fshd 20% kf;fspilNa MtJld; twpa 20% kf;fSf;F 4.8% tPjkhd rpwpasNt gfpug;gLfpd;wJ. 14

,yl;r FLk;gq;fSf;F mjpf kf;fs; ,d;Wtiuapy; rKu;j;jp eydpd; kPJ jq;fp

tho;fpd;wikahdJ ,e; epiyia ed;F tpsf;Ffpd;wJ.

1955 fspy; mur tuT nryTj;jpl;lj;jpy; &gh 117 kpy;ypad; kpif mwpf;ifaplg;gl;l

NghjpYk;> 2017 Mk; Mz;by; mJ &gh 733>494 kpy;ypad; gw;whf;Fiwahf

gpd;dile;jikf;F gpioahd nfhs;iffs;> nraw;jpwdw;w mur epjprhu; Kfhikj;Jtk;>

tPz;tpuak;> Coy; Nkhrb vd;gdNt fhuzq;fshf mike;jd. murtUkhdk;; kPz;LtUk;

nrytpdj;;ij nrYj;jpj; jPu;f;f Kbahj epiy fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. tuTnryTj;jpl;l

gw;whf;Fiw kw;Wk; nfhLg;gdT kPjp epYit nrYj;jpj; jPu;g;gjw;Fk; flidj; jPu;g;gjw;Fk;

njhlu;e;Njr;irahf fld; vLf;fg;gl;ljd; fhuzkhf jPu;f;fg;glhj nkhj;jf; mur fld;

,Jtiu &gh 11>00 gpy;ypad; njhifia tpQ;rpAs;sJ. ehL ghupa fld; neUf;fbapy;

72


rpf;Fz;Ls;sJ. mjw;fika ehl;bd; xt;nthU gpuirAk; &gh 525>000 fld; nrYj;j

Ntz;ba epiyf;F MshfpAs;sJ. 2017 Mk; Mz;by; mur flDf;fhd tl;b kw;Wk;

jtizf; nfhLg;gdTfs; &gh 1>603 gpy;ypad; Mf ,Ue;jJld;> mJ mur nkhj;j

tUkhdj;jpd; 90% mz;kpj;jpUe;jJ. mg;NghJ fy;tp> Rfhjhuk;> mgptpUj;jp> cl;gl

Vida gpw nryTfs; njhlu;ghf vQ;rpapUf;Fk; tUkhdk; 10% Md rpW njhifahFk;.

Nghjpa me;epar; nryhtzpia <l;Ltjw;F jFe;j cw;gj;jprhu; nghUshjhuk;

,y;yhjpUe;jik> Vw;Wkjp Nghd;W ,Uklq;F ,wf;Fkjp nra;ag;gl;lik> ntspehl;L

,Ug;Gf;fspd; msT gbg;gbahf tPo;r;raile;jikapd; fhuzkhf &ghtpd;

ngWkjpapwf;fk; njhlu;e;Njr;irahf tPo;r;rpaile;J nry;Yk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

,e;epiy Nebahf ntspehl;L KjyPl;L Cf;Ftpg;Gf;fis ,og;gjw;Fk; gztPf;fk;

mjpfupg;gjw;Fk; fhuzpahf mike;jJ. fl;Lg;gLj;jg;glhj gztPf;fk; fhuzkhf

cs;sgbahd NtjdKk; Jupjkhf tPo;r;rpAw;wJ.

nghUshjhu nfhs;iffspd; kPjhd mbg;gilg; Nfhl;ghLfs;

• mgpkhdkpf;f gpuirfshf Njrpa nghUshjhuj;jpw;F gq;fspg;Gr; nra;tjw;fhd

re;ju;g;gj;ij cUthf;Fjy; kw;Wk; nghUsjhu eyd;fis kf;fspilNa ePjpahd

tifapy; gfpu;jy;

• gpuhe;jpa nghUshjhu Kuz;ghLfs; kw;Wk; tUkhdg; gfpu;T Kuz;ghl;bid

kl;Lg;gLj;jy;

• fk;gdpfs; my;yJ rpy jdpegu;fspilNa nghUshjhu gyj;ij Ftpg;gjw;F

gjpyhf Rje;jpuk; kw;Wk; rkepiyia mbg;gilahf nfhz;l nghUshjhu

rdehafj;ij jhgpj;jy;.

• czTfSf;fhd ghJfhg;ig cUthf;Fjy;> fld; Kuz; Row;rpapypUe;J kPsy;>

Njrpa cw;gj;jp mgptpUj;jp kw;Wk; ghJfhg;G nfhs;iffs; %yk; nghUshjhu

Mjpf;fj;ij cWjpg;gLj;jy;.

• capu; gy;tifik kw;Wk; Rw;whly; Kiwikfis ghJfhj;J ,aw;if

tsq;fis tYthjhukpf;f tifapy; gad;gLj;jy;

• kf;fspd; tho;f;ifia ,yFthf;fy; kw;Wk; cw;gj;jpj;jpwid mjpfupj;jy;

njhlu;ghf crpjkhd njhopEl;gk; kw;Wk; (Appropirate Technology) #l;bif

epu;thf Kiwik (Smart Governance System) %yk; nghUshjhu nraw;ghLfis

b[pl;ly; kag;gLj;jy;.

• gilg;ghw;wy;> Gj;jhf;fk;> r%f kw;Wk; kf;fSf;NfAupj;jhd jdpj;Jtkhd mwpT

(Tacit Knowledge) kw;Wk; jpwd;fis (Competencies) cw;gj;jp nraw;Kiwapy;

ifahsy;.

• ntspthupahd kw;Wk; cs;thupahf Vw;gLk; ve;jnthU ghjpg;igAk;

<LnfhLf;ff;$ba tifapy; nghUshjhuj;;ijf; fl;bnaOg;Gjy;.

73


ifj;njhopy;

• ifj;njhopypy; <LgLtJ njhlu;ghf Nghjpa nghUshjhu rdehafj;ij

cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; capu; gy;tifik kw;Wk; eyd;gaf;Fk; Rw;whlyiyg;

NgZtjw;Fk; cupa njhopy; newpKiw kw;Wk; mZFKiwfisf; ifahsy;

• nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jpapd; rq;fpypg; gilahf Njrpa Kaw;rpahz;ikAld;

$ba Ez;> rpwpastpyhd kw;Wk; eLj;justpyhd ifj;njhopy;fis Cf;Ftpj;jy;

• ifj;njhopy; mgptpUj;jp njhlu;ghf gy;fiyf;fofq;fs;> mur kw;Wk; jdpahu;

epWtdq;fs; kw;Wk; ifj;njhopy; Jiwapy; Nju;r;rp ngw;wtu;fis ,izj;J

'xUq;fpize;j Muha;rrp; kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jp epWtdk;" xd;iw jhgpj;jy;.

• tpidj;jpwd;> cw;gj;jpj;jpwd; kw;Wk; jur;rpwg;gpid tpUj;jp nra;jy;>

ifj;njhopyhsu;fspd; Njitg;ghL> ,aysT kw;Wk; jpwd; Mfpatw;iw

mbg;gilahf nfhz;L crpjkhd njhopEl;g Kiwfis mile;J nfhs;tjw;F

mtrpakhd mur jiyaPL.

• ifj;njhopy; Jiw njhlu;ghf cw;gj;jp> re;ij> njhopEl;gk;> vjpu;fhyg;

Nghf;Ffs;> fpuak;> %yjd Njitg;ghL> ,lu; kw;Wk; gpw nghUshjhu

jfty;fis cs;slf;fpa 'kj;jpa epfo;epiy jfty; Kiwik" (Centralized Online Information System) xd;iwj; jhgpj;jy;.

• Nghjpa cl;fl;likg;G trjpfis toq;fp> tpisepyj;jpypUe;J ifj;njhopiy

,izf;fpd;w 'tptrha mbg;gilapyhd ifj;njhopy; tiyaikg;G" (Agro Based Industry Networks) xd;iw Cf;Ftpj;jy;.

• tptrha cw;gj;jpfs; kw;Wk; ,uj;jpdk; cl;gl fdpa tsq;fis %yg;nghUl;fshf

Vw;Wkjp nra;tjw;Fg; gjpyhf ngWkjp Nru; Gjpa Vw;Wkjp cw;gj;jpf;

ifj;njhopnyhd;iw jhgpj;jy;.

• cyfshtpa toq;fy; rq;fpyp (Global Supply Chains) cld; ,ize;J

,yj;jpudpay;> Nkhl;lhu; thfdq;fs; kw;Wk; fzdp nkd;nghUl; Jiwfspy;

Kjd;ikaplj;ijg; gpbg;gjw;F cupa eltbf;iffis vLj;jy;.

• flw;nwhopypy; <LgLgtu;fis tpepNahfr; rq;fpypapy; ,izj;Jf;nfhz;L

cupa cl;fl;likg;G trpjpfis toq;fp ifj;njhopiy tpUj;jp nra;jy;

• tptrhak;> flw;nwhopy; kw;Wk; epu;khzpg;G Mfpa Jiwfs; rk;ge;jkhf Nghjpa

nghwpj;njhFjpfisj; jahupj;jy;.

• ntspehl;Lr; re;ijia ,yf;fhf nfhz;l rKjha mbg;ilapyhd 'cw;gj;jprhu;

ifj;njhopy; fpuhkq;fis" jhgpj;jy;.

• tpidj;jpwd; kw;Wk; cw;gj;jpj;jpwid mjpfupg;gJ njhlu;ghf Copau;fSf;F

cupikiag; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sf;$bathW Copau; $l;LwT (Worker Coops)epWtd fl;likg;gpid mwpKfg;gLj;jy; .

74


• NritjUeu;> gzpahsu; rftho;tpD}lhf njhopEl;g xw;Wikia cWjpg;gLj;Jk;

gq;Fjhu Kfhikj;Jt (Stakeholder Management) vz;zf;fUtpid

mwpKfg;gLj;jy;.

• fg;gy; epukhzpg;G kw;Wk; kWrPuikg;G njhlu;ghf Nghjpa cl;fl;likg;G

trjpfis toq;Fjy; .

• jw;NghJ %lg;gl;Ls;s Njrpa ifj;njhopy;fs; Fwpj;J rhj;jpag;ghl;L Ma;T

Nkw;nfhz;L etPd njhopEl;g gad;ghl;Lld; kPs Muk;gpj;jy;

• vz;nza; Rj;jpfupg;gpid jdpnahU ifj;njhopyhf Nkk;gLj;jy; kw;Wk; mjid

mz;ba cw;gj;jpfs; njhlu;ghf ifj;njhopy; tiyaikg;nghd;iwj; jhgpj;jy;.

• etPd mwpT kw;Wk; njhopEl;gj;jpidg; gad;gLj;jp Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;l gpuNjr rig

MSifg; gpuNjrj;jpDs; '100 cw;gj;jp jahupg;G kw;Wk; re;ij epiyaq;fis"

Kjy; ,U Mz;LfspYk; jhgpj;jy;.

• mur epWtdq;fSf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd thfdq;fis jpUj;Jjy; kw;Wk; Ngzy;

njhlu;ghf etPd njhopEl;g epiyaq;fis jhgpj;jy;.

• FLk;g - nghOJNghf;F njhlu;ghf Njrpa uPjpapy; 'jPk; ghu;f;" (Theme Parks) jhgpj;jy;.

Nritg; gpupT

tpidj;jpwd; tpUj;jpapD}lhf ngWkjpia epu;zapj;jy;

• kj;jpa jfty; Kiwiknahd;wpD}lhf nghJr; Nrit trjpfis toq;Ftij

fz;fhzpj;jy; kw;Wk; Nkw;ghu;it nra;tjw;Fk; epWtdf; fl;likg;nghd;wpidj;

jhgpj;jy;> mr;Nritfspd; juj;jpid Nkk;gLj;jy; kw;Wk; xUq;fpizf;fg;gl;l

R+l;bif epu;thf Kiwik (Integrated Smart Governance System) xd;iwj;

jhgpj;jy;.

• nghJr; Nrit trjpfis tpidj;jpwd;kpf;f tifapy; toq;FtJ njhlu;ghf

Nghjpa cl;fl;likg;G trjpfis mgptpUj;jp nra;jy;.

• epjp> Nghf;Ftuj;J> fhg;GWjp> nra;jpg;gupkhw;wk;> nyh[p];upf; Kfhikj;Jtk;

cl;gl cupa Nghjpa Nrit Jiwfspy; tpNrl mtjhdk; nrYj;jp

mtw;iw tptrha kw;Wk; ifj;njhopy; JiwfSld; xd;wpizj;jy;.

• ePu;> kpd;rhuk;> vupnghUs; kw;Wk; vupthA Nghd;w Efu;Tr; Nritfis

njhlu;e;Njr;irahfTk; epahakhd tpiyapYk; toq;fg;gLtij cWjpg;gLj;jy;.

• cl;fl;ikg;G trjpfs; kw;Wk; etPd njhopEl;g cgfuzq;fisf; nfhz;l

jukpf;f kw;Wk; tpidj;jpwd;kpf;f Nrit toq;fg;gLk; nghUshjhu ikaq;fis

Nkk;gLj;jy;

• njhopEl;g ,aq;Fjsj;jpidf; ifahz;L Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) nraw;ghl;bid Nkk;gLj;JtJ njhlu;ghf mtrpakhFk; fl;bl kw;Wk; ePpu;

,izg;Gf;fis jhgpj;jy;

75


tpahghuk;

ePjpahd tpahghunkhd;wpd; Clhf nghUshjhuj;ij epiyepWj;jy;;

• tpahghu fzf;Ffs; epyTfpd;w ghupa epYitia Ie;jhz;LfSf;Fs;; kpifia

Nehf;fp nfhz;L nry;tjw;fhd %Nyhghaq;fisj; jahupj;jy;

• R+l;bif tpahghu ,aq;Fjsk; (Smart Trading Platform) xd;iw jhgpg;gjd; %yk; ,izaj;js tpahghuj;ij Cf;Ftpj;jy;

• Njrpa cw;gj;jpfspd; ghJfhg;G> mj;jpahthrpa gad;ghl;Lf;fhd Kf;fpaj;Jtk;>

czTg; ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; ePjpahd tpahghuk; Mfpa Nfhl;ghLfis mbg;gilahf

nfhz;l ,wf;Fkjp tpahghuj;ij nfhs;iffis kPsha;T nra;jy; kw;Wk;

ntspehl;by; nghUl;Ftpg;gjw;F vjpuhd Gjpa rl;ljpl;lq;fis tYg;gLj;jYk;

kw;Wk; ePjpahd tpahghuk; njhlu;ghd Gjpa rl;ljpl;lq;fis mwpKfg;gLj;jYk;

24 kzpNeuKk; nraw;gLk; cl;fl;likg;G trjpfisf; nfhz;l gpujhd tpahghu

epiyaq;fis Njitf;Nfw;g %Nyhgha uPjpahf Kf;fpaj;Jtk;ngWk; ,lq;fspy;

jhgpj;jy;.

• ,ilepiy tpahghuj;jpy; Vw;gLk; nraw;ghbd;ikiaAk; R+iwahliyj; jLj;jYk;

kw;Wk; ,ilj;jufu; ngWkjpia epu;zapg;gtuhf khWjy;.

• kW Vw;Wkjp kw;Wk; mghafukhd tpahghuj;ij Nehf;fhf nfhz;l ,wf;Fkjp

rk;ge;jkhf ngWkjp Nrug;gjw;F Kjyplk; toq;fg;gLtJld; Njrpa cw;gj;jpfspd;

jdpj;Jtj;jpw;F ghjpg;gpy;yhjthW mt; tpahghu eltbf;iffis nraw;gLj;jy;.

• Njrpa nghUshjhuj;jpw;F ghjpg;gpy;yhjthW ru;tNjr tpahghuj;jpd;NghJ

xg;gPl;L eyd;fisg; (Comparative Advantages) ngw;Wf; nfhs;stjw;F eltbf;if vLj;jy;.

KjyPL

ePjpahd eyd;fs; kw;Wk; ngWkjpia epu;zapj;jy;

• KjyPl;lhsu;fs; Kfq; nfhLf;Fk; neUf;fbfis kl;Lg;gLj;jy;

njhlu;ghf tpidj;jpwd;kpf;f kw;Wk; cau; juj;jpyhd nrad;Kiwnahd;iw

mwpKfg;gLj;JtjD}lhf tpahghu eltbf;iffis ,yFgLj;jy;;.

• ,dq;fhzg;gl;l Gjpa tpahghuq;fs;> mur> jdpahu; kw;Wk; kf;fs; gq;fspg;G

gq;Filik (Public Private and People Partnerrships - 4Ps) Mf jhgpg;gjw;F

Nghjpa trjpfis toq;fp KjyPLfis Cf;Ftpj;jy;.

• murpdhy; jpl;lkplg;gLk; nghUshjhu ,yf;fpid mile;J nfhs;tjw;F

gq;fspg;G ey;Fk;> nghUshjhuj;jpw;F ngWkjp Nru;f;Fk; nraw;ghl;bw;F

nghWg;Gf;$Wk; jug;gpduhf jdpahu; Jiwia Vw;Wf; nfhs;sy;.

• %Nyhgha uPjpahf Kf;fpakhd Jiwfs; njhlu;ghf Kd;Dupik toq;fp

crpjkhd KjyPl;L khjpupfspd; fPo; ntspehl;L KjyPLfisf; Nfhuy;

76


• murpdhy; jpl;lkplg;gl;l nghUshjhu ,yf;Ffis mile;Jnfhs;tjw;F

gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak;> nghUshjhuj;jpw;F ngWkjp Nru;f;Fk; nraw;ghLfSf;F

nghWg;Gf;$Wk; jug;gpdu;fshf jdpahu; Jiwia ,dq;fhzy;.

• ,yq;ifapYs;s KjyPl;Lf;fhd re;ju;g;gq;fis Cf;Ftpg;gJ njhlu;ghf

ntspehLspYs;s ,yq;ifau;fis FwpaPl;L Cf;Ftpg;ghsu;fshf tiyaikg;G

nrad;Kiwnahd;wpDs; newpg;gLj;jy;.

• Njrpa nghUshjhuj;ij tYT+l;Lk; nghUl;L %Nyhgha uPjpahf Kf;fpa

Jiwfspy; rpwpastpyhd kw;Wk; eLj;justpyhd ifj;njhopy;fs; njhlu;ghf

KjyPl;lhsu;fis Cf;Ftpj;jy;

• gpuNjr mgptpUj;jpia ,yf;fhf nfhz;L kw;Wk; KjyPLfis Kiwrhu;e;jthW

<LgLj;jf;$la tifapy; jw;NghJs;s gy;NtW epjpaq;fis kWrPuikg;gjD}

lhf Gjpa kj;jpa mgptpUj;jp epjpankhd;iwj; jhgpj;jy;.

• tpahghu epWtdq;fspd; gq;Ffspy; KjyPL nra;tJ njhlu;ghf mjd;

Copau;fSf;F tha;g;Gs;s NghJ mg;gq;Ffis nfhs;tdT nra;tjw;F Nghjpa

fld; trjpfis toq;FtJ njhlu;ghf tpNrl fld; epjpankhd;iw cUthf;Fjy;

• jdpahu; Jiwapd; KjyPLfis tpupthf;fk; nra;tij Nehf;fhf nfhz;l

nrad;Kiwahf 'E}w;Wf;F xd;W (1%) " xU cupikahsu; vDk; vz;zf;fUtpd;

fPo; Gjpa fk;gdp Kiwiknahd;iwj; jhgpj;jy;

epjp

• ntspg;gilj;jd;ik kw;Wk; kf;fSf;F nghWg;Gf;$w Ntz;ba tifapy; jw;NghJ

eilKiwapYs;s epjprhu; fl;lisr; rl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; gpukhzq;fs; vd;gtw;iw

,w;iwtiug;gLj;jy; kw;Wk; Gjpa nghUshjhu nfhs;iffSf;F Vw;wthW

Gjpa rl;lq;fis mwpKfg;gLj;Jtjd; Clhf tYthd epjprhu; xOf;ftpay;

Nfhl;ghnlhd;iw cUthf;Fjy;..

• ,yq;if kj;jpa tq;fp kw;Wk; gpw mur epjp epWtdq;fis jdpahu; kag;gLj;jypy;

,Ue;J tpLtpj;jy; kw;Wk; me; epWtdq;fSf;F epakpf;fg;gLk; midj;J

epakdq;fSk; murpay; jiyaPLfspd;wp njhopw;rhu; jpwd; kw;Wk; jifikfis

khj;jpuk; mbg;gilahf nfhz;L epakpf;fg;gLjy;.

• kf;fspd; gz itg;Gf;spd; ghJfhg;gpid cWjpg;gLj;JKfkhf tpNrl 'itg;Gf;

fhg;GWjp" nraw;jpl;lnkhd;iw mKy;gLj;jy; kw;Wk; mjD}lhf Nrkpg;gpid

Cf;Ftpj;jy;.

• KjyPl;lhsu;fisg; ghJfhf;Fk; Nehf;Fld; KjyPl;Lg; ghJfhg;G epjpankhd;iw

jhgpj;jy;

• ntspehLfspy; Nritapy; <Lgl;Ls;s ,yq;ifau;fs; ntspehl;L epjpia

,yq;iff;F mDg;Gk; NghJ jw;NghJ mwtpLk; tupia ,uj;Jr; nra;jy; kw;Wk;

mjw;Fg; gjpyhf Cf;Ftpg;Gf;fis toq;Fjy;

77


• gztPf;fj;ij Kfhikg;gLj;jy; kw;Wk; epjp toq;fiy fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;F

tl;b tPjnkhd;iw njhlu;r;rpahf Muha;jy;> mtw;iw crpjkhdthW rPuhf;fy;

kw;Wk; tq;fp Kiwapy; tl;b tPj ,ilntspia fz;fhzpj;jy;

• ehzakhw;W tpfpj mtjhdj;ij kl;Lg;gLj;Jk; Nehf;fpy; Gjpa njhopEl;g

khw;wq;fSf;F Vw;wthW fpupg;Nlh epjp Nghd;w nrad;Kiwfs; kw;Wk; mjw;fika

crpjkhd eltbf;iffis vLj;jy;.

• Ez;> rpwpastpyhd kw;Wk; eLj;justpyhd tptrhak; njhlu;ghd tl;b tPjj;jpd;

fPo; Nghjpa fld; trjpfs; kw;Wk; MNyhrid Nritfis toq;Ftjw;F tpNrl

tq;fp tiyaikg;gpidj; jhgpj;jy;.

• kf;fis mdhtrpa fld;gLeu;fshf khw;Wfpd;w midj;Jtpj Kiwrhuh fld;

nrad;KiwfisAk; KjyPl;lhsu;fisAk; (Investment Schemes) jtpu;f;Fk;

nghUl;L eltbf;if vLj;jy; kw;Wk; mjw;fhf Kiwrhu;e;j KjyPLfisAk;

fld; tha;g;Gf;fisAk; tpupthf;fy;.

• %yjd kw;Wk; epjprhu; re;ij tha;g;Gf;fis tp];jupj;jy;> mjd; nfhLf;fy;

thq;fy;fspd; ntspg;gilj;jd;ikia ghJfhj;jy;>Kiwrhuh re;ij nraw;ghLfs;>

KiwNfLfs; kw;Wk; Nkhrbfis ePf;fp> fldPl;Lg; gj;jpuq;fs;>ehzakhw;W

rl;lk; kw;Wk; Vida rl;l jpl;lq;fis ,w;iwtiuahf;Fjy;.

tupf; nfhs;if

• tupf; nfhs;ifapy; cs;s rpf;fyhdJk; tpfhukhdJkhd jd;ikapid

ePf;Ftjw;Fk; tpidj;jpwid mjpfupg;gjw;Fk; jw;NghJs;s tupf; nfhs;iffis

kWrPuikj;jy;.

• jPu;khdpf;fg;gLk; mj;jpahtrpa Efu;Tg; nghUl;fSf;F tw;tup tpjpf;fhjpUj;jy;

• tup epu;thfj;jpy; tpidj;jpwid Nkk;gLj;JtJ njhlu;ghf xd;wpize;j

R+l;bif epu;thf Kiwiknahd;iw (Smart Governnace Systems) ifahsy;.

• Kw;Nghf;F tup tPjq;fisf; ifahz;L me;je;j tUkhd kl;lj;jpd; kPJ tupr;

Rik rPuhf;fy; kw;Wk; njhlu; tup tiuaiwfis kPsikg;gjD}lhf ePjpahd

jd;ikapid cWjpg;gLj;jy;

• tup tUkhdj;jpy; kiwKf tup tPjk; FiwtilAk; tifapy; tupf; nfhs;iffs;

fl;likf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

• ru;tNjr tpahghu eltbf;iffis Kfhikg;gLj;JtJ njhlu;ghf ,wf;Fkjp

kPjhd %Nyhgha jPu;it tupia mwpKfg;gLj;jy;.

78


mur fld;

• fld; Leverage %yk; nghUshjhuj;jpw;F eyd;fis nfhz;L tUtJ njhlu;ghf

jfty; njhopEl;g ,aq;Fjsj;ij gad;gLj;jp mur fld; jpizf;fsj;ij

kPs;fl;likj;jy;.

• jw;NghJs;s midj;J mur fld;fisAk; kW gl;baypLtJ njhlu;ghf fld;

toq;Fk; jug;gpdUld; fye;Jiuahly;.

• nghUshjhuj;jpw;F ngWkjp Nru;f;Fk; %Nyhgha kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jpr;

nraw;jpl;lq;fSf;fhd fld; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gLtJld; mf; fld; gad;ghl;by;

rkkhd nrhj;Jf;fis cUthf;Fjy; kw;Wk; gad;fis cUthf;Ftij

cWjpg;gLj;jy;.

• flid kPsr; nrYj;jf;$ba ,aYik> nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jpj; Njitg;ghL>

KO nkhj;j epjpf; fpuak; kw;Wk; ,lu; mbg;gilapyhd mur fld;

tpidj;jpwid Kfhikg;gLj;jy; .

Ntiytha;g;G kw;Wk; njhopw; gilazp

Njrpa nraw;ghl;L njhopw; gilazpia tp];jupj;jy;> Ntiytha;g;gpd;ikia

kl;Lg;gLj;jYk; njhopyhsu; cw;gj;jpj;jpwid mjpfupj;jy; kw;Wk; kdpjts ,lk;ngau;

Mfpa Nehf;fq;fis mile;Jnfhs;sf;$ba tifapy; %Nyhghaq;fis jahupj;jy;.

• njhopy; re;ijapy; gpuNtrpg;gjw;F ,ayhj my;yJ mJ njhlu;ghf tpUg;gkw;w

ngz;fs;> miuthrp mq;ftPKw;wtu;fs; Nghd;w r%f FOf;fis crpjkhdthW

mtu;fsJ tpUg;Gf;Nfw;wthW cw;gj;jp nrad;Kiwapd; gq;fhsu;fshf

khw;Wjy;. mjw;fika

• tPl;Lf;ifj;njhopy;fs; njhlu;ghf Nghjpa njhopEl;g trjpfis> mbg;gil

%yjdk; cl;gl Vida cl;fl;likg;G trjpfis toq;Fjy;.

• cw;gj;jpr; rq;fpypapd; ve;jnthU re;ju;g;gj;jpYk; tPl;bypUe;J gq;fspg;G

ey;ff;$ba ifj;njhy;fSld; ,izj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;F mtfhrk; Vw;gLj;jpf;

nfhLj;jy;.

• epfo;epiy kw;Wk; miuahz;L njhopy; Cf;Ftpg;G.

• rKjha mbg;gilahd mikg;Gf;fis tYg;gLj;jp mtw;wpd; gq;fspg;gpidg;ngw;Wf;

nfhz;L cw;gj;jp nrad;Kiwapy; ,izj;Jf; nfhs;sy;.

• ntspehLfspy; njhop;y; gupAk; midj;J njhopyhsu;fSk; njhopy; gilazpapd;

gq;fhf cj;jpNahfG+u;t mq;fPfhuj;ij toq;Fjy;

• ,isQu; Ntiytha;g;gpid mjpfupg;gij Nehf;fhf nfhz;L fy;tp kl;lj;jpw;F

mika njhopyhsu; gilazpia tifg;gLj;jp ,dq;fhzg;gl;l JiwfSf;F

gapw;rp mku;Tfs; kw;Wk; ghlnewpfis %yk; njhlu;e;Njr;irahf njhopw;rhu;

Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;fhd rhd;wpjo;ngw;w gapw;rpAila njhopyhus;fis cUthf;Fjy;.

• njhopy;jUeu;fs; kw;Wk; Ntiyapy;yhNjhupilNa jfty; gupkhw;w epiyankhd;iw

79


cUthf;fp jfty; njhopEl;g fUtpfs; kw;Wk; gpuNjr epu;thf myFfisg;

gad;gLj;jp Ntiyaw;wtu;fis jFe;j njhopy;fspy; <LgLj;jy;.

• njhopw;rhu; njhopyhsu;fis cUthf;Ftjd; %yk; midj;J njhopy;fs;

njhlu;ghfTk; mq;fPfhuj;ij cUthf;Fjy; kw;Wk; njhopypd; juj;ij

mjpfupj;jy;.

• cs;ehl;L kw;Wk; ntspehl;L Ntiytha;g;Gf;fspy; gaDWjpkpf;f tifapy;

gaidg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;F njhopw;gilf;F gapw;rpaspg;gjw;F ehlshtpa

uPjpapy; Ntiyj;jpl;lnkhd;iw mKy;gLj;jy;

• midj;J %d;whk;epiy fy;tp epiyaq;fspYk; khztu;fs; kw;Wk;

njhopy;jUeu;fspilNa ,izg;Gf;fis Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhd mynfhd;wpid

cUthf;Fjy;.

• midj;J njhopyhsu;fSk; jkJ Jiwapy; Gjpa Nghf;Ffs; kw;Wk; rthy;fs;

njhl;ghd Gupe;Jzu;tpidg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhd re;ju;g;gq;fis tpupTgLj;jy;.

• me;je;j njhopYf;F Vw;wthW Gjpa njhopEl;g cgfuzq;fs; kw;Wk; mtw;wpd;

gad;ghL njhlu;ghd mwptpid ,w;iwtiug;gLj;jy;.

• njhopy; tha;g;Gf;fs; kw;Wk; cupa jFjpfs; gw;wpa jfty;fisg; ngw;Wf;

nfhs;sf;$ba jfty; epiyankhd;iwj; jhgpj;jy;.

• jd;dhy; ,aYkhdtpy; nraw;if mwptpidg; (AI) gad;gLj;jp nghJkf;fspd; Ntiy nra;Ak; fhyj;ij gbg;gbahf Fiwj;jy; kw;Wk; vQ;rpa Neuj;ij

NtW r%f> fyhrhu kw;Wk; nghJ Ntiynahd;wpy; <LgLj;jy;.

• fy;tpj; jfikfs;> jpwd;fs; kw;Wk; Nju;r;rpfis mbg;gilahf nfhz;l mur

$l;Lj;jhgdq;fs; kw;Wk; Vida mur Jiwrhu; epWtdq;fspy; murpay;

jiyaPLfspd;wp mYtyu;fis ,izj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; nghwpKiwnahd;iw

cUthf;Fjy;.

• tpQ;Qhd mbg;gilapy; KOikahd njhopy;tha;g;gpy; <LgLtJ njhlu;ghf

kdpj ts jpl;lkply;> fy;tp> Rfhjhuk;> jfty; njhopEl;gk; nfhs;iffSld;

xd;wpizj;jy;.

• Ntiytha;g;Gf;fs; njhlu;ghf njupT nra;Ak; NghJ Gwf;fzpg;Gf;fs;

nra;ahjpUj;jy; kw;Wk; midtUf;Fk; rk re;ju;g;gk; toq;Fk; Nfhl;ghl;bid

filg;gpbj;jy;.

• tpNrl fhuzq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; ,Jtiuapy; njhopw;gilazpapy; ,izj;Jf;

nfhs;tjw;F Kbahkw; Nghd midtUf;Fk; mbg;gilj; Njitfis G+u;j;jp

nra;J nfhs;tjw;Fg; Nghjpa nfhLg;gdtpid toq;Fjy;.

• jw;Nghjia epiyikf;F Vw;wthW kw;Wk; njhopiy tpidj;jpwd;kpf;f

tifapYk; gad;gLj;jf;$ba tifapYk; epyTfpd;w midj;J rl;lj;jpl;lq;fs;

kw;Wk; fl;lisr; rl;lq;fis mwpKfg;gLj;jy;.

• jdpahu; Jiwapd; midj;J juhjuq;fspYk; njhopyhsu;fs; cs;slq;Fk;

80


tifapy; Rfhjhu / MAl;fhg;GWjp jpl;lnkhd;iw mwpKfg;gLj;jy;.

• midj;J gpuirfSk; cs;slq;Fk; tifapy; r%f ghJfhg;G epjpankhd;iw

jhgpj;jy;

• jw;NghJs;s Xa;T+jpa jpl;lq;fspYs;s Kuz;ghLfis ePf;Fjy; kw;Wk; Gjpa

rl;lq;fis mwpKfg;gLj;jy;

epu;khzpg;Gj; Jiw

• tpQ;Qhd uPjpahd kw;Wk; murpay; rhu;gw;w mbg;gilapy; itj;J epu;khzpg;G

nraw;jpl;lq;fis Kjdpiyg;gLj;jy;.

• KOg; gy;fiyf;fof KiwikfisAk; xd;wpizj;J tYthjhukpf;f

epu;khzpg;G mgptpUj;jpia Kjd;ikahf nfhz;l kj;jpa epu;khzpg;G Muha;r;rp

epWtdnkhd;iw jhgpj;jy;.

• mur epu;khzpg;G ngWifapy; jw;NghJ Nehf;fg;gLk; fpuak; kw;Wk; njhopEl;g

tplaq;fSf;F Nkyjpfkhd Rw;whly; eyd;gaf;Fk; Nfs;tpNfhuYf;Fk; ,izg;

ngWkjpia toq;Fjy;

• epu;khzpg;G kw;Wk; njhopEl;g gpzf;Ffisj; jPu;g;gjw;F tpNrl ePjpkd;wnkhd;iwj;

jhgpj;jy;.

• epu;khzpg;G xg;ge;jq;fSf;F cupajhf 90 ehl;fSs; midj;J

nfhLg;gdTfisAk; KbTWj;Jtjw;F mtrpakhd rl;luPjpahd Vw;ghLfis

nfhz;LtUjYk; mtrpakhd nrad;Kiwfis mwpKfg;gLj;jYk;

• mur epu;khzpg;G ngWif nrad;Kiwapy; Nfhug;glhj Nfs;tpfisg; ngWtij

ijupakpof;fr; nra;jy; kw;Wk; jw;NghJs;s mur ngWif nrad;Kiwia

njhopEl;g xUq;fpizg;gpD}lhf Kiwg;gLj;jy;

• jw;NghJ mKy;gLj;jg;gLk; nr]; tup ePf;Fjy; kw;Wk; epu;khzpg;G

Jiwapy; tiuaw;W mjpfupj;Jf; fhzg;gLk; %yg;nghUl;fspd; tpiyia

tPo;r;rpAWj;Jtjw;F eltbf;if vLg;gjd; %yk; nrytpLk; njhiff;F cr;r

ngWkjpiag; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$bathW nkhj;j toq;fy; tiyaikg;gpidAk;

fz;fhzpj;jy;.

• kf;fs; fUj;Jf; fzpg;Gf;fis mj;jpahtrpakhf nfhz;l cz;ikahd

rhj;jpag;ghl;L Ma;TfSf;F MjuT toq;Fjy;

• Njrpa epu;khzpg;G gapw;rp Fohnkhd;iw jhgpj;jy;> mjpy; Ie;J ,yl;rk;

gapw;rpngw;w njhopyhsu; guk;giunahd;iw cUthf;Fjy;> midj;J Njrpa

epu;khzpg;Gf;fs; njhlu;ghfTk; mtu;fsJ G+uz xj;Jiog;gpidg; ngw;Wf;

nfhs;sy; kw;Wk; ntspehl;L re;ijf;Fg; gpuNtrpg;gjw;F mtrpakhd mur

jiyaPLfis toq;Fjy;

• epu;khzj;Jiwapy; <Lgl;Ls;s midj;J jug;gpdu;fSf;fhfTk; kj;jpa ghJfhg;G

81


kw;Wk; Xa;T+jpa jpl;lnkhd;iw mwpKfg;gLj;jy;.

Rw;Wyhf; ifj;njhopy;

• Mrpahtpd; ftu;r;rpfukhd Rw;Wyh nrhu;f;fGupahf ,yq;ifia jpfor;

nra;jy;

• nghUshjhu> fyhrhu> r%f gpur;rpidfsw;w ek;gfukhd Rw;Wyh

Kaw;rpahz;ikia ,yq;ifapy; cUthf;Fjy;.

• kdpj tsq;fis Rw;Wyh Kaw;rpahz;ikAld; xd;wpizj;J rKjha Nfe;jpu

Rw;Wyh Kaw;rpahz;iknahd;iw cUthf;Fjy;.

• fyhrhu> r%f> Rw;whly; kw;Wk; njhy;nghUspay; ngWkhdq;fisg; ghJfhf;Fk;

tifapy; Rw;Wyh tyaq;fis tifg;gLj;jy; kw;Wk; Cf;Ftpj;jy;

• Rw;Wyh Kaw;rpahz;ikia mgptpUj;jp nra;tij ,yf;fhf nfhz;l mur

cau;fy;tp epWtdq;fis jhgpj;jy;.

• Rw;Wyh topfhl;bfs; cl;gl Vida Nrit toq;Feu;fis xd;wpizj;J

xNu tiyaikg;gpy; ,izj;jy; kw;Wk; mr;Nrit toq;Fjy; njhlu;ghf

mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;l gad;ghLfs; kw;Wk; newpKiwfis jahupj;jy;.

• fy;tpj;Jiw kw;Wk; njhopEl;gj; Jiwia ,izj;J Rw;Wyh Muha;r;rp

kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jp epWtdnkhd;iwj; jhgpj;jy;.

• Rw;Wyh tyaq;fspd; rk;gpujhaG+u;t kUj;Jt Kiwfs;> jpahd Kiwfis

Njrpa fiy gilg;Gf;fs; kw;Wk; Njrpa czT tiffis Rw;Wyhg;

gazpfspilNa gpugy;ag;gLj;Jtjw;F eltbf;if vLj;jy;.

• Rw;Wyhf; ifj;njhopy; rhu;e;j N`hl;ly; cupikahsu;fs;> rikaw;fhu;fs; kw;Wk;

Vida Kfhikahu;fSf;F cyfpd; Kd;Ndfw;wukhd Rw;Wyh tyaq;fspd;

mwpT kw;Wk; mDgtg; gupkhw;wy;fis toq;Fjy;.

• nghyp]; kw;Wk; kf;fspilNa njhlu;Gfis Vw;gLj;jp #l;bif epu;thf

Kiwikfis gad;gLj;jp Rw;Wyhg;gazpfspd; ghJfhg;gpid cWjpg;gLj;jf;$ba

tifapy; ghJfhg;G Ntiyj;jpl;lnkhd;iw mKy;gLj;jy;.

• Rw;Wyhg; gazpfSf;F ,yFthf jfty;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sf; $ba

tifapy; ,izaj;jsnkhd;W cl;gl N`hl;ly; kw;Wk; Nghf;Ftuj;J rk;ge;jkhd

ek;gfukhd nghwpKiwnahd;iw tbtikj;jy;.

82


,yq;ifapd; ngUe;Njhl;lj;JiwNjapiy> ,wg;gu; kw;Wk; njd;id Nghd;w gapu;fs; gpujhdkhfTk; fUk;G> ghk;>

Ke;jpup Nghd;wit rpwpjstpYk; cs;slf;fg;gl;l ngUe;Njhl;lj;Jiw gapw;nra;if

nkhj;j cs;ehl;L cw;gj;jpapy; 2 rjtPj gq;fspg;ig nra;fpd;wd. ,g;gapw;nra;if Rkhu;

0.9 kpy;ypad; n`f;Nuau; epyg;gug;gpy; gapuplg;gLfpd;wJ. nkhj;j tUthapy; Rkhu; 20

rjtPj gq;fspg;ig ngUe;Njhl;lj;Jiw ngw;Wj; jUtNjhL mjd; KOikahd kjpg;gPL

2.6 gpy;ypad; mnkupf;f nlhyuhFk;. ,j;Jiwapd; %yk; nkhj;j rdj;njhifapy; Rkhu;

1.5 kpy;ypad; kf;fSf;F NeubahfTk; kiwKfkhfTk; njhopy; tha;g;igg; ngw;Wj;

je;Js;sJ. ,j;Jiwapd; xU gFjpahf ,Uf;Fk; Njhl;l tho; kf;fspd; FLk;g tUkhdk;

rhjhuzkhFk;. fpuhk kw;Wk; efu kf;fspd; FLk;g tUkhdj;Jld; xg;gpLk; nghOJ Njhl;lj;

njhopyhsu;fspd; FLk;g tUkhdk; kpff; FiwthfNt cs;sJ. Njhl;lj; njhopypy;

tWikia ,J fhl;LfpwJ. ,j;Jiwapy; cs;s gq;Fjhuu;fspd; r%f nghUshjhu

rpf;fy;fs; Njhl;lj; njhopyhsu;fs; Nghd;w Fiwe;j tUkhdk; ngWgtu;fSf;F kl;Lk;

cupj;jhdjy;y. mit epy cupikahsu;fs; tptrhapfs; Nghd;w kpf mjpf tUtha;

<l;Lgtu;fSf;Fk; Muha;r;rpahsu;fSf;Fk; mYtyf gzpapy; <LgLk; eLj;ju tUkhdk;

ngWgtu;fSf;Fk; jhf;fk; nrYj;JfpwJ. jw;Nghija murhq;fj;ijAk; Kd;ida

murhq;fq;fisAk; Gwf;fzpg;gJk; mtw;iw vjpu;nfhs;tjpy; Njhy;tp miltjw;Fk;

mbg;gilahf ,Ug;gJ ,e;j gpur;rpidfs; gy Mz;Lfshf ePbj;J tUfpd;wikahFk;.

ngUe;Njhl;lf; fhydpfspy; milahsk; fhzg;gl;l Kf;fpa gpur;rpidfs;

• rpwpa Njapiy gq;Fjhuu; Jiwapy; njhopyhsu;fs; gw;whf;Fiw ,Ug;gNjhL

ngUe;Njhl;lj;Jiwapy; Fiwe;j rk;gsj;Jld; $ba mjpf rPuw;w njhopyhsu;fs;

tpepNahfk;

• Vw;Wkjp re;ijapy; ,Uf;Fk; Fiwthd Nghl;bj;jpwd;

• ru;tNjr re;ijapy; ,aw;if ug;gupd; Njit mjpfupj;J tUk; R+oypy; rhj;jpakhd

re;ijfis fz;lwptjpy; Vw;gLk; Njhy;tp

• Fiwthd kPs;eLif Fiwthd griy gad;ghL CL gapu; nra;if FiwghL

Nghd;wit fhuzkhf epyj;jpd; cw;gj;jpj; jpwd; FiwT

• ,yq;ifapd; Njapiy juj;jpd; ngaUf;F jPq;F tpistpf;Fk; tifapy; Vw;Wkjp

nra;ag;gLk; juk; Fiwe;j Njapiyapdhy; ru;tNjr re;ijapy; Nghl;bapLtjpy;

rpf;fy;

• fhyepiy khw;wq;fis vjpu;nfhs;Sk; gapu;fis cw;gj;jp nra;tjw;fhd

njhopy;El;gk; FiwT fhuzkhf cw;gj;jp jpwd; FiwT

• njhopyhsu; gw;whf;Fiw njhopy;El;g cjtp FiwT gapu; ,og;G Nghd;w

fhuzq;fspd; tpisthf Njq;fha; cw;gj;jp Fiwtiljy;

83


nfhs;if uPjpapyhd %Nyhghaq;fs;

ngUe;Njhl;lj;Jiwapy; midj;J gq;Fjhuu;fspd; mJk; xUq;fpize;j gpur;rpidapd;

nghJthd fhuzp cw;gj;jpj;jpwd; MFk;.vdNt njhopy;Jiw rhu;e;j njhopy;Jiw

Muha;r;rp kw;Wk; gy;fiyf;fofq;fSld; njhopy;Jiw cw;gj;jp jpwid tsu;g;gjpy;

nfhs;if uPjpahd eilKiwfs; xU nghJthd fhuzpahFk; mjd;gb

• ru;tNjr re;ijapy; ntw;wpfukhd Njapiy njhopw;rhiyfs; kw;Wk; epWtdq;fspd;

jahupg;GfSf;F cs;@u; re;ijapy; Nghl;bia mjpfupf;f topfs; Nkw;nfhs;sy;

• cau; kl;lj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; Njrpa Njapiy Efu;T gad;gLj;jp Njapiy nghUl;fs;

kw;Wk; kjpg;G Nru;f;fg;gl;l nghUl;fspd; Efu;T mjpfupf;f Muha;r;rp kw;Wk;

Nkk;ghl;Lf;fhf Njapiy cw;gj;jpahsu;fs; kw;Wk; Muha;r;rp epWtdq;fs;

xUq;fpize;J nray;gLtjw;F Njitahd cjtpfis Nkw;nfhs;sy;.

• cw;gj;jp jpwid Nkk;gLj;Jjy; kw;Wk; Njapiy cw;gj;jpf;F Njitahd

$Ljy; kjpg;ig Nru;f;f Njitahd cgfuzq;fis jahupg;gjw;F> rhj;jpakhd

jahupg;ghsu;fSf;F gy;fiyf;fof Muha;r;rp epWtdq;fSld; Nru;e;J

gzpGuptjw;F Njitahd tha;g;Gfis Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhLj;jy;

• Gjpa eLif cu khdpaq;fs; kPs; eLif kw;Wk; gapu;fspd; gz;iz cUthf;fk;

Nghd;wtw;wpw;F khdpak; toq;Fjy; jw;NghJ toq;Fk; khdpaq;fis tpku;rdk;

nra;J Gjpa khdpaq;fis toq;Ftjw;F top Kiwfis Nkw;nfhs;sy;

• njhopyhsu; cw;gj;jpj; jpwid mjpfupf;f vy;yh Njhl;lj; njhopy; Jiwapd;

rhj;jpakhd kw;Wk; jpwid fz;lwpa Gjpa epWtdq;fSf;F 4PS jpl;lj;ij mwpKfk; nra;jy;

• Muha;r;rpj; Jiwapy; cs;stu;fspd; rpwe;j Muha;r;rp KbTfis miltjw;Fk;

mtu;fspd; jpwid tpupTgLj;Jtjw;Fk; Njitahd gl;rj;jpy; gy;fiyf;fofk;

kw;Wk; Muha;r;rp epWtdq;fs; xd;W Nru;e;J gzpGuptjw;F Njitahd topKiw

Nkw;nfhs;sy;

• njd;id gapu;nra;iff;F milahsk; fhzg;gl;l epyq;fis kw;w

eltbf;iffSf;fhf ngw;Wf;nfhLj;jiy fl;Lg;gLj;jy;> njd;id

gapu;r;nra;iff;fhf ,Jtiu gad;gLj;jg;glhj epyq;fis Nju;e;njLj;jy; kw;Wk;

Gjpa njd;id tiffis milahsk; fhZjy;> gapu; gz;iz cUthf;Fjy;>

cug;gad;ghl;il Kiwg;gLj;j Mfpad %yk; cw;gj;jp jpwid mjpfupj;jy;.

• midj;J JiwfspYk; cw;gj;jp jpwid mjpfupf;f etPd njhopy;El;g

cgfuzq;fis cUthf;Fjy;.

84


tptrhaf; nfhs;ifxU ehl;bd; tptrhaj; Jiwapd; %yk; me;ehl;L kf;fspd; czT ghJfhg;ig

cWjpg;gLj;jTk;> tptrhaj;Jiwapy; <Lgl;Lf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; kf;fspd; [PtNdhghaj;ij

Nkk;gLj;JtjhfTk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. mNj Nghd;W Ntiytha;g;G tpupthf;fk;> me;epa

nryhtzpia <l;Ljy; Nghd;wtw;wpd; %yk; Njrpa nghUshjhuj;jpw;F Fwpg;gplj;jf;f

gq;fspg;ig nrajy; vd;gd xU ehl;bd; nghUshjhuj; Jiwapd; %yk; epiwNtw;w

Ntz;Lk;. ,yq;ifapd; tptrhaj;Jiwapy; Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l rthy;fis ntw;wp nfhs;s

Kbahky; cs;sJ.

,yq;if njhlu;e;J xU tptrha ehlhf ,Ue;jhYk; ehl;bd; czTj;Njitia

G+u;j;jp nra;a tUlj;jpw;F 1.8 kpy;ypad; nlhyu; mjhtJ nkhj;j ,wf;Fkjp nrytpy;

10% nrythfpd;wJ ,wf;Fkjp nra;ag;gLk; rpy czTg; gz;lq;fs; mjhtJ kuf;fwp

( 368 kpy;ypad;) ghYzT (315kpy;ypad;) Nghd;wit cs;ehl;by; cw;gj;jp nra;af;$bait

MFk; ,jd; %yk; tptrhaj;Jiwapd; jpwikapd;ikia ntsp fhl;lg;gLfpd;wJ rpy

tUlq;fshf ehl;bd; nkhj;j cw;gj;jpj; Jiwf;F tptrhaj; Jiwapy; ,Ue;J fpilf;Fk;

gq;fspg;G Fiwe;J nry;fpwJ 1977 ,J 31% rjtPjkhf ,Ue;jJ 2017Mk; Mz;by; ,J

7.2% Mf Fiwtile;Js;sJ. 1977Mk; Mz;L tptrhaj;Jiwapd; nkhj;j Vw;Wkjp

tUkhdk; 74% ,Ue;jJ.mJ 2017Mk; Mz;by; 15% rjtPjkhf tPo;r;rpaile;Js;sJ. ehl;bd; njhopyhsu; rf;jpapy; 28.4% tptrhaj; Jiwapy; gq;fspg;G nra;tNjhL ehl;bd; Njrpa cw;gj;jpf;fhd gq;fspg;G 7.1% Mf ,Ug;gjhy; ,j;Jiwapd; cw;gj;jp jpwd;

tPo;r;rpia ,J fhl;LfpwJ. ,e;j tPo;r;rpapdhy; ,j;Jiwapy; <Lgl;bUf;Fk; kf;fspd;

tho;f;if epiyik kpfTk; mbkl;lj;jpw;F nrd;Ws;sJ. fpuhkg;Gw tWikapd;

ngUk;ghd;ik tptrhapfs; vd;gjhy; ,ij NkYk; cWjp nra;fpd;wJ.

Nehf;fk;

• kf;fspd; czTg; ghJfhg;ig Nkk;gLj;j tptrhaj;Jiw jpwikahd

njhopw;Jiwahf khw;wg;gl Ntz;Lk;

• tptrhaj; Jiwapy; <Lgl;bUf;Fk; kf;fspd; tho;f;ifj; juj;ij cau;j;j

cw;gj;jp jpwid mjpfupf;f Ntz;Lk;

• tptrhaj; Jiwapd; %yk; ehl;bd; Njrpa nghUshjhuj;jpw;F Fwpg;gplj;jf;f

gq;fspg;G nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;

• tptrha cw;gj;jpf;F epahakhd kw;Wk; epue;jukhd tpiy epu;zapj;jy;

• kf;fspd; Ngh\hf;fpid mjpfg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf jukhd czT nghUl;fs;

cw;gj;jp nra;tij cWjpg;gLj;jy;

• epiyahd tptrha Jiwahf khw;w elT jpl;lq;fs; Nkw;nfhs;sy; kw;Wk;

tptrhaj; Jiwapd; epiyahd ,Ug;ig cWjpg;gLj;Jjy;

85


nray;fs;

• Efu;T kw;Wk; Vw;Wkjp Njitfs; kw;Wk; tptrha gpuhe;jpaq;fspd; ek;gfj;jd;ikia

fzf;fpy; nfhz;L Njrpa Ntshz;ik jpl;lj;ij eilKiwg;gLj;jy;

• etPd jfty; njhopy;El;gj;ij gad;gLj;jp Njrpa nghUshjhu jpl;lj;ij

mKy;gLj;j Njitahd tptrha juT jsj;ij cUthf;fp mij njhlu;e;Jk;

eilKiwg;gLj;jy;

• Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l nrad;Kiwfis gad;gLj;jp Nghfq;fSf;fhd gapu;fis gapupl

jpl;lq;fis Nkw;nfhz;L mtw;iw eilKiwg;gLj;jy;

cw;gj;jp nrytPdj;ij Fiwj;J cw;gj;jpj;jpwid Nkk;gLj;jy;

,ae;jpukakhf;fy;

njhopyhsu; gw;whf;Fiwf;F xU jPu;thfTk; cw;gj;jpj;jpwid Nkk;gLj;jTk; nkhj;j

tptrha Jiwf;F kpfTk; Kf;fpa ,ae;jpuq;fis mwpKfg;gLj;jy;

• rhFgb jpiz myif tpupthf;f Jz;lhf;fg;gl;l tptrha epyj;ij (,yq;ifapy;

xU tptrhap gad;gLj;Jk; epyk; n`f;Nlau; 0.5f;Fk; FiwthdJ) xd;WgLj;jp

$l;LwT cw;gj;jp myFfis Nkk;gLj;jy;.

• tptrhapfSf;F Njitahd ,ae;jpuq;fis ,ytrkhf ngw;Wf;nfhs;s xt;nthU

gpuNjr nrayfg;gpupTfspYk; ,ae;jpuf;fUtpfs; kj;jpa];jhdq;fis mikj;jy;

• ,wf;Fkjp nra;ag;gLk; ,ae;jpuq;fSf;F tupr;rYif mspj;jy;

• ntt;NtW tptrha kz;lyq;fs; kw;Wk; gapu;fSf;F Vw;wthW ,ae;jpukakhf;fy;

Kiwfs; kw;Wk; ,ae;jputpay; Muha;r;rp kd;wq;fis khtl;l uPjpahf mikj;jy;

tpijfs; kw;Wk; elTg;nghUl;fs; ,yFthf fpilj;jy;

• tpijj; Njitapd; 15 rjtPjj;ij ,yf;fhff; nfhz;L murhq;f tpijg;

gz;izfis etPdkag;gLj;jy;

• Njitapy; 35 rjtPjj;ij ngw gz;iz cw;gj;jp fpuhkq;fs; mikj;jy;

• Njrpa kw;Wk; jdpahu; Jiwapy; tpijg;gz;iz cw;gj;jpia Cf;fg;gLj;jy;

• tpijfspd; juj;ij xOq;FgLj;jy;> re;ijfis mwpKfg;gLj;jy;

• gy;fiyf;fofq;fSld; ,ize;J Muha;r;rp nra;tjw;F vy;yh khtl;lq;fspYk;

tpij Muha;r;rp epiyaq;fis mikj;jy;

• fyg;gpd F01 tpij cw;gj;jp Muha;r;rpfis Nkk;gLj;jy;

• cs;ehl;L fyg;gpdq;fis cw;gj;jp nra;jy;

86


kz; ghJfhg;G

• kz;zpd; Ngh\hf;F jd;ikia Nkk;gLj;j> Ntshz;ik gFjpfspy; tpNrl

ghJfhg;G Kiwia mwpKfg;gLj;jy;

• Ez;zpq;fpfshy; Cl;lr; rj;J cuq;fis gad;gLj;Jtij gpugy;ag;gLj;jy;

• kz;zpd; Cl;lr;rj;ij Nkk;gLj;j Nrjd gris gad;gLj;jiy Cf;fg;gLj;Jk;

Kfkhf ,ae;jputpay; kw;Wk; epjp cjtpfis ngw;Wf; nfhs;sy;

• elkhLk; kz; Muha;r;rp myFfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L Njitahd cu

tif kw;Wk; mjd; msTfis epu;zapj;jy;

• kz; ghJfhg;G rl;lj;ijg; GJg;gpj;jy;

• cw;gj;jpj; jpwd; mbg;gilapy; gapu;fSf;fhd cw;gj;jp Cf;Ftpg;G gzk;

toq;Fjy;

• cuj;Jf;fhd mwptpay; juf;fl;Lg;ghl;L mikg;Gfis cUthf;Fjy;

• cs;ehl;L griy cw;gj;jpia Cf;Ftpf;Fk; Kfkhf tupr;rYif kw;Wk;

njhopy;El;g MjuT toq;fy;

• jhtu ghJfhg;ia rupahd Kiwapy; Nkw;nfhs;sy;

• Rw;Wr;R+oYf;F Fiwthd ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;jf;$ba ,urhadj;ij ghtpj;jy;

• xUq;fpize;j fl;lha G+r;rpf; fl;Lg;ghl;bid mwpKfg;gLj;jy;

• jhtuq;fs; kw;Wk; Neub nghUs; ,wf;Fkjp kw;Wk; Vw;Wkjp Kiw vd;gtw;iw

Kiwahd tpjpf;Fl;gLj;jp mjw;fhd rl;l jpl;lq;fis Nkk;gLj;j gapu;g;ghJfhg;G

rl;lk; cUthf;fy;

• fl;Lg;ghbd;wp ,urhad jputpaq;fs; gad;gLj;Jtij Fiwf;f> njhopy;El;g

cj;jpNahf];ju;fspd; gupe;Jiuf;F mika gad;gLj;jy; kw;Wk; tpw;gid nra;jy;

• ghY}l;bfs;> gwitfs;> G+r;rpfis mwptpay; G+u;tkhf fl;Lg;gLj;jy;

tptrha tpupthf;fy; Nrit

• cw;gj;jpj; jpwid mjpfupg;gjd; mbg;gilapy; jpl;lkplg;gl;l tptrha Nritia

kPz;Lk; mKy;gLj;jy;

• cw;gj;jp gpupTfspd; mbg;gilapy; NeUf;F Neu; re;jpf;Fk; Kiwapid

mwpKfg;gLj;jy;

• Fiwe;jgl;rk; 400 FLk;gq;fSf;F xU tpdpNahf];jiu epakpj;jy;

• tpdpNahf];ju;fSf;F mtu;fspd; kNdhepiy kw;Wk; nray;jpwid mjpfupf;f

khjj;jpw;F xUKiwahtJ jpwd; mgptpUj;jp jpl;lq;fis elhj;jy;

• kWrPuikg;G nra;ag;gl;l tptrha mikg;Gfis tiyaikg;G kw;Wk; gutyhd

mikg;ig ,izf;Fk; jpwikahd tpupthf;fy; Kiwia mwpKfg;gLj;jy;

87


• ePiu rpf;fdkhf gad;gLj;j mwptpay; ePu; Nkyhz;ik jpl;lj;ij cUthf;fy;

• ePu;j;Njf;fq;fspy; cs;s ePiu tptrhaj;Jf;F gad;gLj;j Kd;Dupik mspj;J

Njrpa ePu;toq;fy; rl;lj;ij cUthf;Fjy; kw;Wk; rpwpa Fsq;fis ,uz;L

tUlq;fSf;Fs; kWrPuikj;J mgptpUj;jp nra;jy;

• ePu;j;Njf;fq;fspy; cs;s ePiu tptrhaj;Jf;F gad;gLj;j Kd;Dupik mspj;J

Njrpa ePu;toq;fy; rl;lj;ij cUthf;Fjy;

• njhlu; Fsq;fs; kw;Wk; rpwpa Fsq;fis ,uz;L tUlq;fSf;Fs; Gdu;tho;T

mgptpUj;jp nra;jy;

• Ez;ePu; ghrd Kiw gad;ghl;il Cf;Ftpg;gjw;F gpuNjrq;fs; kw;Wk; gapu;

KiwfSf;F Vw;g epthuzk; toq;Fjy;

• jpwDs;s ePu; Efu;T ePu; ghJfhg;ig Nehf;fq;fshf nfhz;L fs cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs;

cs;slf;fg;gl;l ePu; Kfhikj;Jt FO mikj;jy;

• kioePu; Nrfupg;G> R+upa xspapy; ,aq;Fk; ePu;g;ghrd jpl;lq;fis mwpKfg;gLj;jy;

• Foha;f; fpzWfs;> fpzWfis mwpKfg;gLj;jy;

• tptrhaj; Jiwf;F Njitahd neNdh kw;Wk; capu; njhopy;El;gj;jpd;

Njitfis gpugy;ag;gLj;Jtjw;fhd Muha;r;rp ikaq;fis epWTjy;

• Ntshz;ik fhyepiy khw;wj;jpw;F Vw;g rhFgb kw;Wk; gapu; tiffis

mwpKfg;gLj;jy;

• ghJfhf;fg;gl;l Fbirfspy; (Green House Cultivation) gapu; rhFgbf;fhf 1

kpy;ypad; tiu tl;bapy;yhf; flidg; ngw;Wf; nfhLj;jy;

• tptrha cw;gj;jpfSf;F tpiy epu;zapj;jy; kw;Wk; mij rl;l kakhf;fy;.

• Ntshz;ik fhyepiy kz;lyq;fs; kw;Wk; cw;gj;jp mbg;gilapy; Fiwe;jgl;rk;

86 Ntshz;ik nghUshjhu ikaq;fis epWTjy;

• tptrha cw;gj;jpg; nghUl;fSf;fhd tpw;gid xg;ge;jq;fis Nkk;gLj;jy;

• ,wf;Fkjp nra;ag;gl;l tptrha cw;gj;jpfis Cf;fg;gLj;jy;

mWtilf;Fg; gpd;dhd fopTg;nghUl;fis jLj;jy;

• mWtil juj;jpw;F Nrjk; tpistpf;fhky; fopTfis Fiwf;Fk; Kfkhf Gjpa

tpjpKiwfis ifahs Muha;r;rp nra;jy;

• mWtil njhopy;El;g epWtd KbTfspd; Ma;tpd;gb Gjpa njhopw;rhiyfis

mikg;gjw;F tupr;rYif> kw;Wk; rYiff;fld;fis ngw;Wf; nfhLj;jy;

• Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;l gapu;fSf;F mWtil nra;jy;> nghjp nra;jy;> Nghf;Ftuj;J

Mfpatw;wpd; juj;ij mwpKfg;gLj;jp mtw;iw rl;lkakhf;fy;

• Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;l gapu;fis fsQ;rpag;gLj;j> gjpT nra;ag;gl;l tptrha

kd;wq;fSf;F fld; trjp ngw;Wf;nfhLj;jy;

88


• kjpg;G Nrfupf;Fk; rpwpa kw;Wk; eLj;ju mstpyhd njhopw;rhiyfis vy;yh

khtl;lq;fspYk; Fiwe;jJ xd;whtJ epWTjy;

Vw;Wkjp tptrhaj;Jiw

• rpW Vw;Wkjp tptrhaj;Jiw vjpu;nfhs;Sk; rpf;fy;fis Ma;T nra;tjw;F FO

mikj;jy;

• cw;gj;jpg; nghUl;fis nfhs;tdT nra;tjw;F Nghl;b ikaq;fis epWTjy;.

• Gjpa gapu;fis fz;lwptjw;fhd Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fis fz;lwpjy;

• tptrha cw;gj;jpfspd; juk; kw;Wk; jukhd fl;Lg;ghl;il Nkk;gLj;j Gjpa

Muha;r;rp kd;wq;fis mikj;jy;

• cw;gj;jpia ru;tNjr kl;lj;jpy; tpsk;gug;gLj;j xt;nthU gpuhe;jpaj;Jf;Fk;

tpsk;gu kj;jpa];jhdq;fis mikj;jy;

• rpwpa Vw;Wkjp gapu;fSf;F tpupthf;fy; Nritia Vw;gLj;jy;

• cw;gj;jp juj;jpd; kjpg;ig mstpLk; njhopw;rhiyfSf;F Njitahd

,ae;jpuq;fis ngw;Wf;nfhs;s tupr;rYif mspj;jy;

• ru;tNjr juj;jpw;F mikthf nghjp nra;tjw;F cw;gj;jpahsu;fis Cf;Ftpj;jy;

fhy;eilkf;fSf;F Kf;fpa Ngh\hf;fpid ngw;Wf;nfhLf;fTk; fpuhkpa nghUshjhuj;ij

Cf;Ftpf;fTk; fhy;eilj;Jiw Kf;fpa gq;fspg;ig tfpf;fpd;wJ.

tpNrlkhf GNuhl;bd; Njitia G+u;j;jp nra;tjw;Fj; Njitahd khkprk;> Kl;il> ghy;

kw;Wk; khw;W cw;gj;jpfis tpupthf;FjYk; mjd; %yk; fpuhkpa Ntiy tha;g;Gfis

cUthf;FjYk; ,jd; Kf;fpa gzpahFk;. Mdhy; ,yq;ifapy; ,iwr;rp> Kl;il

cw;gj;jpiaj; jtpu kw;iwa fhy;eil cw;gj;jpfspy; njhopy; tsu;r;rp ,d;ikahy;

fhy;eil cw;gj;jp Jiw Kf;fpa ,yf;Ffis mila fbdkhf cs;sJ. ehl;bd;

tUlhe;j Njitapy; ghy; kw;Wk; ghy; rhu;e;j nghUl;fs; 65% ,wf;Fkjp nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ. mjw;fhf tUlhe;jk; 49 gpy;ypad; &gha; nrythfpwJ. ,J fy;tpf;fhf nrytpLk;

45 gpy;ypaDf;Fk; mjpfkhdJ. ghy; cw;gj;jpj; Jiwapy; 90 rjtPjkhztu;fs;

rpwpa mstpyhd cw;gj;jpahsu;fNs. mj;NjhL cw;gj;jp jpwd; Fiwe;j kl;lj;jpy;

fhzg;gLtjhYk; xU njhopyhf tsu;r;rp ,d;ikahYk;> fhy;eilj;Jiwapy; ghy;

cw;gj;jp Jiw ,yf;if mila Kbahky; cs;sJ.

Nehf;fk;

• fhy;eil Jiwapd; vy;yh gpupTfisAk; Kiwahf fUj;jpw;nfhz;L jukhd

,iwr;rp kw;Wk; ghy; cw;gj;jpfis kf;fSf;F ngw;Wf; nfhLj;jy;

89


• cw;gj;jpj; jpwid Cf;Ftpf;Fk; cw;gj;jpfSf;fhd epue;ju re;ij tha;g;ig

ngw;Wf; nfhLf;fTk; fhy;eil Jiwapy; ,Uf;Fk; njhopyhsu;fspd; tho;f;if

epiyia Nkk;gLj;jy;

• tpyq;F kw;Wk; ghy; cw;gj;jpfis ,wf;Fkjp nra;a tUlhe;jk; nrytpLk;

gzj;ij ehl;bDs; jf;f itf;Fk; KfkhfTk; Vw;Wkjp ,yf;if Fwpf;NfhshfTk;

nfhz;L cw;gj;jp jpwid Nkk;gLj;j ,j;Jiwia tpupthf;fk; nra;jy;

• fpuhkpa nghUshjhuj;ij Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;F fhy;eil Jiwapd; gq;fspg;ig

ngw;Wf;nfhLj;jy;

khl;Lg; ghy; cw;gj;jpj; Jiw

ghy; gz;iz Nkk;ghL

• jw;NghJ cs;s rpwpa gz;iz moFfis nghUshjhu ed;ikfis <l;Lk;

eLj;ju tUkhd tzpf myFfshf khw;Wjy;

• ngupa mstpyhd tzpf gz;izfis mikg;gjw;F Cf;Ftpj;jy;> gz;izfis

,ae;jpukakhf;fy;

• ,ae;jpuq;fs;> njhlu;Gila cs;sPLfs; Nghd;wtw;wpw;F Fiwe;j tl;bapyhd

fld; trjp> tupr;rYif kw;Wk; rYiffis mwpKfk; nra;jy;

• cau; jukhd fd;Wfis ngWtjw;F ,wf;Fkjp nra;ag;gl;l fhy;eilfSld;

$ba gz;izfis cUthf;Fjy;

• gpuNjr fhy;eil gpupTfs; Clhf gz;izfis mgptpUj;jp nra;jy;

• jw;NghJ ,yq;ifapy; $Ljyhf guTk; Neha;fis fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;

,y;yhnjhopf;fTk; Njrpa Ntiyj;jpl;lk; jahupj;jy;

ghy; kw;Wk; ghy; cw;gj;jpg; nghUl;fis re;ijg; gLj;jy;

• gpuNjr re;ijg;gLj;Jk; epiyaq;fis cUthf;Ftjd; %yk; ghy; Fsp\&l;Ljy;>

gjdpLjy;> kw;Wk; tpepNahfk; nra;jy;

• ghy; juj;jpd; gb njhFjp mbg;gilapy; fl;lzk; nrYj;Jk; Kiwia gpd;gw;wy;

• ghy; %yk; jahupf;fg;gLk; ghy;kh ghtidia Fiwf;fTk; ghypd; cgNahfj;ij

mjpfupf;fTk;> murhq;fKk; jdpahUk; Nru;e;J Cf;Ftpj;jy;

• tzpf Gy; tpw;gid epiyaq;fSf;fhf jdpahu; kw;Wk; murhq;f Cf;Ftpg;G

mtrpak;

Nfhop ,iwr;rp cw;gj;jp

• cau;ju ,iwr;rp nghUl;fspd; Vw;Wkjpahsu;fis Cf;Ftpj;jy;

• Nfhop cw;gj;jpf;F Njitahd cs;sPLfis Fiwe;j tpiyapy; ngw Njrpa

90


kw;Wk; ru;tNjr juj;jpyhd Njrpa jpl;lk; xd;iw jahupj;jy;

• njhopw;rhiyfSf;Fj; Njitahd njhopy;El;g Mjuitg; ngw Muha;r;rp kw;Wk;

tpupthf;f ikaq;fs; cUthf;fy;

kPd;gpb kw;Wk; ePu;toq;fy; Jiwkdpjtsj;jpd; Mf;fG+u;tkhd jpwd; kw;Wk; tsu;r;rp> xU ehL tsu;r;rp miltjw;F

kpf Kf;fpakhdJ. mjw;Fj; Njitahd %is tsu;r;rpf;F mkpNdh mkpyj;ij

ngw;Wf;nfhs;s ,yFthd top tpyq;F Gujk; MFk;. ,e;ehl;bd; tpyq;Fg; Gujk;

Njitg;ghl;bd; 54% nfhLf;Fk; kPd; kw;Wk; kPd; rhu;e;j cw;gj;jpg; nghUl;fs;> czT

ghJfhg;G> Nghrhf;F nghUshjhu tsu;r;rp Nghd;w %d;W fhuzpfSk; nry;thf;F

nrYj;Jfpd;wd.

,yq;ifapd; kPd;tsq;fs; Rkhuhf 517>500 rJufpNyhkPl;lu; ia nghUshjhu

kz;lykhf nfhz;lJ. mNjNghy; 21>500 rJu fpNyhkPl;lu; Njrpa ePu; kl;lk; kw;Wk;

1580KM gug;Gila mwpKfq;fisAk; kdpju;fshy; cUthf;fg;gl;l ePu;j;Njf;fq;fisAk;

cs;slf;fpaJ mjid mz;kpj;Js;s ,lq;fSk; kPd; tsu;r;rpf;F xU tug;gpurhjkhfNt

cs;sJ. fly; ePu;> ctu; ePu;> ed;dPu; Mfpatw;wpd; kPd; cw;gj;jp KiwNa 276>980>

177>950> 66>910 nkl;upf; njhd; MFk;. ,J ehl;bd; ,aw;if ePu; tsj;Jld; xg;gpLk;NghJ

kpfTk; FiwthdJ. ,yq;ifapd; jdpkdpj kPd; Efu;T 22-24kg ,ilapy; cs;sJ.

cyf Rfhjhu epWtdj;jpd; MNyhridg;gb jdp kdpjd; jpdrup cl;nfhs;s Ntz;ba

Gujj;jpd; msT 65g Mf cs;sJ MdhYk; ,e;ehl;by; 30-45g MFk;. ,J kpfTk;

FiwthdJ

kPd; tsu;g;G kw;Wk; kPd;gpb Njrpa cw;gj;jpf;F fpl;lj;jl;l 1.4% gq;fspg;igr;

nra;fpd;wJ. ,jd;%yk; 575>000 NgUf;F Neub kw;Wk; kiwKfkhd Ntiytha;g;ig

fpilf;fpwJ. 2017,y; tUlhe;j kPd; cw;gj;jp 530>000 mnkupf;f lhyUf;Fk; NkyhdjhFk;.

ehl;bd; nkhj;j kPd; Efu;T Njitapy; 65 rjtPjk; cs ;@u; cw;gj;jp %yKk;> kpFjp

,wf;Fkjp nra;tjd; %yKk; G+u;j;jpahf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

,yq;ifapd; kPd;tsj;Jiw vjpu;nfhs;Sk; rpf;fy;fspy; fPo;f;Fwpg;gpLk; fhuzpfs; kpf Kf;fpakhdjhFk;

• mjpf mstpyhd kPl;nlLj;jy; (Over Exploitation)> epiyahd Nkyhz;ik

(Resource Depletion) ,y;yhjjhy; kPd; tsq;fs; tpiuthf rPu;Fiyf;fpd;wd.

• fly; khriljiy fl;Lg;gLj;jhik.

• mWtilf;Fg; gpd;G Vw;gLk; fopT 40 rjtPjj;jpw;Fk; mjpfkhFk;.

• Muha;r;rp kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jp Jiwapy; Vw;gLk; rpf;fy;fSk; gytPdq;fSk;.

• kPd;gpb cl;fl;likg;G trjpfs; tsu;r;rpailahj kl;lj;jpy; ,Uj;jy;.

• kPd; gpbj;jy; my;yJ kPd;gpb tsq;fSf;F Fiwthd ftdk; nrYj;Jjy;.

91


• ntspehl;L kPdtu;fshy; Vw;gLk; rl;ltpNuhj fly; vy;iy kPWjy;> tsq;fis

mspj;jy;

• ePu; R+oypd; tpiuthd khw;wk;> ePu;j;Njf;fq;fSf;F fhgd; Nru;itfs;> fopTePu;>

cg;Gj;jd;ik Nru;jy;> nghypj;jPd; kw;Wk; Vida ,urhad jputpaq;fs; Nru;jy;>

Mokw;w ePu; eltbf;iffs;> xyp khriljy; kw;Wk; ,aw;if NguopTfs; %yk;

ePu; khriljy;

• ePu;ts capupdq;fSf;F vjpuhd mZFKiw kw;Wk; kjf;fyhr;rhu ek;gpf;if

Nghd;wit ,j;Jiw Nkk;ghl;Lf;F jilahf cs;sJ. ,e; ehl;by; cw;gj;jp

nra;ag;gLk; rpy cau;j;jukhd czT kw;Wk; myq;fhu kPd;fis njhlu;r;rpahf

re;ijf;F tpepNahfpf;f Kbahik

Nehf;fq;fs;

• jdpegu; kpd; Efu;T mjpfupg;gjd; %yk; xU MNuhf;fpakhd kw;Wk; jpwd; kpf;f

kdpjtsj;ij cUthf;Fjy;

• fly;rhu; kPd;gpb cw;gj;jp ePu;tho; capupd cw;gj;jp ed;dPu; kPd;gpb cw;gj;jp

vd;gtw;iw mjpfupj;jy;

• kPd;tsk; rk;ge;jkhd cw;gj;jpfspd; Vw;Wkjp tUtha; mjpfupg;gjd; %yk; Njrpa

nghUshjhuj;jpw;F Fwpg;gplj;jf;f gq;fspg;ig nra;jy;

• kPd;gpb r%fk; kw;Wk; mij rhu;e;j mtu;fspd; rKjha nghUshjhu jpl;lq;fis

Nkk;gLj;jy;.

• etPd njhopy;El;gj;ij gad;gLj;jp kPd; tsj;ij Nkyhz;ik kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jp

nra;jy;.

• Fiwe;j mstpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; fy;tp Muha;r;rp kw;Wk; nghUshjhu

mgptpUj;jpf;fhd mjpfgl;r cw;gj;jp jpwd; nfhz;ljhf gad;gLj;jy;

eltbf;iffs;

cw;gj;jpia mjpfupj;jy;

• Mokhd fly; kw;Wk; flypy; kPd; tsj;ij ngw;Wf;nfhs;s Nkk;gl;l

njhopy;El;gj;ijf; nfhz;l ,ae;jpuq;fis cgNahfpj;jy;

• Gjpa kPd; jiufis milahsk; fhzy; kw;Wk; mjw;F Fwpitj;jy;.

• fly;ePu; ed;dPu; kPd; tsu;g;G Cf;Ftpg;G.

• kPd; tsu;g;G Ntshz;ik xUq;fpizf;fg;gl;L Kf;fpa njhopy;Jiw

milahsk; fhzg;gl;L Nkk;gLj;jy;

• 5 Mz;LfSf;Fs; mjpfgl;r nfhs;ssT tiu ed;dPu; Gjpa ePu;tsj;ij

mjpfupj;jy;

92


• fly; rhu; kPd; tsu;g;Gf;fhf fopKfk; kw;Wk; <ukhd gFjpfis cfe;j

gad;ghl;bw;F cl;gLj;jy;

• kPd; tsu;g;Gf;F nghUj;jkhd rhFgb epyq;fis fz;lwpe;J cfe;j

ePu;tho; capupdq;fis tsur; nra;jy;.(mjpfgl;r rthup kz;lyk;-

,why;>,ilf;fhy miy kz;lyk;- flyl;il> ,ilf;fhy miy

kz;lyj;jpw;F fPohd gpuNjrk; - rpg;gp>fhg;>nkhjh)

• cw;gj;jp rhu;e;j kPdtu; njhopy; tsu;r;rp

• cau; njhopy;El;g kPd;tsu;g;G ikaq;fspd; fl;Lkhdk;

• r%f mbg;gilapyhd kPd; tsu;g;G mgptpUj;jpf;F $z;Lfspy; kPd;

cw;gj;jp nra;jy; Nghd;w etPd Kiwfis ifahSjy;

• ,dg;ngUf;fj; jlhfq;fspy; mjpf ngWkjpahd kPd; tiffis cw;gj;jp

nra;jy;( ez;L> ,why;>flyl;il>nkhjh Nghd;wit)

epiyahd kPd; ts Nkyhz;ik kw;Wk; Nkk;ghL

• kPd; cw;gj;jp kw;Wk; Ntiytha;g;G mbg;gilapy; Nkyhz;ik kz;lyq;fs;

mwpKfk;

• tpQ;Qhdj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l kPd; tsq;fis Nju;e;njLg;gjw;fhd xU

mikg;G mwpKfk;

• ,yq;if flw;gug;gpy; fly; tsq;fis rpwe;j Kiwapy; Nkyhz;ik nra;jy;

• kPd;tsu;g;G r%ff; FOf;fis mwpKfg;gLj;jp Kfhikj;Jtk; nra;tjw;F

mtu;fspd; xj;Jiog;igg; ngWjy;

• czTf;fhf ,wf;Fkjp nra;ag;gLk; kPd; ,dq;fspy; vkJ ehl;bd; kPd;tsj;jpy;

fhzg;glhj kw;Wk; Rw;Wyh gazpfSf;F czTf;fhf gad;gLk; kPd; ,dq;fis

khj;jpuk; ,wf;Fkjp nra;jy;

• ,e;jpau;fshy; fly; vy;iy kPwg; gLtijAk; fly; tsq;fs; Ruz;lg;gLtijAk;

jLg;gjw;F tYthd uh[je;jpu jiyaPL %yk; Kiwahd Nkyhz;ik nra;jy;

• ePu; R+oy; khRgLtij jLg;gJk; mjid ghJfhg;gJk; mtrpak;

mWtilf;Fg; gpd; Vw;gLk; Nrjj;ij Fiwj;jy;

• gwf;Fk; nraw;ghL (fly; vy;iyiag; ghJfhf;f gwf;Fk; ghJfhg;G nraw;ghL)

fsQ;rpag;gLj;jy;> Vytpw;gid> nghjp nra;jy;> Nghf;Ftuj;J kw;Wk; tpw;gid

Nghd;wtw;wpw;F Njitahd mbg;gil trjpfis Nkk;gLj;j xUq;fpizf;fg;gl;l

jpl;lkply; ikaq;fis gad;gLj;jp xU kj;jpa jpl;lj;jpd;gb nraw;gLjy;.

• Nkk;gLj;jg;gl;l njhopy;El;gj;Jld; kPd;gpb JiwKfk; cl;gl mbg;gil

trjpfis mgptpUj;jp nra;jy;

93


• kPd;gpb gFjpfspy; Njitahd msT Fsp\&l;bfis mikj;jy;.

• midj;J Kf;fpa kPd;gpb JiwKfq;fspd; mUfpy; mWtilapd; gpd;du;

gjg;gLj;jpa ];jhdq;fis mikj;jy;.

• Fsp\&l;lg;gl;l trjpAld; $ba Nghf;Ftuj;J Kiwfis xOq;FgLj;Jjy;.

• rhiy Nghf;Ftuj;jpw;F gjpyhf Fsp\&l;ly; trjpfisf; nfhz;l jpwdhd

uapy; khu;f;f fly; khu;f;f Nghf;Ftuj;J trjpfis mwpKfg;gLj;jy;.

• cau;kl;l I]; cw;gj;jp njhopw;rhiyfis mikj;jy; kw;Wk; kypT tpiyapy;

tpw;gid ikaq;fis mikj;jy;

• gpujhd kPd;gpb JiwKfq;fspy; Njitahd msT Fsp&l;bfis mikj;jy;.

kPd; cw;gj;jpf;fhd kjpg;G Nru;j;jy;

• Nkk;gl;l njhopy;El;gf; fg;gy;fis nfhs;tdT nra;a kPdtu;fSf;F epjp cjtp

toq;fy;

• glFfspy; Kjd;ik epiyapy; $ba nrayhf;Fk; Kiw Cf;Ftpg;G

• kPd;gpbj;jy;> fsQ;rpag;gLj;jy;> Nghf;Ftuj;J Nghd;w Kf;fpakhd re;ju;g;gq;fSf;F

Vw;g gapw;rp mgptpUj;jp kw;Wk; njhopy;El;g Mjuit ngw;Wf;nfhLj;jy;

• juj;jpy; cau;e;j mWtilf;F gpd;dhd (Manual Handling) jahupg;GfSf;fhf

njhopy;El;g cjtpfis toq;Fjy;

• mwpthu;e;j nraw;ghl;Lld; khw;W njhopy;El;gj;ij ,izj;jy;

kPd;gpb r%fj;jpd; tho;f;ifj; juj;ij cau;j;jy;

• kPd;ts r%fk; kw;Wk; cw;gj;jpj; Jiwapy; gq;fspf;Fk; JiwapdUf;F r%f

ghJfhg;G ikak; xd;iw mwpKfk; nra;jy; kw;Wk; njhopy; El;gj;ij toq;Fjy;.

• kPd;gpb fpuhkq;fspy; kUj;Jt ikaq;fs;> kUj;Jtkid> Muk;gfhy Foe;ij

tsu;g;G ikaq;fs; cly; kw;Wk; kd MNuhf;fpak; ey;tho;Tf;fhd mbg;gil

trjpfis nra;J nfhLj;jy;

• kpd;rhuk;> ePu;> rhiy trjpfs; nghOJNghf;F Nghd;w mbg;gil trjpfis

nra;J nfhLj;jy;.

• kPd;gpbj;Jiwapy; rk;ge;jg;gl;l xt;nthU FLk;gj;jpw;Fk; trjpfs; nfhz;l

tPLfis mikj;Jf; nfhLj;jy;.

• $Ljy; tUkhdk; ngWtjw;F kPd;tsk; my;yhj nghUshjhu nray;ghl;L

Kiwia mwpKfk; nra;jy;

94


Ntiy tha;g;Gfis mjpfupj;jy;

• cw;gj;jpfSf;F khwhf mjpfupj;j kjpg;G Nru;f;fg;gl;l jahupg;Gfis Nkk;gLj;jy;

• kPd;gpb njhopy;> rKjhaj;jpy; xU fz;zpakhd njhopy; vd;gij czu;j;jp

mjid Cf;Ftpj;jy;

• kPdtu;fSf;F Gjpa mwpT kw;Wk; gapw;rpfisj; njhlu;e;J toq;Fjy;.

md;dpar; nryhtzp mjpfupg;G

• kjpg;G Nru;f;fg;gl;l kPd; cw;gj;jpfis Cf;Ftpj;jy;

• kPd; ,wf;Fkjp nra;J gjg;gLj;jp kW Vw;Wkjp nra;Ak; njhopiy fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjd;

%yk; tu;j;jf ,Ug;Gfspd; ed;ikia mjpfupj;jy;

• Kjd;ik jahupg;Gf;F gjpyhf kjpg;G Nru;f;fg;gl;l jahupg;Gfis Vw;Wkjp nra;jy;

• kPd;gpbj;Jiwapy; gapw;rpngw;w njhopyhsu;fis Vw;Wkjp nra;jy;

• ,wf;Fkjpf;F khw;W mwpKfj;jpid nra;tjd; %yk; ,wf;Fkjpia Fiwj;J

mjd; %yk; tu;j;jfuPjpahd ed;ikia ngw;Wf; nfhs;sy;

Fiwthf gad;gLj;jpa my;yJ gad;gLj;j fly;tsq;fis cgNahfj;jpw;F cl;gLj;jy;

• fly; tsq;fis Nghf;Ftuj;Jf;fhd topahf mgptpUj;jp nra;jy;

• Rw;Wyhj;Jiw kw;Wk; nghOJNghf;F mk;rkhf fly; tsq;fs; kw;Wk; ePu; R+oiy

gad;gLj;jy;.

• khw;W kw;Wk; GJg;gpf;fj;jf;f vuprf;jp %yq;fshf mgptpUj;jp nra;jy;(miy>fly;

fhw;W)

• r%f kw;Wk; fyhr;rhu Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf fly; tsq;fis gad;gLj;jy;.

• flYf;fbapy; Muha;r;rp nra;tjd; %yk; mwpa kw;Wk; cau; kjpg;G nfhz;l

fdpa tsq;fis ngw;Wf;nfhs;sy;.

• fly; tsq;fis mgptpUj;jp nra;tjw;F capu; njhopy;El;gj;ij gad;gLj;jy;

vuprf;jpehl;bd; epiyahd mgptpUj;jpf;Fk; kf;fspd; cau;e;j tho;f;ifj; juj;ijAk;

cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;F epiyahd vuprf;jp tsq;fs; mtrpakhFk;. mNjNghy rf;jp

toq;Fjy; ,yhgfukhdjhfTk; R+oYf;F Vw;wjhf ,Ug;gJ Kf;fpakhFk;. ,yq;if

jw;NghJ ,j;Jiwapy; ghuJ}ukhd rpf;fYf;F Kfk; nfhLj;Js;sNjhL mJ ehs;

NjhWk; cf;fpukile;J nry;fpwJ. kpd;rhu fl;lz cau;T Gjpa njhopw;rhiyfis

Muk;gpg;gjw;Fk; jw;NghJ cs;s njhopw;rhiyfis guhkupg;gjw;Fk; xU rf;jptha;e;j

95


jilahf cs;sJ. njhlu;r;rpahd kpd;trjp toq;Fjy;> ngl;Nuhypa cw;gj;jp nghUl;fis

toq;Ftjpy; Njhy;tpailjy; Nghd;w fhuzq;fshy; kpd;rhu Njitia G+u;j;jp nra;a

NghJkhd jpwd; ,d;ik njspthfpd;wJ.

vjpu;fhy mgptpUj;jp jpl;lq;fSld; xg;gpLk; nghOJ 2020 Mk; Mz;lstpy; kpd;rhu

mikg;Gf;F $Ljyhf Nkyjpfkhf ,izf;fg;gl Ntz;ba Fiwe;jgl;r cw;gj;jpjpwd;

390 nk.nth cs;sJ. 2025 Mk; Mz;lstpy; 975 nk.nth Mf caUk;. Mdhy; $Ljy;

,izg;GfSf;F Njitahd kpd;rhuj;ij cw;gj;jp nra;tjw;F vt;tpj jpl;lq;fSk;

,y;iy.

ePu; kpd; rf;jpapd; KbthdJ GJg;gpf;fj;jf;f khw;Wr; rf;jp tsq;fs;

fz;lwpag;glhikapdhy;> kpd;rhu Njitapd; 60% ntg;g kpd; epiyaq;fs; kPJ

ek;gpf;iff;nfhs;s itj;Js;sJ ,j;Jiwapy; ,Uf;Fk; Nkhrb kw;Wk; Coy; fhuzkhf

kpd;rhu myFfspd; tpiy $Ltjw;F fhuzkhf cs;sJ ,it njhopy;Jiwapd;

Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;F Nkhrkhd ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;jpAs;sJ.

ehl;bd; ,wf;Fkjp nrytPdj;jpd; 28% ngw;Nwhypa vupnghUSf;fhf nrytpLk;

epiyik kpf NkhrkhdjhFk;. vz;nza; Rj;jpfupg;G Miyfs; GJg;gpf;fg;glhik>

,wq;Fk; Foha;fs; gOjiljy;> fsQ;rpag;gLj;jg;glhik >cs;s fsQ;rpaq;fis

cupa Kiwapy; gad;gLj;jhik Kjypad Njrpa vz;nza; tpiy mjpfupg;gpw;f;Fk;

njhlu;r;rpahd vz;nza; tsq;fis Nkw;nfhs;s Kbahikf;Fk; fhuzkhf cs;sJ.

Nehf;fq;fs;

• jukhd kw;Wk; ,yhgfukhd vupnghUs; tpepNahfj;jpd; %yk; kf;fSf;F

cau;thd tho;f;if juj;ij ngw;Wf;nfhLj;jy;.

• epue;ju kpd;rhuk; toq;Fjy; %yk; re;ij kw;Wk; njhopw;Wiwf;F Njitahd

mbg;gil trjpfis ngw;Wf; nfhLj;jy;

• Rw;Wr;R+oy; nfhs;iff;F mD$ykhd juepiyfs; kw;Wk; ,aw;if tsq;fspd;

mjpf Efu;it jLg;gjw;Fk; cw;gj;jp topKiwfis fz;lwpe;J vuprf;jpia

cw;gj;jp nra;jy;

eltbf;iffs;

vuprf;jp jpl;lkply; kw;Wk; epu;thfk;

• ehl;bDs; ,aq;Fk; midj;J vupnghUs; cw;gj;jpfisAk; gfpu;e;jspj;jy;

tpw;gid nra;jy; vupnghUs; mfo;T nra;jy; Mfpatw;iw xNu epu;thfj;jpd; fPo;

nfhz;LtUjy;.

• Njrpa vupnghUs; Nfhupf;ifia njhlu;r;rpahf G+uzg;gLj;jf;$ba

FWfpa fhy kw;Wk; ePz;l fhy jpl;lk; jahupj;jy; kw;Wk; Ie;J

tUlq;fSf;F xUKiw Gjpa Nghf;Ffs; cld; $ba njhopy;Jiwapd;

Kd;Ndw;wj;ijAk; kw;w fhuzpfSld; xg;gpl;L GJg;gpj;jy;

96


kpd;rhuj;Jiw

• vjpu;tUk; 10 tUlq;fSf;Fs; vupnghUs; Njitapy; Fiwe;jgl;rk; 30% R+upa xspapd; %yk; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s VJthf nraw;jpl;lk; jahupj;jYk;

eilKiwg;gLj;jYk;.

• R+upa cgfuzq;fis cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; njhopw;rhiyfis ,yq;ifapy;

epWTjy;. tzpf mstpy; R+upa gly; njhopy;El;g mgptpUj;jpf;fhf gy;fiyf;fof

Muha;r;rpfis Nkw;nfhs;sy;

• fhw;W rf;jp> flyiy> ePNuhl;lk; Nghd;wtw;wpd; %ykhf vuprf;jpia cw;gj;jp

nra;tjw;fhd cw;gj;jp Cf;Ftpg;gpid toq;Fjy;

• jdpahu; kpd; cw;gj;jp epiyaq;fs; %yk; kpd;rhuj;ijg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhf

nra;J nfhs;sg;gl;l xg;ge;jq;fs; kWguprPyid nra;jy;

• njhopy;El;gj;ij ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;Fk; epjp KjyPLfis ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;Fk;

Neu;ikahd jd;ikAila nlz;lu; %ykhf Njrpa kw;Wk; ntspehl;L

epWtdq;fspy; cjtpfis ngw;Wf; nfhs;sy;

• kpd;rhuj;ij gfpu;e;jspf;Fk; NghJ cUthFk; tPz; tpuaq;fis jtpu;g;gjw;Fk;

kpd;rhuj;ij rpf;fdkhf;Fk; cgfuzq;fs; xsptpsf;Ffs; cgNahfpg;gij

Cf;Ftpj;jy; kw;Wk; miyfis cw;gj;jp nra;aTk; Gjpa Muha;r;rpfis

Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F cjtp toq;Fjy;

• fl;llq;fs; mikf;Fk; NghJ vupnghUs; Njitia Fiwg;gjw;F nraw;

jpl;lk; jahupj;J mjw;F Njitahd rl;lG+u;t tiuT kw;Wk; nrayhf;fj;jpw;F

cl;gLj;jy;

• ,uz;L khbfSf;F Nky; khbfis cUthf;Fk; NghJ R+upa xsp rf;jpiag;

ngWtjw;F fl;lhag;gLj;jy; ,jw;F Njitahd epjp cjtpfis toq;Fjy;.

• kpd;rhuj;ij cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; ePu;j;Njf;fq;fspd; ePu;kl;lj;ij tUlk; KOtJk;

khwhky; NgZtjw;F ePu;j;Njf;fk; cs;s gFjpfspy; fhLfis ghJfhf;fTk;>

mg;gpuNjrq;fspy; FbNaw;wj;ij epWj;Jtjw;Fk; cupa epWtdq;fSld;

xd;wpize;J nray; jpl;lj;ij mKy;gLj;jy;

fdpa vz;nza;

• ,yq;if flw;gug;gpy; fz;lwpag;gl;l fdpa vz;nza; kw;Wk; ,aw;if vupthAit

tzpf kl;lj;jpy; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; Kiwahd Neu;ikahd mZFKiwfis

NgZjy;.

• cyfk; KOtJk; cs;s ,yq;if tpQ;Qhdpfspd; cjtpAld; Njrpa kw;Wk;

ntspehl;L gy;fiyf; fofq;fspd; %ykhf fdpa vz;nza; mfo;T Jiwapd;

tpQ;Qhdpfis cUthf;Fk; nray; jpl;lj;ij mKy;gLj;jy;.

• Gjpa njhopy;El;g trjpfSld; krF vz;nza; Rj;jpfupg;G epiyaq;fs; kw;Wk;

97


jw;NghJs;s Rj;jpfupg;G epiyaq;fis etPdg; gLj;jy;.

• jpUNfhzkiyapy; mike;Js;s vupnghUs; njhl;bfis %Nyhgha uPjpahf

ngw;W xU tUlj;jpw;Fs; 3 khjq;fSf;F gq;Ffis guhkupf;f Njitahd

fsQ;rpa trjpfis tpupthf;Fjy; kw;Wk; mjd; %yk; ru;tNjr vz;nzapd;

tpiy tPo;r;rpailtjpy; cs;s ,yhgj;ijg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sy;

• ,yq;if miktpd; tpA+fj;ij cgNahfg;gLj;jp fg;gy;fSf;fhd vd;id

re;ijg;gLj;jy;> krF vz;nza; Rj;jpfupg;ig tpupthf;fk; nra;tjd; %yk;

me;epar;nryhtzpia ngw;Wf;nfhLj;jy;

• vupnghUs; gad;ghl;il Fiwg;gjw;F ckpo;Tfis Fiwf;Fk; Kfkhf

,yj;jpudpay; Nkhl;lhu; thfdq;fis ngw;Wf; nfhLg;gNjhL> gfy; Ntisapy;

R+upa xspapy; ,aq;Ftjw;Fj; Njitahd mbg;gil trjpfis Nkk;gLj;jy;

• ,yj;jpudpay; Nkhl;lhu; thfdq;fSf;F tpjpf;fg;gLk; tupia Kw;whf ePf;Fjy;

ntspehl;Lf; nfhs;ifelg;G cyf murpay; MdJ xU ,ilg;gl;l fhyj;jpw;Fs; EiofpwJ. 1990 gpd;du;

Mrpa khepyq;fspd; vOr;rpf;F rkkhd rf;jpia Nehf;fp nry;Yk; ghij rthyhf

cs;sJ. cyfpd; nghUshjhu kw;Wk; murpay; mjpfhuj;jpw;F ,ilapy; ,g;NghJ

rpy Vw;wj;jho;Tfs; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. kWGwj;jpy; cyfshtpa epWtdq;fspy;

MSik kw;Wk; nghUshjhu nrad;Kiwfspy; xU ngupa tupir cyf mstpy;

cUthf;fg;gl;bUf;fpwJ mjd; jhf;fk; ,yq;iff;F czug;gLfpwJ Rje;jpuj;jpw;Fg;

gpd;du; ru;tNjruPjpapy; ,yq;if xU gytPdkhd murhf cUntLf;ff; fhuzk;

ntspehl;L murpay; kw;Wk; nghUshjhuf; nfhs;iffs; rhu;e;j Jiwapy; Nkk;gLj;Jjy;

,uh[je;jpu eltbf;if Njrpa eyDf;F khwhf murpay; tpUg;gj;jpw;F cl;gl;ljhfNt

,Uf;fpwJ.

cyfkakhf;fy;> ru;tNjr %yjdk; kw;Wk; murpay; jiyaPL jPtpukhd fhyj;jpy;

vkJ ntspehl;L nfhs;ifahdJ Rje;jpukhd kf;fspd; mgpyhirfis Kd;ndLj;J

nrd;W ru;tNjr rkhjhdk;> xUq;fpize;J thOk; mNjNghy ,e;ehl;bd; jpwd;fis

cau;j;jp cyf muq;fpy; rpwe;j ehlhf tbtikj;J nfhs;Sjy; MFk;.

nray;fs;

1. mzp Nruhik

cyf Mjpf;fj;jpy; ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fshf ehk; njhlu;e;Jk; Mgj;jpy; ,Uf;fpd;Nwhk;.

,g;gFjpapy; cs;s murpay; kw;Wk; ru;tNjr mstpy; mikjpf;fhd rf;jpahf ,Uf;f

Ntz;Lk;. Nghl;b kw;Wk; ru;tNjr r%fj;jpw;F gjpyhf cyfpd; midj;J Kw;Nghf;fhd

ehLfSld;; xd;Wgl;L rkj;Jtj;Jld; mzpNruh nfhs;ifia gpd;gw;w Ntz;Lk;.

2. mbikapy;yhj; jd;ik

98


vkJ ehL rpwpa ehlhf fhzg;gl;lhYk; murpay; Rahl;rp kw;Wk; mbik ,y;yhjij

Nkd;ikahf kjpf;fpd;Nwhk;. Vfhjpgj;jpaj;jpd; Gjpa jd;ik ftdkhf milahsk;

fhzg;gl;L gpugy;ak; ,y;yhj tifapy; [dehafj;ij ,yf;fhff; nfhz;l nfhs;ifAld;

,g;Gjpa Vfhjpgj;jpaj;Jf;F Kfk;nfhLg;gjw;Fj; Njitahd Njrpa kdepiy kw;Wk;

ru;tNjr eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;sy;.

3. ru;tNjr rkhjhdk; rftho;T kw;Wk; ePjp

rh;tNjr murpay; vd;gJ kdpj Fyj;Jf;fpilNa Gupe;Jzh;Tk; nfsutKk; NgZk;

eltbf;if vd;gij Vw;Wf;nfhz;L ru;tNjr rkhjhdj;ij Nkk;gLj;j cyfshtpa

gpur;ridfis xUq;fpize;J nray;gLtjw;F rh;tNjr kw;Wk; gpuhe;jpa epWtdq;fspy;

vkJ milahsj;ij cWjpg;gLj;Jjy;.

4. cyfshtpa ghu;it kw;Wk; Njrpa eltbf;iffs;

FWfpa cs;Shu; rpe;jidAld; ,d;W cyfj;jpw;F Kfk; nfhLf;f KbahJ

vd;gjhy; cyfshtpa nghUshjhuk;> fyhr;rhuk;> njhopy;El;gf; $Wfs; fhl;rpf;F

Vw;wthW cyfshtpauPjpapy; nray;gLj;jy;.

5. xd;wpize;j epiyapy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l cyf xOq;if

fz;lwptjw;F Njhw;Wjy;.

cyf murpay; vd;gJ rf;jp tha;e;j ehLfspd; Nghuhl;lNkh gpuhe;jpa Mjpf;fj;ij

nrYj;Jk; G+kpahf ,Uf;f Ntz;bajy;y. MdhYk; cyfshtpa kw;Wk; gpuhe;jpa

topfspy; KbTfs; vLf;Fk; eltbf;if ehl;Lf;F ntspNa ,lk;ngUk; xd;whFk;.

Mifahy; cyfshtpauPjpapy; [dehafj;ij tpupTgLj;j Njitahd ru;tNjr el;Gwit

fl;bnaOg;g eltbf;if vLj;jy;

Njrpa ghJfhg;GNjrpa ghJfhg;G rk;ge;jkhf jw;NghJs;s FWfpa fUj;jhf;fj;ij ,y;yhnjhopf;f

Ntz;ba mtrpak; cs;sJ. Njrpa ghJfhg;G vd;w nrhy; Aj;jj;NjhL ,e;ehl;L

kf;fs; kj;jpapy; kpfTk; gpugy;ak; Mfp tpl;lJ vdpDk; cz;ikahfNt ,e;j Ml;rp

kw;Wk; mq;F thOk; kf;fs; re;jpf;Fk; gpur;rpidfs; vit? mJ gaq;futhjj;jpw;Fk;

fpsu;r;rpfSf;Fk; kl;Lk; cle;ijah vd Nfs;tpf;Fwp cUthfpAs;sJ. vdNt ekJ

nfhs;if mbg;gilapy; ,e;ehl;L kf;fspd; capUf;F mr;RWj;jy; ,y;yhnjhopf;f $ba

Njrpa ghJfhg;G vd;w gue;j mikg;G eilKiwapy; cs;sJ. mjw;fhf fPo;fhZk;

Nahridfis Kd; itf;fpd;Nwhk;.

• ,e;ehl;L Fbkf;fspd; Rje;jpuk;> capu;g;ghJfhg;G >];jpuj;jd;ik gpuhe;jpa

xUikg;ghL muRupik kw;Wk; mgpyhi\fis ghJfhf;Fk; xU nray;Kiwia

eilKiwg;gLj;jy;.

• muRf;F vjpuhf ,aq;Fk; cs;ehl;Lg; Nghu; murpay; nghUshjhu> fyhrhu

99


nfhe;jspg;Gfs; ,ilA+Wfs; kw;Wk; ru;tNjr> mOj;jq;fSf;F Kfk;

nfhLf;fTk; mtw;iw ntw;wp nfhs;sTk; ,uh[je;jpu FO Nkhjiy jtpu;f;Fk;

nray;Kiwfspy; epue;jukhf nraw;gly;.

• ,aw;if NguopT njhw;WNeha; njhopy;Jiw kw;Wk; Rw;Wr;R+oy; Coy;

fhuzkhf kf;fspd; ghJfhg;Gf;F Vw;gLk; mr;RWj;jiy Kd;djhf mwpe;J

nfhs;sy; mtw;iw fl;Lg;gLj;jy; Nghd;wtw;wpw;F FO mikj;jy; kw;Wk;

mit Kiwahf nraw;gly;

• ntt;NtW ,dj;jtu;fspd; kj;jpapy; Vw;gLk; Md;kPf kw;Wk; fyhrhu

gpur;rpidfis jtpu;f;fTk; kf;fs; kj;jpapy; rkhjhdj;ij Vw;gLj;jp mjd;

%yk; cs;shu;e;j rftho;it cWjpg;gLj;Jjy;

• ru;tNjr Nghijg; nghUs; tpepNahfk;> kdpj flj;jy; rl;ltpNuhj

eltbf;iffs; Nghd;wtw;iw fl;Lg;gLj;j Njitahd rl;l jpl;lq;fis

cUthf;fp tYthf;fy;

• ngz;fs;> gps;isfs;> KjpNahu;> mq;ftPdu;fSf;F Vw;gLk; td;Kiw

nfhLikfis fl;Lg;gLj;jy;

• njhopy;El;g mr;RWj;jy;fs; %yk; Njrpa ghJfhg;Gf;F Vw;gLk; mr;RWj;jiy

fl;Lg;gLj;j irgu; ghJfhg;ig tpupthf;fk; nra;jy; kw;Wk; njhopy;El;g

tpgj;Jf;fis jLj;jy;.

• Kg;gilfisAk; nghyprhiuAk; murpay; kakhf;f kw;Wk; ghJfhg;Gj;

Jiwapy; tYthf;f Njitahd njhopy;El;gj;ij mwpKfk; nra;jy;

• murpay; kw;Wk; rkhjhdj;ij ghJfhf;Fk; midj;J Copau;fspdJk; FLk;g

tho;thjhuj;ij Nkk;gLj;j Njitahd kw;Wk; Rfhjhu trjpfs; nra;J

nfhLj;jy;

100


newpKiwfSld; $ba ,yq;if

rPuhd rKjhaj;ij cUthf;f Kf;fpa rhjdkhf me;j rKjhaj;jpd;

newpKiwfs; Kf;fpa ,lj;ij gpbf;fpwJ. newpKiwfspd; rupit ftdj;jpw;

nfhs;shtpbDk; mJNt gy r%fq;fspd; rupTf;F fhuzkhf cs;sJ.

midj;J gpui[fisAk; rkkhf kjpf;Fk; ePjp kw;Wk; [dehafj;ij ghJfhj;J

murpayikg;Gf;F ghJfhg;G nrYj;Jk; vy;yh gpui[fspdJk; ,Ug;ig

cWjpg;gLj;Jk; mtu;fspd; cupikia ghJfhf;Fk; tpNrl mtjhdj;jpw;F

cl;gLj;jf;$ba FOf;fshf tpsq;Fk; rpWtu;fs;> ngz;fs;> KjpNahu; kw;Wk;

mq;ftPdu;fspd; murpayikg;Gf;F ghJfhg;G nrYj;Jk; vy;yh gpui[fspdJk;

,Ug;ig cWjpg;gLj;Jk; mtu;fspd; cupikia ghJfhf;Fk; tpNrl

mtjhdj;jpw;F cl;gLj;jf;$ba FOf;fshf tpsq;Fk; rpWtu;fs;> ngz;fs;>

KjpNahu; kw;Wk; mq;ftPdu;fspd; cupikfis KOikahf Vw;W mtw;iw

ghJfhf;Fk; rKjhak; newpKiwfSld; $ba ,yq;if ehl;il cUthf;f

ehk; vjpu;ghu;f;fpd;Nwhk; mNjNghy; murhq;fk; jkJ kf;fspd; nghWg;GfSf;F

gjpy; $Wk; nghWg;ig czu;e;j Fbkf;fs; rKjhak; kPsTk; cUthtij

vjpu;ghu;f;fpd;wJ.

101


Gjpa murpayikg;Gjw;NghJs;s murpay; mikg;G jpUj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;F nghJthd cld;ghL

cs;sJ. Gjpa murpayikg;G %yk; Kjd;ikahf Nru;f;ff;$ba [dehafk;> mbg;gil

kdpj cupik> ,dq;fSf;fpilapyhd xw;Wik> nghUshjhu kw;Wk; rKjha cupikfis

cWjpg;gLj;jy;> gy;NtW ,dj;jtu;fspd; milahsq;fs; kw;Wk; rk cupikia

cWjpg;gLj;jy; Nghd;w ,yq;if Njrpaj;ij cUthf;Fjy; vd;gJ nghJ fUj;jhFk;.

epiwNtw;W mjpfhuk; nfhz;l [dhjpgjp cupikia xopj;J murpayikg;G

mjpfhurigapd; fl;Lg;ghl;bd;fPo; ,aq;Fjy;.

mbg;gil cupik tpupthf;fg;gLk;: mjd; fPo; r%f cupikfsis mbg;gil

cupikfshf Vw;Wf;nfhs;sy;. ,jpy; Muk;gfhy rpWtaJ tsu;r;rp> fy;tp ngWjy;>

jepegu; MNuhf;fpak; Ntiytha;g;G ngWjy;> tPL trjp Rj;jkhd ePu;> Rfhjhuk; kw;Wk;

Ngh\hf;F Mfpait mbg;gil cupikfshf Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.

• ,dq;fSf;fpilapy; xw;Wikapd;ik> kjuPjpahd FNuhjk; Mz;-ngz; Ngjk;

kw;Wk; Vida fhuzpfSf;fhf Gwf;fzpg;G ,y;yhj epge;jidfSf;F cl;gl;L

Ngr;R Rje;jpuj;ij cWjpg;gLj;jy;.

• jw;NghJs;s Nju;jy; Kiwia khw;wp kf;fspd; tpUg;gj;ij cWjpg;gLj;Jk; Gjpa

Nju;jy; Kiwnahd;iw mwpKfg;gLj;jy;.

• kf;fs; gpujpepjpfis gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;Jk; epWtdq;fSf;F ngz;fs; kw;Wk;

,isQu; gpujpepjpj;Jtj;ij Fiwe;jgl;rk; 25% cWjpg;gLj;jy;.

• 70 taij fle;j egu;fSf;F ve;j xU Nju;jypYk; Nghl;bapl KbahJ vd Gjpa

rl;lj;ij cUthf;Fjy.;

• mikr;ruit 25 Ngiu cs;slf;fpajhf fhzg;gLtNjhL mjd; jiytu;

gpujkuhf nraw;gLjy; kw;Wk; mikr;ru;fs;> gpujp mikr;ru;fisj; jtpu NtW

ve;j uPjpapYk; mikr;ru;fis epakpj;jy; jtpu;j;jy;.

• ePjpj;Jiw RahjPdkhf ,aq;FtNjhL Njitahd gl;rj;jpy; mjpfhuj;ij

nray;gLj;Jtjw;F Njitahd rl;lq;fis jahupj;jy;.

• rpWtu; ngz;fs; kw;Wk; khw;Wj;jpwdhspfspd; cupikfs; rk;ge;jkhd murpay;

mikg;ig ru;tNjr rhrdj;jpw;F cl;gl;ljhf tpupthf;Fjy;.

• jw;NghJ ,aq;Fk; Mizf;FOTf;F Nkyhf fy;tp miu muR Nritfs; Clfk;

Nghd;w JiwfSf;F RahjPd Mizf;FOf;fis epakpj;jy; kw;Wk; mit

murpaypy; ,Ue;J tpLgl;ljhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

102


vy;yh ,dq;fspd; milahsj;ijAk; rkkhf

ghJfhf;Fk; ,yq;ifj; Njrpak;

murpayikg;G eltbf;iffs;

Njrpa ,dq;fSf;F ,ilapyhd gu];gu ek;gpf;ifia Kwpj;Jf;nfhs;sy; murpay;

uPjpahd rl;l jpl;lq;fis mKyhf;Fk; nghOJ ,dq;fSf;fpilapyhd xw;Wikia

Vw;gLj;Jtjpy; Njhy;tp> nghUshjhu NtWghLfs;> nghJepu;thfj;jpd; ikag;gLj;jg;gl;l

jd;ik Mfpad ,yq;ifapd; Njrpa ,dg;gpur;rpid Vw;gLtjw;F Kf;fpa fhuzpfshFk;

• ,dq;fis ghugl;rk; ghhj;jy;> midj;J ,dthj jiyaPLfs;> kjq;fSf;fpilNa

Nkhjy;fs; fhuzpahf mikaf;$batw;iw Gjpa murpayikg;gpd; fPo; jil

nra;jy;.

• vy;yh ,dj;jtu;fisAk; rKjha> fyhrhu> kj> nghUshjhu kw;Wk; murpay;

cupikfis Kw;wpYk; Ngr;rstpy; khj;jpuk; tpl;Ltplhky; eilKiwapy;

nray;gLj;j murpayikg;gpd; %yk; cWjpg;gLj;jy;

• ehl;bd; midj;J ,dq;fspdJk; ,yq;if vd;w milahsj;ij cWjpg;

gLj;Jtjw;fhd murpay; kw;Wk; epu;thf mjpfhuj;ij gfpu;e;jspf;f Gjpa

tpjpKiwfs; nfhz;l epu;thf Kiwia mwpKfg;gLj;j eltbf;if vLj;jy;.

mjNd}L ,dg;gpupT Vw;gLk; kNdhghtj;ij ,y;yhnjhopj;jy;.

nkhopf;nfhs;if

• 16 tJ jpUj;jr; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; 1988 k; Mz;L njhlf;fk; murpayikg;G

rl;lj;jpd; fPo; mKyhf;fg;gl;l Njrpa nkhopf; nfhs;ifia cupa tifapy;

mKy; nra;J eilKiwg;gLj;jy;

• nkhopia %y fhuzkhff; nfhz;L Vw;gLk; neUf;fbfis ,y;yhnjhopf;f

,yq;if Fbkf;fs; gad;gLj;Jk; rpq;fsk;> jkpo; >Mq;fpyk; Nghd;w nkhopfis

Njrpa nkhopahf murpay; mikg;G rl;lj;jpd; %yk; epWtp ve;j nkhopfspSk;

nray;gl kf;fSf;F cs;s cupikia Vw;Wf; nfhz;L jw;NghJ Vw;gLk;

neUf;fbfis KOikahf ,y;yhnjhopj;jy;

• ,yq;ifapy; vy;yh ,dj;jtu;fSk; mtu;fspd; epu;thfj;jpw;F Njitahdtw;iw

jd;Dila jha; nkhopapy; mjhtJ jkf;F fUj;J njuptpf;f ,yFthd

nra;tjw;F Njitahd cah;e;jgl;r trjpfis toq;fy;

• rpq;fsk;> jkpo;> Mq;fpyk; Nghd;w nkhopfis f.ngh.j. rhjhuz juk; tiu

fw;gjw;F fl;lhag;gLj;jy; kw;Wk; mjw;F Njitahd khdpak; toq;Fjy;

103


• jkpo; kw;Wk; K];ypk; kf;fs; $Ljyhf thOk; tlf;F kw;Wk; fpof;F gpuNjrq;fspy;

,aq;Fk; nghyp]; epiyaq;fs;> murhq;f fhupahyaq;fSf;F jkpo; nkhop

mwpe;j nghyp]; cj;jpNahf];ju;fs; kw;Wk; nkhopngau;g;ghsu;fis murhq;f

cj;jpNahfj;jh;fis epakpf;f eltbf;if vLj;jy;.

• NghyP]; kw;Wk; ghJfhg;G Jiw> murhq;f mYtyfq;fspy; Nritahw;Wk;

midtUf;Fk; jha; nkhopia jtpu;e;j muR nkhopfis fw;gpj;jy;> fw;Wf;

nfhs;tjw;F Cf;Ftpj;jy;.

• ve;j xU ePjpkd;wj;jpYk; tof;F tprhuizfspd;NghJ Fw;wk; rhl;lg;gl;ltu;fs;

jdJ jha;nkhopapy; NgRtij Vw;Wf;nfhz;L mtu;fSf;F jha;nkhop

nkhopngau;g;ghsu;fis ngw;Wf; nfhLj;jy;.

• ,jw;fhf midj;J trjpfisAk; ngw;Wf; nfhLj;J eilKiwg;gLj;jy;.

• tlf;F kw;Wk; fpof;F gFjpfspy; cs;s vy;yh NghyP]; epiyaq;fspYk;

jha;nkhopapy; fy;tp fw;w gl;ljhupfis NghJkhd msT epakpj;J mjpfhuk;

nfhz;l kf;fs; ,izg;ghsu; kd;wq;fis epWt tha;g;gspj;jy;. me;epWtdq;fs;

NghyP]; fl;Lg;ghl;by; ,Ue;jhYk; kf;fs; njhlu;G kd;wq;fshf nray;gl

eltbf;if vLj;jy;.

• ehl;bd; vy;yh gps;isfSf;Fk; jkpo;> rpq;fsk;> Mq;fpyk; Mfpa %d;W

nkhopfisAk; fw;gpf;f jw;NghJs;s epiyapYk; ghu;f;f eilKiw

Ntiyj;jpl;lnkhd;iw nraw;gLj;JtNjhL mjw;F Njitahd Mrpupau;fSf;F

Kiwahd gapw;rp mspg;gjw;F eltbf;if vLj;jy;.

• midj;J gy;fiyf;fofq;fspYk; rpq;fsk;> jkpo;> Mq;fpyk; Mfpa %d;W

nkhopfSf;Fk; Njitahd nkhopMa;T fy;tp gpupit epWTjy;.

• ,uz;lhk; nkhopia fw;f tpUk;Gk; KjpNahu;fSf;fhf rpq;fs> jkpo; nkhop

gapw;rpia ngw;Wju KjpNahu; fy;tp jpl;lk; xd;iw cUthf;fy;.

• Ntiytha;g;G toq;Fk; nghOJ murpay; jiyaPL ,y;yhj vy;yh ,dq;fSf;Fk;

epahak; epiyehl;Lk; tifapy; jFjpf;F Vw;wthW toq;Fjy;.

kf;fspd; fhzpg; gpur;rpid

• tl fpof;fpy; fhzp gpur;rpid kpfTk; ghuJ}ukhd Kf;fpakhdjhfTk; cs;sjhy;

mij jPu;g;gjw;F tpiuthf eltbf;if vLj;jy;.

• cs;ehl;L Nghu; fhuzkhf jkJ ,Ug;gplq;fis ,oe;J jkpo;> K];ypk;> rpq;fs

kf;fSf;F kPz;Lk; jj;jkJ ,Ug;gplq;fis ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;F ,Uf;Fk;

cupikia mbg;gil kdpj cupikahf Vw;Wf; nfhs;sy;

• ,jd;gb fhzpfis ,oe;j midj;J kf;fSf;Fk; fhzpfis ngw;Wj; jUtjw;F

eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;sy;

104


• cau;ghJfhg;G tyaq;fis mikg;gjw;F fhzpfs; cupj;jhf;ffpf; nfhz;ljhy;

ngUk;ghyhd kf;fs; fhzpfis ,oe;Js;sdu; vd Vw;Wf; nfhs;sy;

• tl fpof;fpy; fhzp ,oe;j kf;fspd; gpur;rpidia Gupe;J nfhz;L fhzp

cupikahsu;fsis ,dq;fz;L mf;fhzpia mtu;fSf;F nfhLg;gjw;Fk;>

mj;jpahtrpa fhuzq;fSf;fhf Vw;fdNt muR cupj;jhf;fpf; nfhz;l

fhzpfSf;fhf epahakhd e\;l <l;il toq;Fjy; my;yJ fhzp cupikahsu;fspd;

tpUg;gj;jpd;gb khw;Wf; fhzpfis toq;Fk; KfkhfTk; kf;fs; gpujpepjpfs;

khtl;l nrayhsu;fs; kw;Wk; fhzp mikr;rpd; cj;jpNahfj;ju;fis nfhz;l

KO typik nfhz;l Njrpa fhzp Mizf;FO xd;iw mikj;J mjd; %yk;

gpur;rpidfis jPu;f;f mtru eltbf;if vLj;jy;

• ntspehLfSf;Fk; ntspehl;L gd;dhl;L epWtdq;fSf;Fk; fhzpfis tpw;gJ>

ePz;lfhy Fj;jiff;F toq;Ftij Kw;whf jil nra;jy;.

• murpay; nry;thf;F cs;stu;fSf;F kf;fspd; fhzpfis gfpu;e;jspg;gjpy;

cs;s murpay; jiyaPLfis cldbahf epWj;Jjy;

• Gjpa fhzp Mizf;FOtpy; kf;fspd; fhzpg; gpur;rpidfis jPu;f;Fk; tiu

Gjpa FbNaw;wq;fs; mikg;gJ ,ilepWj;jk; nra;jy;

• ehl;bd; ve;jnthU gpuNjrj;jpYk; kf;fs;njhif mikg;ig khw;w murhq;fj;jpdhy;

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; kf;fs; FbNaw;wj; jpl;lq;fis cld; epWj;Jjy;

• murhq;fj;jpdhy; kf;fSf;F fhzpiag; ngw;Wf; nfhLf;Fk; NghJ Muk;g

fhyj;jpypUe;J mg;gpuNjrj;jpy; thOk; Mdhy; fhzpaw;w kf;fSf;F Kd;Dupik

toq;fy;

murpaw; ifjpfs;

• tlf;fpy; ,lk;ngw;w Aj;jj;jpd; NghJ gy;NtW re;ju;g;gq;fspy;; ifJ nra;ag;gl;L

ruzile;J Gdu;tho;tspf;fg;gl;L tpLjiyahd ,isQu;> AtjpfSf;F

rPtNdhghaj;ij Vw;gLj;Jtjw;F murhq;fk; nraw;gl Ntz;Lk;.

• midj;J murpaw; ifjpfisAk; tpLjiy nra;jy;.

• mtu;fSf;F rl;l uPjpahfNth NtW ve;j tifapYk; ,ilA+wpd;wp Rje;jpukhf

rKjha kakhtjw;F G+uz ghJfhg;igAk; Xj;Jiog;igAk; toq;fs;.

• gaq;futhj jLg;Gr; rl;lj;ij uj;Jr; nra;jy; kw;Wk; vt;tpjkhd gaq;futhjKk;

jiyJ}f;fTs;s mbg;gilf; fhuzpfis ePf;Fjy;.

• fhzkyhf;fg;gl;ltu;fs; njhlu;ghf epahaj;ij toq;Ftjw;fhf Jupj

eltbf;iffis vLj;jy;.

ghjpf;fg;gl;l fl;rpfSf;F epthuzk; toq;Fjy;

• Aj;jk; fhuzkhf gy;NtW tifapy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l> ,of;fg;gl;l midtUf;Fk;

105


jkJ gpur;rpidfis njuptpg;gjw;Fk; mit njhlh;ghf cz;ikia

fz;lwpe;J ghjpf;fg;gl;NlhUf;F epahaj;ij toq;fTk;> Njrpa xw;Wikia

fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;Fkhd rl;l%yj;jpDhlhf ,dq;fSf;fpilNa ey;ypzf;fj;ij

cWjpgLj;Jtjw;fhd Nehf;fpy; cz;ik Ma;T Mizf;FOnthd;iw mikj;jy;.

• ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fSf;F ,ilapyhd kdf;ftiyfis Nghf;Ftjw;fhd

MNyhrid> jpl;lq;fis cupa Kiwapy; eilKiwg;gLj;jy;

[dehafk; kw;Wk; Rje;jpuj;ij cWjpg;gLj;Jjy;

• midj;J khfhzq;fspYk; murpay; eltbf;iffSf;fhd fUj;Jr; Rje;jpuk;>

mikg;G kw;Wk; xd;W$ly; Rje;jpuj;ij cWjpgLj;jy;

• mjpfhug;G+u;tkw;w MAj FOf;fisj; epuhAjkhf;fy;

• midj;J khfhzq;fspYk; cs;s kf;fSf;F Rje;jpukhf Nghf;Ftuj;Jr;

nra;tjw;Fk; md;whl eltbf;iffspy; <LgLtjw;Fk; Rje;jpukhf tho;tjw;Fk;

cs;s cupikia cWjpgLj;jy;.

• nghyp]; Nritia ghJfhg;G mikr;rpypUe;J ePf;Fjy;.

• nghJkf;fSld; njhlh;Gs;s rptpy; epWtdq;fSf;F ghJfhg;Gj; Jiwia rhh;e;j

mjpfhupfis epakpg;gij epWj;jy;.

• midj;J Clf epWtdq;fSf;Fk; Clftpayhsh;fSf;Fk; nghJthf ehl;bd;

midj;J gFjpfspYk; Fwpg;ghf tlgFjpapy; jilapd;wp jq;fs; Clf

eltbf;iffis njhlu Njitahd Rje;jpuj;ij cWjpgLj;jy;.

• tlgFjp kf;fspd; ePjpkd;w eltbf;iffis Jupjkhf;Ftjw;Fk;

,yFthf;Ftjw;Fk; Njitahd eltbf;if vLj;jYk; rl;l cjtp Nritfisr;

ruptu eilKiwgLj;y;.

• tlf;F fpof;F gFjpfspy; Aj;jj;jpw;F gpd;G mikf;fg;gl;l kj];jyq;fspd;

rl;lG+h;t cupikia Muha;tjw;F RahjPd Mizf;FOnthd;iw epakpj;jy;.

• njhy;nghUs; jpizf;fsj;jpd; eltbf;iffis RahjPd kw;Wk; gf;fr;rhh;gw;wj;

jd;ikia cupjpgLj;jy;.

• Njrpa xw;Wikf;F gq;fk; tpistpf;Fk; kjkakhf;fis epWj;jy;.

Nghupdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l gFjpfis kPsf; fl;bnaOg;Gjy;

• tl khfhzj;jpy; ePz;l fhykhf nraw;lgl;L te;j njhopw;rhiyfis kPs

Muk;gpj;jy;. (cjhuzk;: gue;jd; ,urhadj; njhope;rhiy)

• fpspnehr;rp kw;Wk; Ky;iyj;jPT khtl;lq;fspy; Vuhskhd fhy;eil tsu;g;Gfis

nray;gLj;j KbAk;. Vw;fdNt> fpspnehr;rp kw;Wk; tTdpah khtl;lq;fspYk;

fhy;eil tsu;g;G ,lk;ngWtjhy;> ghy; njhopw;rhiyfis epWTjy;.

106


• tl khfhzj;jpy; cs;s mur gz;izia kPs ,af;FjYk; tptrhapfl;Fj;

Njitahd trjpfisAk; rYiffisAk; toq;fy;.

• tl khfhzj;jpy; cs;s midj;J Fsq;fs; kw;Wk; Vupfis ,uz;L tUlj;jpw;Fs;

kWrPuikj;jy;.

• flw;nwhopypy; mjpf <LghLnfhz;l Ky;iyj;jPT khtl;l kf;fSf;fhd njhopy;

rhu;e;j mbg;gil trjpfis Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhLj;jy;.

• ,e;jpa kPdt Mf;fpukpg;ig epWj;jp ,yq;if flw;nwhopyhsu;fSf;F jkJ

flw;gug;gpy; mr;RWj;jypd;wp kPd;gpb eltbf;iffis Nkwnfhs;tjw;fhd

eltbf;ifia vLj;jy;.

• kPd;gpbj; njhopYf;fhd etPd njhopEl;gj;ij mwpKfg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf %d;W

tUl Ntiyj;jpl;lj;ij nraw;gLj;jy;.

• tl khfhzj;jpy; rPtNdhghaj;ij Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhd Raj;njhopy;

Ntiyj;jpl;lj;ij mwpKfg;gLj;jy;.

• mjw;fhf khtl;l mbg;gilapy; njhopy; gapw;rp epiyaq;fis epWTjy;.

• Aj;jj;jhy; mopTw;w midj;J kj];jyq;fisAk; kPs;epu;khzpg;Gr; nra;jy;.

• njhy;nghUs; kjpg;Gs;s midj;J ,lq;fisAk; ghJfhg;gJ murhq;fj;jpd;

nghWg;ghf Vw;W gf;fr;rhu;gw;w Kiwapy; nraw;gLjy;.

• Aj;jj;jhy; mjpfsthfg; ghjpf;fg;gl;Ls;s tlf;F> fpof;F tpjitfs;>

CdKw;Nwhu; Nghd;w midtUf;Fk; epahakhd nraw;ghl;il Kd;ndLj;jy;.

• tl khfhzj;jpy; tu;j;jf kw;Wk; tptrhaj;jpy; <LgLk; kf;fSf;F mur

tq;fpfspdhy; rYiff; fld;fis ngw;Wf;nfhLf;Fk; cupa jpl;lj;ij

eilKiwg;gLj;jy;.

• FLk;gj;ij guhkwpj;j mq;fj;jtu; fhzhkyhf;fg;gl;ljhy; epu;f;fjpf;Fs;shd

FLk;gj;jpw;F khjje;NjhWk; jyh 10>000 &gh nfhLg;gdit toq;fs;.

Njrpa xw;Wik• ,dthjk;> kjthjk; kw;Wk; rhjp Ntw;Wik Nghd;w gpupTf;Fl;gLj;Jk;> kdpj

tu;f;fj;Jf;F nghUj;jkw;w r%f tpNuhj fUj;jpaiyg; gug;GtJ mtw;iw

NknyOg;GtJ mjw;fhf VidNahiu J}z;btpLtJ kw;WK; xj;Jiog;ig

toq;Ftij jLg;gjw;F rl;lG+u;tkhf eltbf;ifia vLj;jy;.

• ,d> kj> rhjp my;yJ NtW ve;j Ntw;Wikapd; mbg;gilapYk; xU

gpui[ia mtkhdg;gLj;JtJ> nfhr;irg;gLj;JtJ> ,opTg;gLj;JtJ>

rq;flg;gLj;JtJ> mnrsfupak; kw;Wk; mePjpf;Fl;gLj;JtJ Kw;whf jilnra;a

Ntz;baNjhL mt;thwhd epiyf;F Kfk;nfhLf;Fk; egu;fspd; Kiwg;ghLfis

Vw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;Fk; mit tprhuizf;Fl;gLj;JtJk; mf;Fw;wthspfis

ePjpkd;wj;jpy; rku;g;gpg;gjw;Fk; mjpfhKs;s> 'Ntw;Wikahf ftzpg;gijj;

107


jLf;Fk; Mizf;FOit (Commission Against Discrimination) mikj;jy;.

kjq;fSf;fpilNa ey;ypzf;fk;

• gpujhd kjq;fs; midj;jpYk; cs;slf;fkhfTs;s rhe;jp> rkhjhdk;> mz;G

Nghd;w fUj;jpay;fs; rhu;e;j fUj;jhlY}lhf Njrpa xw;Wikia tsu;g;gjw;F

eilKiwapyhdj; jpl;lj;ij Kd;ndLj;jy;.

• gpujhd kjq;fspd; Muk;gf; fu;j;jhf;fspd; Nghjidfs; gpw;ghyj;jpy; jpupGgLj;jp

Njrpa xw;Wikf;F vt;thW gq;fk; tpistpf;fg;gLfpwJ vd;gJ Fwpj;J

rKjhaj;jpy; fUj;jhliy Muk;gpj;jy;.

• ngsj;j> fpwp];jt kjq;fisg Nghd;W ,e;J> ,];yhk; kjq;fspYk;

cs;slf;fj;jpYs;s RgPl;rkhd fUj;Jf;fs; vt;thW Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWfpd;wd

vd;gJ Fwpj;J kjq;fSf;fpilNa fye;jhNyhrpg;Gfis Muk;gpj;jy;.

kfspu; cupiktuyhw;W r%f mgptpUj;jpapy; ngz;fspd; gq;F kpfTk; rhjfkhd kw;Wk; Kf;fpa

gq;if tfpf;fpwJ. ,yq;ifapd; ngz; r%jhak; Vw;fdNt rupahd ,lj;jpw;F te;J

tpl;lJ vd;W gy;NtW Neuq;fspy; ek; rKjhaj;jpy; gy;NtW kf;fs; ngUikAld;$wp

cs;sdu;. Fwpg;ghf fy;tp kw;Wk; Rfhjhuj;jpy; ,yq;ifapd; ngz;fs; kw;w ehl;L

ngz;fis xg;gpLifapy; cau; gjtpapy; ,Ug;gjhy;> (Traditional Methods) NtW r%f

Kiwfis xg;gpLifapy; rk;gpujha gof;f tof;fq;fs; fhzg;gLtJk; ,jw;F fhuzkhFk;.

Mdhy; ,yq;if ngz;fspd; epiyikia jPtpukhf Ma;T nra;Ak;NghJ> mjpy; rpe;jpf;f

Kbahjit gy cs;sd. ngz;fs; fy;tp Jiwapy; mjpf gq;Nfw;G kw;Wk; tpisTfis

nfhz;Ls;sdu; vdpDk; kw;w Jiwfspy; cs;s ngz;fs; neUf;fbia vjpu;nfhs;fpd;wdu;.

Ntiytha;g;G Jiwapy; Ntiytha;g;G> murpay; kw;Wk; gpw r%f gq;Nfw;G kw;Wk;

jiyik> ngz;fSf;F vjpuhd td;Kiw> cs;ehl;L td;Kiw> jw;nfhiy gw;wpa mjpf

mwpf;iffs; ekJ rKjhaj;jpy; ngz;fis fhg;ghw;Wk; Kaw;rpfs; rthyhf cs;sd.

nghUshjhu mikg;gpy;> Fwpg;ghf jw;Nghija Kjyhspj;Jt

nghUshjhuj;jpy; kpfTk; mghafukhd mghaq;fs; cs;sd. cau; jukhd>

Mdhy; kjpg;gplg;glhj gFjpfspy; (Mil> ntspehl;L Ntiytha;g;G>

Kiwrhuh Jiw) mjpfgl;rk; Nritfspd; vz;zpf;ifapy; ngz;fs; cs;sdu;.

ngz;fspd; fyhr;rhu kd mOj;jk; kpf Nkhrkhd epiyapy; cs;sJ.

ngz;fSf;F gy;NtW fyhr;rhu gpd;dzpfs; kuGfs; kw;Wk; rl;lq;fs; rpf;fpf;nfhs;s

Ntz;ba fl;lhak; cs;sJ. ,jd; tpisthf ngz;fs;>ghypdk; kw;Wk; ghypdk;

gw;wpa FWfpa> ghuk;gupa kw;Wk; gpd;jq;fpa fUj;Jf;fs; cs;sd. ngz;fspd;

r%f epiyia khw;Wtjw;F> FLk;gj;jpYk; Vida murpay; kw;Wk; fyhr;rhu

epWtdq;fspy; xU rpe;jid khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;jp rk me;j];ij Vw;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.

108


• ngz;fSf;F FLk;gj;jpYk; nghJ ,lq;fspYk; NtWgLj;jpftzpf;Fk; rk;gpujha

tpjpKiwfisAk; r%f tpjpKiwfisAk; ePf;Fjy;.

• midj;J kl;lq;fspYk; KbntLf;Fk; epWtdq;fs; kw;Wk; epWtdq;fspy;

ngz;fspd; <Lghl;il mjpfupf;f eltbf;if vLj;jy;

• ngz;fs; vjpu;nfhs;Sk; ghJfhg;gw;w mr;RWj;jy;fs;> mtw;wpd; ghJfhg;gpy;

kpfTk; NtWgLfpd;wd. vdNt ghJfhg;G toq;Ftjw;fhd r%f ghJfhg;G

fl;likg;ig epWTjy;

• xU ngz;zpd; czu;jpwid Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhf ghypd kw;Wk; Mz;fs; ,UtUf;Fk;

gs;sp ghlrhiyfisg; NghyNt fy;tp epWtdq;fspy; epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fis

eilKiwg;gLj;Jjy;

• tPl;L kw;Wk; nghJ ,lq;fspy; td;Kiw ,y;yhky; tho;tjw;F cupik kw;Wk;

ghJfhg;G rl;lq;fs; r%f MjuT fl;likg;Gfis tYg;gLj;Jjy;

• ngz;fs; MNuhf;fpaj;ij ikakhff; nfhz;l Muha;r;rp> tpopg;Gzu;T kw;Wk;

Nritfis gyg;gLj;Jjy;

rpWtu;fs; kw;Wk; ,isQu;fs;ve;jnthU rKjhaj;jpd; vjpu;fhyk; mjd; ,isa kw;Wk; Foe;ijj; jiyKiwapd;

tsu;r;rpiag; nghWj;jJ. ,j;jifa Foe;ijfs; kw;Wk; ,isQu;fspd; vjpu;fhyk;

r%f ghJfhg;G fl;likg;Gfs; gw;wpa ek;gpf;ifapd; KwpT fhuzkhf cs;sJ.

,J mopTfukhd gad;ghl;bid Vw;gLj;JfpwJ> r%f epWtdq;fspd; ek;gpf;ifia

,of;fpwJ. r%f ghJfhg;G kw;Wk;

cjtp mikg;Gfs; Ruz;ly;> td;Kiw kw;Wk; Gwf;fzpg;G Mfpatw;why;

ghjpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ngupatu;fs; cyfj;ij mZFk; mwpTk; ek;gpf;ifAk;

kdg;ghd;ikapYk; ek;gpf;ifapYk; ,y;iy. ,e;j R+o;epiyiaj; jLf;f fy;tp> Rfhjhu

mikg;Gfs; kw;Wk; mtw;wpd; ghJfhg;G Mfpatw;wpy; rhjfkhd nghJ NtWghLfs;

,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

• Foe;ijfs; kw;Wk; ,isQu;fspilNa murhq;f epWtdq;fspd; nghWg;Gk;

gq;FfSk; jdpj;jdpahf milahsk; fhzg;gl;Ls;sd. ,J kWrPuikf;fg;gl;lJ

kw;Wk; gyg;gLj;jpaJ

• td;Kiw> Gwf;fzpg;G kw;Wk; FLk;g rl;lj;jpd; Kuz;ghLfs; Mfpatw;Wf;Fk;

ghjpf;fg;gl;l Foe;ijfs; kw;Wk; ,isQu;fs; r%fj;jpd; ghJfhg;gpw;Fk;

Gdu;tho;Tf;Fk; r%fk; Kd;Dupik toq;FfpwJ.

• Njitg;gl;lhy;> mj;jpahtrpa fhuzq;fSf;fhf kl;LNk FLk;gj;jpdu; my;yJ

r%fk; %yk; gpupf;ff;$ba Foe;ijfis epWtdkakhf;Fjy; epWtdj;jpy;

,Uf;f Ntz;ba kw;Wk; mtu;fSf;F rl;lg;G+u;tkhf;f Ntz;ba Fiwe;jgl;r

juq;fis guhkupf;f mtu;fSf;F cjTq;fs;.

• gy;NtW fhuzq;fSf;fhf> mJ rl;lj;NjhL my;yJ Foe;ijfs; kw;Wk;

109


,isQu;fSf;fhd rl;lq;fSld; Kuz;gLfpwJ

• mtu;fs; fy;tp kw;Wk; Rfhjhu Nritfs; kw;Wk; ,ju NritfSf;F rkkhd

mZfiy toq;Ffpd;w r%fj;jpw;fhd rpwg;Gj; jpl;lq;fisj; jahupj;jy;

taJte;Njhu; kf;fs; njhifjdJ tho;ehspd; ngUk; gFjpia FLk;gj;JlDk; r%f nghUshjhu tsu;r;rpf;fhfTk;

gq;fspg;G nra;j KjpNahu;fs; vg;NghJk; ghJfhf;fg;gl Ntz;baJ r%fj;jpd;

nghWg;ghFk;. rpy nfhs;if tFg;ghsu;fs; xl;Lnkhj;j nghJ epiyg;ghl;by;

cs;s KjpNahu; vz;zpf;if mjpfupj; jhYk; mJ xU gpur;rpid vd milahsk;

fhzg;gl;lhYk; ,e;j R+o;epiyia Gupe;J nfhs;tjd; %yk; KjpNahupy; ftdk;

nrYj;JtJ r%f nghWg;Gzu;T xU Kf;fpa mk;rkhFk; vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdu;.2012,y;

ehl;bd; kf;fs;njhif fzpg;gPl;bd;gb (60 tajpw;F Nkw;gl;l )KjpNahu; njhif kl;Lk;

2.5 kpy;ypad; MFk; mJ jw;Nghija nkhj;j kf;fs; njhifapy; 12.4% MFk;. ,yq;if

ehl;by; epyTk; r%f fyhrhuj;jpw;F mikthf tajhdtu;fis Ngzpg;ghJfhg;gJ

FLk;g mq;fj;jpdupd;> cwtpdupd; nghWg;ghtJld;f\;lkhd epiyapYk; $l mt;thwhd

fyhrhuj;jpd; ngUikia ngWtjd; Clhf KjpNahiu ghJfhg;gJ KO r%fj;jpdJk;

nghWg;G vd;gJ vkJ ek;gpf;ifahFk;.

nray;fs;

• tPl;bDs; KjpNahiu ftdpf;Fk; re;ju;g;gj;jpy; mjw;fhd mj;jpahtrpa Kjd;ik

trjpfis ,ytrkhf toq;Fjy;

• tPl;by; cs;s KjpNahupd; Rfhjhu trjpfis khjk;NjhWk; Nkw;ghu;it

nra;tjw;fhf RfhjhuFOf;fis mikj;jy;

• KjpNahu; ,y;yq;fspy; ,Uf;f Ntz;ba Fiwe;jgl;r trjpfis jPu;khdpj;jtYld;

vy;yh khfhz fl;Lg;ghl;L gFjpfSk; cs;slq;Fk; tifapy; ru;tNjr

juepiyapy; rPuhd KjpNahu; ,y;yq;fis mikj;jy;

• murhq;fj;jpd; %yk; KjpNahu;fspd; Rfhjhuk; njhlu;ghd tpNrl Kiwfis

cUthf;fy;

• ,tw;iw ey;y kdepiyapy; Kd;ndLj;J nry;tJld; r%f xUikg;ghl;il

cUthf;f KjpNahu;fspd; Mf;fG+u;tkhd nghUshjhu eltbf;iffs;

Ntiyj;jpl;lj;ij jahupj; jy;

• murpay; my;yJ NtW el;Gld; ,y;yhky; KjpNahu;fspd; mDgtk; kw;Wk;

mwpit MNyhrid vLj;Jf; nfhs;tJ njhlu;ghf ntt;NtW nray;Kiwfis

cUthf;fy;

• jdpahu; Jiwapy; kw;Wk; Kiwrhuh Jiwapy; Ntiy nra;gtu;fs; njhlu;ghf

r%f ghJfhg;G Ntiyj;jpl;lnkhd;iw eilKiwg;gLj;jy;

• midj;J KjpNahu;fisAk; ghJfhf;Fk; tifapy; fhg;gPL jpl;lk; xd;iw

110


• eilKiwg;gLj;j epjpj; jpl;lq;fis Vw;gLj;jy;

• KjpNahu;fs; jpdKk; tho;f;ifia Rje;jpukhd R+oypy; kfpo;r;rpahf nfhz;L

nry;tjw;F eilghij> topghl;L jsq;fSld; $ba tpLKiw tpLjpfis

cUthf;f Cf;Ftpg;gNjhL murhq;fj;jpd; mDruizAld; mtw;iw cUthf;f

• KjpNahu; kw;Wk; mq;ftPdu;fs; nghJ Nghf;Ftuj;J Nritia ,ytrkhf

toq;fy;

• nghJ Nritfs; toq;Fk; epiyaq;fspy; KjpNahu;fSf;fhd Kd;Dupik toq;Fk;

jpl;lj;ijj; jahupj;jy;

• rpukq;fSf;F kj;jpapy; thOk; KjpNahu;fSf;F tho;thjhuj;jpw;fhf mj;jpahtrpa

epjpia ngw;Wf; nfhLj;jy;

• KjpNahu; kw;Wk; mq;ftPdu;fs; ftdj;jpw;nfhs;s njhopy;Kiw fy;tpia

cUthf;fy;

• KjpNahu;fspd; eyd;Gupfis ghJfhf;f murhq;f epWtdq;fis cUthf;f

rpiwf;ifjpfs; eyd;Gupmz;ikf; fhyq;fspy; ntt;NtW rpiwr;rhiyfspy; ifjpfis nfhiy

nra;jy; kdpjj;jd;ikaw;w tifapy; nfhLikg;gLj;jy; njhlu;Gfspd; %yk; njupa

tUtJ."ifjpfSk; kdpju;fs;jhd;"vd;gJ jw;fhyj;jpy; Kw;wpYk; Ngr;Rf;F khj;jpuk;

tiuaWf;fg;gl;lJ vd;gNjahFk;.

neUf;fk; kw;Wk; ifjpfspd; mbg;gil trjpfs; ,d;ik rpiwr;rhiy Kfk;nfhLf;Fk;

Kf;fpa gpur;rpidahFk; rpiwr;rhiyfs; rPu;jpUj;jk; nra;tjw;F khwhf mtu;fSf;F

jz;lid toq;Ftij Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;l epWtdkhf khwpAs;sJ. rpiwr;rhiyapDs;

elf;Fk; Nghijg; nghUs; tpepNahfk; ghjhs cyf eltbf;iffs; fhuzkhf jw;NghJ

rpiwr;rhiy fw;Wf;nfhLf;Fk; ,lkhf khwp tUtJld; xOf;fj;Jld; rpiw jz;lid

mDgtpf;Fk; ifjpfSf;F gpur;rpidahf cs;sJ.

ePjp toq;Ftjw;F ePz;lfhyk; vLg;gJ vd;gJ ifJ nra;ag;gl;ltu;fspd;

vz;zpf;ifia mjpfupg;gjhy; rpiwr;rhiyapy; ifjpfspd; neUf;fk; mjpfupg;gpw;F ,J

Kf;fpa fhuzkhf mikfpwJ. 2017 Mk; Mz;L ifJ nra;ag;gl;ltu;fspd; vz;zpf;if

99036 MfTk; jz;lid toq;fg;gl;l ifjpfspd; vz;zpf;if 22833 MfTk; ,Ue;jJ.

mtu;fs; vy;NyhUk; kdpju;fs; vd;W Gupe;J nray;gLtjw;F Njitahd nray;Kiw

xd;iwr; Vw;gLj;JtJ rk;ge;jkhd Kiw xd;iw ifahs Ntz;Lk;.

nray;fs;

• rpiwr;rhiyfspy; cs;s midj;J tifahd td;KiwfisAk; jLf;f xU

111


Kiwahd Ntiyj;jpl;lj;ij cUthf;Fjy;

• cstpay; epiyfis Muha;e;J ifjpfis jLj;J epWj;Jq;fs;

• rpiwr;rhiyfspy; trjpfs; kw;Wk; gpw trjpfis tpupthf;Fjy; ru;tNjr

juj;jpw;F ,zq;FtJ

• rpW Fw;wq;fSf;fhf jz;bf;fg;gLgtu;fs; r%f cyu;r;rl;l rl;lj;jpd; %yk;

Kiwahf epiwNtw;wg;gLjy;>r%f jpl;lq;fspy; ftdk; nrYj;Jjy;

• rpiwr;rhiyfs; rpwpa FOf;fshfTk;> mtw;iw GJg;gpg;gjw;Fk; mwpTWj;jy;

kw;Wk; fy;tp jpl;lq;fis nray;gLj;Jjy;

• ifjpfspd; cly; eyj;ij guhkupf;f Kiwahd clw;gapw;rp jpl;lq;fis

nray;gLj;jy;

• ePz;lfhy ifjpfSf;F gy;NtW jahupg;Gfs; kw;Wk; Nritfisg; gad;gLj;j

xU jpl;lj;ij mwpKfg;gLj;jy;

• rpiwapy; ,Uf;Fk; ifjpfs; rpiwr;rhiyfspy; jpwe;j kw;Wk; tPl;Lf; fhtypy;

itf;fg;gl;Ls;sdu;. ,jw;fhd xOq;FKiw kw;Wk; mikg;ig epWTjy;

• midj;J rpiwr;rhiyfspYk; fy;tp kw;Wk; njhopy; topfhl;ly; gbg;Gfis

eilKiwg;gLj;Jjy;

• ePz;lfhy jLg;Gf;fhty; ifjpfshff; fhtypy; itg;gijj; jLf;Fk;

Fw;wtpay; ePjp Kiwikapy; Nru;f;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jw;fhd epWtdq;fspd;

jpwid Nkk;gLj;Jjy;

khw;Wj;jpwdhsupd; eyd;,yq;ifapd; kf;fs; njhifapy; Rkhu; 8% Ngu; CdKw;Nwhu; Mtu;. mtu;fspy;

57% ngz;fs; Mtu;. ,tu;fspy; 15 Kjy; 19 taJ tiu cs;s 30>308 egu;fs;

fy;tp eltbf;iffspy; <LgLtJ ,y;iy. 16 taJ tiu cs;s Foe;ijfs;

fl;lha fy;tp ngw Ntz;Lk;. Mdhy; mtu;fspy; 5 Kjy; 9 taJ tiu cs;s

Foe;ijfs; 31>545y;> 6>404(20%) fy;tp eltbf;iffspy; <LgLtJ ,y;iy.

ve;jnthU nghUshjhu eltbf;iff;Fk; <Lglhj kf;fs;njhif 71% vd;w ngupa

njhif MFk;.

FiwghLfs; nfhz;l egu;fspd; cupikia ghJfhj;jy; ,e;j Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf

gy rl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; xOq;FKiwfs; epiwNtw;wg;gl;lhYk;> ehl;by; CdKw;w

kf;fSf;Fj; Njit mbg;gil trjpfs; fl;lg;gltpy;iy. CdKw;wtu;fSf;F

Njitahd Rfhjhu trjpfis ngWjy;> fy;tp tha;g;Gfis itj;jpUj;jy; kw;Wk;

Ntiytha;g;G ngWtJ cl;gl xU RahjPdkhd tho;f;if nryT nra;jy;gy;NtW

kNdhepiy> fyhr;rhu> r%f kw;Wk; murpay; gpur;rpidfs; kw;Wk; rthy;fis

rkhspf;f Kaw;rpfs;nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;.

112


Nfhl;ghLfs;

• FiwghLfs; cs;s kf;fs;> kw;w Fbkf;fspd; rkkhd tha;g;Gfs;> rYiffs;

kw;Wk; cupikfisg; ngWfpwhu;fs; NtiyepWj;jk; nra;a cupikia

Vw;Wf;nfhs;tJ

• cly;eyk;> fy;tp kw;Wk; Nghf;Ftuj;J Nritfs; CdKw;w egu;fSf;F ngUk;

Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jit. mtu;fSf;F rpwg;G jpl;lq;fs; nray;gLj;jy;

• tpNrl Njitfs; kw;Wk; mtu;fspd; eyd;Gup nfhz;l kf;fs; vd CdKw;Nwhu;

fUjg;gLfpwhu;fs; vd;gij cWjpg;gLj;jy;

nray;ghLfisj; jPu;j;jy;

rl;l fl;likg;G

• CdKw;Nwhu; cupikfis ghJfhg;gjw;fhf cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;s kNrhjh

Klf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. r%fj;jpd; eyd;fisg; ghJfhg;gjw;Fk;> mtu;fspd;

mbg;gil cupikfis ghJfhg;gjw;Fk;> ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; epiyahd Kiwfis

cUthf;fy;

• I.eh rhrdj;jpy;(33 tJ gpupT) murpay; jiyikapdhYk;> me;j rhrdj;jpd;

rhridapdhYk; jiyik jhq;fg;gl;l xU xUq;fpizg;G topKiw (rP fl;Liuf;F

,zq;f) xU RahjPd fz;fhzpg;G El;gj;ij epWTq;fs;

• FiwghLs;s egu;fspd; cupikfs; kPJ ePjp mikg;GKiwapd; vy;yh gpupTfisAk;

fy;tp fw;f rkgq;F xOq;fhf nray;gLtijAk; mjw;fhd eltbf;iffis

Nkw;nfhs;tijAk; cWjpg;gLj;JtjhFk; njhlu;r;rpahd fz;fhzpg;G elj;Jjy;

fy;tp kw;Wk; gapw;rp tha;g;Gfs;

• midj;J taJ njhlu;ghd FiwghLfs; nfhz;l Foe;ijfSf;F fy;tp cupik

mq;fPfhuk; gs;spf; fy;tpapy; cs;slq;fpa fy;tp Kiwfis cs;slf;Fjy;

• jq;fs; tpUg;gg;gb ve;j ghlj;jpl;lj;jpYk; cau;fy;tpia njhlu tha;g;G.

• mtu;fSf;F rpwg;G Gyikg;guprpy;fis toq;Fjy;

• CdKw;Nwhu; jq;fs; FiwghLfis filgpbf;Fk; Ntiytha;g;G Jiwia

mq;fPfupj;Js;sdu;. ,e;j Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf njhopy; uPjpahd gapw;rpapid

toq;Ftjw;Fk; mtu;fSf;F rpwg;G gapw;rp ikaq;fis cUthf;Ftjw;Fjy;

• CdKw;w Foe;ijfs; fy;tp tha;g;Gfis toq;Fk; rpwg;G FbapUg;G fy;Y}upfs;

juk; Nkk;gLj;jy;

113


njhopy; tha;g;Gfs;

• mur kw;Wk; jdpahu; Jiwapy; Ml;Nru;g;G nra;tjpy; FiwghLfs; cs;sd.

xJf;fPl;bd; xJf;fPL nghJj; Jiwapy; toq;fg;gLk; NghJ 3% Kjy; 5% tiu mjpfupf;fg;gLk; ill;lhy[p Kiw jdpahu; Jiwf;F mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ

mZfy; trjpfs;

• khw;Wj;jpwdhspfSf;F> nghJ ,lq;fs; kw;Wk; nghJg; gzpfSf;fhd mZfiy

toq;Fjy;. 2006 Mk; Mz;bd; 1 Mk; Njjp mZfy; xOq;FKiw tpjpKiwfs;

xOq;FKiw kw;Wk; eilKiwg;gLj;jYf;fhd xOq;FKiw fl;lhag;gLj;jg;gl;lJ

• murhq;f jiyaPL %yk; FiwghLfs; cs;s egu;fspd; thf;F cupikfis

ep\&gpf;f Njitahd trjpfis toq;Fjy;

Rfhjhu Nritfs;

• mtu;fs; kUj;Jtkidfspy; rpukq;fis Fiwf;f Ntz;Lk;. Nritfs;

• xt;nthU M];gj;jpup kw;Wk; my;yJ MjuT jiyaiz ikak; jhkjkpd;wp

toq;fg;gl Ntz;ba xU ika ,lj;ij mwpKfg;gLj;Jjy;.

• muR kUj;Jtkidfs; kw;Wk; cly; mZfy; trjpfs; gw;wpa nghJ fhl;rp

gyiffis epWTjy; irif nkhop nkhopngau;g;ghsu;fspd; Nritfis

Nkk;gLj;Jjy;

r%f ghJfhg;G

• ngw;Nwhupd; tPo;r;rpapd;NghJ mtu;fspd; ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; ghJfhg;G ,og;G

fhuzkhf mwpthu;e;j Nrjk; kw;Wk; gy FiwghLfs; fLikahd rl;l kw;Wk;

gpw epge;jidfs; cs;stu;fs; mtu;fSf;F cl;gl;ltu;fs; Fwpg;ghf r%f

ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; rpwg;G r%f fhg;gPl;L jpl;lq;fSf;F ngw;NwhUf;Fg; gpd; fhtypy;

itf;fg;gLk; rl;l tpjpfis cUthf;Fjy;

• khw;W Clfq;fSld; njhlu;Gnfhs;tjw;fhd tha;g;Gfs; ePjp mikg;gpy; ,y;iy.

mj;Jld; rl;l mkyhf;fkpd;wp gy;NtW tifahd ghFghL Fw;wQ;rhl;lg;gl;ltu;fs;

Kiwahd topapy; Nkhjy; kw;Wk; gq;Ffisj; jLf;f fz;fhzpg;G mikg;gpd;

midj;J gpupTfisAk; fy;tp fw;f eltbf;if Kd;Ndw;wk; kw;Wk; mjw;fhd

eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;tij cWjp nra;jy;

• CdKw;w ngz;fs; vjpu;nfhs;Sk; gpur;rpidfisj; jPu;g;gjw;F Klf;fg;gl;Ls;s

ngz;fs; tpupthf;ff; FOit epWTjy;

114


Xupdr;Nru;f;ifahsu; r%fk;rpy fd;ru;Ntbt; kw;Wk; gpd;jq;fpa r%f-fyhr;rhu kdg;ghd;ikfs; rkhupad;

r%fj;ij khw;wpAs;sd ,e;j kf;fsplkpUe;J tUk; mOj;jq;fis vjpu;nfhz;bUf;Fk;

fhydpj;Jt rl;l fl;likg;gpd; njhlu;r;rpahfTk; ,J cs;sJ. ,e;j r%fq;fspy; cs;s

capupay; NtWghLfis mq;fPfupj;J jq;fs; cupikfis ghJfhf;f rKjhaj;jpd;

Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpy; %yjdkhf;f mDkjpf;ff;$lhJ.

nray;fs;

• Fw;wtpay; 365 kw;Wk; 365A gpupTfspd; jz;lid tpjpKiwfis rkurk;

r%fk; rk;ge;jg;gl;ljy;y. Kjpatu;fspd; jdpg;gl;l tho;f;ifapy; mtu;fs;

ntspg;gilahdtu;fs;

• rkhupau;fis khw;wpaikf;Fk; kw;Wk; jd;dpr;irahf ifJ nra;ag;gl;L

jz;bf;fg;gLtij jLf;f rk;ge;jg;gl;l fl;lisr; rl;lk; Vw;gLj;Jjy;

• rkhupa r%fj;jpd; ngaupy; rkhupad; r%fk; jdpj;jd;ik tha;e;jjhf ,Ue;jJ.

cupikfs; milahsk; kw;Wk; nray;gLj;jjy;

• rkhupau;fspd; r%fj;jpw;F vjpuhd ntWg;Gzu;T kw;Wk; td;Kiwj; jLg;Gf;fhd

rpwg;G kNrhjhit Vw;Wf;nfhs;sy;

• r%fq;fspd; r%fj;ij ghJfhg;gjw;Fk; kw;Wk; r%fj;jpd; Fiwfis jPu;g;gjw;Fk;

cupik xU nrayfj;ij epWTjy;

ciog;gpd; kjpg;Gr%f mgptpUj;jpapd; ce;J rf;jp. Mdhy; jw;Nghija r%fj;jpy; xU njhopyhsp

,Uf;f Ntz;ba r%f ,lk; kw;Wk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; xU Fiw kjpg;gPL MFk;. ehl;by;

cs;s midj;J Kf;fpa njhopy;fSk; kypT ciog;ig mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ.

Mdhy; ngUk;ghyhd kf;fSf;F> mtu;fspd; nghUshjhu> r%f kw;Wk; fyhr;rhu

tho;f;if xU N`f;fpq; mDgtk; cs;sJ. MfNt> rupahd kupahijAk; mq;fPfhuKk;

ngWk; cupikAila njhopyhsp xU fl;likg;ig cUthf;fTk;> njhopyhsu;fs;

rkj;Jtk; nfhs;iffis nfhs;if mbg;gilapy; elj;j mDkjpf;Fk;

gzpahsu; kw;Wk; njhopyhsu; rf;jpfs;> kw;Wk; kdpj kw;Wk; r%f tiyaikg;G

kdpjhgpkhdk; Gs;spf;Fr; nray;gLtJ Kf;fpak;.

• midj;J tifahd njhopyhsu;> cly; kw;Wk; cstpay; r%f NtWghLfs;

kw;Wk; ghFghL ciog;G rkj;Jtj;jpd; jj;Jtj;ij mJ mfw;Wtjw;fhd fy;tp

Kiw %yk; toq;FtjhFk; xU nray;Kiwia cUthf;Fjy;

• rl;l ghFghL kw;Wk; kdpj fz;zpak; cupikfs; my;yhj cupikaplk; rl;lg;G+u;t

fl;likg;ig tYg;gLj;jy;

• jdpahu; Jiwapd; eydpy; muR jiyapLtJld;> re;jpf;f Ntz;ba Cjpa

msTk; juj;ij epu;zapj;jy;

115


• ru;tNjr njhopyhsu; khehl;il kjpj;J> mj;jifa njhifia cs;ehl;by; fzf;fpy;

vLj;Jf; nfhs;Sjy;> njhopyhspupd; cupikfSf;F xU jsj;ij cUthf;fTk;

• njhopyhsp kw;Wk; njhopyhspf;F ,ilapy; cs;s njhopyhsu; Nkhjy;fis gyg;gLj;jTk;

kw;Wk; ciof;fTk; xU rhrdj;ij cUthf;fk; kw;Wk; nray;gLj;jy;

• gy;fiyf;fof kl;lj;jpy; njhopyhsu; Ma;Tfs; kw;Wk; njhopyhsu;fs; jq;fs; fy;tpia

Kd;Ndw;Wtjw;fhd gbg;Gfis cUthf;Fjy;> khepy fy;tp epWtdq;fis ,ytrkhf

epWTjy;

• njhopyhsu;fs; eyd;fspypUe;J ed;ik mila KbAk; vd;w nfhs;if midj;J

epWtdq;fspYk; mq;fPfupf;fg;gLfpwJ ,ytrkhf njhopyhsu;fspd; cupikahsu;fSf;fhd

gq;if mDkjpf;Fk; mikg;G xd;iw cUthf;Fjy;

Clf Rje;jpuk; kw;Wk; [dehafk;xU [dehaf r%fj;jpy;> mjd; ey;tho;it Clfq;fspy; ngUk; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;j

KbAk;. Mdhy; cyfk;> ,yq;if KOtJk;> nghJthf Clfq;fspd; ,e;j rf;jp rKjhaj;jpd;

ey;tho;T kw;Wk; [dehafk; Mfpatw;wpw;F nghJthdjhf gad;gLj;jg;gLtjw;Fg; gjpyhf>

,J Clf epWtdq;fspd; my;yJ murhq;fj;jpd; %yjdj;jpw;F gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. jw;NghJ

ehl;bd; vjpu;nfhs;Sk; r%f-nghUshjhu kw;Wk; murpay; neUf;fbfspy; ,J Neub jhf;fj;ij

Vw;gLj;JfpwJ. ehl;Lg;Gw edtpy; Clfq;fspd; jhu;kPf jhf;fj;ij Muha Ntz;Lk;. ehl;by;

rpwe;j Clf fyhr;rhuj;ij cUthf;FtJ nghJ kf;fis jpirjpUg;ghJ> jftYf;fhd cupik

cWjp nra;ag;gLk;.

Nehf;fk;

• mur Clfq;fis nghJ nrhj;jhf nraw;gly;.

• thndhyp kw;Wk; njhiyf;fhl;rp mjpu;ntz;fisg; gad;gLj;jp nghJ kw;Wk; jdpahu;

Clfq;fs; nghJthd mjpu;ntz;fshf ,Uj;jy;.

• Clf Rje;jpuk; kw;Wk; mtu;fspd; RahjPdkhd gad;ghl;il mDkjpf;Fk; cupik rupahd

jftiy njupe;Jnfhs;s nghJ kf;fSf;F rupahd cupikia cWjpg;gLj;Jjy;.

• Clfq;fs; ve;jnthU nry;thf;Fk; ,y;yhky; nray;gly;;. njhopy;Kiw cupikfs; kw;Wk;

gj;jpupifahsu;fs; Rje;jpuk; cWjpg;gLj;g;gly;.

nraw;ghLfs;

• tUkhd tup Clf epWtdq;fs; njhlu;ghd nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; Nritfis ntspapLfpwJ

• kPbah epWtdq;fs; kw;Wk; gj;jpupifahsu;fSf;fhd elj;ij tpjpKiw mwpKfk;

• Clf Copau;fSf;fhd fhg;gPl;Lj; jpl;lj;ij mwpKfg;gLj;Jjy;

• Clftpayhsu;fSf;F cau; fy;tpf;fhd Clf gy;fiyf;fofj;ij epWTjy;

116


• Clfq;fs; ,ilNa ,ytr Clf eilKiwfis Cf;Ftpf;f rpwe;j

nra;jpj;jhs;fs;> njhiyf;fhl;rp kw;Wk; NubNah Nrdy;fs;> gj;jpupifahsu;fs;>

epfo;r;rpfs;> fbjq;fs; kw;Wk; jdpg;gl;l fijfs;. jpl;lq;fs; mwpKfk;

• Clf Rje;jpuk; kf;fspd; ey;tho;T Mfpatw;wpw;F vjpuhf Mf;fpNuh\khf

cs;sJ. Fw;wr;rhl;Lfis Gydha;T nra;jy; kw;Wk; Fbkf;fSf;F epahag;gLj;j

RahjPd kPbah Gfhu;fs; Mizf;FO Vw;gLj;Jjy;

• xU Clf epWtdk; rpy murpay; fUj;jpay; my;yJ FOtpw;fhd Clfq;fisg;

gad;gLj;JfpwJ. Kbe;jhy;> ,J nghJkf;fSf;F mwptpf;f fl;lhakhFk;

• Rje;jpu Clf kPbah Gfhu;fs; Mizaj;jpd; nghJ fUj;Jf;fzpg;Gfspd;gb

mt;tg;NghJ jdpahu; Clf epWtdq;fspd; gad;ghL gw;wpa mwpf;ifia

rku;g;gpj;jy;

• Clfq;fs; %yk; Njrq;fSf;Fk; kj FOf;fSf;Fk; ,ilapy; ntWg;Gzu;it

N`f;fpq; nra;tijj; jLf;Fk; rl;lj;ij cUthf;fy;

• ntF[d Clf kw;Wk; nghJ mjpfhupfs; kw;Wk; murpay; fl;rpfs; kw;Wk;

mtw;wpd; cWg;gpdu;fs; epWtdq;fspd; KO my;yJ gFjp cupikiaAk;

jilnra;jy;

• Clf epWtdq;fSf;fhd gy;NtW murhq;f Kftu; epiyaq;fspypUe;J

tpsk;guq;fs; kw;Wk; gpw epjp Mz;LNjhWk; xg;ge;jq;fis ntspapLjy;

117


rl;lg;”u;t ,yq;if rl;lj;jpd; Nky; vOe;jpUf;Fk; epiyik KO ehl;bYk; gue;jstpyhd

gug;gsit mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l xU ngupa Nguoptpw;F KO khepyj;ijAk;

mopf;f Kbe;jJ. ,e;j ika FwpaPL rup ,y;iynad;why;> ve;j xU

tpilaKk; xU khepykhf xJf;fp tplg;gLk;. Fw;wk;> nfhs;is> ghjhsk;>

kUe;J flj;jy;> yQ;rk; kw;Wk; Coy;> fhu; tpgj;Jfs;> rpiwr;rhiyfs;

Nghd;wit. rl;ltpNuhjkhf ,yq;ifia cUthf;Ftjd; Ngupyhd xU

Nguopitg; Nghy jiyaPl;bd; Nehf;fk; khwptpl;lJ.

118


yQ;rk; kw;Wk; Coy;Rje;jpuk; ngw;w 70 Mz;LfSf;Fg; gpwF> ,e;j ehl;bYs;s Ml;rpahsu;fs;> kf;fs;

kPJ KOikahd ntWg;Gzu;it vLj;Js;sdu;. Coy; FwpaPl;bd; gb> nld;khu;f; kw;Wk;

epA+rpyhe;J Mfpait #01 kw;Wk; #02 ,lj;jpy; cs;sd>

,yq;if #89 ,lj;ijg; ngw;Ws;sJ. CoYf;F vjpuhd cyfshtpa xj;Jiog;G>

tUlhe;jpu Coy; FwpaPl;L gb> Transparency International> 2018

tUlj;jpy;> ,yq;if njspthd Kd;Ndw;wk; nra;a jtwptpl;lJ.

2016 jzpf;if mwpf;if %yk; ngwg;gl;l nkhj;j fld; fpl;lj;jl;l 11 bupy;ypad;

MFk;. Mdhy; fly; nrhj;Jf;fs; fpl;lj;jl;l 1.1 bupy;ypad; vd;W njupa tUfpwJ.

mNjhL> MIG xg;ge;jk;> Vtd;fhl;> V. Vau;Nt];> kw;Wk; gzj;ij thq;FtJ Nkhrb

Nghd;w ghupa epjpaf; Fw;wq;fs; njhlu;fpd;wd.

CoYf;F vjpuhf Nghuhl mjpfhuj;jpw;F tUk; Kd; Coy; kw;Wk; Coy; %yk;

thf;FWjp mspj;J> mjpfhuj;ij ngw;Ws;s jw;Nghija murhq;fj;jpd; murhq;f tpNuhj

nfhs;iffshy; ,yq;ifapd; Coy; vjpu;g;G mikg;G Njhy;tpaile;Js;sJ. Mifahy;>

rKjhaj;jpd; mopT xU fLikahd neUf;fb vd cldbahf ciuahw;w Ntz;Lk;

vd;W xU r%f gpur;rpidahf khwptpl;lJ.

nray;fs;

• fopT> Coy;> yQ;rk;> Nkhrb cl;gl midj;J epjpapay; Fw;wq;fisAk;

mfw;Wtjw;fhd ghuhSkd;wk; kl;LNk midj;J Gydha;T mikg;Gfs;

xUq;fpizf;f xU kj;jpa gPNuh epWtg;gl;lJ.

• Fw;wr;rhl;Lfs;> Nkhrbfs;> jz;lidfs; Mfpatw;wpd; kPJ Fw;wr;rhl;Lfs;

fhytiuapd;wp nfhLf;fg;gl;ld. murhq;fj;jpd; ,og;Gf;F kPsha;T nra;a

tprhuiz kw;Wk; ePjpj;Jiw nray;Kiw Mfpatw;wpd; nray;jpwd;

• ,Uf;Fk; midj;J Gydha;T mikg;GfisAk; RahjPd epWtdq;fshf khw;Wjy;

• ,e;j tof;fpy; rk;ge;jg;gl;l eguhf murpay; ghJfhg;NghL Fw;wk; rhl;lg;gl;l

egu;fis fUj;jpy; nfhz;L> rl;lk; Kd;Ndhf;fp nry;fpwJ>Njitahd rl;lq;fis

jahupf;fpwJ

• mur tsq;fis jtwhf gad;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; murhy; ,of;fg;gl;l nghJr;

nry;tj;ij kPl;gjw;fhd tpjpfs; jahupj;jy; kw;Wk; mtw;iw nray;gLj;jy;.

119


Nghijg;nghUs; gad;ghLjw;NghJ er;Rg; Nghijg;nghUs; gad;ghL ghupa r%f gpupr;rpidahf cUntLj;Js;sJ.

Mghafukhd xsljf; fl;Lg;ghl;Lr; rigapd; 2017 mwpf;iff;F mika er;Rg;

Nghijg;nghUs; Fw;wq;fs; njhlu;ghf 34>970 Ngu; ifJnra;ag;gl;Ls;sdu;. mjpy; 20-

24 taJf;fpilg;gl;Nlhu;; 24% tPjKk; 97% Mz;fSk;> 3% tPjkhd ngz;fSk;

mlq;Ffpd;wdu;. 53% jpUkzkhdtu;fSk;> 4654 jpUkzkhfhjtu;fSk; mjpy;

cs;slq;Ffpd;wdu;. mtu;fSs; 5-10 Mk; juk; tiu fy;tp fw;Nwhu; 45% tPjkhFk;. 2018

Mz;by; er;R Nghijg; nghUs; rk;ge;jkhf ifJ nra;ag;gl;Ls;Nshupd; vz;zpf;if

95>679 Mtu;.

,t;thW Gs;sptpgu uPjpahf njuptpf;f Kbe;j NghjpYk;> ifJ nra;ag;glhJ

er;Rg; Nghijg; nghUSf;F mbikahfpAs;Nshu; r%fj;jpy; elkhLfpd;wdu;. mz;ikf;

fhykhf ghlrhiy khztu;fspilNa ghupastpy; er;R Nghijg;nghUs; ghtid

gutyhf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

jw;NghJ murpay; kw;Wk; gpw nry;thf;Ffspd; ghJfhg;gpd; fPo; ,yq;ifahdJ

gpuhe;jpaj;jpd; Nghijg; nghUs; gupkhw;w epiyakhf khwpAs;sJld; mJ

newpg;gLj;jg;gl;l Fw;wq;fs; mjpfupg;gjw;Fk; VJthf mike;Js;sd.

Fwpf;Nfhs;

er;Rg; Nghijg;nghUs; tpw;gid> tpepNahfk; kw;Wk; Vida jhf;fq;fspypUe;J

tpLjiy ngw;w ehnlhd;whf khw;Wjy; kw;Wk; Nghijg;nghUSf;F mbikahNdhu;

,y;yhj ehnlhd;whf cUthf;Fjy;

eltbf;iffs;

• Nghijg;nghUs; Fw;wq;fSf;F fLikahd jz;lidfis tpjpg;gJk;> mJ

njhlu;ghd tof;Ffisj; Jupjg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; cupa rl;lq;fis kPsikj;jYk;

• Nghijg;nghUs; ehl;bw;Fs; nfhz;Ltug;gLk; gpujhd ,U topKiwfshd thd;

kw;Wk; fly; khu;f;fq;fis gupNrhjpg;gjw;fhd trjpfis tpUj;jp nra;jy;>

etPd gupNrhjid cgfuzq;fis mwpKfg;gLj;jy; kw;Wk; mYtyu;fSf;Fg;

gapw;rpaspj;jy;.

• Mghafukhd xsljq;fs; fl;Lg;ghl;Lr; rigapd; gzpfis tp];jupf;fg;gl;L

ghlrhiy khztu;fs;> ngw;Nwhu; MfpNahUf;fhd tpopg;G+l;ly; epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fis

njhlu;e;Njr;irahf Nkw;nfhs;tjD}lhf Gjpjhf Nghijg;nghUSf;F

mbikahFk; Ml;fspd; njhifia kl;Lg;gLj;jy;

• Nghijg;nghUs; CUf;Fs; nfhz;L tug;gLk; tiyaikg;G njhlu;ghd

jfty;fisj; jpul;b gFg;gha;T nra;J mjDld; njhlu;GgLk; Ml;fSf;F

r%f uPjpahf jhf;fNkw;gLj;jf;$ba newpg;gLj;jg;gl;l rKjha mbg;gilapyhd

FOnthd;wpid Cupy; cUthf;Fjy; kw;Wk; Nghjpa trjpfis toq;fp mjid

cupathW ifahsf;$ba mur nghwpKiwnahd;iwj; Njhw;Wtpj;jy;.

120


• ehl;ilr; Rw;wptu fhzg;gL;k; fiuNahu gpuNjrq;fspy; nghyp]; kw;Wk; kf;fis

,izj;Jf; nfhz;l fz;fhzpg;Gf; FOf;fis jhgpj;jy;

Fw;wq;fs;jw;NghJ ,yq;ifapy; epyTfpd;w r%f murpay; nghUshjhu gpur;rpidapd; fhuzkhf>

cUntLj;Js;s ghjhhsf; Nfh~;b kw;Wk; mjid mz;bajhf jpl;lkplg;gl;l

Fw;wq;fs; fhuzkhf kf;fspd; ,ay;G tho;T ghJfhg;gw;w epiyf;Fj; js;sg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Nghijg;nghus; fhuzkhf epfOk; Gw;wq;fs; vz;zpf;if fzprkhdstpYk;> F&ukhfTk;

fhzg;gLfpd;wd. 2018 Mz;lstpy; gjpTnra;ag;gl;l Fw;wthspfspd; vz;zpf;if

43>000 Mf ,Ue;jJld; mjpy; 1200 ngz;fSk>; 11-20 tajpw;Fl;gl;Nlhu; 608 NgUk;

cs;slq;Ffpd;wdu;. ,jD}lhf ,jd; jPtuj;jd;ik ed;F Gydhfpd;wJ.

eltbf;iffs;

• tpQ;Qhd uPjpahf Fw;wg; Gyhdha;T nrad;Kwiwfs; kw;Wk; mjw;Fupa mwptpid

Gddha;T mYtyu;fSf;F toq;FJ njhlu;ghf gapw;rp epWtdnkhd;iwj;

jhgpj;jy;.

• ,yq;if Fw;wtpay; ePjp Kiwapy; (nghyp];> rpiwr;rhiy> ePjpkd;wk;> rl;lhkh

mjpgu; jpizf;fsk;) epyTfpd;w nraw;wpwdpd;ikia ePf;fp> mjD}lhf

Fw;wq;fis kl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fis nraw;gLj;jy;.

• nghyp]; cl;gl Fw;wg; Gydha;T epWtdq;fSf;F fpilf;fg;ngWk;

Kiwg;ghLfis 06 khjq;fSf;F Fiwe;j fhyg;gFjpapDs; jPu;j;Jitg;gjw;Fupa

nrad;Kiwnahd;iw nraw;gLj;Jjy;.

• Fw;wq;fs; njhlu;gpyhd ePjpkd;w eltbf;iffis FWfpa fhyg;gFjpapDs;

KbTWj;Jtjw;fhd epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lnkhd;iwAk;; Fw;wthspfs; kPz;Lk; kPz;L;k;

Fw;wkpiog;gij kl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lnkhd;iwAk; nraw;gLj;Jjy;.

• etPd; njhopEl;gj;ij Fw;wq;fis Fiwg;gjw;fhfTk; Fw;wthspfis

gpbg;gjw;fhfTk; ifahsf;$ba epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lnkhd;iw nraw;gLj;jy;.

• Fw;wj; jLg;G njhlu;ghf tYthd rl;l Kiwiknahd;iw jhgpg;gjw;fhd

eltbf;if vLj;jy;

• Fw;wg; Gydha;T epWtdq;fs; kw;Wk; rl;lj;ij epiyehl;Lk; epWtdq;fs;

vd;gtw;iw murpay; kag;gLj;jhjpUj;jy;.

• rpiwr;rhiyapDs; ,Ue;Jnfhz;Nl Nghijg;nghUs; tpahghuj;jpy; <LgLk;

ghjhs cyf nraw;ghLfis nraw;gLj;Jfpd;w kw;Wk; Vida rl;;ltpNuhj

eltbf;iffSld; <LgLfpd;wtu;fSf;F vjpuhf rl;lj;ij fLikahf;Ftjw;F

eltbf;if vLj;jy;.

Documents

Njrpaf; nfhs;if kly; - NIO · 5 Njrpaf; nfhs;if kly; KfTiu Njrpa Gj;jp[Ptpfs; mikg;G (NIO) fle;j Rkhu;