Ukjåfkmyst ghjåktvsCtynzåhm 1998 u. Njv 3 Yjvth 2

GHJÅKTVSYFHJLJYFCTKTYBZ

YF GJHJUT YJDJUJ

NSCZXTKTNBZ

NJXRF

PHTYBZ

CIF

≤... Cghfdtlkbdjt b ecnjqxbdjt cjwbfkmyj-ärjyjvbxtcrjt hfpdbnbt

b cnfåbkbpfwbz xbcktyyjcnb yfctktybz ytjnltkbvs lheu

jn lheuf. Gjdsitybt ehjdyz jåhfpjdfybz b cjwbfkmyjuj cnfnecf

étyoby, dscjrbq ehjdtym uhfvjnyjcnb, ljcnegyjcnm rjynhfwtg-

nbdjd b dscjrjt rfxtcndj plhfdjjöhfytybz – dct änb afrnjhs

buhfñn gthdjcntgtyyjt pyfxtybt.

Htitybt änbö djghjcjd ytkmpz jnrkflsdfnm lj ntö gjh, gjrf yt

åeltn ljcnbuyen dscjrbq ehjdtym ärjyjvbxtcrjuj b cjwbfkmyjuj

hfpdbnbz; jyb ljkéys htifnmcz d ghjwtcct hfpdbnbz, nj

tcnm ljkéys hfccvfnhbdfnmcz rfr cjcnfdyfz xfcnm ghjwtccf,

d öjlt rjnjhjuj hfpdbnbt ecrjhztncz b htfkbpetncz≥.

D b w t - g h t p bltyn CIF Fk Uj h

D sc negkt y bt yf rjyathtywbb JJY gj yf h j l j yfc tktybñ b hfp dbnbñ (Rfbh, Tub g tn, 19 9 4 u . )

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Ukjåfkmyst ghjåktvsÄktrnhjyysq éehyfk Byajhvfwbjyyjuj futyncndf CIF

Njv 3, Yjvth 2, Ctynzåhm 1998 u.

Cjlthéfybt

G H J Å K T V S Y F H J L J Y F C T K T Y B Z Y F G J H J U T

Y J D J U J N S C Z X T K T N B Z

N J X R F P H T Y B Z C J T L B Y T Y Y S Ö I N F N J D

A j re cCnfåbkmyjt yfctktybt bvttn dféyjt pyfxtybt lkz ghjuhtccf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Hjcn xbcktyyjcnb yfctktybz vjétn gjljhdfnm ärjyjvbxtcrbq b cjwbfkmysq ghjuhtcc b eceueåbnmltuhflfwbñ jrheéfñotq chtls.Ujcelfhcndtyysq ctrhtnfhm CIF Vfltkty R. Jkåhfqn

Ghfdf étyoby – änj ghfdf xtkjdtrf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Rfr hfcibhbnm gjyznbt pljhjdjq ébpyb étyobys, drkñxbd d ytuj gjdsitybt tt cjwbfkmyjuj cnfnecf b ghtljcnfdktybt tq djpvjéyjcnb rjynhjkbhjdfnm dct caths cjåcndtyyjq ébpyb?Ljyyf Ifkfqkf, vbybcnh plhfdjjöhfytybz b cjwbfkmysö ckeéå CIF

CIF gjllthébdftn ghjuhfvvs ekexitybz pljhjdmz b åkfujgjkexbz étyoby . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Ghjuhfvvf b gjkbnbrf flvbybcnhfwbb Rkbynjyf drkñxfñn d ctåz ibhjrbq lbfgfpjy vth lkzgjdsitybz pljhjdmz b åkfujgjkexbz étyoby b ltdjxtr.Bynthdmñ c gjvjoybrjv Ujcelfhcndtyyjuj ctrhtnfhz gj djghjcfv yfhjljyfctktybz, åtétywtd b vbuhfwbb Léekbtq Nfan.

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Rkñx r cybétybñ ntvgf hjcnf yfctktybz – d jåextybb ltdjxtr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Åtpjgfcyjcnm yfituj vbhf pfdbcbn jn ecnjqxbdjuj hfdyjdtcbz vtéle yfctktybtv b htcehcfvb Ptvkb, ytjåöjlbvsvb lkz jåtcgtxtybz ébpyb.Bynthdmñ c hfåjnybrjv Ajylf JJY Nbvjv Eähnjv.

Yfctktybt ptvyjuj ifhf: dféytqifz ghjåktvf uhzleotuj nsczxtktnbz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Wtynh nzétcnb yfctktybz vbhf pyfxbntkmyj cvtcnbncz d cnjhjye hfpdbdfñoböcz cnhfy, jåeckjdbd djpybr-yjdtybt lheujuj d cjwbfkmyj-ärjyjvbxtcrjv gkfyt vbhf. Djpvjéyj, xnj d Tdhjgt b Ctdthyjq Fvthbrt åeltn ébnm kbim 5 ghjwtynjd vbhjdjuj yfctktybz.Rfhk Öfeå

Htfkbpfwbz pflfx, gjcnfdktyysö d Rfbht . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

Futyncndj CIF gj vtéleyfhjlyjve hfpdbnbñ (FVH) buhftn xhtpdsxfqyj dféyeñ hjkm, gjvjufz hfpkbx-ysv cnhfyfv dsgjkyznm gjcnfdktyyst d Rfbht pflfxb, nfrbt rfr gkfybhjdfybt ctvmb, pfåjnf j pljhjdmtvfnthb b htåtyrf b ghtljndhfotybt pfåjktdfybz DBX/CGBLjv.Äkbpfåtn Vfuefqh, yfxfkmybr Jnltkf yfhjljyfctktybz Futyncndf vtéleyfhjlyjuj hfpdbnbz CIF

Ythtityyst pflfxb d jåkfcnb gkfybhjdfybz ctvmb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

Jåpjh ghjuhfvv Futyncndf CIF gj vté leyfhjlyjve hfpdbnbñ gj jrfpfybñ eckeu d jåkfcnb ljåhjdjkmyj-uj gkfybhjdfybz ctvmb d hfpdbdfñoböcz cnhfyfö.

Njxrf phtybz Rjyuhtccf: ythjéltyysq ljkéty bvtnm ghfdj yf pfobne . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Gkfybhjdfybt ctvmb ghtlcnfdkztn cjåjq kbim ghbrhsnbt lkz kbåthfkbpfwbb pfrjyjlfntkmcndf jå fåjhnfö.Rjvvtynfhbq xktyf Gfkfns ghtlcnfdbntktq Rjyuhtccf CIF jn htcgeåkbrfycrjq gfhnbb Rhbcnjathf Ö. Cvbnf

Njxrf phtybz Rjyuhtccf: ytjåöjlbv ljcneg r eckeufv gkfybhjdfybz ctvmb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Ljcneg r gkfybhjdfybñ ctvmb ekexiftn pljhjdmt ctvmb, gjdsiftn cjwbfkmysq cnfnec étyoby b jnrhsdf-tn bv åjkmibt djpvjéyjcnb d ärjyjvbxtcrjq jåkfcnb.Xkty Gfkfns ghtlcnfdbntktq Rjyuhtccf CIF jn ltvjrhfnbxtcrjq gfhnbb Yäycb Gtkjpb

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Ljrkfls b ljre v t y n sCghfdrf j vtéleyfhjlyjq gjkbnbrt CIF d jåkfcnb yfhjljyfctktybz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

Gjkbnbrf flvbybcnhfwbb Rkbynjyf d jåkfcnb yfhjljyfctktybz ghtlcnfdkztn cjåjq jlby bp jcyjdysörjvgjytynjd jåotq cnhfntubb, yfghfdktyyjq yf ljcnbétybt ecnjqxbdjuj hfpdbnbz.Ujcelfhcndtyysq ltgfhnfvtyn

Bpvtyznm vbh, gjvjufz rféljq ctvmt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

Jndtns yf xfcnj pflfdftvst djghjcs j vtéleyfhjlysö ghjuhfvvfö gkfybhjdfybz ctvmb FVH.

Rfbhcrfz ghjuhfvvf ltqcndbq: jcyjdyst ghbywbgs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

Ghbywbgs Ghjuhfvvs ltqcndbq, ghbyznjq yf Vtéleyfhjlyjq rjyathtywbb JJY gj ghjåktvfv yfhjlj-yfctktybz b hfpdbnbz d ctynzåht 1994 u. d Rfbht, Tubgtn.

R j v v t y n f h b b

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Bplfntkm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hjpvfhb RhjrtnnUkfdysq htlfrnjh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ekmzv GbnthcJndtncndtyysq htlfrnjh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Älveyl A. IthhHtlfrnjh ntrcnf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lébv AekkthHtlfrnjh gj ctnb Bynthytn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nbv ÅhfeyPfvtcnbntkb ukfdyjuj htlfrnjhf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ufq Jkcjy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Eäqy Öjkk

Htlfrnjhs-rjycekmnfyns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Äkkty A. Nevb. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ähbrf Ckfqa

Cghfdjxysq jnltk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vjybrf Vbhjitdcrf. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Léjfy Näqkjh

Öeljétcndtyysq htlfrnjh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ökjz ÄkkbcUhfabxtcrjt jajhvktybt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cbkmdbz CrjnnÖeljétcndtyyjt jajhvktybt jåkjérb . . . . . . . . . . Nflltei VbrcbycrbHtlfrwbjyyfz rjkktubz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Öjdfhl Cbyrjnnf. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hjpvfhb Rhjrtnn. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ltqd Öävbkk

Htlfrnjhs heccrjuj bplfybz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Yfnfif Åfhåfi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kblbz Djhjybyf. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bkmz Ceckjd

Äkt rnh jy y st éehy fks ÑC BF, ge åk b re tv st b gt htl f d ftv stgj dctve vbhe c nht ö ytltkmysv bynthd fkjv, jcdtofñn frne-fk m y st ghjåktvs, cn jz o bt gt htl Cjtl b ytyysvb Infn fvb bvt éley fh jlysv cjjåot cnd jv. Änb éehy fks, rjnjhst dsöj-lzn d cthbzö ≤Ärjyjv b xt c rbt gt h c gt rnbds≥, ≤Ukj å fk m y stg h j åktvs≥, ≤Djghjcs ltvjr h fnbb≥, ≤Dytiyzz gjk b nb rfC IF≥ b ≤Fvt hb rfycrjt jåot cndj b wt y yj cnb≥, cjlt héfnfy fkbp, rjv vt y n fhbb b ljgjk y b n tk m yeñ byajhvfwbñ gjc j j ndtn cndeñotq ntv fnbrt. Dct éehy fks gt htd jlzncz yfa h fy we p c rbq b bcgfy c rbq zpsrb, f jnltk m y st yjvthf dsöj-lzn yf fh få c r jv, gjhneu fk m c r jv b he c c r jv zpsrf ö .

Vytybz, dscrfpsdftvst d änbö éehyfkfö, ytjåzpfntkmyj jn-hféfñn dpukzls bkb gjkbnbre ghfdbntkmcndf CIF. Ghjcbvdfc ghbyznm dj dybvfybt, xnj ÑCBC yt ytctn jndtncndty-yjcnb pf cjlthéfybt b ljcneg r ghbdjlbvsv cfqnfv ctnbBynthytn; gjljåyfz jndtncndtyyjcnm wtkbrjv ktébn yf gj-cnfdobrfö byajhvfwbb. Geåkbretvst cnfnmb vjuen djcghj-bpdjlbnmcz b gthtdjlbnmcz yf lheubt zpsrb pf ghtltkfvbCjtlbytyysö Infnjd, tckb jyb yt cjghjdjélfñncz juhfyb-xtybzvb, rfcfñobvbcz fdnjhcrbö ghfd.

Ntreobt bkb ghtlsleobt yjvthf éehyfkjd vjéyj gjkexbnmc yfxfkmyjq cnhfybws Byajhvfwbjyyjq ckeéås CIF(ÑCBC) dj dctvbhyjq rjvgmñnthyjq ctnb gj flhtce: “http://www.usia.gov/journals.htm”. Éehyfks geåkbreñncz dytcrjkmrbö äktrnhjyysö ajhvfnfö lkz eghjotybz bö ghj-cvjnhf, gthtlfxb, dsdjlf b gtxfnb. Rjvvtynfhbb b pfvtxf-ybz gj gjdjle änbö éehyfkjd vjéyj ghbcskfnm d vtcnyjtjnltktybt ÑCBC bkb d htlfrwbñ gj flhtce:

Editor, Global Issues (I/TGIC)U.S. Information Agency310 4th Street, S.W.Washington, D.C. 20547United States of America

Ds nfrét vjétnt cdzpfnmcz c yfvb gj äktrnhjyyjq gjxnt gjflhtce:

ejglobal@usia.gov

UKJÅFKMYST GHJÅKTVSÄktrnhjyysq éehyfk Byajhvfwbjyyjuj futyncndf CI F

ejglobal@usia.gov

Åbåkbjuhfabz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

Rybub, ljrevtyns b cnfnmb gj djghjcfv yfhjljyfctktybz

Ctnm Bynthytn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

Cfqns ctnb Bynthytnf gj djghjcfv yfhjljyfctktybz

Gh b k j é t y b t

D öjlt vjbö gj t p ljr d rfxt cndt Uj ce l fh cndt y yju jc t r htn fhz z yfåk ñl fkf d Fpbb, Fa hbrt, Kfnb y c r jqFvt hbrt b Rfhb å c r jv åfc c t q yt pf ntv, rfr åsc-nhsq hjcn yfc tktybz vjé tn jckjéy b nm ht it y btcn jzobö gt htl jåot cnd jv pfl fx b tuj ldb é t y btdgt htl .

Y t r jy nh jk b he tvsq hjcn yfc tktybz vjé tn gjl hs-d fnm ärjyjv b xt c rbq b cjw b fkmysq ghju htcc d ht-pek mn fnt xht p vt hyjq gt ht u he p rb cbcn tvs cjw b fk m-ysö eckeu, rjulf cnh fl ftn bö rfxt cndj b ju h fy b x b-d ftncz lj cneg yj cnm, cjr h f otybz djp vjéyj cntq pf-y z n j cnb b ecbktybz lt u h flfwbb jr heéf ñotq cht-ls. Jy nfrét vjé tn edtk b x b d fnm yt cn fåbk m yj cnm ,gj n t y w b fkmysq gj n jr vbuhfy n jd, f d cjxtn fybb cj pkjegj nht åktybzvb d catht ghfd xtkjdt rf – å t é t y wtd .

Rjh jxt ujd jhz, yt r jy nh jk b he tvsq hjcn yfc tkt y b zgjl hs d ftn yfib cnh fn t u b xt c rbt ecbkbz gj cåk b é t-ybñ cnh fy yf jcyjdt jåobö ghb y w b gjd ltvjr h f-nbb, vbhf b pfr jy yj cnb, gj cnhjtybñ åjktt cn f-åbk m yjuj, ghjw dtn f ñotuj b cdjåjl yjuj vbhf.

B vt y yj gjä n jve flv b y b cnhfwbz Rk b y n jyf dscne-g ftn pf rjv gktrcysq gjl öjl, yfghfdktyysq yf cj-lt qcndbt nfr jve hfpdb nbñ cnh fy, ghb rjnjh jvj å t c gtx b d ftncz hfdyjdt c bt vt éle ärjyjv b xt c rb vg h ju ht c c jv, cjw b fkmysv hfpdb nbtv b pfå j n jq jåjr heéf ñotq chtlt .

R h jvt njuj, d hfv rfö änjuj gjl öjlf vs ghb p y ftv ,xnj r xbcke jcyjdysö afrn jh jd ecgt i yjuj hfpdb-nbz jnyjczncz åkfu jgjkex bt étyoby b étycrjtp ljh jdmt. Lfyysq gjl öjl cjukfce tncz c rjy c t y ce-c jv, lj cnb u yensv yf Vtéley fh jl yjq rjy a t ht y-wbb gj ghjåktv fv yfc tktybz b hfpdb nbz (VRYH),g h jdtlt y yjq d 1994 u. d Rfb ht, b rjkkt rnb dyj ds-h få j n fy yjuj gjy b v fybz, xnj kñlzv yt j å öjl b vvbh, d rjnjh jv étyobys b veéxbys dscneg f ñ nh f dyjg h f dysvb gfhnyt h fvb, ltnb jr heétys pfå j-n jq b pljh jds, ctvmb rhtg rb b ghjw dtn fy bt zdkz-tncz jåobv åkfu jv .

Pf xtns ht ujlf, ghjitl i bt gj ckt Rfbhf, vs lj åbk b c mytv fksö ecgt öjd. Dj dctv vbht cn fkb åjktt lj cneg-ysvb eckeub htg h jlernb dyjq vtlbwbys. Åkfu jl fh zh f pdb nbñ jåhfpjd fybz b ghtlj cn f dktybñ étyobyfv

AJREC

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CNFÅBKMYJT YFCTKTYBT BVTTN DFÉYJTPYFXTYBT LKZ GHJUHTCCF

Ujcelfhcndtyysq ctrhtnfhm CIF Vfltkty R. Jkåhfqn

bö pfr jyysö ghfd dct åjk m it étyoby cn fyjd z n c zgjk yjg h f dysvb xkt y fvb jåot cndf. Jl y frj gt htl yf-vb cn jzn b åjk m i bt ghjåktv s .

Y fc tkt y bt vbhf ghjljkéftn tétujl yj edtk b x b d fnm-cz yf 80 vky xtkjdtr. Gj - g ht éytve rfélsq ujl gjg hb x b y fv, cdzpfyysv c åthtvt y yj cnmñ, ev b h ftngjk v bkk bjyf étyoby – 99 ghjwt y n jd bp ybö dh f pdb d f ñoböcz cnh fyfö. Rhjvt njuj, yf ghjnzé t-ybb gj cktlybö xtns htö ktn rfélsq ujl vbkk bjy sk ñltq pfh féfñncz DBX .

C j tl b yt y y st Infns dblzn d ghtl cn jz otv gt ht-c vj nht Gh ju h fvvs lt qcndbq VRYH cge cnz gznmktn, ghjitlibö gj ckt änjq rjy a t htywbb, djp vjé-

yj cnm tot hfp cjchtlj n jx b nm b eldjb nm ecbkbz dy f itq cnh fyt b dj dctv vbht .

Vs ghb vtv d änjv cfvjt frnb dyjt ex fcnbt, jhu fy b-pez vt h jg hb z nbz, ghjdtlt y bt rjnjhsö gkfy b he tn c z ,y fx b y fz c yfcn jz otuj vjvtynf dgkj nm lj vt éle-y fh jl yjuj ajhevf d atdh fkt 1999 u. b lfktt. Vsn frét hfc c x b ns d ftv yf cjnhe l y b xt cndj c ghfdb-n tk m cnd fvb lheubö cnh fy, vt éley fh jlysvb b yt-g h f db n tk m cndtyysvb jhu fybpfwbzvb, c ntv, xnjåsrfhl b y fk m y st bpvt ytybz dj dpukzlfö yf ghjåktv sy fc tktybz, yfx fkj rjnjhsv gjkjé t yj d Rfb ht, åe-len b dg htlm dyj c b nm ceot cndt y y st bpvt ytybz débpym veéxby b étyoby dctuj vbhf.

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Gz nm ctreyl – vyjuj änj bkb vfkj? Ljcn fn jx yjlkz njuj, xnjås étyobyf d Yfq h j åb bkb Fnkfy n te p y fkf, xnj jyf pfh fétyf db he c jv DBX. 30 ctrey l– vyjuj änj bkb vfkj? Ljcn fn jx yj lkz njuj, xnjåsltd jx rf d Njh jynj bkb Cfy - Gfekj dgt hd st pfnz ye-kfcm cbufhtn jq. Gz nm vbyen – vyjuj änj bkb vfkj ?L j cn fn jx yj lkz njuj, xnjås étyobyf d Åfy u r jr tbkb Ymñ-Qjhrt åskf bpyfc bkjd fyf. Ltd z nm vt c z wtd– vyjuj änj bkb vfkj? Ljcn fn jx yj lkz njuj, xnjåsltd jx rf - gjl h j cn jr d Njrbj bkb Fv cn t hl fvt hjl bkfyt é tkfy yjuj ht å t y rf .

Gz nm ktn – vyjuj änj bkb vfkj? Ljcn fn jx yj lkzn juj, xnjås vbhjdjt cjjåot cndj jnrk b r yekjcm yfd jghjcs, gj cn f dkt y y st yf Vtéley fh jl yjq rjy a t-htywbb gj ghjåktv fv yfc tktybz b hfpdb nbz, rjnj-heñ vs ntgt hm yfpsdftv ghjcnj ≤rfb h c rfz ≥ .

D 1994 u. ghtl cn f db n tkb åjktt 180 cnh fy bp dctöht u bjyjd vbhf cjåhfkbcm d Rfb ht, xnjås gt ht j c-v s ck b nm cdjq gjl öjl r étycrjve pljh jdmñ. Chfpeét dcn fk djghjc: rfr hfc i b hb nm gjl öjl r ghjåktvtj å t c gtxtybz pljh jd jq ébpyb lkz étyobys, rfrd s q nb pf ghtltks djg h j c jd rjy nh jkz yfl xbckt y-yj cnmñ yfc tktybz b htg h jlernb dyjq vtlbwbys bg htlj cn f db nm étyobyfv dctuj vbhf djp vjéyj cnmh fc gjh zéfnmcz cdjtq ébpymñ, drk ñx fz gjkext y btj å h f p jd fybz, pfy z nbt åb p yt c jv, ex fcnbt d éb p y bj å ot cndf b gjk b nb r t ?

R fb h c rfz rjy a t htywbz gj cn f dbkf gt htl vbhjv pf-l fxe lj åb nmcz ghb p y fybz njuj, xnj ghfdf étyoby– änj ghfdf xtkjdt rf. Jyf gjl lt héfkf gjpb w b ñ ,c jukfc yj rjnjh jq wt y yj cnm étyobys ghjcnb h ftn c zu jh f p lj lfk m it tt htg h jlernb dysö jhu fyjd, f ttcelmåf yt crkfl s d ftncz d dfreevt .

D yfitv vbht ceot cndeñn ju h jv y st rek mnehy sth f pkbxbz, yj tcnm jlyf jåofz bcnbyf: rjulf éty-obyf ev b h ftn, cn fyjdbncz bydfk bljv, gjl dt hu ftn c z

y fc bkbñ bkb ujkjl ftn, änj vjé tn jrf p fnm uke å jr j tdk b z y bt yf dctö tt ltntq, yf dcñ tt ctvmñ, yf dctöéb deobö gj cjctl cnde b yf dct yfc tkt y bt .

C j tl b yt y y st Infns äyt hu b x yj jnrk b r yekbcm yfä nb bltb. D gj cktl y bt gznm ktn vs hfpldb yek bh fv rb yfituj nh fl b w bjy yjuj ghtl cn f dktybz j≤ é t y c rbö≥ bybwbfnbdfö b cjp l ftv ghju h fvvs, rj-n jhst yt njkmrj gjpd jkzñn étyobyfv gjl lt héb-d fnm åjktt dscjrbq eh jdtym pljh jdmz b lj åb d fnm c zå jk m ituj ärjyjv b xt c r juj ecgtöf yf ghjnzé t y b bébpyb, yj b jåtcgtx fn gjl lt hére ibhjr jve rheuek ñltq, éb deobö hzljv c ybvb.

Yfi jnrkbr yf rfb h c reñ rjy a t htywbñ yfx fkcz cg hb p y fybz njuj, xnj fvt hb rfy c rbt étyobys tétl-ytdyj cn fk rbdfñncz c eu h jp jq bö åkfu jgjkex b ñg h j cnj gj n jve, xnj jyb étyobys. Yj jl yjdhtvt y-yj vs bcöjlbv bp njuj, xnj ghb yfkbxbb pyfy b q ,j å h f p jd fybz, djp vjéyj cntq b cbk étyobys cgj-cjåys cn fnm ut h jbyzvb b cldb yenm ujhs, gjvju fzctåt b lheubv kñlzv, j rjnjhsö jyb ghb pd fys pf-å j nb nmcz. Xnjås cjp l fnm chtle, cgj c j å cndeñoeñä nbv ut h jb xt c rbv gj cneg rfv, Vbybcn t h cndj plhf-d j jö h fytybz b cjw b fkmysö ckeéå (VPCC) CIFht fk b p jd fkj wtksq hzl ghju h fvv lkz étyoby dctöd jp h fcn jd b yf dctö cn flbzö éb p y b .

Vs yflt tvcz, xnj lheu bt cnh fys edblzn d yfiböb y b w b fnbdfö jåhfptw lkz gjl h féfybz, njx yj nfrét rfr vs gt ht y b v ftv jgsn byyjd f w bjyysö ghj-u h fvv d pfhe å t éysö cnh fy f ö .

Y fx b y fz c hfy ytuj djp h fcnf, rfv g fybz ≤Cbkf ltd j-xtr^≥ jöd fns d ftn ltd jxtr jn 9 lj 14 ktn – d njvd jp h fcnt, rjulf yfx b y ftncz ckjéysq b ghjnb d jht-xbdsq ghjwtcc bö ghtdh f otybz d étyoby. Bcckt-ljd fybz gjrfpsdfñn, xnj ltd jx rb cn fk rbdfñncz cbysvb cjw b fkmysvb, rek mnehysvb, gcböjkju b xt c-rbvb b ab pbjkju b xt c rbvb ghjåktv fvb, xtv vfk m-

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GHFDF ÉTYOBY – ÄNJ GHFDF XTKJDTRF

Ljyyf Ä. Ifkfqkf

Vbybcnh plhfdjjöhfytybz b cjwbfkmysö ckeéå CIF

x b rb. Yfghb vth, gj lfyysv jåot y f w bjy fk m yju jj å cktljd fybz pljh jdmz gjl h j cnr jd, rfél fz ldfl w f-n fz ltd jx rf gsnfkfcm cjdt hi b nm cfvje åb qcndj, xnjdldjt dsit fy fkju b x yjuj gjrf p fn tkz lkz vfk m x b-r jd. D jnxtnt ≤Bccktljd fybz ltd jxtr: xnj vs pyftvb ljkéys pyfnm j hjcnt b hfpdb nbb ltd jxtr≥ cjjå-o ftncz, xnj 90 ghjwt y n jd ckex ftd hfc cnh jqcndf gb-n fybz ghb öjlbncz yf ltd jxtr b ltdeit r .

H fcn tn b gj nht åkt y bt yfhr j nb r jd. Gj lfyysv Yf-w bjy fk m yjuj wt y nhf gj bpextybñ yfhr jp f db c b vj c-nb b pkjegj nht åktybz njrcbxysvb dt ot cnd fvb ghbRjkev åb qc r jv ey b dt h c b n tnt, ctujlyz d 15 hfp åjk m-ibq ghjwtyn ltd jxtr d djp h fcnt lj 15 ktn yfx b y ftnegj nht åkz nm pfght ot y y st yfhr j nb xt c rbt dt ot cnd f ,xtv d gjr jktybb bö vfn t ht q .

Gh ju h fvvf ≤Cbkf ltd jxtr^≥ ghb pd fyf gjvjxm ltd jx-rfv d rhb nb xt c rbq gt hbjl gjl h j cnr jd juj djp h fcn fgen tv ajhv b h jd fybz edt ht y yj cnb d ctåt d ext å t ,c gjhnt, bcre c cndt b lheubö jåkfcnzö ltz n tk m yj cnbb hfpdb nbz yfdsrjd ajhv b h jd fybz vt ék b x yj cny s öb cjw b fkmysö jnyjitybq. Rhjvt njuj, jyb gjkex f-ñn vtl b w b y c reñ byajhvfwbñ gj djg h j c fv egj-nht åktybz yfhr j nb r jd, ctrce fk m yjuj gjdtltybz, gb-n fybz b gcböbxt c r juj pljh jdm z .

Gh jq nb cktleñobq änfg ghtdh f otybz ltd jxtr détyoby gjvju ftn yfif ≤Yfwbjy fk m y fz cnh fn t u b zg htlj ndh f otybz gjl h j cnr jd jq åthtvt y yj cnb≥. Lfy-y fz cnh fntubz yfghfdktyf yf hfpdb nbt jåhfpjd fy b zc wtkmñ gj jo htybz gjkjd juj djp lt héfybz, f nfré tg htle c v fnhb d ftn ghjdtlt y bt jåcktljd fybq b ab-y fy c b h jd fy bt gbkj nysö ghjtrn jd. D gj cktl y bt uj-ls d CIF cybpbkbcm gjrf p fn tkb åthtvt y yj cnb bltn jh jéltybq chtlb gjl h j cnr jd, jl y frj eh jdt y mgjl h j cnr jd jq hjél ftvj cnb dct tot d 2–7 hfp ds-it, xtv d lheubö ghjv s ikt y yj hfpdb nsö cnh fy f ö .

Vs cxbnftv, xnj gjl h j cnr jd fz åthtvt y yj cnm – ytg h j cnj rhfnr j c h jx y fz vtl b w b y c rfz ghjåktvf. Nf-rfz åthtvt y yj cnm vjé tn dspd fnm gt ht hsd b lfé tg ht r h f ot y bt extås étyobys, xnj cgj c j å yj gj-dk b z nm yf tt ärjyjv b xt c reñ yt p f db c b vj cnm yfg h j nzétybb dctq gj cktleñotq ébpyb. 62 ghjwt y n fcn fhit rkfccybw, hjl b dibö ltntq, åhjcftn irjke, bdt h jz nyj cnm bö gj cnegktybz d rjkktlé ybét, xtv eétyoby, jnrkfl s d f ñobö åthtvt y yj cnm lj åjkt tgjp l ytuj dhtvt y b .

C n fyjdzcm cn fhit, étyobys gj - g ht éytve yeél f-ñncz d lj cnegt r eckeu fv htg h jlernb dyjq vtl b w b-

ys, drk ñx fz gkfy b h jd fy bt ctvmb, b vs cjlt qcnde-tv änjve. Rhjvt njuj, jyb cn fk rbdfñncz c eu h jp jqö h jy b xt c rbö b cvt hn tkmysö pfå jktd fybq. Yf ghj-nzétybb cdjtq ébpyb fvt hb rfy c rbt étyobys gjl-dt hufñncz hb c re pfå jktnm hfr jv uhelb d jl yjv cke-x ft bp djcmvb. Gjä n jve d 1993 u., d jndtn yf gjl g b-c fy yjt 2,6 vky. xtkjdtr jåhfot y bt c ghb p s d jvc a jhv b h jd fnm tl b yeñ yfwbjy fk m yeñ cnh fn t u b ñå jhmås c hfr jv uhelb, Ght pbltyn Rk b y n jy dscne-g bk c bybwbfnb d jq Yfwbjy fk m yjuj gkfyf lt qcndb qgj ghjåktvt hfrf uhelb, ht fk b pe tvjuj yf jcyjdtg fhnyt h cndf ujce l fh cndtyysö b xfcnysö cnherneh ,r j n jhjt jåtcgtx b d ftn åjktt äaatrnb dyjt cjchtlj-n jxt y bt bvt ñoböcz e yfc ht ceh c jd yf åjhm åe cä nbv cnhfiysv pfå jktd fy btv. Rhjvt njuj, Wtynhr jy nh jkz b ghjabkfrnb rb pfå jktd fybq (WRGP)h fc i b hbk cdjñ ghju h fv ve ≤Dszdkt y bt hfrf uhe l bb it qrb vfnrb≥, rjnjh fz ntgt hm pfoboftn pljh jdm tétyoby c ybprbv eh jdytv ljöjljd dj dctö 50 inf-nfö yfitq cnh fy s .

Jl y frj, rfr ås vs dct yb åjzkbcm hfrf uhelb, yf-b å jktt xfcn jq ghb x b yjq cvt hnb étyoby jcn f ñ n c zc t hltx yj - c j ce l b cnst pfå jktd fybz. Vs gjkex ftv yj-d st cdtltybz j rfhl bjkju b xt c r jv pljh jdmt étyobyåkfu jl fhz bybwbfnb dt ≤Étycrjt pljh jdmt≥ Yfwbj-y fkmysö bycnb nen jd plhfdjjö h fytybz (YBP) –r heg yt q itve rk b y b xt c r jve ärcgt hb vt y ne d bcn j-hbb CIF. D hfv rfö änjuj bccktljd fn tk m c r juj ghj-t rnf nsczxb étyoby ghjöjlzn dféy st rk b y b xt c-rbt jåcktljd fybz, xnj hfc i b h ztn yfib pyfybz ju jhvjy fk m yjq nthfgbb, ht ébvfö lbtns b ab pb xt c-r jq yfu he p rb. Änf dféy fz hfåjnf – kbim jlby bpg hb vt h jd pyfx b n tk m yj hfc i b ht y yjq ghju h fv v sb c cktljd fybq d jåkfcnb pljh jdmz étyoby, ht fk b-pe tvjq d YBP.

Yfif cnh fyf yt cvjé tn dsgjk y b nm rfb h c rbq vfy-l fn, tckb yt åe ltn pfy b v fnmcz yt njkmrj åjkt p y z v b ,yj b ujh f p lj åjktt ibhjrbv rheu jv lheubö cjw b-fkmysö eu h jp étycrjve pljh jdmñ b åkfu jgjkex b ñ .Gj lfyysv Åñhj étycrjuj pljh jdmz VPCC, ukf dy fzg hbxbyf étycrjuj nh f dv fnbpvf d Cjtl b yt y y s öI n fnfö – åsnjdjt yfc bk bt. Åjktt 50 ghjwt y n jde åb nsö d CIF étyoby gju b åkb jn her yfcn jz o b öbkb åsdibö gfhnyt h jd - veéxby. Gj jwt y rfv, rfé-l fz xtndt hn fz étyobyf d CIF gjl dt hu ftncz yfg h j nzétybb cdjtq ébpyb yfc bkbñ cj cn jh jy scdjtuj cjéb n tkz .

Y fc bk bt b étcn jrjt jåhfot y bt cthm t p yj pfnh fu b d f-ñn b ltd jxtr b ltdeitr. Cjukfc yj bvt ño b v c z

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jwt y rfv, rfél fz nhtnmz bkb xtndt hn fz ltdei rfgjl dt hu ftncz ctrce fkmysv ljvju fn tk m cnd fv lj lj-cnbétybz tñ 18 - ktnytuj djp h fcnf. Cjtl b yt y y stI n fns jnht fu b h jd fkb yf änj ghb y z nbtv åjktt étc-nrbö pfr jyjd, ddtlt y btv ecjdt hit y cnd jd fyysö gkf-yjd gjl u j n jdrb hfå j ny b r jd plhfdjjö h fytybz b edt-k b xt y btv ab y fy c b h jd fybz ghb ñ n jd lkz étyoby,gj cnh fl f dibö jn yfc bk b z .

R h jvt njuj, lkz jåtcgtxtybz åtpjg fc yj cnb ns c z xétyoby d vfc i n fåfö cnh fys cjp l fyf rheukj cen jx-y fz åtcgkfny fz ntkt a jy y fz ckeéåf ≤Yfc bk bt ghj-nbd étyoby≥ (1-800-799 -S A F E). C vjvtynf tt jn-r hs nbz 18 vt c z wtd yfpfl tñ djcgjk m p jd fkbcm åjkt t200 nsczx étyoby, ghjcbdibö gjvjob b cjdtnf dckjéytqibö éb p ytyysö cbne f w b z ö .

V b y b cn t h cndj plhfdjjö h fytybz b cjw b fk m y s öckeéå ghjd jlbn nfrét hfå j ne, yfghfdkt y yeñ yfå jhm åe c hfcneotq eu h jp jq DBX - C G BL. D 1997 u. yfétyoby ghb öjl bkjcm 22 ghjwtynf dctö bpdt cny s öckex ftd CGBLf, gj chfdytybñ c 7 ghjwt y n fvb d1995 u. Yfb å jktt åscnhj hfcneobv cgj c j å jv gt ht-l fxb pfå jktd fybz d yfcn jz ott dhtvz cn fkb utn t h j-c t r ce fk m y st rjy n frns. D CIF änf jg fc yj cnm totd s it lkz wdtnysö étyoby. Yf ljkñ fvt hb rfy c rb öétyoby fa hb rfy c r juj b kfnb yj fvt hb rfy c r ju jg h jb c öjéltybz ghb öjlbncz 76 ghjwt y n jd bpdt cn-ysö yf lfyysq vjvtyn ckex ftd étycrjuj CGBL f .

Gjä n jve vs åscnhj ghb cneg bkb r ht itybñ ghj-åktv, d wt y nht rjnjhsö yföjlzncz étyobys bDBX. D hfphfå j nrt ghju h fvv, eljdktnd jh z ño b ögj nht å yj cnb étyoby d ghjabkfrnbrt b ktxt y b bC G BLf, c Vbybcn t h cnd jv plhfdjjö h fytybz b cj-w b fkmysö ckeéå cjnhelybxfñn jåot cndt y y st jh-u fybpfwbb b vtl b rb. Dtleoeñ hjkm d ajhv b h jd f-ybb b ht fkbpfwbb tl b yjq cnh fntubb bccktljd fy b qgj ghjåktv fv DBX - C G BL buhfñn YBP b WRGP,ab y fy c b heño bt bccktljd fybz, yfghfdkt y y st yfh f p h få j nre ecjdt hit y cnd jd fyysö vtn jljd gcböj-kju b xt c r juj b åbjvtl b w b y c r juj djp lt qcndbz, lfñ-obö étyobyfv äaatrnb dy st bycnhevt y ns cybét-ybz hb c rf pfh fétybz DBX .

R fb h c rfz rjy a t htywbz nfrét gj åe l bkf yfc r åjkt tukj å fk m yjve dpukz le yf ghjåktvs, dk b z ño bt yfp ljh jdmt étyoby. Ntgt hm vs gjy b v ftv, xnj vt éle-y fh jl y fz ghjåktvf hb ne fk m yjuj yfytctybz edtx b qé t y c rbv ut y b n fkbzv frne fkmyf b lkz yfitq cnh f-ys. Cntgtym hfc g h j cnh fytybz änjq ghfrnb rb d Cj-

tl b ytyysö Infnfö lj cbö gjh vfkj bpdt cnyf. Jl-y frj, gj jwtyrt WRGP, jcyjd fy yjq yf lfyysö gt-htgbcb yfc tktybz CIF b gjrf p fn tkzö étycrju jj å ht p fybz d fa hb rfy c rbö cnh fyfö, åjktt 150 ns c z xltd jxtr b étyoby d Cjtl b ytyysö Infnfö gjl dt h-ukbcm nfr jve jåht p fybñ bkb hb c reñn åsnm tvegjl dt hu yensvb. D yfcn jz ott dhtvz vs hfphfå fns-d ftv vtn jls jg htltktybz bcnbyysö vfc i n få jdä n jq ghfrnb rb d CIF, cjnhe l y b x fz c hfpk b x y s v bu heg g fvb, xnjås kex it gjy z nm djp vjéy st rek mneh-y st dkbzybz, b ghjcdt o fz vtl b w b y c rbö hfå j ny b-r jd d änjq jåkfcnb .

D Rfb ht vs ghb p y fkb, xnj ekex it y bt étycrju jp ljh jdmz ytd jp vjéyj åtp jnytctybz änjq ghjåktv sd gjk yjq vt ht r xbcke ghbjhb n tnysö cjw b fk m y s ög h j åktv. Yfib ecbkbz yeélfñncz d gjk yjq gjl-lt hért cj cn jh jys fvt hb rfy c r jq jåot cndt y yj cnb ,étyoby b veéxby. Vs hfphfå j n fkb ghju h fv v s ,y f g h f dkt y y st yf åjktt frnb dyjt ex fcnbt veéxby dgkfy b h jd fybb ctvmb gen tv bö ghb dktxtybz r hfå j-nt d rk b y b rfö gkfy b h jd fybz ctvmb, ghjcdt otybz dj åkfcnb htg h jlernb dyjuj pljh jdmz b gjkext y b zbvb gjvjob gj djg h j c fv gkfy b h jd fybz rfhm t hs bg h jb pd jl cndt y yjuj jåext y b z .

R h jvt njuj, vs pyftv, xnj ghb dktxt y bt veéxby rå jktt frnb dyjve dsgjk ytybñ hjl b n tk m c rbö jåz-p fy yj cntq gjkt p yj lkz ltntq. Yt bvt ño bt ghfdjgt rey cndf jnws, bcgsns d f ño bt hjl b n tk m c rbtxed cndf, gjl lt hébdfñn ghjx yeñ ävjw bjy fk m yeñcdzpm cj cdjbvb ltnmvb b lj å h jd jk m yj gkfnzn fk b-vt y ns. C änjq wtkmñ Vbybcn t h cndj plhfdjjö h fyt-ybz b cjw b fkmysö ckeéå ex htl bkj bybwbfnb de≤ Jnwjd cndj≥. Änf bybwbfnbdf ghtle c v fnhb d ftn ab-y fy c b h jd fy bt ltvjy cnh f w bjyysö ghju h fvv jndtn-cndt y yjuj jnwjd cndf, edtk b xt y bt ab y fy c b h jd fy b zckeéå, pfy b v f ñoböcz jåtcgtxt y btv lj cnegf r lt-nzv b bö gj c t otybz, hfå j ne gj ghb vt ytybñ ghj-nb d jp fx fn jxysö chtl cnd vfk m x b rfvb b ñyji fvb dh fv rfö ≤Yfwbjy fk m yjq cnh fntubb ghtlj ndh f ot y b zgjl h j cnr jd jq åthtvt y yj cnb≥, f nfrét cjnhe l y b xt-cndj c étycrbvb uheg g fvb gj cjr h f otybñ yfc b-kbz ghjnbd étyoby b ltn t q .

Pf gznm ktn VPCC cltkfkj vyjujt. Jl y frj genm, yf-x fnsq d Rfb ht, yt åsk b yt åe ltn kt u rbv. Cjtl b-ytyysv Infn fv tot ghtl cn jbn ljk u fz ljh juf d ht-itybb dpfb vj c d z p fyysö hfc jdsö, äny b xt c rbö bb veot cndtyysö ghjåktv. Hjcn xbckf cn fht ño b öétyoby ghjl b rne tn gj nht å yj cnb d yjdsö eckeu f ö

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p l h f d j jö h fytybz. Dct tot yeéyj ujh f p lj åjk m itltkfnm lkz njuj, xnjås lfnm étyobyfv åjktt gjk-yjt xed cndj jndtn cndt y yj cnb pf cjåcndt y y st plj-h jdmt b ébpym b gjl lt héb d fnm jndtn cndt y yjt jnyj-it y bt veéxby r cdjbv lt qcndbzv, jrf p s d f ño b vdk b z y bt yf ctvt q yeñ éb p y m .

D ghtl l dt hbb gznjq ujljdobys rfb h c r jq rjy a t-htywbb lfdfqnt dvt cnt jnvtnbv yfib ecgtöb, ghb-p y ftv yte l fxb b äyt hu b x yj gjg s n ftvcz dszdb nmyjd st yfghfdktybz gjd c tvt cnyjuj jåtcgtxtybz xt-kjdtxt c rbö ghfd étyoby. Dhtvz yt éltn .

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B y nthdmñ c Léek btq Nfan, gjvj o y b r jv Uj celf h-cndtyyjuj ctr h tnfhz gj djghjcfv yf h j l j yfc tkt-y bz, åtétywtd b vbu h f w b b

G jvjoybr ujcctr h tnfhz gj djghjcfv yf h j l j yfc t-kt y bz, åtétywtd b vbuhfwbb Léek bz Nfan jnvt-n bkf, xnj Cjtlb y t y y st Infns ghjdjlzn wtks qh zl ghjuhfvv, yf g h fdkt y y sö yf ek ex i t y bt plj-h j d mz b åkfu j g jk ex bz étyoby, d rjnjhsö rk ñ x t-dsvb äktvt y nfvb dsc negfñn djghjcs gkf y b h j-d f y bz ctvmb b htg h j lern bdyjuj plhfd j j öh f y t y bz .D 1999 ujle åelen ghjdtltys cjdtof y bz gj ht-pek m nf nfv gznbktn y tq hfåjns d gthbjl gjcktV t é leyfhjlyjq rjyathtywbb gj djghjcfv yf h j-l j yfc tkt y bz b hfp db n bz, cjcnjzd i tqcz d Rfbht d1994 u. Bynthdmñ ghjdtk rjhhtcgjyltyn ÑCBFÄ lv eyl A. Ithh.

D j g hjc : Jåüzcybnt, gjéfkeqcnf, d xtv cjcn jb njåobq gjl öjl flv b y b cnhfwbb Rk b y n jyf r gjk b nb-rt d jåkfcnb yfh jljy fc tkt y b z .

N f an : Jåobq gjl öjl r gjk b nbrt d jåkfcnb yfh j-ljy fc tktybz jcyjd fy yf Gh ju h fv vt lt qcndbq, ghb-y z n jq yf Vtéley fh jl yjq rjy a t htywbb gj djg h j-c fv yfh jljy fc tktybz b hfpdb nbz, ult gkfy b h jd fy btc tvmb b htg h jlernb dyjt plhfdjjö h fyt y bt hfc c v fn-hbdfñncz d åjktt ibhjr jv rjy n t r cnt gjd s it y b zc jw b fk m yjuj cn fnecf étyoby, ghjcdt otybz ltd jxt rb vfk m x b r jd, pljh jdmz ltntq, f nfrét ärjyjv b xt c-rbö, ärjkju b xt c rbö b lheubö cjw b fkmysö äktvt y-n jd, dk b z ñobö yf ébpym ltd jxtr b étyoby.

Yfib ghju h fvvs b yfif gjk b nb rf jöd fns d f ñ ndtcm cgt rnh djg h j c jd pljh jdmz b åkfu jgjkex b zétyoby b ltd jxtr, chtlb rjnjhsö rk ñxtdsvb ds-cnegfñn djghjcs gkfy b h jd fybz ctvmb b htg h jler-nb dyjt plhfdjjö h fyt y bt. Vs nfrét hfc c v fnhb d ftvc gjcjås pfobns étyoby jn ctrce fk m yjuj yfc bk b z ,

genb jåtcgtxtybz étyobyfv lj cnegf r lj cn jdt h-yjq vtl b w b y c r jq byajhvfwbb b byajhvfwbb gjd jg h j c fv gkfy b h jd fybz ctvmb, f nfrét cgj c j å så jktt frnb dyjuj djdktxtybz veéxby d ctvt q yeñébpym. Vs hfc c v fnhb d ftv djghjcs lj cnegf éty-oby r vbrhjr htl b nysv b ärjyjv b xt c rbv djp vjé-yj cnzv, f nfrét r jåhfpjd fy b ñ .

Änj jnyjcbncz yt njkmrj r ghju h fv v fv dyenhbcnh fys, yj b r yfibv vt éley fh jlysv ghju h fv v fv .

D j g hjc : R fr jdj pyfxt y bt rjy a t htywbb d Rfb ht? D xtv tt jcjåtyyj cnb ?

J nd tn : Rjulf 180 cnh fy cjåbhfñncz dvt cnt b ht-fk m yj lju jd fhbdfñncz j gkfyt lt qcndbq – änj at-yjvt y fk m yj. D Rfb ht åsk lj cnb u yen jxtym ibhj-rbq rjy c t y cec d jnyjitybb njuj, xnj ytkmpz clt-kfnm egjh yf jlby äktvtyn – plhfdjjö h fyt y bt lkzétyoby, yt edzpfd tuj c ibhjrbv cgt rnh jv böä r jyjv b xt c rbö, cjw b fkmysö b gjk b nb xt c rbö ghfd.

Jn c ñlf dsdjl: cn fåbk b pb h jd fnm hjcn yfc tktybz vb-hf vjéyj, tckb cjp l fnm d cktleñotv cn jktnbb djp-vjéyj cnb lkz dctö kñltq b jåtcgtx b nm, xnjåsétyobys hfc gjkfu fkb yt j å öjl b vjq byajhv f w bt qlkz ghb y z nbz ht itybq j cdjtq ébpyb, cn fyjd z c må jktt frnb dysvb xkt y fvb vbhjd juj cjjåot cnd f .

Änj pfvtx fn tk m yj cajhvek b h jd fkf ujcctrhtn fhmJkå h fqn: gj c r jk m re étyobys cjcn f dkzñn gjkjdb yey fc tktybz vbhf, ytkmpz elt héfnm ytåj herfvb jl-yjq gjkjdbys. Ytjåöjl b vj ex fcnbt étyoby.

D j g hjc : R fr gjdk b zkf rfb h c rfz rjy a t htywbz yfgjk b nb re Cjtl b ytyysö Infn jd ?

J nd tn : Dct vs epyfkb, rfr ed z p s d fnm b byntuhb h j-d fnm d tl b yjt wtkjt yt c r jkmrj djg h j c jd – yfc tkt-

CIF GJLLTHÉBDFTN GHJUHFVVS EKEXITYBZ PLJHJDMZ

B ÅKFUJGJKEXBZ ÉTYOBY

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y bt, jr heéf ñoeñ chtle, hfpdb nbt, ghfdf xtkjdt rfb nfr lfktt. Gjx nb dct äktvt y ns, cajhv b h jd fy y std Rfb ht, cn fkb xfcnmñ cnh jb n tkmysö åkjr jd lkzGt rb y c r jq étycrjq rjy a t htywbb 1995 u. Nfr xnjjyf csuhfkf åjk m ieñ hjk m .

L kz Cjtl b ytyysö Infn jd jyf gj ckeébkf rfn fk b p f-n jh jv ghjwtccf vt édtljv cndt y yjuj gkfy b h jd fy b z .Ntgt hm lkz jceot cndktybz lju jd jht y yj cntq, lj-cnb u yensö yf étycrjq rjy a t htywbb d Gt rb yt, ey fc lt qcnde tn Ght pblt y n c rbq vt édtljv cndt y y s qc jdtn gj ltkfv étyoby. D rfxt cndt jl yjuj bp rk ñ-xtdsö äktvt y n jd yfitq dyt i ytq gjk b nb rb gt htlUj c ltg fhn fvt y n jv cn jbn pfl fxf – gjg s n fnmcz cn fåb-k b pb h jd fnm hjcn yfc tktybz vbhf. E yfc nfrét hfp-h få j n fys cgtw b fk m y st bybwbfnbds gj ghfdfvétyoby d vt éley fh jl yjv fc gt rnt b gj pfobntétyoby b ltd jxtr jn djdktxtybz d ghjcnb new b ñ .

D yt c t yj nfrét yt c r jkmrj dféysö bpvt ytybq d pf-r jyjl fn tk m cndj. Chfpe gj ckt Rfbhf Rjy u htcc ghb y zkp fr jy, jåtcgtx b d f ñobq gjk yeñ lj cneg yj cnm eckeuhtg h jlernb dyjuj plhfdjjö h fytybz, cltkfd ghjnb d j-p fr jyysv ghb vt yt y bt cbks bkb cjp l fy bt ghtg z n cn-dbq gj cn f do b rfv änbö eckeu bkb bö rk bt y n fv. Rhj-vt njuj, ytl f dyj ghbyznj ht it y bt jå jåzpfn tk m yjvdrk ñxtybb d ghju h fvvs cnh f öjd fybz pljh jdmz at-lt h fkmysö hfå j ny b r jd hfc öjljd yf ghjnb d jp fx fn jx-y st chtl cndf. Jåf änbö ifuf jxtym dféy s .

V yju bt ghfdb n tk m cndt y y st ex ht éltybz CIF dtlenh f p yj j å h f p yeñ ltz n tk m yj cnm, yfghfdkt y yeñ yfj å t c gtxt y bt pljh jdmz b åkfu jgjkexbz étyoby dh fv rfö bltq, cajhvek b h jd fyysö d Rfb ht b hfpdb-nsö d Gt rb yt. Änb bltb hfc g h j cnh fy bkbcm d Cj-tl b ytyysö Infnfö yf yfwbjy fk m yjv eh jdyt, gjr h fq ytq vt ht d flv b y b cnhfwbb Rk b y n jy f .

Z öj n tkf ås nfrét jnvtnb nm, xnj byntht c yj hfc-c vj nhtnm äne ltz n tk m yj cnm rfr ghjz dkt y bt frnb d-yj cnb uhfél fy c r juj jåot cndf. Gj ckt Rfbhf ytg h f-db n tk m cndt y y st jhu fybpfwbb, drk ñx fz jhu fy b p f w b bgj gkfy b h jd fybñ ctvmb, plhfdjjö h fytybñ, hfpdb-nbñ, åjhmåt c ltn c r jq cvt hnyj cnmñ, ärjkjubb, ghf-d fv xtkjdt rf b étycrbt uheggs, djdktxtys d ghj-wtcc rjv gkt r c yjuj bpextybz gentq cn fåbk b p f w b bx b ckt y yj cnb yfc tktybz vbhf. E yfc ckjébkj c mjxtym ghjx yjt gfhnyt h cndj c änbvb uheg g fv b .

D j g hjc : D jp vjéys kb pkjegj nht åktybz ghfdjv yfgkfy b h jd fy bt ctv m b ?

J nd tn : Y t r j n jhst ghjnb dy b rb eckeu gj gkfy b h j-d fybñ ctvmb jndt hufñn bö bp-pf gjz dktybz d jn-ltkmysö vt cnfö ghfrnb rb ghb ye l b n tk m yjuj gkfy b-h jd fybz ctvmb, yfc bk m cndt y yjq cn t hbkbpfwbb by fc bk m cndtyysö få jhn jd – zdktybq, åtpe ckjdyj yf-hei f ñobö jcyjdy st ghfdf xtkjdt rf .

Y b rnj yt öjxtn, xnjås kñltq pfcn f dkzkb ltkfnm nj,xnj gkjöj lkz ybö cfvbö bkb bö ctvtq. Kñlb, ét-kf ño bt gjl dt hu yenmcz cn t hbkbpfwbb bkb cltkfnmfå jhn, ljkéys gjkex b nm gjk yeñ byajhvfwbñ jl heubö djp vjéysö dfhb fynfö. Yj tckb jyb dct étd s åbhfñn få jhn bkb cn t hbkbpfwbñ, änj ljkéyjå s nm åtpjg fc y s v .

C eot cnde tn yfcn jz n tk m y fz yt j å öjl b vj cnm lfnm kñ-lzv djp vjéyj cnm ghb y b v fnm yf jcyjdt gjk yjq by-a jhvfwbb cjåcndt y y st ht itybz jnyj c b n tk m yj cdj-tq ébpyb, hfpvthf ctvmb b chjrfö tuj edtk b xt y b z .Änj jl yj bp jcyjdysö ghfd xtkjdt rf, gj c r jk m re änjgjvju ftn kñlzv – étyobyfv yfh f dyt c bö veém z-vb bkb gfhnyt h fvb – jg htltkz nm öjl cdjtq éb p y b .

Dct vs ghjnbd ghb yeéltybz, yj byajhvfwbz jå änjvyt dctulf hfc g h j cnh fy ztncz ljkéysv jåhfpjv .

D j g hjc : R fr yfc xtn jg gjpbwbb cj cn jh jys xfcnbRjy u htccf gjl lt hért CIF pfhe å t éysö ghju h fv vgkfy b h jd fybz ctv m b ?

J nd tn : L evfñ, xnj yt r j n jhst xktys Rjy u htccf gj-kfufñn, xnj gkfy b h jd fy bt ctvmb gj jo h ztn få jhns .

K ñlb, cn f d z o bt pyfr hfdt y cndf vt éle gkfy b h jd f-y btv ctvmb b få jhn fvb, ghjcnj jibåfñncz. Ybrn jyt jlj å h ztn b yt gj nd jh cnde tn ghb vt ytybñ få jh-n jd d rfxt cndt vtn jlf gkfy b h jd fybz ctvmb, b ntvyt vt ytt, rjulf vs ghjg fu fy l b he tv åtpjg fc y st df-hb fy ns gkfy b h jd fybz ctvmb, rktdtny b rb dctul fd jpdhfofñncz r djg h j ce jå få jhn f ö .

D féyj, xnjås dct pyfkb j njv, xnj ghfdb n tk m cnd jC IF yt gjl lt héb d ftn få jhns rfr vtn jl gkfy b h j-d fybz ctvmb. D yfibö pfhe å t éysö ghju h fvvfö yth f p ht i ftncz yb ab y fy c b h jd fy bt få jhn jd rfr vtn j-lf gkfy b h jd fybz ctvmb, yb lfét ltz n tk m yj cnb dgjl lt hére bpvt ytybz pfr jyjd lkz ghjg fu fy l sfå jhn jd bkb bö hfpht itybz d pfhe å t éysö cnh fy f ö .

Jl y frj, vs uke å jrj eåtéltys, xnj hfpk b x y st jhu f-ybpfwbb ljkéys bvtnm djp vjéyj cnm – nh fnz cdjt

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dhtvz b cdjb lt y mub – pfy b v fnmcz ntv, xtv bv gj-pd jkztn pfy b v fnmcz pfr jy, åelm nj åtpjg fc y st få jh-ns bkb pfobnf nfr juj hjlf ltz n tk m yj cnb d hfv rf ögjk b nb xt c r jq cbcn tvs bö cnh fys. Djn gjxtve fl-v b y b cnhfwbz Rk b y n jyf djp h féftn ghjnbd nfr yf-p s d ftvjq ≤gjk b nb rb Vtöbrj≥, d gjl lt hére rjnjh jqd s cnegfñn yt r j n jhst xktys Rjy u ht c c f .

Vs cxbnftv, xnj åskj ås ytg h f dbkmysv ju h fy b x b-d fnm yfib djp vjéyj cnb ab y fy c b h jd fnm jhu fy b p f-wbb, jceot cndkz ño bt hfpht it y yeñ pfr jyjv ltz-n tk m yj cnm, ult ås jyb yb yföjl bk b c m .

D j g hjc : C j nhelybxfñn kb Cjtl b yt y y st Infns cJ JY gj djg h j c fv yfh jljy fc tkt y b z ?

J nd tn : H f pevt tncz. Gj änbv djg h j c fv vs gjl lt h-éb d ftv yt c r jkmrj vt éley fh jlysö jhu fy b p f w b q ,j c j å t y yj Ajyl yfh jljy fc tktybz JJY (AYJ JY ) .Änjn ajyl – rheg yt q i fz d vbht vyju j cn jh jy y z zjhu fybpfwbz, jrf p s d f ño fz gjvjom d jåkfcnb ghj-åktv yfh jljy fc tktybz. Tuj ghju h fvvs ljgjk y z ñ nl de cn jh jyyññ gjvjom, jrf p s d ftveñ Cjtl b yt y y s-vb Infn fvb b lheubvb ljyjh fvb. AYJ JY ghtlj-cn f dkztn jxtym yeéy st b étkfy y st eckeub gj lj-å h jd jk m yjve gkfy b h jd fybñ ctvmb, jö h fyt pljh j-dmz vfn t hb b ht å t y rf, f nfrét lheu bt eckeub åjkt txtv 160 cnh fy fv. AYJ JY buhftn dtleoeñ hjkm dJ hu fybpfwbb Jåütl b ytyysö Yfwbq d ntxt y bt gznbktn gj ckt rfb h c r jq rjy a t ht y w b b .

Vs nfrét gjl lt héb d ftv ltz n tk m yj cnm yt c r jk m rb öl heubö jhu fybpfwbq. ÑY BCTA buhftn rk ñxtdeñh jkm d djghjcfö pljh jdmz ltntq b åjhmås c ltn-c r jq cvt hnyj cnmñ. Jhu fybpfwbz JJY gj åjhmåt cjC G BL jv – änj jnyj c b n tk m yj yjd fz cnhernehf, dfé-y fz lkz ajhv b h jd fybz ukj å fk m yjq ht frwbb yfä g bltvbñ DBX - C G BL. Dctv b hy fz jhu fy b p f w b zp l h f d j jö h fytybz, Gh ju h fvvf hfpdb nbz JJY b Dct-v b hysq åfyr nfrét hfphfå j n fkb dféy st ghju h fv-vs d änbö jåkfcnzö. Nfr xnj vs jxtym ntcyj cj-nhe l y b x ftv cj dctvb änbvb jhu fy b p f w b z v b .

D j g hjc : R fr lheu bt cnh fys jnrk b r yekbcm yf ghb-y z nsq d Rfb ht Gkfy lt qcndb q ?

J nd tn : L evfñ, gj - h f p yjve. Vyjujt pfdbcbn jn gj-k b nb xt c r jq, ärjyjv b xt c r jq b cjw b fk m yjq cbne f w b bd cnh fyt. D wtkjv bvt tncz ytv fkj ghb vt h jd ecgt i-yjq hfå j ns. Ujkjcf bp dctö hfpdb d f ñoböcz cnh fy ,j c j å t y yj étycrbt ujkjcf, dscnegfñn d pfobne hfd-yjuj lj cnegf r jåhfpjd fybñ, åjk m itq byajhv f w b bgj djg h j c fv gkfy b h jd fybz ctvmb b gjd s itybz rf-xt cndf htg h jlernb dyjuj plhfdjjö h fyt y b z .

D Nehwbb ytg h f db n tk m cndt y y st jhu fybpfwbb jxt y mä yt hu b x yj b lt qcndt y yj dpzkb gjl cdjq rjy nh jk mg h j åktve jåhfpjd fybz lkz ltd jxtr b lj åbkbcm dä n jv jnyjitybb jg htltktyysö gjk b nb xt c rbö bp-vt ytybq. Levfñ, dct vs öj nbv jåtcgtx b nm ltd jx-rfv djp vjéyj cnm jcn f d fnmcz d irjkt lj cn fn jx yjljkuj lkz njuj, xnjås jrf p s d fnm dgj cktl cndbb gj-pb nb dyjt dk b z y bt yf gjk b nb xtcrjt, ärjyjv b xt c r j tb cjw b fk m yjt hfpdb nbt jåot cndf b gjk m p jd fnm c zå jkmibv ed fé t y btv b ljgjk y b n tkmysvb djp vjé-yj cnzvb. Ytg fk jxtym vyjujt cltkfk d gjg s nr tc y b pb nm cvt hnyj cnm hjétybw gen tv dytl htybz åj-ktt cjdt hit y yjq ntöyjkjubb lkz gj ckt h jljd ju jeöjlf b åjktt äaatrnb dysö cgj c j å jd ht it y b zä n jq ceot cndt y yjq ghjåktv s .

D änjv ujle, rjulf vs ghb cneg ftv r fy fk b pe clt-kfy yjuj pf gznm ktn gj ckt Rfbhf, rfél fz cnh fy fy fvt htyf gjl u j n jdb nm jnxtn j njv, yfc r jkmrj lfkt-rj jyf ghjl db yekfcm b c rfrbvb ghtg z n cndb z v bdct tot cn fk rb d ftncz. Z levfñ, åe ltn jxtym gjkt p-yj, tckb dct cnh fys jnr h jdt y yj hfc c rféen j cdjb öe c gtöfö b yte c gtöfö, xnjås dct vs cvjukb gj-ex b nmcz lheu e lheu f .

G h bvtxf y bt htlf rnjhf: ≤Gjk b n b rfV t öbrj≥, ddtltyyfz flv b y bc n h f n bd-y sv erfp jv b ltqc n d j d fd ifz ghb flv b y bc n h f w bzö Htq u f yf b Åeif, yjj nvt y t y yfz Ghtpbl t y n jv Rk b y n j-y jv, gjkj é bkf rjytw kñåjq fvt h b-rfycrjq gjvjob d jåkfcnb gkf y b h j-d f y bz ctvmb kñåjq byjcnhfyyjq yt-g h fdb ntkmcndtyyjq jhufybpf w b b(YGJ), rjnjhfz ghjbp d j lbn kt u fk m-y st fåjhns bkb exfc n detn d cdzpf y-yjq c fåjhnfvb ltzntkmyjcnb, lf é tt ckb änf ltzntkmyjcnm jceo t c n dkz-tn cz yf bö cjåcndtyyst xfc n y stchtlcndf. Ctq xfc ytr j n j hst xkt y sRjyuhtccf öjnzn dyjdm pf r j y j lf ntk m-yj jajhvbnm jghtltktyysq dfhbf y n≤ g jk b n b rb Vtöb r j ≥ .

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D j g hjc : Xnj vjéyj crf p fnm j rjy r htnysö ukj-å fkmysö gj cktl cndbzö rfb h c r jq rjy a t ht y w b b ?

J nd tn : Gjrf yt vjue jndtnb nm yf änjn djghjc, gj-c r jk m re e yfc tot ytn dctq byajhvfwbb. Cktle tnext cnm, xnj rjy a t htywbz d Rfb ht cjcn jzkfcm dctujxtns ht ujlf yfpfl, f cn fnb cnb xt c rbt lfy y st bvt-ñncz kbim pf gt hbjl jr jkj ldeö ktn .

Jl y frj, z eåtéltyf, xnj vjéyj rjk b xt cndt y yj jö f-h frn t hb p jd fnm vyju bt ghjwtccs. Jn vtx ftncz yt r j-n jhjt cybétybt vfn t hb y c r jq cvt hnyj cnb. Ljcnb u-yens jg htltkt y y st bpvt ytybz d pfr jyjl fn tk m cndt .Y fåk ñl ftncz ytv fksq ghju htcc d ht itybb ghjåkt-vs étyoby b yfc bkbz. Gh jdtlt yj yt c r jkmrj vt é-ley fh jlysö rjy a t htywbq, gj c d z otyysö njve, rfrb p å t éfnm djdktxtybz étyoby b ltd jxtr d ghjcnb-newbñ. Änj atyjvt y fk m yj. Lj gj cktl ytuj dhtvt y bä nb djghjcs lfét yt pyfx bkbcm d xbckt ghju h fv-vysö vt h jg hb z nbq. Nfr xnj änj öjh jij .

D j g hjc : Xnj ghjb p jqltn yf ajhevt ≤Gz nm ktn gj c-kt Rfbhf≥ d atdh fkt 1999u. d Uf fut? Yeél ftncz kbrfb h c rfz Gh ju h fvvf lt qcndbq d gt ht c vj nht ?

J nd tn : C j tl b yt y y st Infns yt gjl lt héb d f ñ nbltñ gt ht c vj nhf bkb yfx fkf yjdsö gt ht u jd jh jdgj djg h j c fv, cn jkm öjh jij cjukfc jd fyysv xtns htu jlf yfpfl. Gj ceot cnde, Gh ju h fvvf lt qcndb qg htl cn f dkztn cjåjq gkfy, hfc c x b n fyysq yf 20 ktn .Jl y frj, yfv öj n tkjcm ås jåce l b nm nj, xnj ghj-b p jikj pf gj cktl y bt gznm ktn, jwt y b nm ecgtöb, rj-n jhsö vs lj åbkbcm, b cn jz o bt gt htl yfvb ghj-åktv s .

Änj cjdt o fy bt tot hfp gjl ndt hlbn, xnj yfc lt qcn-db n tk m yj djk yeñn djghjcs gjlj nxtnyj cnb. Dctex fcny b rb öj nzn jåtcgtx b nm, xnjås Gh ju h fvvf hf-å j n fkf d yfghfdktybb lj cnbétybz gj cn f dktyysö dytq wtktq. Lkz änjuj yt j å öjlbvf gj cn jz y y fz ghb-dt hé t y yj cnm ht itybñ dctö pfl fx, cajhvek b h jd fy-ysö d Rfb ht .

Yf vt éley fh jl yjv ajhevt ghjb p jqlen ldf cjås-nbz. Dj-gt hdsö, YGJ (ytg h f db n tk m cndt y y st jhu f-ybpfwbb) gjkex fn nhb åeye lkz jåvtyf jg s n jv bjwt y rb lj cnb u yen juj ghju ht c c f .

P fn tv cjcn jbncz ajhev ghtl cn f db n tktq dctö cnh fy ,ex fcnd jd f dibö d rfb h c r jq rjy a t htywbb. Jyb hfc-c rféen j ghju htcct, lj cnb u yen jv d bö cnh fyfö, b jnhe l yj cnzö, rjnjhst jyb dct tot bcgsns d f ñ n .

Gjp l ytt d 1999 u. vs ghjdtltv cgtw b fk m yeñ ctc-cbñ Ut yt h fk m yjq Fc c fv åktb JJY lkz jab w b fk m yj-uj jnxtnf j gjkjétybb ltk gznm ktn cge cnz gj cktR fbhf. Yj änbv ltkj yt ju h fybxbncz. Yfv gj cn jz y-yj ghbltncz jwt y b d fnm lj cnb u yensq ghju htcc cn tv, xnjås xt htp 15 ktn ghfdf xtkjdt rf, uhfél fy-c rbt ghfdf b yflkt éfobq eh jdtym plhfdjjö h fyt-ybz hfc g h j cnh fy bkbcm gj dctve vbhe. Levfñ, xnjn fr jve hfpdb nbñ cjåsnbq ghbl fy yflkt éf o b qn jk xjr, b ghtl cn jz o bt d cktleñotv ujle cjåsnb zg hbl flen tve tot åjk m ieñ cbke .

Ä lv eyl Ithh – cjnhelybr ÑCBF, gbitn gj djghjcfv

yf h j l j yfc tkt y bz b gj lhe ubv ukj å fk m y sv ghjåktvfv

16

Nbv Eähn, ghtl c tl fn tkm Ajylf JJY, crf p fk, xnjj å h f p jd fn tk m y st ghju h fvvs lkz étyoby, b d xfcn-yj cnb, lkz ltd jxt r - gjl h j cnr jd, buhfñn ht i f ñoeñh jkm d cybétybb ntvgf hjcnf yfc tktybz b gjd s it-ybb eh jdyz ébpyb åe leobö gjr jkt y b q .

Å s dibq gjvjoybr Uj c c t r htn fhz gj ukj å fk m y s vg h j åktv fv Nbv Eähn crf p fk d bynthdmñ j njv, xnjcn fåbkbpfwbz xbckt y yj cnb yfc tktybz – änj cfv fzd féy fz ghjåktvf, rjnjh fz cn jbn ctujlyz gt htld c tv vbhjv .

≤ Y fv yt j å öjl b vj cn fåbk b pb h jd fnm xbckt y yj cnm yf-c tktybz vbhf, xnjås åsnm edt htyysvb d njv, xnj ek ñltq tcnm yt j å öjl b v st djp vjéyj cnb, d jcjåty-yj cnb d åtl ytqibö ht u bjyfö vbhf. F bvt y yj ctq-x fc d ck b i r jv vyjubö vt cnfö hjcn yfc tktybz jgt-ht éftn hfpdb nbt≥, – crf p fk jy .

≤ Å t p jg fc yj cnm yfitq cnh fys b yfituj vbhf pfdb c b njn njuj, cvjé tv kb vs jåtcgtx b nm ghjxysq b yf-lt éysq åfkfyc vt éle xbckjv kñltq b gj n t y w b fkjvy f itq gkfytns, yt j å öjlbvsv lkz gjl lt héfybz böébpyb. Tckb vs yt cvjé tv crjy wt y nhb h jd fnm dy b v f-y bt yf ghjåktvfö yfh jljy fc tktybz b gj nht åktybz, njvs ey b x n jébv chtle jåb n fybz b hfpheibv nt cfv stc b cn tvs, rjnjhst jåtcgtxbdfñn ceot cnd jd fy bt kñlt qyf Ptvkt≥, – ghjljkéfk jy .

Gj lfyysv Ajylf JJY gj yfh jljy fc tktybñ, c1950 ujlf xbckt y yj cnm yfc tktybz vbhf eldjbkfcm bc j cn f dkztn ctqxfc åjktt 5,9 vbkk b fhljd xtkjdt r .R félsq ujl xbckj éb n tktq Ptvkb edtk b x b d ftn c zyf 80 vbkk bjyjd, xnj ärdb d fkt y nyj ghb å f dkt y b ñn fr jq cnh fys rfr Vtrcbrf, f d cktleñotv ujle jå-ott xbckj éb n tktq Ptvkb lj cnb u ytn åjktt 6 vbk-k b fhljd xtkjdt r .

E ä hn crf p fk, xnj ghtlj cn f dkt y bt jåhfpjd fybz lt-d jx rfv – änj dféysq fc gt rn cn fåbkbpfwbb xbckt y-yj cnb yfc tktybz b gt hd j cn tgt y y fz pfl fxf djpukf d-kztvjuj bv Ajylf JJY. Änjn ajyl åsk cjp l fy dy fx fkt 1998 ujlf yf gjé t hnd jd fy bt Nt hythf, jcyj-d fn tkz rjv g fybb Cb-Äy-Äy, d hfpvt ht 1 vbkk b fhl fljkkfh jd. Ajyl jåtcgtx b d ftn gjl lt hére ltz n tk m-yj cnb JJY, d wt y nht dy b v fybz rjnjh jq nfrbt dj-ghjcs, rfr cn fåbkbpfwbz xbckt y yj cnb yfc tkt y b z ,gjd s it y bt cjw b fk m yjuj cn fnecf étyoby, pfobnfjr heéf ñotq chtls b gjd s it y bt eh jdyz ltn c r ju jp l h f d j jö h fyt y b z .

≤Vs, d xfcnyj cnb, cjchtlj n jx bkb dy b v fy bt yf ltd jx-rf ö - gjl h j cnrfö; änj jåhfpjd fn tk m y st ghju h fvvs lkzltd jxtr, cjlt qcndbt njve, xnjås ltd jx rb yt åhjcfk bi r jke, ghtlj cn f dkt y bt djp vjéyj cnb ltd jx rfv yfq nbh få j ne, ghtlj cn f dkt y bt ltd jx rfv pfr jyysö ghfd, jåtc-gtxt y bt ltd jx rfv lj cnegf r htg h jlernb dyjve plhfdj-jö h fytybñ≥, – crf p fk Eähn .

RJVVTYNFHBB

RKÑX R CYBÉTYBÑ NTVGF HJCNF YFCTKTYBZ – D JÅEXTYBB LTDJXTR

Lébv Aekkth

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≤ Y tlj cn fn jx yj dscjrbq eh jdtym jåhfpjd fybz – änjjg htltkz ñobq afrn jh dscjr jq hjél ftvj cnb, rj-n jhsq yt c jv yt y yj dk b ztn yf nj, xnj kñlb yt gjk-yj cnmñ ht fk b peñn cdjq gj n t y w b fk. Dj dctv vbhtj å h f p jd fy bt ljkéyj cn fnm dféysv rjv gjyt y n jvvt éley fh jl yjq cnh fntubb d jåkfcnb yfh jljy fc tkt-ybz b hfpdb nbz, b vs ljkéys ecnh fy b nm hfpk b x b zd djp vjéyj cnzö gjkextybz jåhfpjd fybz lkz ltd j-xtr b lkz vfk m x b r jd≥, – ghjljkéfk jy .

E ä hn jnvtnbk, xnj d Gh ju h fv vt lt qcndbq, ghb y z-n jq yf Vtéley fh jl yjq rjy a t htywbb gj yfh jlj-y fc tktybñ b hfpdb nbñ d 1994 ujle d Rfb ht, ghb-p y ftncz, xnj lkz ghjwtccf hfpdb nbz dféyjt pyfxt-y bt bvt tn dsltkt y bt bydt cnbwbq yf cgtw b fk m y stg h ju h fvvs, jhbt y nb h jd fy y st yf ghtlj cn f dkt y btj å h f p jd fybz, vtl b w b y c r juj jåckeéb d fybz b hfå j-xbö vt cn étyobyfv .

Gh ju h fvvf lt qcndbq jg b h ftncz yf bccktljd fy b z ,c dbltn tk m cndeño bt j njv, xnj tckb étyobyf vj-é tn rjy nh jk b h jd fnm cdjñ cjåcndt y yeñ ébpym, jy fc vjé tn dyt cnb åjkmibq drkfl d jåot cndj, rjnjh j tg htlj cn f dkztn tq dsåjh, jcjåtyyj d jnyjit y b bp fveé t cndf b ltn jh jéltybz. B yfj å jhjn, jncen cn-dbt djp vjéyj cnb ghb y z nbz ht itybq jnhb w fn tk m yjd jp lt qcnde tn yf hjkm étyobys d ljvt, d jåot cndtb ctv m t .

≤ Ghb p y fy bt pyfxtybz étyoby lkz lfk m yt q it u jh f pdb nbz, gjd s it y bt bö cjw b fk m yjuj cn fnecf lkzn juj, xnjås jyb vjukb jnl fnm dcñ cdjñ ve l h j cnm bn fkfy ns jåot cnde, – bvt y yj d änjv jcyjdy fz wtk my f ituj ex fcnbz dj Dctv b hyjq rjy a t htywbb gjg h j åktv fv étyoby d Gt rb yt nhb ujlf yfpfl b yf-ibö gj cktleñobö lt qcndbq≥, – crf p fk Eähn .

E ä hn nfrét gjl xt hr yek pyfxt y bt gkfy b h jd fybz ct-vmb rfr jl yjuj bp afrn jh jd dctcn jh jy ytuj gjl öjl fr cybétybñ ntvgf hjcnf yfc tktybz. Jy crf p fk, xnjRjy a t htywbz d Rfb ht cn fkf yjdsv cdbltn tk m cnd jvht i b vj cnb dctuj vbhf yfx fnm dscjr jrfxt cndt y y stg h ju h fvvs lj å h jd jk m yjuj gkfy b h jd fybz ctvmb bhtg h jlernb dyjuj plhfdjjö h fytybz c ntv, xnjåsc ltkfnm bö gjd c tvt cnysvb rfr vjéyj hfy m it dcktleñotv dt r t .

≤ D jp y b rkj yjdjt xed cndj åtpjnkfu fn tk m yjq gj nht å-yj cnb, rjnjhjt er htg bkj gjl lt hére ecbkbq (cjukf-c jd fyysö yf 20 ktn), yfghfdktyysö yf ghtlj cn f d-kt y bt ctvtqysv gfh fv b jnltkmysv kñlzv djp-

vjéyj cnb ht fk b p jd s d fnm bö jcyjd jgjkfu f ñot tghfdj – cdjåjl yj b jndtn cndt y yj ht i fnm djghjc jr jk b xt cndt b dhtvtyb hjéltybz cdjbö ltntq bb vtnm lkz änjuj yt j å öjl b veñ byajhvfwbñ, jåhf-p jd fy bt b chtl cndf≥, – crf p fk jy .

R cjéfktybñ, crf p fk Eähn, Cjtl b yt y y st Infns ,r j n jhst yf ghjnzétybb ljk u juj dhtvtyb åskb cf-vsv rhegysv ljyjh jv ghju h fvv gkfy b h jd fybz ct-vmb d pfhe å t éysö cnh fyfö, dyjczn lfktrj yt flt r-d fnysq drkfl d äne éb p yt y yj dféyeñ cathe cj-lt qcndbz ärjyjv b xt c r jve b cjw b fk m yjve hfpdb nb ñ .

≤D 1992 ujle Cjtl b yt y y st Infns buhfkb d änjqj åkfcnb kbl b heñoeñ hjkm. C ntö gjh Rjy u ht c ce c jv y bkcz d dféyj cnb ghjåktvs yfh jljy fc tkt y b zb cjr h fnbk fc c b u yjd fybz – z gjkfufñ, xnj änj ghj-b p jikj gjl djp lt qcndbtv cbk, rjnjhst cxbnfñn,xnj vt éley fh jl y st ghju h fvvs gkfy b h jd fybz ct-vmb ghjg fu fy l b heñn få jhns, xnj ghjcnj ytdt hyj ≥ ,– jnvtnbk jy .

≤ Å kfu jl fhz hfåjnt ckeéå gkfy b h jd fybz ctvmb, cj-r h f o ftncz rjk b xt cndj ckex ftd ytg htl y fvt ht y yjqå t htvt y yj cnb, xnj d cdjñ jxt htlm cjr h f o ftn rjk b-xt cndj få jhn jd. Ytrjnjhst bp yfb å jktt rjy c t hd f-nb dysö uhegg – åjhwjd pf ≤ghfdj yf ébpym≥ – cvt-ibdfñn ghjåktve få jhn jd c jåotq ghjåktvjq hjc-nf yfc tktybz vbhf, ghb änjv d eothå åe leotve vb-hf≥, – ghjljkéfk Eähn .

Yf ghjnzétybb gj cktlybö nhtö ktn jåütv fc c b u yj-d fybq CIF yf vt éley fh jl y st ghju h fvvs gkfy b-h jd fybz ctvmb cjcn f dkzk njkmrj ldt nhtnmbö jneh jdyz 1995 ujlf. Jåütv fc c b u yjd fybq yf 1999 ab-y fy c jdsq ujl vjé tn tot åjk m it cjr h fnb nmcz, tck båe len ghb y z ns ghtlkfu ftv st Rjy u ht c c jv cjr h f ot-ybz hfc öjljd yf vt éley fh jl y st ltkf .

R h jvt njuj, pfljké t y yj cnm CIF Jhu fy b p f w b bJ å ü tl b ytyysö Yfwbq cjcn f dkztn 1,5 vbkk b fhljdljkkfh jd. D yfx fkt änjuj ujlf Rjy u htcc ghb y zk pf-r jyjg h j t rn, cjukfc yj rjnjh jve CIF jåzpeñncz ds-gkfnb nm xfcnm ljkuf, jl y frj änjn pfr jyjg h j t rn nfrb yt åsk yfghfdkty Ght pblt y ne yf endt hélt y bt .

≤Vs jxtym åscnhj nthztv cdjñ her jd jl z oeñ hjk md Jhu fybpfwbb Jåütl b ytyysö Yfwbq, rfr b djv yjubö lheubö jåkfcnzö, bp-pf yt é tkfybz dsgjk-y b nm cdjb jåzpfn tk m cndf: dsgkfnb nm cdjñ pfljk-é t y yj cnm, dsgjk y z nm jåzpfn tk m cndf b ghjljkéfnm

b u h fnm hjkm gjb cnb yt dtk b r jq lt héfds, rfr änjcktle tn ltkfnm≥, – crf p fk Eähn .

E ä hn dshfpbk yflt éle yf nj, xnj gt hd jy fx fk m y s qn jk xjr r ldbétybñ dgt htl vjéyj åe ltn ecbk b nmyf vt éley fh jl yjv ajhevt ≤Rfb h c rfz rjy a t ht y-wbz gkñc gznm≥, rjnjhsq cjcn jbncz 8–13 atdh fkz1999 ujlf d Uf fut. Ex fcny b rb ajhevf, yf rjnjh jvc j å t hencz ghtl cn f db n tkb 180 cnh fy, ghjfy fk b pb he-ñn öjl ht fkbpfwbb hfphfå j n fy yjq d Rfb ht Gh j-u h fvvs lt qcndbq b jwtyzn lj cnb u yenst ecgtöb, ce-ot cndeño bt ghtg z n cndbz, f nfrét nj, rfrbt lt qcn-dbz yt j å öjl b vj ghtl g hb y z nm d åe leotv .

≤ Änf rjy a t htywbz jxtym dféyf lkz åe leotuj gkf-y b h jd fybz ctvmb. Wtkm rjy a t htywbb – gjg s n fnm c zc ltkfnm Gh ju h fv ve lt qcndbq åjktt pfvtnyjq b äa-a t rnb dyjq. Jyf ghtl cn f dkztn cjåjq jxtym öjh j-ibq gfr tn cjukf itybq j njv, xnj rjy r htnyj lj-kéyj åsnm cltkfyj, b ctqxfc yfcn fkj dhtvz gjg s-n fnmcz ecrjhb nm tt ht fkbpfwbñ≥, – crf p fk Eähn .

L é bv Aekkth – cjnhelybr ÑCBF, gbitn gj djghjcfv

j r he é f ñ o tq chtls b lhe ubv ukj å fk m y sv ghjåktvfv

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19

D cktleñotv ujle yfc tkt y bt ptv yjuj ifhf lj cnb u-ytn 6 vk hl. xtkjdtr. Änf wbahf lj cnb ukf 5 vk hl .dctuj kbim 12 ktn yfpfl, d 19 87 u. Jlby änjn afrnu jd jhbn j njv, xnj dphs dyjq hjcn xbckt y yj cnb yf-c tktybz Ptvkb lfktrj yt pfr jy x bkc z .

R fr ét jåcn jbn ltkj c xbckt y yj cnmñ yfc tkt y b zP tvkb b xtuj ht fk m yj vjéyj jébl fnm d änjv cvsc-kt d åe leotv ?

L kz njuj, xnjås jndtnb nm yf gt hdsq djghjc, cktle-tn ckt u rf jndt cnb xfcs yfpfl d 1960-t ujls, rjul fy b rnj yt cjv ytd fkcz, xnj xbckt y yj cnm yfc tkt y b zP tvkb edtk b x b d ftncz gjb cnb yt dphs dysvb ntv g fv b .D 1960-v ujle tuj xbckt y yj cnm lj cnb ukf 3 vk hl. xt-kjdtr. Ghb vtx fn tk m yj, xnj ghb h j cn nhtnmtuj vbkk b-fhlf xtkjdtr pfy zk dctuj 30 ktn .

C n f di fz rkfc c b xt c r jq rybuf Gjkf Ähkböf ≤Åjvåf gjly f pd fy btv yfc tkt y bt≥ dsikf d 1968 u., b yf gt hd s öét tt cnh fybwfö fdnjh endt hél fk, xnj åjhmåf pf nj,xnjås yfr jhv b nm xtkjdtxt cndj, eét ghjb u h fyf. Ctujl-yz eét yt vjl yj pfobofnm gjpbwbñ Ähkböf b ntö,rnj hfy m it dscneg fk d hjkb ghtl c rf p fn tktq, jl y fr j ,å skj ås gjkt p yj cltkfnm ärcrehc d bcn jhbñ b gj-lev fnm yfl ntv, xnj ghjb p jikj .

Ghtleg ht élt y bt, cltkfy yjt Ähkböjv, åskj cjpdex-yj tuj dhtvtyb. Gjlj å yjuj hjlf jåtcgjr j t y yj cnmå skf jg h f d l fyf d rjy n t r cnt ntö ktn. D 1960-ö ujl f öx b ckt y yj cnm yfc tktybz Ptvkb edtk b x b d fkfcm cfv s-vb åscnhsvb ntv g fvb pf dcñ bcn jhbñ xtkjdtxt cn-df. Yfc tkt y bt hfpdb d f ñoböcz cnh fy edtk b x b d fkj c myf 2,5 ghjwtynf d ujl, f bvt y yj yf änb cnh fys ghb-öjl bkjcm 70 ghjwt y n jd dctuj yfc tktybz Ptvkb. Ghbn frbö ntvgfö hjcnf xbckt y yj cnm yfc tktybz änb öcnh fy ljkéyf åskf eldfb d fnmcz rfél st 27 ktn. Än fwbahf gjrf p fkfcm ntv åjktt jitkjvkz ñotq, rjul fvs jcjp y fkb, xnj gj nht å jd fkfcm dcz vyju jdt r jd fz

b cn jhbz xtkjdtxt cndf, xnjås yfc tkt y bt Ptvkb lj-cnb ukj jl yjuj vbkk b fhlf xtkjdtr r 1800 u., njul frfr dnjh jq vbkk b fhl ghb å f dbkcz eét r 1930 u.

Gjxtve ét ghjb p jitk änjn dphs d ?

Gj ckt Dnjh jq vbhjd jq djqys eh jdtym cvt hnyj cnbd hfpdb d f ñoböcz cnh fyfö htprj cybpbkcz. Rfv g f-ybb gj ekex itybñ plhfdjjö h fytybz b bvvey b p f-wbb yfc tktybz d pyfx b n tk m yjq cn tgtyb cgj c j å cn-d jd fkb cybétybñ eh jdyz pfå jktd ftvj cnb b ltn c r jqc vt hnyj cnb. D hfpdb nsö cnh fyfö nfrjt cybétybteh jdyz cvt hnyj cnb gj nht å jd fkj yt c r jk m rbö cn jkt-nbq – gj vt ht gj cn tgt y yjuj bpvt ytybz jåot cnd f ,r j n jhjt cn fyjdbkjcm åjktt eh å fy b pb h jd fyysv bvt ytt yeél f ñobvcz d vyju jltnysö ctvmzö. D ht-pek mn fnt hjél ftvj cnm b cvt hnyj cnm cybéfkbcm gf-h fkktk m yj lheu lheue, b gjä n jve ntvgs hjcnf yfc t-ktybz ybrjulf yt lj cnb u fkb njuj eh jdyz, rjnjhs qdgj cktl cndbb vjéyj åskj yfåk ñl fnm d hfpdb d f ñ-oböcz cnh fyfö. Eh jdtym cvt hnyj cnb d gj cktl y b öc y b éfkcz nfr åscnhj, xnj kñlb ghjcnj tot yt ec-gtkb jcjp y fnm yt j å öjl b vj cnm jnrf p fnmcz jn vyju j-ltnysö ctvt q .

Ähkbö b lheu bt bccktljd fn tkb, ghtleg ht él f di bt jgj cktl cndbzö yt r jy nh jk b he tvjuj hjcnf yfc tkt y b z ,n tgt hm gjl dt hufñncz rhb nbrt pf cdjb zrjås gfy b-r t h c rbt ghju yjps. Vtéle ntv, rhb nb rb xfcnj ytgjybvfñn ukf dyjuj. D 1960-ö ujlfö étyobys d hfp-db d f ñoböcz cnh fyfö bvtkb d chtl ytv gj it cnm lt-ntq, f dt h jz ny fz ghjljkéb n tk m yj cnm ébpyb edtk b-x b d fkfcm ytdbl fyysvb ntv g fvb. Hfc g h j cnh fyt y y stc t u jlyz vtn jls gkfy b h jd fybz ctvmb d nt ujl sn jkmrj yfx b y fkb gjz dkz nmcz d ghjv s ikt y yj hfpdb-nsö cnh fyfö, f gt h c gt rnbds njuj, xnj nfrbt vtn jl sgjzdzncz d hfpdb d f ñoböcz cnh fyfö c nh fl b w bjy yjfu h fhysv erkfljv ébpyb, åskb dtcmvf ckfå s v b .

YFCTKTYBT PTVYJUJ IFHF: DFÉYFZ GHJÅKTVF UHZLEOTUJ NSCZXTKTNBZ

Rfhk Öfeå

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B vt y yj åscnhsq hjcn yfc tktybz cn fk gj åeél fnmcnh fys r ddtltybñ yfwbjy fk m yjq gjk b nb rb, yfghfd-kt y yjq yf ht it y bt ghjåktvs hjcnf yfc tktybz. Ct-u jlyz änf ghjåktvf dblbncz yfv gj - yjd jve. Ctujl y zr hb nb r jd fnm Ähkböf – änj dct hfdyj, xnj jceél fnmn juj, rnj rhb x fk ≤gjéfh^≥ ck b i r jv uhjv r j .

D yfcn jz ott dhtvz ukj å fk m y fz ltvju h fab xt c rfz cb-nefwbz yjcbn åjktt ckjéysq öfh frnth, xtv 30 ktny f p fl, rjulf yfc tkt y bt dctö hfpdb d f ñoböcz cnh fyå s cnhj edtk b x b d fkjcm. D åjk m i b y cndt änbö cnh fyg hbyznf gjk b nb rf d jåkfcnb yfh jljy fc tktybz, rj-n jh fz jg htltkztn ceot cndeño bt ntvgs hjcnf yfc t-ktybz rfr ck b i r jv dscjrbt. Ctqxfc vtn jls gkfy b-h jd fybz ctvmb lj cnegys d åjk m i b y cndt hfpdb d f ñ-oböcz cnh fy. B öj nz xbckt y yj cnm yfc tktybz ghj-ljkéftn hfcnb, rjä a ab w btyn athnbk m yj cnb, njt cnm xbckj ltntq, rjnjhsö étyobyf hjéftn pfc d jñ ébpym, cybéftncz. Yfx b y fz c 1950 u. b lj ct-u jl y z i ytuj lyz cfv st åscnhst ntvgs hjcnf yfc t-ktybz bvtñn vt cnj d Fa hbrt, Fpbb (rhjvt Rb n fz )b Kfnb y c r jq Fvt hb r t .

T ckb ås eh jdtym hjél ftvj cnb d hfpdb d f ño b ö c zcnh fyfö yt vt y zkcz c 1950 u., ctujlyz yfc tkt y btä nbö cnh fy cjcn f dkzkj ås jr jkj 7 vk hl. xtkjdtr b hjckj ås nfrbvb ntv g fvb, rjnjhst jåtcgtx b d f-kb ås eldjtybt yfc tktybz änbö cnh fy vt ytt, xtv pf 20 ktn^ R 2020 u. tuj xbckt y yj cnm cjcn f dbkf ås15 vk hl. xtkjdtr, f tot vt ytt xtv xt htp 20 ktn –30 vk hl. xtkjdtr. Nfr jq ghju yjp, ghfdlf, jg h f d l fk-cz ås njkmrj d njv ckex ft, tckb änjn åtcghtwtlt y n-ysq hjcn xbckt y yj cnb yfc tktybz yt cjg h jd jél fk-cz ås cthm t p yjq yt öd fnr jq ghjljd jk m cndbz, hfc-g h j cnh fyt y btv åjkt p ytq b ytdbl fyysvb hfyt tä r jkju b xt c rbvb rfn fcnh j a fvb. Lheubvb ckjd fv b ,n tv, xnj åjk m it dctuj åtcgjr jbkj Ähkböf.

C t u jlyz vs pyftv nj, xtuj bccktljd fn tkb yt pyfk bd 1960-ö ujlfö. Ceg heé t c rbt gfhs d hfpdb d f ño b ö c zcnh fyfö d lt qcndb n tk m yj cnb öj nzn ju h fy b x b nm xbc-kj ltntq b jxtym xfcnj ht fk b peñn änj cnhtvkt y bt ,gjkexbd lj cneg r äaatrnb dysv vtn jl fv rjy nh f-wtgwbb. Änf ntyltywbz, jl y frj, jrf p fkfcm lfktrj ytgjd c tvt cnyjq. D yt r j n jhsö cnh fyfö e bycnb nen jdgkfy b h jd fybz ctvtq åskb åjktt djcghb b v x b d stfe l b n jhbb, xtv d lheubö. B öj nz ghb vt yt y bt vtn j-ljd gkfy b h jd fybz ctvmb åjktt hfc g h j cnh fyt yj dcnh fyfö c ecrjhtyysvb ntv g fvb hfpdb nbz ärjyjv b-rb, nfrbt vtn jls, djg ht rb jébl fybzv, ghb vt y z ñ n c zb d ctk m c rbö hfqjyfö c nh fl b w bjyysv erkfljv .

Nfrjt hfpdb nbt cjåsnbq bpvt y bkj yfi dpukzl yfgt h c gt rnbds hjcnf yfc tktybz Ptvkb, rjnjhsq nt-gt hm drk ñx ftn ceot cndt y yj djp h j c ieñ dt h jz n-yj cnm njuj, xnj änjn hjcn rjul f - y b åelm jcn fyjdb n c zyf gjrf ytdtljvjq yfv wbaht. Änf wbahf åe ltn wt-k b r jv pfdb c tnm jn bpvt ytybq eh jdyz hjél ftvj cnbd hfpdb d f ñoböcz cnh fy f ö .

L kz ltvju h fa jd, rjnjhst pfybvfñncz ghju yjp fvb xbc-kt y yj cnb yfc tktybz Ptvkb, dféytt dctuj bpvt yt y b zeh jdyz hjél ftvj cnb. D ckex ft lj cnbétybz ≤pfvt o f ñ-otuj eh jdyz hjél ftvj cnb≥, rjulf d chtl ytv d ctvmt åe-ltn ghb vt hyj gj ldf ht å t y rf yf rféleñ étyobye, cn tv, xnjås rfél fz ceg heé t c rfz gfhf ghjcnj ≤pfvt o f-kf≥ bkb djcghjb pd jl bkf ctåz, – hjcn xbckt y yj cnb yf-c tktybz d rjy wt rjy wjd ght r h fnbncz. D yt r j n jhsö hf-qjyfö vbhf änj rfé tncz gjrf jnl fkt y yjq vtx n jq, yjgj rhfq ytq vt ht bpdt cnyj, xnj änj djp vjéyj. Ght r h f-ot y bt hjcnf xbckt y yj cnb yfc tktybz d hfpdb d f ño b ö c zcnh fyfö d åe leotv pfdbcbn jn njuj, cevtñn kb jyb ds-q nb yf eh jdtym ≤pfvt otybz≥. Tckb yt cevtñn, nj xbc-kt y yj cnm yfc tktybz åe ltn b lfk m it hfcnb .

B öj nz ctujlyz vs yt vjé tv pyfnm, rfr jq åe ltnx b ckt y yj cnm yfc tktybz Ptvkb d åe leotv, vs vj-é tv ghju yjpb h jd fnm äne xbckt y yj cnm d hfv rfö wt-kjuj hzlf cwt y fhbtd .

B vt y yj änj ltkftn Jnltk JJY gj ghjåktv fv yfh j-ljy fc tktybz, hfp d ldf ujlf cjcn f dkzz ghju yjp sx b ckt y yj cnb yfc tktybz Ptvkb. JJY ge åk b re tn ct-hbñ ghju yjp jd gj nhtv dfhb fy n fv – dscjr jve ,c htl ytve b ybprjve. Lheubvb ckjd fvb, ceot cndeñ nnhb hfpysö cwt y fhbz hjcnf xbckt y yj cnb yfc tkt y b zP tvkb. Jcyjdy st hfpkbxbz vt éle ybvb dspd fy sh fc öjéltybzvb vt éle jwt y rfvb åe leobö rjä a ab-w bt y n jd hjél ftvj cnb d hfpdb d f ñoböcz cnh fy f ö .L tkj d njv, xnj ghfrnb xt c rb dtcm jåütv hjcnf yf-c tktybz Ptvkb – nj tcnm 98 ghjwt y n jd – d yfcn jz-ott dhtvz ghb öjlbncz bvt y yj yf änb cnh fy s .

D yfcn jz ott dhtvz rjä a ab w btyn hjél ftvj cnbgjx nb dj dctö ärjyjv b xt c rb hfpdb nsö cnh fyfö yf-öjlbncz ybét eh jdyz pfvt o ftvj cnb, ghb änjv då jk m i b y cndt tdh jgt qc rbö cnh fy yfåk ñl ftncz nty-ltywbz r cjr h f otybñ xbckt y yj cnb yfc tkt y b z .

D tlz hfc xtns gj chtl ytve dfhb fy ne, JJY ltkftnj å o bt ghtl gjkjétybz j njv, xnj cjd jregysq rjä a-ab w btyn hjél ftvj cnb (CRH) lkz dctö cnh fy ghbltnr eh jdyñ pfvt otybz, ärdb d fkt y nyjve 2,1 ht å t y rf

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yf jl ye étyobye r cthtl b yt cktleñotuj cn jktnb z .Gj änjve cwt y fhbñ yfc tkt y bt Ptvkb dshfcn tn lj11 vk hl. xtkjdtr b cn fåbk b pb he tncz yf änjq wbaht .

C n fnb cnb xtcrjt pyfxt y bt ctvmb c ldevz ltnmvb kt u-rj ghjcvfnhb d ftncz d dscjr jv dfhb fynt. Tckb ceg-heé t c rbt gfhs dj dctv vbht ghtl gjx nen bvtnmå jk m it ltntq – nj tcnm, d chtl ytv 2,6 ht å t y rf –y fc tkt y bt Ptvkb edtkbxbncz, b edtkbxbncz ljd jk m-yj cthm t p yj. R 2050 u. tuj xbckt y yj cnm lj cnb u ytn27 vk hl. xtkjdtr, cjö h fyzz ntyltywbñ r lfk m yt q-itve hjcne .

C lheu jq cn jh jys, d hfv rfö nfr yfpsdftvjuj ybp-r juj dfhb fynf, ghtl gjkfu ftncz, xnj ceg heé t c rbt gf-hs dj dctv vbht åe len bvtnm d chtl ytv 1,6 ht å t y-rf – rfr änj bvt tn vt cnj d yfcn jz ott dhtvz d Td-h jgt. Gj ybprjve dfhb fy ne xbckt y yj cnm yfc tkt y b zP tvkb ljqltn lj 8 vk hl. xtkjdtr, f pfn tv yfx ytnc jr h f o fnmcz, gj c r jk m re ceg heé t c rbt gfhs yt åe lenp fvt o fnm ctåz. Änb jxtym hfpyst cwt y fhbb gjrf p s-dfñn, rfr cbk m yj ghju yjpb he tv fz xbckt y yj cnm yf-c tktybz pfdbcbn jn rjä a ab w btynf hjél ftvj cnb .

Dct änb cwt y fhbb bcöjlzn bp njuj, xnj åe ltn yf-åk ñl fnmcz ecn jqxbdjt cybétybt hjél ftvj cnb ljljd jk m yj ybprbö, gj bcn jhb xt c rbv vt hrfv, eh jd-ytq. D ht fk m yj cnb dct, rjytx yj, åe ltn gj - l heu jve .Yf jcyjdt bvt ñotujcz jgsnf b yfåk ñl ftvsö yfv bn t y ltywbq vjéyj jébl fnm, xnj d yt r j n jhsö cnh f-yfö rjä a ab w btyn hjél ftvj cnb yfx ytn vtlkt y yjc y b éfnmcz, d lheubö cnh fyfö jy åe ltn cybéfnmcz dn txt y bt yt r j n jh juj dhtvtyb, f pfn tv dshjdy ztn c z ,f d nhtnmbö åe ltn ecn jqxbdj cybéfnm c z .

C eot cndeñn ghb vt hs dctö dsitgt htx b cktyysö vj-ltktq. Nfr, d Nfbkfy lt rjä a ab w btyn hjél ftvj cnbc y b pbkcz lj eh jdyz vt ytt ldeö ltntq yf jl ye ceg-heé t c reñ gfhe, xtve cgj c j å cnd jd fkf öjh jij jhu f-y b p jd fy y fz d yfwbjy fkmysö vfc i n fåfö rfv g fybz dj åkfcnb gkfy b h jd fybz ctvmb. Fy fkju b x y fz ntylt y-wbz yfåk ñl ftncz d Ctdt hyjq Rjhtt b Nfq d fyt .

Jl y frj, d cnh fyfö Kfnb y c r jq Fvt hb rb yfåk ñl ftn c zz dy fz ntyltywbz r dhtvt y yjve cybétybñ rjä a ab-w btynf hjél ftvj cnb, rjnjhjt jcn fy f dk b d ftncz yfeh jdyt nhtö ltntq yf jl ye étyobye – nfrfz rfhnb-yf yfåk ñl ftncz d Fhut y nb yt, Rjkev åbb b yf Zvfq-rt. D Fa hbrt ntyltywbz r cybétybñ rjä a ab w bt y-nf hjél ftvj cnb njkmrj yfx fkf ghjz dkz nmcz, yjkbim d yt c r jk m rbö cnh fy f ö .

C b nefwbz cn fyjdbncz tot åjktt ckjéyjq, tckb dpukz-yenm yf ht u bjy fk m y st rjkt å fybz gjrf p fn tktq d ght-ltkfö jl yjq cnh fys. Nfr, yfghb vth, d Bylbb cybét-y bt CRH c 5,5 ht å t y rf yf jl ye étyobye d 1970-ö u jlfö lj 3,5 ht å t y rf d yfcn jz ott dhtvz d jcyjdyjvg h jb c öjl bkj pf cxtn åjktt ärjyjv b xt c rb hfpdb ns öñéysö infn jd cnh fys, lkz rjnjhsö öfh frn t hty åj-ktt dscjrbq eh jdtym jåhfpjd fybz yfc tkt y b z .

L fk m yt q itt cybétybt rjä a ab w btynf hjél ftvj cnbd Bylbb åe ltn d jcyjdyjv pfdb c tnm jn njuj, xnjg h jb p jqltn d rhegysö infnfö yf ctdt ht cnh fy s ,ult eh jdtym uhfvj nyj cnb yfc tktybz ujh f p lj ybét.J c j åeñ jp få jxt y yj cnm d änjv gkfyt dspsdftn, yf-g hb vth, infn Enn fh - Gh flti, yfc tkt y bt rjnjh ju jc j cn f dkztn 150 vky. xtkjdtr (xnj ärdb d fkt y nyjit cn jq gj xbckt y yj cnb yfc tktybz cnh fyt vbhf), b ult CRH cjcn f dkztn gznm ltntq yf jl ye étyobye .

Y s yt i ytt cn jktnbt yfdt hy z rf djqltn d bcn jhb ñrfr cn jktnbt ju h jv yjuj ecrjhtybz hjcnf yfc tkt-ybz. D cktleñotv cn jktnbb, dt h jz nyj, ghjb p jqlenc jw b fk m y st b ltvju h fab xt c rbt bpvt ytybz, rjnj-hst gj cdjbv vfc i n få fv ghtd p jqlen bpvt ytybz dv b ht pf gj cktl y bt 100 ktn .

Å fkfyc xbckt y yj cnb yfc tktybz Ptvkb ceot cndt y-ysv jåhfpjv cldb ytncz d cn jh jye hfpdb d f ño b ö c zcnh fy. Djp vjéyj, xnj d Tdh jgt b Ctdt hyjq Fvt hb r tj cn fytncz kbim gznm ghjwt y n jd yfc tktybz Ptvk b .Gh frnb xt c rb yfdt hy z rf d cjw b fk m yjv b ärjyjv b-xt c r jv fc gt rnfö änj åe ltn lheu jq vbh, cbk m yj jn-k b x f ño b qcz jn ctujl y z i yt u j .

C t q x fc yfåk ñlfñncz gjg s nrb ghb y b pb nm pyfx b-vj cnm ghjåktvs hjcnf yfc tktybz b ghtl cn f db nm ttrfr cdjtuj hjlf dxthfiyññ yjd j cnm. Yj lfét åtu-ksq dpukzl yf cn fnb cnb xt c rbt dsrkfl rb cdbltn tk m-cnde tn j njv, xnj hjcn yfh jljy fc tktybz d cktleñ-otv dtrt vjé tn cn fnm tot åjktt frne fk m yjq b ct-hm t p yjq ghjåktvjq, xtv d ysyt i ytv .

R f hk Öfeå – jlby bp fdnjhjd tétujlyjuj ljrkflf gjl

yfp d f y btv ≤Lfyyst j yf h j l j yfc tktybb cnhfy vbhf≥,

g e åk b retvjuj Åñhj gj djghjcfv yf h j l j yfc tkt y bz. C

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h t t p : / / w w w . p r b . o rg / p r b / i n f o / 9 8 w p d s . h t m

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D 1994 ujle d xbckt gjx nb 180 cnh fy vbhf Cjtl b-yt y y st Infns ex fcnd jd fkb d Vtéley fh jl yjq rjy-a t htywbb gj ghjåktv fv yfh jljy fc tktybz b hfpdb-nbz d Rfb ht. Ytcvj nhz yf ckjéyj cnm cn jzobö gt-htl ybvb djg h j c jd, ex fcny b rb rjy a t htywbb lj-cnb ukb åtcghtwtlt y nyjuj cjukfcbz d jnyjit y b bd c t cn jh jy ytq, hfc c x b n fy yjq yf 20 ktn Gh ju h fv v slt qcndbq, wtkm rjnjh jq jåtcgtx b nm hfdt y cndj gj-kjd, ecjdt hit y cnd jd fnm vtlbwbycrjt jåckeéb d fy btd htg h jlernb dyjq catht b lj åb nmcz cn fåbk b p f w b bx b ckt y yj cnb yfc tktybz, f nfrét ht i b nm wtksq hzlljk u j c h jxysö pfl fx ecn jq x b d juj cjw b fk m yj - ä r jyj-v b xt c r juj hfpdb nb z .

C htlb jcyjdysö ht r jvtylfwbq, ghb y z nsö d Rfb ht ,å skb cktleño bt: jåtcgtxt y bt gjd c tvt cnyjuj lj-cnegf r ckeé å fv gkfy b h jd fybz ctvmb b htg h jler-nb dyjuj plhfdjjö h fytybz, f nfrét hfphfå j nrf cgt-w b fkmysö vth, yfghfdktyysö yf gjd s it y bt ärjyj-v b xt c r juj, jåhfpjd fn tk m yjuj b cjw b fk m yjuj cn fne c fétyoby. D Gh ju h fv vt lt qcndbq nfrét gjl xt hrb d f-tncz yt j å öjl b vj cnm cjnhe l y b xt cndf vt éle cnh fy f-v b - ljyjh fvb, ghfdb n tk m cnd fvb b dctvb bycnb nen f-vb uhfél fy c r juj jåot cndf lkz lj cnbétybz gj cn f d-ktyysö d Rfb ht wtkt q .

C j nhe l y b x fz c lheubvb ghfdb n tk m cndtyysvb dt-ljv cnd fvb gjl her jd jl cnd jv Uj c ltg fhn fvt y n f ,Fut y n cndj vt éley fh jl yjuj hfpdb nbz CIF frnb dyjex fcnd jd fkj d rfb h c r jv ghjwtcct b c äyne pb f p vjvjlj å hbkj Gh ju h fv ve lt qcndbq. Åelexb rheg yt q it qjhu fy b p f w btq, ghtlj cn f dkz ñotq gjvjom d jåkfcnby fh jljy fc tktybz b plhfdjjö h fytybz yf lde cn jh jy-ytq jcyjdt, Fut y n cndj vt éley fh jl yjuj hfpdb nb zC IF buhftn jcjåtyyj dféyeñ hjkm, gjvju fz lhe-ubv cnh fy fv d ht fkbpfwbb ukf dysö pfl fx, dsldb ye-nsö d Rfb ht, – d xfcnyj cnb, d jåkfcnb gkfy b h jd f-ybz ctvmb, jö h fys pljh jdmz vfn t htq, ghtlj ndh f ot-ybz DBX / C G BLf b lheubö byatrwbjyysö pfå jktd f-

ybq, gt htl f d ftvsö gjkjdsv gen tv, f nfrét lheu b öfc gt rn jd htg h jlernb dyjq vtl b w b y s .

R h jvt njuj, ghju h fvvs Fut y n cndf vt éley fh jl yju jh f pdb nbz lkz étyoby, rfc f ño btcz ärjyjv b xt c r ju jh f pdb nbz, er htgktybz ltvjr h fnbb, pfobns jr he-éf ñotq chtls b jrf p fybz uev fy b n fhyjq gjvjo b ,n frét jåtcgtxbdfñn ibhjreñ ht fkbpfwbñ pfl fxrfb h c r jq rjy a t ht y w b b .

G jvjom cnhfyfv, rjnj hst cfvb cnht vznczht ibnm ghj åktvs rjynhjkz yfl hjcnjv y f xtkt ybz

H jkm Fut y n cndf vt éley fh jl yjuj hfpdb nbz d ht fk b-pfwbb rfb h c r jq Gh ju h fvvs lt qcndbq åskf jg ht-ltktyf yf jcyjdt nhbl w fnbktnytuj jgsnf ukj å fk m-ysö ecbkbq d jrf p fybb gjvjob étyobyfv b veé-x b y fv d lj cnbétybb bö jcyjd jgjkfu f ñotuj ghfdf:ghfdf gkfy b h jd fnm xbckj ltntq b bynthd fks vt é-le bö hjélt y btv. Gj c htl cnd jv ntöybxt c r juj her j-d jl cndf, ghb vtyzz yjd jddtltyzz b ghb å t u fzz r cj-nhe l y b xt cnde c lheubvb jhu fy b p f w b z v b - g fhnyt h f-vb d CIF, vs cnhtvbvcz jrf p s d fnm gjvjom hfp-ysv cnh fy fv d yfh f o b d fybb gj n t y w b fkf lkz cj-p l fybz ckeéå lj å h jd jk m yjuj gkfy b h jd fybz ctv m bb htg h jlernb dyjq vtlbwbys. Fvt hb rfy c rbt by-cnb nens, jrf p s d f ño bt ntöybxt c reñ gjvjom, –drk ñx fz ey b dt h c b n tns, ytg h f db n tk m cndt y y st jhu f-ybpfwbb, xfcnysq åb p ytc b lheu bt ytg h f db n tk m cn-dt y y st dtljv cndf, ghb dyjczn cdjq åju fnsq jgsn dh f pkbxysö jåkfcnzö d ab y fy c b he tv st FVH ghj-u h fv v s .

Ghb ex fcnbb änbö gfhnyt h jd FVH gjvju ftn bycnb-nen fv d cfvjq cnh fyt, rfr d ujce l fh cndt y yjv, nfr bd xfcnyjv ctrn jht, jåütl b y b nm djtl b yj dct äkt-vt y ns änbö jåibhysö ghju h fvv. Åkfu jl fhz gjl-lt hért FVH, hfpysv cnh fy fv åskf jrf p fyf gj-

HTFKBPFWBZ PFLFX, GJCNFDKTYYSÖ D RFBHT

Äkbpfåtn Vfuefqh

Yfxfkmybr Jnltkf yfhjljyfctktybz

Futyncndf vtéleyfhjlyjuj hfpdbnbz CIF

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vjom d catht gjd s itybz rfxt cndf b äaatrnb d-yj cnb hfå j ns ckeéå gkfy b h jd fybz ctvmb b htg h j-lernb dyjuj plhfdjjö h fytybz, d gjl u j n jdrt b jåe-xtybb vtl b w b y c r juj gt h c jy fkf, jhu fybpfwbb bg h jdtltybñ rfv g fybq d chtl cndfö vfc c jd jq by-a jhvfwbb, f hfphfå j nrt yjdsö ecjdt hit y cnd jd fy-ysö vtn jljd rjy nh f wtgwbb lkz ghtlj ndh f ot y b zyt é tkfn tk m yjq åthtvt y yj cnb b pfobns jn byatr-w bjyysö pfå jktd fybq, gt htl f d ftvsö gjkjdsv ge-n tv, d eg h f dktybb cbcn tv fvb cyfåétybz b hfc g ht-ltktybz rjy nh f wtg nb d jd b lheubö vtl b w b y c rb ög htg fh fn jd, f nfrét d cåjht ht pek mn fn jd yfex yj - b c-cktljd fn tk m c rbö hfåjn b lfyysö, yt j å öjlbvsö lkzg hb y z nbz ht it y b q .

FVH CIF jrf p s d ftn gjvjom d ht itybb ghjåktvy fh jljy fc tktybz b plhfdjjö h fytybz njkmrj gjghjcmåt ghfdb n tk m cnd lheubö cnh fy b cnhtv b n c zlt qcnd jd fnm ubårj b jndtn cndt y yj, eljdktnd jh z zgj nht å yj cnb rféljq jnltk m yjq cnh fys. Vs hfå j-n ftv åjktt, xtv d 60 cnh fyfö d Kfnb y c r jq Fvt hb r t ,Ñ éyjq Fa hbrt, Fpbb, Djcn jx yjq b Wtynh fk m yjqT dh jgt, d jxtym hfpysö gj cdjbv rek mnehysv jcj-å t y yj cnzv cnh fy f ö .

V yju bt cnh fys lj cnb ukb ceot cndt y yjuj ghju ht c c fc ntö gjh, rfr vs yfx fkb jrf p s d fnm bv gjvjo m .V t r c b rf, Rjkev åbz, Tubgtn, Vfh jrrj, Neybc, Bylj-yt pbz, Åfy ukflti b Rtybz jnyjczncz r ntv cnh f-y fv, d rjnjhsö ctvt q y st gfhs åjktt ibhjrj cn f-kb bcgjk m p jd fnm vtn jls rjy nh f wtgwbb b ult yf-åk ñl ftncz pyfx b n tkmysq ghju htcc d cybétybbckex ftd cvt hnyj cnb chtlb vfn t htq, vkflt y wtd bltntq. D ntö cnh fyfö, rjnjhsv FVH jrf p s d ftn gj-vjom, gjrf p fn tkm xbckf ltntq yf ctvmñ cybpbkcz cå jktt it cnb lj vt ytt xtns htö. Njkmrj d ghjikjvu jle, cjukfc yj yfibv jwt y rfv, ghju h fvvs FV Hjrf p fkb ytgj c htl cndt y yjt djp lt qcndbt yf edtk b xt-y bt yf 12 vky. xtkjdtr xbckf ntö, rnj d gt hdsq hfpd j c gjk m p jd fkcz eckeu fvb ckeéå gkfy b h jd fybz ct-vmb, f nfrét yf cgfc t y bt éb p ytq vbkk bjyjd lt-ntq, åkfu jl fhz ghjdtltybñ bvveybpfwbb, ghb vt-ytybñ jh fkmysö nthfgtd nb xt c rbö vtn jljd djccn f-yjdktybz djl yjuj åfkfycf d jhu fy b p vt b lheu b ödbljd vtl b w b y c r juj dvt i fn tk m cndf. D ht pek mn fn tn juj, xnj ctvtqysv gfh fv åskf jrf p fyf gjvjom d gkfy b h jd fybb hjéltybz ltntq, ctvmb cn fkb ytn jkmrj vt y m it gj xbckt y yj cnb, yj pyfx b n tk m yjp ljh jdtt, f ébpyb vbkk bjyjd étyoby b ltntq å skb cgfc t y s .

H t fkbp f wbz ghbyznsö d Rf bht ghjuh f v v

R fb h c rfz rjy a t htywbz tot åjktt er htg bkf ghb-dt hé t y yj cnm FVH nfrbv ghju h fv v fv, ult gj nht å-yj cnb rk bt y n jd dsldbufñncz yf gt hdsq gkfy b ulther jd jlzobvb ghb y w b g fvb dscnegfñn jcyjd fy-ysq yf byajhvfwbb dsåjh b dscjrjt rfxt cndj ec-keu. B öj nz FVH hfå j n fkj gj vyjubv yfghfdkt y b-zv rfb h c rbö ghju h fvv pfljkuj lj 1994 ujlf, d hz-lt cath htg h jlernb dyjq vtlbwbys ecbkbz b yf-g h f dktybz hfåjn c ntö gjh tot åjktt hfc i b hbk b c mb euke åbkbcm. Chtlb ybö – gjvjom cnh fy fv d hfc-i b htybb dsåjhf vtn jljd rjy nh f wtgwbb, ht fk b p f-wbz ghju h fvv, cdzpfyysö c åtpjg fcysvb hjl fv b ,e c jdt hit y cnd jd fy bt jö h fys pljh jdmz vfn t htq bg b n fybz, f nfrét hfphfå j nrf yjdsö gjl öjljd dg htlj ndh f otybb b åjhmåt c DBX / C G BL jv b lhe-ubvb byatrwbjyysvb pfå jktd fybzvb, gt htl f d ft-vsvb gjkjdsv gen tv .

D åjk m i b y cndt cnh fy yfåk ñl ftncz byntuhfwbzckeéå, pfy b v f ñoböcz gkfy b h jd fy btv ctvmb b ghj-åktv fvb htg h jlernb dyjq vtlbwbys. C 1994 gj1998 ab y fy c jdsq ujl FVH gj nh fnbn åjktt 3 vbk-k b fhljd ljkkfh jd yf yfwbjy fk m y st ghju h fv v s ,c d z p fy y st c yfh jljy fc tkt y btv b htg h jlernb dyjqvtl b w b yjq, rfr änj jg htltkt yj d rfb h c r jq Gh j-u h fv vt lt qcndb q .

H er jd jl z o fz hjkm FVH d ht fkbpfwbb ghb y z nsö dR fb ht ht itybq jnh fétyf d hzlt cgtw b fkmysö ghj-u h fvv b bybwbfnbd. Chtlb ybö cktleño bt :

• Jcyjd s d fzcm yf vyju jktnytv jgsnt gjl u j n jdrbé t y o b y - vt ytlé t h jd lkz ghju h fvv gkfy b h jd fy b zc tvmb, yfr jgkt y yjv pfljkuj lj rfb h c r jq rjy a t-htywbb, FVH gjvju ftn cnh fy fv ghb dkt rfnm r hfå j-nt étyoby-her jd jl b n tktq b hfå j n ftn c étycrb v bu heg g fvb b jhu fybpfwbzvb d wtkzö jåtcgtxt y b zlj cneg yj cnb byajhvfwbb b eckeu htg h jlernb dyju jp l h f d j jö h fytybz. Yfghb vth, d Nehwbb ghb gjl lt h-ért FVH åskf cajhv b h jd fyf étycrfz jhu fy b p f w b z ,r j n jh fz ytl f dyj ecgt i yj dscneg bkf gt htl gjk b nb-xt c rbvb kblt h fvb, ljrf p s d fz yt j å öjl b vj cnm edt-k b xtybz fc c b u yjd fybq yf hfå j ne ckeéå gkfy b h jd f-ybz ctvmb. D lheubö cnh fyfö, nfrbö rfr Ytg fk, Yb-ut hbz, Gt he b Bjhl fybz, FVH jåtcgtx b d ftn gjl lt h-ére ghju h fvv, jåütl b y z ñobö cathe htg h jlernb d-yjq vtlbwbys c lheubvb bybwbfnb d fvb, yfghfd-ktyysvb yf åjktt ibhjrjt ex fcnbt étyoby d jå-h f p jd fn tkmysö ghju h fvvfö b gjk b nb xt c r jq éb p y b .

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• Hfcneo fz jåtcgjr j t y yj cnm jnyj c b n tk m yj dscjr j-uj eh jdyz cvt hnyj cnb b pfå jktd ftvj cnb, cdzpfy yjqc åthtvt y yj cnmñ, ghb dtkf yfc r yt j å öjl b vj cnb fr-nb db pb h jd fnm ecbkbz d jåkfcnb jö h fys vfn t hb y cn-df b gbnfybz. Gkfy b h jd fy bt ctvmb, d ht pek mn fnt rj-n jh juj bynthd fks vt éle hjéltybzvb ltntq edtk b-xbdfñncz b cjr h f o ftncz xbckj få jhn jd, éb p yt y yjd féyj lkz jö h fys vfn t hb y cndf. D nj ét dhtvz ghj-u h fvvs FVH eltkzñn dct djp h fcn f ñott dy b v fy btd féysv djg h j c fv freit h cndf b lbtn jkjubb rfr lj ,n fr b dj dhtvz åthtvt y yj cnb, f nfrét ecbkbzv gjå jhmåt c jckjéytybzvb dj dhtvz åthtvt y yj cnb bg hb dktxtybñ étyoby r cdjtdhtvt y yjve ktxt y b ñ .D änbö jåkfcnzö pyfx b n tk m y st bybwbfnbds åsk bg htl g hb y z ns d Byljyt pbb, Åjk b dbb, Tubgnt b Yt-g fkt, f nfrét d lheubö cnh fy f ö .

R fr ghb p y fyj d Gh ju h fv vt lt qcndbq vt éley fh jl-yjq rjy a t htywbb gj ghjåktv fv yfh jljy fc tkt y b zb hfpdb nbz, ghbjhb n tn ljkéty åsnm jnl fy djg h j-c fv rfxt cndt y yjuj ekex itybz vtl b w b y c r juj jåcke-éb d fybz b ktxtybz étyoby, cnh fl f ñobö jn jckjé-ytybq d ht pek mn fnt yte l fxysö få jhn jd, xnj cn fyj-dbncz tétujl yj ghb x b yjq 75 000 cvt hntq, rjnjhstvjéyj åskj ghtlj ndh fnb nm. Ärcgt hb vt y n fk m y st ,ab y fy c b he tv st FVH ghjtrns d Tubgnt b Rtybb gjvtl b w b y c r jve jåckeéb d fybñ b ktxtybñ gj cktfå jhn jd ntgt hm hfc g h j cnh fyzñncz gj dctv cnh fy fv ,f yfex y st bccktljd fybz b gjl u j n jdrf gj änbv dj-g h j c fv ghjd jlzncz d 10 lheubö cnh fyfö vbhf.

• Vjkjl st kñlb cn fk rbdfñncz c jcjåtyyj dscj-rbv hb c r jv d jåkfcnb htg h jlernb dysö fc gt rn jdp ljh jdmz, b ntv yt vt ytt d åjk m i b y cndt cnh fy bvg htlj cn f dkztncz dct tot ytlj cn fn jxysq lj cneg rb y a jhvfwbb b eckeu fv. Xbckt yj cnm vjkjlsö kñlt qjn 15 lj 24 ktn, lj cnbuibö htg h jlernb dyjuj djp-h fcnf, cjcn f dbn jr jkj vbkk b fhlf. D hfv rfö yjd ju jukj å fk m yjuj ghjtrnf FVH jrf p s d ftn gjvjom gjc å jhe, fy fk b pe b hfc g h j cnh fytybñ cfvsö cjdht-vtyysö gjl öjljd r ghju h fv v fv hfå j ns c vjkjlt-émñ, jåsxyj c ex fcnbtv cfvbö vjkjlsö kñltq. Dab y fy c b he tvsö FVH ghju h fvvfö d nfrbö cnh fy f örfr Ufyf, Vtrcbrf, Åjk b dbz, Zvfqrf, Tubgtn b Åfy-ukflti dct åjk m it dy b v fybz eltkztncz jcjåsv gj-nht å yj cnzv änjq dféyjq djp h fcnyjq uheg g s .

• FVH CIF yfx fkj yjdsq ghjtrn d jåkfcnb htg h j-lernb dyjq vtlbwbys, rjnjhsq jåütl b y ztn vt cny stg h ju h fvvs ltn c r juj plhfdjjö h fytybz b fvt hb rfy-c rbt lj å h jd jk m xt c rbt jhu fybpfwbb, pfy b v f ño bt c z

uev fy b n fhyjq gjvjomñ b ärjyjv b xt c rbv b cjw b-fkmysv hfpdb nbtv. Hfc c x b n fyysq yf gznm ktn ghj-t rn jåütvjv d 51 vbkk bjy ljkkfh jd ≤Ctnb xfcny s ölj å h jd jk m xt c rbö jhu fybpfwbq b ytg h f db n tk m cndt y-ysö jhu fybpfwbq yf ckeéåt plhfdjjö h fytybz≥ åe-ltn jceot cndkty ukj å fkmysv rjy c jhw bevjv d jå-kfcnb plhfdjjö h fytybz, relf döjlzn 5 dtleobö xfc-nysö lj å h jd jk m xt c rbö jhu fybpfwbq, drk ñx fz jhu f-ybpfwbñ ≤Cgfcbnt ltntq≥ (ujkjdy fz jhu fy b p f w b z ) ,≤ R ÄH≥, ≤Xfqkl hb x / Gkäy bynthy ä i yk≥, Fl dt y nb cn-crjt fut y n cndj hfpdb nbz b gjvjob (FLHF), b PATH.

J å t c gtx b d fz gjl lt hére dctö änbö cgtw b fk m y s öb y b w b fnbd, f nfrét lheubö cjdhtvtyysö ghju h fv v ,FVH pfy b v ftncz yfexysvb bccktljd fybzvb b cåj-h jv lfyysö. Kbim ytv yju bt hfpdb d f ño btcz cnh f-ys vjuen gjpd jk b nm ctåt ghjd jl b nm yfex y st bcckt-ljd fybz d jåkfcnb ägbltv bjkjubb, åbjvtl b w b y sbkb vtl b w b y c r jq gjvjob ghb hjlfö, xnj dféyjlkz dszdktybz jcyjdysö ghjåktv, f nfrét gen t qbö ht itybz. Nfr, jåpjhy st bccktljd fybz – cjcn f d-y fz xfcnm dctö ghju h fvv FVH gj gkfy b h jd fy b ñc tvmb yf ghjnzétybb gjx nb nhtö lt c z nbktnbq –å skb pyfx b n tk m yj hfc i b htys c 1994 ujlf, drk ñx b dd ctåz vyju bt fc gt rns htg h jlernb dyjuj plhfdjjö-h fytybz b gjkjétybz étyoby, d njv xbckt cn fnb c-nb re j cjcn jzybb pljh jdmz b cvt hnyj cnb vfn t ht q ,DBX / C G BL, hb ne fk m yjv yfytctybb edtxbq éty-c rbv gjkjdsv jhu fy fv b åsnjd jv yfc bk b b .

R fxt cndt y y st bccktljd fybz, d ghjwtcct rjnjhs öétyobys bynthdm ñb heñncz rfr d bylbdble fk m yjvgjhzlrt, nfr b d uheggfö, gjpd jk bkb her jd jl b n tkz vg h ju h fvv kex it gjy z nm dpukzls étyoby yf gkfy b-h jd fy bt ctvmb b bö gj nht å yj cnb d jåkfcnb htg h j-lernb dyjuj plhfdjjö h fytybz, f nfrét nt ghtg z n cn-dbz, rjnjhst étyobyfv xfcnj ghb öjlbncz ght jlj-ktd fnm ghb jåhfotybb d cjjndtn cndeño bt ckeé å s .

Y fex y st bccktljd fybz b hfphfå j nrb d jåkfcnbr jy nh f wtgwbb, rjnjhst d ghjikjv ghb dtkb r cj-p l fybñ yjdsö åjktt cjdt hityysö ghjnb d jp fx fn jx-ysö nfåktn jr b dyenhb v fn jxysö cgbhfktq, pyfx b-n tk m yj hfc i b hbkbcm d cdzpb c ghjdtlt y btv Rfb h-c r jq rjy a t htywbb b drk ñxfñn ntgt hm vtn jls ght-lj ndh f otybz pfh fétybz gt htl f d ftvsvb gjkjd s vgen tv pfå jktd fybzvb, r rjnjhsv vjuen ghb å t u fnmc fvb étyobys, nfrbt rfr åfrn t hb w bl y st chtl cnd fb yjd st étycrbt ght p t hd fnbds. Gh ju h fvvs FV Hgjvjukb nfrét hfphfå j n fnm lt itd st b åjktt njx-y st vtn jls lbfu yj cnb rb DBX / C G BLf b lheubö gt-

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htl f d ftvsö gjkjdsv gen tv pfå jktd fybq, f nfré tå jktt cjdt hit y y st jl yjh f p jd st buks b ighb w s ,g htlj ndh f o f ño bt hfc g h j cnh fyt y bt DBX - b y a t r-wbb ghb byütrwbzö.

R h jvt ghju h fvv FVH, cdzpfyysö c ghjåktv fvb yf-h jljy fc tktybz b plhfdjjö h fytybz, jlj å hty tot≤ Gkfy lt qcndbq c extn jv gjkf≥ b hfphfå j n fys lhe-u bt ghju h fvvs d wtkjv hzlt jåkfcntq, yfghfdkt y-y st yf gjd s it y bt cjw b fk m yjuj, ärjyjv b xt c r ju j ,gjk b nb xt c r juj b jåhfpjd fn tk m yjuj cn fnecf étyoby.D 1995 ujle FVH yfx fkj d 12 cnh fyfö ht fk b p f w b ñcdjtq bybwbfnbds ≤Jåhfpjd fy bt ltd jxtr b éty-oby≥ d gjl lt hére jåhfpjd fybz lkz ltd jxtr b cj-lt qcndbz cnh fy fv d ght jljktybb åfhm t h jd yf genbi r jk m yjuj jåhfpjd fybz ltd jxt r

Å eleobt ghj åktvs b djpvjéyjcnb

D ghtl l dt hbb gznjq ujljdobys rfb h c r jq rjy a t-htywbb ghb ikj dhtvz yt njkmrj ghjfy fk b pb h jd fnmg h ju htcc, rjnjh juj vbhjdjt cjjåot cndj lj cnb ukj d ltkt ht fkbpfwbb tt wtktq, yj b jwt y b nm cn jz o btgt htl yfvb ghjåktvs. Bpkjé t y y st d Gh ju h fv vtlt qcndbq wtkb cthmtpys, yj yf cfv st ukf dy st dj-ghjcs jndtns nfr b yt yfqltys: Rfr ecgtd fnm ht-i fnm gj cn jz y yj djp h fcn f ño bt gj nht å yj cnb d ecke-ufö gj gkfy b h jd fybñ ctvmb b htg h jlernb dyjvp l h f d j jö h fytybb? Rfr vj åbk b p jd fnm b bcgjk m p j-d fnm ab y fy c jd st b xtkjdtxt c rbt ht cehcs lkz nju j ,xnjås jåtcgtx b nm ghju htcc d änjq jåkfcnb? Rfrh fc g h j cnh fy b nm gjkjéb n tk m y st ht pek mn fns ärcgt-hb vt y n jd yf åkfuj åjk m ituj xbckf kñlt q ?

T cn t cndt y yj, xnj jndtns yf änb djghjcs ytg h j cns ,b FVH cjnhe l y b x ftn c lheubvb cnh fy fvb yt njk m r jd ltkt bpscrfybz ljgjk y b n tkmysö ht ceh c jd, yj gj-vju fz åjktt hfpev yj gkfy b h jd fnm b jg htltkz nmg hbjhb n tns d hfv rfö bvt ñoböcz ht ceh c jd b chtl-cnd. Hfc r hs nbt gj n t y w b fkf xfcnyjuj rjv vt hxt c r ju jc t rn jhf – änj dféysq genm, gj rjnjh jve vjuen ckt-ljd fnm yt r j n jhst cnh fys. Lheu bt cnh fys d jåjp hb-vjv åe leotv dct tot åe len pfdb c tnm b gjkfu fnm c zyf ab y fy c b h jd fy bt cj cn jh jys ljyjh jd, b FV Hn t c yj cjnhe l y b x ftn c lheubvb ljyjh fvb, xnjås gj-

d s c b nm äaatrnb dyj cnm jrf p fybz gjvjob ghb ht it-ybb ghjåktv yfh jljy fc tktybz b plhfdjjö h fyt y b z .

D ntö jåkfcnzö, ult yf rfb h c r jq rjy a t htywbb ås-kb dsldb yens yfb å jktt ckjéy st pfl fxb, FVH ec-gt i yj ghtl g hb y zkj yt c r jkmrj ifu jd, yj vs pyftv ,xnj ghtl cn jbn tot vyjujt cltkfnm. D änb pfl fx bdöjlbn eg h f p l yt y bt cjw b fkmysö b rek mnehysö åf-hm t h jd, vt i f ñobö hfpdb nbñ étyoby, b ht it y btc gtw b fkmysö djg h j c jd, rfc f ñoböcz yfc bkbz d jn-yjitybb étyoby; bpscrfy bt gentq lkz ghb dktxt-ybz veéxby r ht itybñ ghjåktv htg h jlernb dyju jp l h f d j jö h fytybz b jrf p fybñ gjl lt hérb étyob-y fv, jåhfofñobvcz d ckeéås gkfy b h jd fybz ctv m bb htg h jlernb dyjuj plhfdjjö h fytybz, f nfrét dszd-kt y bt yfb å jktt äaatrnb dysö gjl öjljd d hfåjnt cvjkjlsvb kñlmvb, rjnjhsö pfx fcneñ jcjåtyyjnhe l yj jöd fnb nm d hfv rfö jåsxysö ghju h fvv vt-l b w b y c r juj jåckeéb d fybz d gjk b rk b y b rf ö .

D Rfb ht åskf gjl xt hr yenf yt j å öjl b vj cnm jåütl b-ytybz ecbkbq, cdzpfyysö c ht it y btv ghjåktv yf-h jljy fc tktybz, pfobns jr heéf ñotq chtls b åjhm-ås c åtl yj cnmñ. Vs jceot cndbkb ärcgt hb vt y n fk m-y st ghjtrns, jl y frj ghtl cn jbn tot vyjujt epyfnmj djp vjéysö b lt qcndtyysö yjdsö gjl öjlfö, jcj-å t y yj ghb jrf p fybb gjvjob yfc tktybñ yf vt cn f öd jåkfcnb htg h jlernb dyjuj plhfdjjö h fytybz b pf-o b ns jr heéf ñotq chtl s .

Y t c vj nhz yf dct änb ghjåktvs, dct-nfrb tcnm jcyj-d fybz lkz jg nbvbpvf. Ljcnb u yensq d Rfb ht rjy-c t y cec cgj c j å cnd jd fk ujh f p lj åjktt ibhjr jve gj-y b v fybñ ghjåktv yfh jljy fc tktybz b htg h jler-nb dyjuj plhfdjjö h fytybz dj dctv vbht, pfkjéb dn tv cfvsv yflt éyeñ jcyjde lkz åe leotuj. Äyt hu b zb chtl cndf, yt j å öjl b v st lkz ghtnd jhtybz pfl fxrfb h c r jq rjy a t htywbb d ébpym, åe len bcöjl b nm ytn jkmrj jn ghfdb n tk m cnd, yj b jn kñltq b jhu fy b p f-wbq hfpysö cnh fy, djjleitdktyysö änbvb pfl fx f-vb. D nj ét dhtvz jgsn gjrf p fk ey b rfk m yj cnm byt j å öjl b vj cnm ntöybxt c r juj her jd jl cndf b ab y fy-c b h jd fybz cj cn jh jys FVH d cjxtn fybb c hfå j n jqyf vt cnfö yfibö fvt hb rfy c rbö gfhnyt h jd .

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C g h fd rf gjlujnjdkt yf Wtynhjv yf h j l j yfc tkt-y bz, plhfd j j öh f y t y bz b gbnf y bz Futyncndf vt é-leyfhjlyjuj hfp db n bz CIF

V yju bt ctvt q y st gfhs d hfpdb d f ñoböcz cnh fy f ök b itys chtl cnd lkz ht fkbpfwbb cdjtuj jcyjd jgj-kfu f ñotuj ghfdf, rjnjhjt vyju bt fvt hb rfyws dj-c g hbybvfñn rfr cfvj cjåjq hfpevt ñottcz – änjghfdj ht i fnm, crjkmrj ltntq bvtnm, b jg htltkz nmdhtvz bö hjélt y b z .

B öj nz ctqxfc åjktt ibhjrj, xtv hfy m it, cn fkb lj cnegys ckeéås gkfy b h jd fybz ctvmb, åjktt 120 vbkk bjyjd étyoby d cnh fyfö hfpdb d f ñot u j c zvbhf, étkf ñobö gkfy b h jd fnm dhtvz hjéltybz ht-å t y rf bkb ju h fy b x b nm ltn jh jél ftvj cnm, gj - g ht é-ytve yt bvtñn lj cnegf r chtl cnd fv rjy nh f wtg w b b ,d nj dhtvz rfr, gj jwt y rfv, rjk b xt cndj ctvt q y s ög fh htg h jlernb dyjuj djp h fcnf edtk b x b d ftncz gjr h fq ytq vt ht yf 20 vbkk bjyjd d ujl .

D cnh fyfö hfpdb d f ñotujcz vbhf ju h fy b xtyysq lj-cneg r ckeé å fv gkfy b h jd fybz ctvmb ghb d jlbn rd s c jr jve eh jdyñ yt é tkfn tkmysö åthtvt y yj cn t q ,v bkk bjy fv yte l fxysö få jhn jd b ns c z x fv cvt hn t qv fn t htq. Rfélsq ujl jn jckjéytybq, cdzpfyysö cå t htvt y yj cnmñ, ev b h ftn jr jkj 585 000 étyoby, njt cnm åjktt jl yjq étyobys rféleñ vbyene .

J u h fy b xtyysq lj cneg r gkfy b h jd fybñ ctvmb –änj nfrét jcyjdy fz ghbxbyf cvt hnb yjd jh jélt y-ysö d hfpdb d f ñoböcz cnh fyfö. Ltnb, rjnjhst hjé-lfñncz d åjkmibö ctvmzö, bvtñn ujh f p lj åjk m ieñdt h jz nyj cnm evt htnm lj gznb ktn, xtv ltnb d yt-v yju jx b cktyysö ctvmzö. Änj jcjåtyyj dt hyj dckex fzö, rjulf ltnb hjélfñncz c jxtym yt å jk m i b vb y n t hd fkjv jlby pf lheubv. Tckb gt hbjl vt éleh jélt y btv ltntq åe ltn hfdty gj rhfq ytq vt htl dev ujl fv, nj nfrjt gkfy b h jd fy bt ctvmb gjpd jk b n

b p å t éfnm d chtl ytv jl yjq bp xtns htö ltn c rb öc vt hn t q .

J c j å t y yj dféyjt pyfxt y bt bvt tn eljdktnd jht y btgj nht å yj cntq d gkfy b h jd fybb ltn jh jéltybz chtl bvjkjlt éb. Pfx fcneñ ghju h fvvs gkfy b h jd fybz ct-vmb b lheu bt ghju h fvvs gj htg h jlernb dyjq vtl b-w b yt jrfpsdfñncz yt ä a a t rnb dysvb d jnyjit y b bvjkjlsö kñltq; ghb änjv hbcr cvt hnb gj ghb x b-y fv, cdzpfyysv c åthtvt y yj cnmñ, d ldf hfpf dsitc htlb étyoby d djp h fcnt jn 15 lj 19 ktn, xtv cht-lb étyoby d djp h fcnt jn 20 lj 24 ktn .

A frns b wba hs

D cnh fyfö hfpdb d f ñotujcz vbhf d wtkjv, pf bc-rk ñxt y btv Rb n fz, ghb vt hyj lkz 20 ghjwt y n jd pf-veéybö étyoby öfh frn t hyj yfk b x bt yte ljdktnd j-ht y yjq gj nht å yj cnb d gkfy b h jd fybb ctvmb. Böljkz ibhjrj rjkt åktncz gj ht u bjy fv b cnh fy fv .C fvsq dscjrbq eh jdtym yte ljdktnd jhtyysö gj-nht å yj cntq jnvtx ftncz d cnh fyfö Ñéyjq Fa hb rb ,g hb änjv d jnltkmysö cnh fyfö jlyf bp rfél s önhtö pfveéybö étyoby bcgsns d ftn nfreñ yt ht f-k b p jd fy yeñ gj nht å yj cnm. Dcktl cndbt dscjr jq xbc-kt y yj cnb yfc tktybz cnh fy Fpbb bvt y yj d änjv hf-qjyt jnvtx ftncz cfvjt åjk m ijt xbckj étyoby,r j n jhst yt vjuen ht fk b p jd fnm cdjñ gj nht å yj cnm dgkfy b h jd fybb ctv m b .

Bylbz joeo ftn cfveñ dscjreñ cn tgtym yte ljd-ktnd jht y yjq gj nht å yj cnb d gkfy b h jd fybb ctv m b ,ult cjjndtn cndeñott xbckj cjcn f dkztn gjh z l rf 31 vbkk bjyf étyoby. Chtlb lheubö cnh fy, ultå jk m ijt rjk b xt cndj étyoby yt vjuen ht fk b p jd fnmc d jb gj nht å yj cnb d gkfy b h jd fybb ctvmb, – Gfrb c-n fy (5,7 vbkk bjyf), Åfy ukflti (4,4 vbkk bjyf), Y b ut hbz (3,9 vbkk bjyf) b Vtrcbrf (3,1 vbkk bjy f ) .

YTHTITYYST PFLFXB D JÅKFCNB GKFYBHJDFYBZ CTVMB

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J c yjd s d fzcm yf cfvsö gj cktlybö lfyysö, gj nht å-yj cnb d gkfy b h jd fybb ctvmb (xbckj pfveéybö éty-oby, rjnjhst öj nzn cgkfy b h jd fnm gj dhtvtyb bk bju h fy b x b nm xbckj cdjbö ltntq) nfr jds: 62 ghjwt y n fd Ufyt, ghb änjv njkmrj 9 ghjwt y n jd ctvtqysö gfhb c gjk m pe tn cjdhtvt y y st vtn jls rjy nh f wtgwbb; 75 ghjwt y n jd d Åjk b dbb, ult njkmrj 12 ghjwt y n jdb c gjk m pe tn cjdhtvt y y st rjy nh f wtg nbds; 57 ghjwt y-n jd d Udfn tv fkt, ghb änjv njkmrj 18 ghjwt y n jd bc-gjk m pe tn cjdhtvt y y st vtn jls; 69 ghjwt y n jd yf Ab-kbggbyfö, ghb änjv njkmrj 15 ghjwt y n jd bcgjk m pe-tn cjdhtvt y y st vtn jl s .

Xnjås ghjcnj cjö h fy b nm ceot cndeñobq eh jdt y mg hb vt ytybz cjdhtvtyysö rjy nh f wtg nb d jd, xbckjbö gjk m p jd fn tktq ljkéyj edtk b x b nmcz d ntxt y btcktleñobö 15 ktn yf 50 ghjwt y n jd d Åfy ukflt i( edtk b xt y bt yf 5 vbkk bjyjd, gj chfdytybñ c ys-ytiybv rjk b xt cnd jv d 11 vbkk bjyjd gjk m p jd fn t-ktq) b yf 25 ghjwt y n jd d Byljyt pbb (edtk b xt y btyf 7 vbkk bjyjd, gj chfdytybñ c 30 vbkk bjy fv bgjk m p jd fn tktq yf yfcn jzobq vjvt y n ) .

FVH CIF: nt öybxtc r jt her j d jl cndj b c g f c t ybt ébp yt q

Pf gj cktl y bt 30 ktn Cjtl b yt y y st Infns buhfk bd féyeñ hjkm d ukj å fkmysö ecbkbzö gj eljdktnd j-htybñ ju h jvysö, yt ht fk b p jd fyysö gj nht å yj cn t qd byajhvfwbb b ckeéåfö gkfy b h jd fybz ctvmb. Åe-lexb jcyjdysv ljyjh jv gj jrf p fybñ gjvjob dht itybb ghjåktv yfh jljy fc tktybz, FVH jcn ftn c zn frét her jd jl b n tktv d ltkt gkfy b h jd fybz b ghtlj-cn f dktybz dscjr jrfxt cndtyysö, ht y n få tkmysö, lj-å h jd jkmysö eckeu gj gkfy b h jd fybñ ctvmb cnh fy fvh f pdb d f ñotujcz vbhf.

• Jgsnysq ntöybxt c rbq gt h c jy fk FVH CIF cj-nhe l y b x ftn c fvt hb rfy c rbvb gfhnyt h fvb b gfh-nyt h fvb d lheubö cnh fyfö vbhf, rjnjhsv jyjjrf p s d ftn gjvjom, d jåkfcnb cjcn f dktybz ghj-u h fvv gkfy b h jd fybz ctvmb b htg h jlernb dyjqvtlbwbys, d wt y nht dy b v fybz rjnjhsö gj nht å-yj cnb rk btynf; ghb änjv jcyjdyjt dy b v fy bt elt-kztncz dsåjhe hfpyjjåhfpysö chtl cnd rjy nh f-wtgwbb b ghtlj cn f dktybñ dscjr jrfxt cndt y yjqvtl b w b y c r jq gjvjob b rjy cek mnfwbq. Änb ghj-u h fvvs dct xfot jåütlbyzñncz c lheubvb ghj-t rn fvb yf vt cnfö, yfghfdktyysvb yf ekex it y btjö h fys pljh jdmz vfn t htq b ltntq, ghtlj ndh f ot-y bt DBX / C G BLf b ekex it y bt cn fnecf étyoby,

drk ñx fz jåext y bt uhfvj nyj cnb b ghtlj cn f dkt-y bt pfqvjd yf hfpdb nbt vfkjuj åb p yt c f .

• D wt y nht ltz n tk m yj cnb FVH CIF – gjl u j n jdrfdh fxtq b lheubö vtl b w b y c rbö hfå j ny b r jd d jå-kfcnb gkfy b h jd fybz ctvmb b htg h jlernb dyjqvtlbwbys, f nfrét vt cnysö hfå j ny b r jd plhfdj-jö h fytybz, xnj buhftn dféyeñ hjkm d jöd fnt ec-keu fvb éb n tktq nhe l yjlj cnegysö ctk m c rbö hf-qjyjd. D hfv rfö änbö ghju h fvv pf gj cktl y btldf lt c z nbktnbz åskj gjl u j n jdkt yj cdsit gjke-v bkk bjyf hfå j ny b r jd, xnj gjpd jk bkj hfc i b hb nmlj cneg r eckeu fv b byajhvfwbb b gjd s c b nm börfxt cnd j .

• Abyfy c b he tv st FVH CIF yjd fn jh c rbt rfv g fy b bd chtl cndfö vfc c jd jq byajhvfwbb b jåot cndt y-yjq byajhvfwbb gjpd jk bkb hfc i b hb nm hfå j negj ghtlj ndh f otybñ yt é tkfn tk m yjq åthtvt y yj c-nb, cjlt qcnd jd fnm vt h fv, jåtcgtx b d f ñobv hjé-lt y bt pljh jdsö ltntq, b pfvtlk b nm hfc g h j cnh f-yt y bt DBX / C G BLf b lheubö byatrwbjyysö pf-å jktd fybq, gt htl f d ftvsö gjkjdsv gen tv .

• FVH CIF her jd jlbn ukj å fk m yjq cbcn tvjq gj-cn f drb chtl cnd rjy nh f wtgwbb. Vyju jx b ckt y y stcnh fys b ljyjhs djpkfufñn yflt éle yf cbcn tveFVH gj ghju yjpb h jd fybñ cghjcf yf chtl cnd fr jy nh f wtgwbb, rjnjh fz jåtcgtx b d ftn gj cn jz y yj ty fk b x bt b åjk m ijq dsåjh rjy nh f wtg nb dy s öc htl cnd .

• FVH CIF jåtcgtx b d ftn gjl lt hére vfc i n få y s vy fexysv bccktljd fybzv, ht pek mn fn jv rjnjhs öcn fyjdzncz cjdhtvt y y st cnh fntubb d jåkfcnbgkfy b h jd fybz ctvmb b jrf p fybz lheubö vtl b-w b y c rbö eckeu, jåtcgtx b d fz jhbtynfwbñ änb ög h ju h fvv yf rjy r htny st vt cny st gj nht å yj cnbb bö ht y n få tk m yj cnm .

• FVH CIF – rheg ytqibq bcn jxybr ab y fy c b h jd f-ybz hfphfå j n jr yflt éysö b äaatrnb dysö rjy-nh f wtg nb d jd, cgj c j å cndeñobö hfc i b htybñ xbc-kf chtl cnd rjy nh f wtgwbb lkz uhfél fy hfpdb d f ñ-otujcz vbhf, f nfrét lkz fvt hb rfy wtd .

D ht pek mn fnt änbö b lheubö ecbkbq FVH CIF d yf-cn jz ott dhtvz åjktt 50 vbkk bjyjd ctvtqysö gfh dcnh fyfö hfpdb d f ñotujcz vbhf bcgjk m peñn vtn jl sgkfy b h jd fybz ctvmb. D 28 cnh fyfö, ult ht fk b peñ n-cz cfv st rheg y st ab y fy c b he tv st FVH ghju h fv v s

gkfy b h jd fybz ctvmb, chtl ytt xbckj ltntq yf rfé-leñ ctvmñ cybpbkjcm yf jl ye nhtnm – c åjktt, xtv6 ltntq yf ctvmñ d 60-ö ujlfö lj ghb vt hyj 4. Änbc tvmb cvjuen kex it rjhv b nm, jltd fnm, ghtlj cn f d-kz nm jåhfpjd fy bt b jåtcgtx b d fnm vtl b w b y c rbv jå-ckeéb d fy btv cdjbö ltn t q .

C j nyb nsczx étyoby b ltntq ctujlyz ébds åkfu j-l fhz gjvjob FVH CIF gj gkfy b h jd fybñ ctv m b .

Änb ghju h fvvs cjcn f dkzñn yt j nü tvktveñ xfcnmå jktt ibhjrbö ecbkbq FVH CIF, cjlt qcndeño b öcn fåbkbpfwbb xbckt y yj cnb yfc tktybz, ärjyjv b xt c-r jve hfpdb nbñ, ekex itybñ plhfdjjö h fytybz b åkf-u jgjkexbz kñltq, gjd s itybñ rfxt cndf jr heéf ñ-otq chtls, jåtcgtxtybñ ghjljd jk m cndbtv b ukj-å fk m yjve vbhe b cn fåbk m yj cnb .

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29

NJXRF PHTYBZ RJYUHTCCF

P fr jys b gjk b nb rf, yfghfdkt y y st ghjnbd få jhn jd ,gjx nb d 100 cnh fyfö vbhf, gjl dt hufñncz rhb nb r t .Ghb xtv ldb éeotq cbkjq ukj å fk m yjuj ldbétybz dgjl lt hére få jhn jd cn fkb ytg h f db n tk m cndt y y st jh-u fybpfwbb, ab y fy c b he tv st ghfdb n tk m cnd jv CIF .Jl y frj nfr yfpsdftv fz ≤gjk b nb rf Vtöbrj≥ hfpht-i ftn gt htl fxe chtl cnd njkmrj ntv jhu fy b p f w b z v ,r j n jhst dscnegfñn pf gkfy b h jd fy bt ctvmb, yj ytpf få jhns. Ytdbyysv ltnzv ybxnj yt eu h jéftn .

V yju bt uheggs bcgjk m peñn gkfy b h jd fy bt ctvmb drfxt cndt nh jz y c r juj rjyz lkz ghb r hs nbz gjlk b y-yjq wtkb cdjtq ghju h fvvs – ghtlj cn f dkt y bt djp-vjéyj cnb ltkfnm få jhns gj nht å jd fy b ñ .

J hu fybpfwbz ≤Gkfy b he tv st jnwjd cndj b vfn t hb y-cndj≥ bcgjk m pe tn dct djp vjéyj cnb lkz ghjdtlt y b zcdjtq ji b å jx yjq, afy fnb x yjq rfv g fybb, wtkm rj-n jh jq lj åb nmcz kt u fkbpfwbb få jhn jd gj nht å jd f-ybñ dj dctv vbht. Tckb jyb ljåmñncz ecgtöf, vbk-k bjys yt h jéltyysö ltntq gju b å hen d ht pek mn fn té t cn jrbö få jhn jd. Få jhn tcnm yfc bk bt yfl ltnm v b ,r julf bö yt éy st ntkmwf rhjvcfñncz yf re c rb b jn-h f dkzñncz zljdb nsvb öbvbrfn fvb. Få jhn – änjé t cn jrjt jåhfot y bt c ht å t y r jv .

L j c negyj lkz ghtccs yt hfytt 4 ctynzåhz 1977 ujlf

Egj nht åkt y bt nthvbyf ≤gkfy b h jd fy bt ctvmb≥ rfrg hb r hs nbz – bvt tncz d dble bcgjk m p jd fy bt gjy z-nbz gkfy b h jd fybz ctvmb d rfxt cndt nh jz y c r juj rj-yz lkz kbåthfkbpfwbb pfr jyjd jå få jhnfö – ctq-

x fc hfc g h j cnh fyt yj gjd c tvt cnyj b ljkéyj åsnmj cn fyjdkt yj. Vs yt ljkéys ex fcnd jd fnm d gjl lt h-ért byle cnhbb få jhn jd, d djq yt ghjnbd yt h jélt y-ysö ltn t q .

D ntxt y bt nhtö gj cktlybö ktn Gfkfnf ghtl cn f db n t-ktq ghjdtkf lt c z nm jnltkmysö ujkj c jd fybq d gjl-lt hére ≤gjk b nb rb Vtöbrj≥, pfght o f ñotq få jhnsb pfght o f ñotq Cjtl b ytyysv Infn fv d hfv rf ögjvjob d ht itybb ghjåktv yfh jljy fc tktybz jrf-p s d fnm gjvjom byj cnh fyysv jhu fybpfwbzv, rjnj-hst jceot cndkzñn få jhns, yfheifñn pfr jys pfhe-å t éysö cnh fy jå ju h fy b xtybb få jhn jd bkb ex fcn-deñn d ltz n tk m yj cnb gj bpvt ytybñ änbö pfr jyjd .≤ Gjk b nb rf Vtöbrj≥ dctvt hyj gjl lt héb d fkfcm fl-v b y b cnhfwbzvb Htqufyf b Åeif. Gh jdtlt y bt änjqgjk b nb rb yt evt y m i bkj chtl cndf, dsltkztv st yfgkfy b h jd fy bt ctvmb, yb yf jlby wtyn. Yfj å jh j n ,änf gjk b nb rf pfobofkf gjlk b y y st ghju h fv v sgkfy b h jd fybz ctvmb, djpdtlz cn t ye, jnltkz ñoeñgkfy b h jd fy bt ctvmb jn få jhn jd. Ght pbltyn Rk b y-n jy jnvt y bk äne gjk b nb re. Öjh jij, xnj vs d Gf-kfnt ghtl cn f db n tktq d cdjbö ge åkbxysö dscnegkt-ybzö cyjdf b cyjdf ghb p s d ftv r njve, xnjås djc-cn fyjdb nm änj hfpltkt y bt .

Vs gjkfu ftv, xnj änj pfobnbn xfcnm yt h jélt y y s öltntq, yfkjébd pfghtn yf jl ye bp jcjåtyyj eh jl-kbdsö ajhv rek mnehyjuj bvgt hb fkbpvf, ghb rjnj-h jq fvt hb rfy c rbt yfkju jgkfn tk m o b rb ab y fy c b he-ñn jhu fybpfwbb, frnb dyj djdktxt y y st d jrf p fy btd jp lt qcndbz yf yt å jk m i bt ujce l fh cndf c wtkmñ pf-

YTHJÉLTYYSQ LJKÉTY BVTNM GHFDJ YF PFOBNE

Rjyuhtccvty Rhbcnjath Ö. Cvbn

T ckb ghtpbltyn b tuj flv b y bc n h f w bz jghtltkzñn gjk b n b re ghfdb ntkmcndf CIF, Rjyuhtcc, rjynhjk b hez åñlétn b ab yf y cb h j d f y bt ghjuhfvv, nfrét jrfpsd ftn c t h mt pyjt dk bz y bt yf ltqc n dbz Cjtlb y t y y sö Infnjd. Nj x rf phtybz Rjyuhtccf l jk é yf ghbybvf n m cz dj dybvf y bt ghb kñåjv fyfk bpt gjk b n b rb CIF. Vyjubt

r j y u h t c cvtys pf y bvfñn nt bkb byst xtnrj jghtltkt y y st gjpbwbb gj djghjcfv yf h j l j yfc tkt y bz. Änf cnf n mz bkk ñ c n h b hetn jlye bp njxtr phtybz .

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cn f db nm bö jnrf p fnmcz jn nh flbwbq b yhfdcndt y y s öwt y yj cntq cdjtuj yfh jl f .

Y t r j n jhst bp yfb å jktt rhegysö jhu fybpfwbq, gj-kex f ñobö lt y mub d hfv rfö vt éley fh jlysö ghj-u h fvv rjy nh jkz xbckt y yj cnb yfc tktybz, frnb dyjex fcndeñn d ecbkbzö gj jnvt yt pfr jyjd, ju h fy b x b-d f ñobö få jhns, dj vyjubö cnh fyfö vbhf. Ghb x b y fä n juj cjcn jbn d njv, xnj ceot cndeñott pfr jyjl f-n tk m cndj jåzpsdftn jhu fybpfwbb dt cnb kbim åeö-u fkn t h c rbt rybub, gjrf p s d f ño bt, xnj jyb yt bc-gjk m p jd fkb yfib lt y mub lkz jgkfns få jhn jd bk bltz n tk m yj cnb d gjl lt hére få jhn jd. Änjn åeö u fkn t h-c rbq nhñr buyjhb he tn njn afrn, xnj lt y mub ltkf ñ nlt y mub. Rjulf vs ce å c bl b he tv rfreñ-kbåj jhu fy b-pfwbñ, vs ytb p å t éyj ab y fy c b he tv b gjl lt héb d f-tv dcñ ltz n tk m yj cnm änjq jhu fy b p f w b b .

≤ Gjk b nb rf Vtöbrj≥ jcyjd fyf yf ghb y w b gt, xnjlt y mub hjélfñn lt y mub. Rfélsq vbkk bjy ljkkfh jdfvt hb rfy c rbö yfkju jgkfn tk m o b r jd, rjnjhsq bltnn jve, rnj ghtlkfu ftn få jhns, dscdjåjél ftn totv bkk bjy ljkkfh jd lkz jgkfne få jhn jd b ecbkt y b zl dbétybz d gjl lt hére få jhn jd .

... d ntxt y bt 30 ktn vs åskb kblt h fvb d gkfy b h j-d fybb ctvmb. Änj åskj cn jkm ét cghfdtlkbdsv ghbH t q u fyt b Åeit, rjulf ghjd jl bkfcm d ébpym ≤gjk b-nb rf Vtöbrj≥. Vs jåtcgtx b d fkb 40 ghjwt y n jd dctqgjvjob gj rjy nh jkñ pf xbckt y yj cnmñ yfc tktybz dgt hbjl flv b y b cnhfwbq Htqufyf b Åeif. Änj –a frn, änj yt xmt-nj vyt y bt, b ghb änjv gjk b nb rfVtöbrj åskf gjk yj cnmñ d cbkt .

Y t r j n jhst xktys Gfkfns ghtl cn f db n tktq yfvt ht y-yj dd jlzn jåot cndt y yj cnm d pfåkeélt y bt, rjulf uj-d jhzn, xnj vs lt hébv d pfkjéy b rfö gkfy b h jd fy btc tvmb. Ltymub dsltkzkbcm; e kñltq åskf djp vjé-yj cnm dpznm änb lt y mub b hfc g h j cnh fy z nm ght p t hd f-nbds bkb jceot cndkz nm lheueñ ltz n tk m yj cnm d jå-kfcnb gkfy b h jd fybz ctvmb, yj ceot cnd jd fkj xtnr j t

h f p ltkt y bt vt éle étcn jrbv jåhfot y btv c ltnm v b ,e åb qcnd jv yt h jéltyysö ltntq, gjl lt hér jq yfc b-kbz ghjnbd ltntq b ghjabkfrnb xt c rbvb vt h fv b .

Flv b y b cnhfwbz ujd jhbn, xnj wtkm yfitq ghju h fv-vs gkfy b h jd fybz ctvmb cjcn jbn d ghtlj ndh f ot y b bfå jhn jd. Tckb ås vs öj n tkb ghtlj ndh fnb nm fk r ju j-kbpv, cn fkb ås vs ghb dkt rfnm ghjv s ikt y yj cnm gjg h jb pd jl cnde cgbhnysö yfgbnr jd lkz njuj, xnjåsänj cltkfnm? Tckb ås vs öj n tkb ght r h fnb nm fpfh-ny st buhs, cn fkb ås vs änj ltkfnm, hfplfdfz uhfy-ns dkfltk m w fv rf pb yj? Tckb ås vs öj n tkb gj nh f-nb nm cjnyb vbkk bjyjd ljkkfh jd yf vt éley fh jl-yeñ rfv g fybñ ghjnbd yfhr j nb r jd, cn fkb ås vsl f d fnm lt y mub jhu fybpfwbzv, rjnjhst bcgjk m peñ nc d jb cjåcndt y y st lt y mub lkz kj å åb h jd fybz kt u fk b-pfwbb yfhr j nb r jd? Rjytx yj ét ytn. Tckb Rjy u ht c cåe ltn pfy b v fnm gjpbwbñ, xnj ljkéyj ceot cnd jd fnmxtnrjt hfpltkt y bt vt éle ltz n tk m yj cnmñ d gjl lt h-ére få jhn jd b fvt hb rfy c rbvb ghju h fv v fvb gkf-y b h jd fybz ctvmb, vs vjé tv cgfcnb ytdb y y st éb p-yb. Djn hflb xtuj dct änj ltkftncz. Ytn ybxt u jd féytt änju j .

Z levfñ, e yfc tcnm vjh fk m y st jåzpfn tk m cndf crf-p fnm, xnj tckb vs cjåb h ftvcz lfnm cjnyb vbkk bj-yjd ljkkfh jd uheg g fv, rjnjhst ghtl cn f dkzñn ctåzgjl lt héb d f ñobvb gkfy b h jd fy bt ctvmb, vs öj nb vg h f d l b d jq öfh frn t hb cnb rb bö ltz n tk m yj cnb. Jybyt ljkéys pfy b v fnmcz få jhn fvb, gj n jve xnj få jhnj n åb h ftn ébpym, ébpym ht å t y rf. Änj yt tcnm gkf-y b h jd fy bt ctv m b .

D sl t h é rb bp ltåfnjd Gfkfns ghtlcnfdb ntktq26 vf h nf 1998 u.

R j y u h t c cvty Rhbcnjath Ö. Cvbn, htcgeåk b rf y tw bp

Ym ñ - L é t h cb, ghtlctlf ntkm gjlrjv b ntnf gj vt é leyf-

h j l y sv jgthfwbzv b ghfd fv xtkj d trf Rjv b ntnf gj

vt é leyf h j l y sv jnyjitybzv Gfkfns ghtlcnfdb nt-

ktq Rjyuhtccf CIF

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LJCNEG R ECKEUFV GKFYBHJDFYBZ CTVMB YTJÅÖJLBVXkty Gfkfns ghtlcnfdbntktq CIF Yäycb Gtkjpb

D s ltkt y bt chtl cnd yf gkfy b h jd fy bt ctvmb d vt é-ley fh jl yjv vfc i n fåt ghtl cn f dkztn cjåjq dféy s qr jv gjytyn fvt hb rfy c r jq ghju h fvvs jrf p fybz gj-vjob byj cnh fyysv ujce l fh cnd fv. Cjtl b yt y y stI n fns hfc öjleñn vt ytt jl yjuj ghjwtynf bp cdjtuja tlt h fk m yjuj åñlé tnf yf gjvjom byj cnh fy y s vu j ce l fh cnd fv. Jxtym yt p y fx b n tk m y fz xfcnm chtl cndbp änjuj jl yjuj ghjwtynf yfghfdkztncz yf jrf p f-y bt gjvjob d gkfy b h jd fybb ctvmb. Ltymub, gj nh f-xt y y st yf gkfy b h jd fy bt ctvmb d vt éley fh jl yjvv fc i n fåt, – änj åkfu jh f pev y st rf g b n fkjdkjé t y b z .Jyb yt njkmrj äaatrnb dyj bcgjk m peñncz cfvb gjctåt, yj b gj åeélfñn lheu bt cnh fys rfr ärjyjv b-xt c rb hfpdb n juj, nfr b hfpdb d f ñotujcz vbhf, dslt-kz nm chtl cndf yf gkfy b h jd fy bt ctvmb. Nhb xtndt h-nb dctö ab y fy c jdsö chtl cnd yf gkfy b h jd fy bt ct-vmb d vt éley fh jl yjv vfc i n fåt gj cneg ftn bp cf-vbö hfpdb d f ñoböcz cnh fy b jn cfvbö gj nht åb n t-ktq änbö eckeu .

L j cneg r eckeu fv gkfy b h jd fybz ctvmb jåtcgtx b d f-tn cjp l fy bt åjktt pljh jdsö ctvtq, ekei ftn cjw b-fk m yjt gjkjé t y bt étyoby b hfc i b h ztn bö ärjyj-v b xt c rbt djp vjéyj cnb, f nfrét, åkfu jl fhz cn fåbk b-pfwbb hjcnf yfc tktybz, ekex i ftn cjcn jz y bt ukj-å fk m yjq jr heéf ñotq chtls. Gjl lt hérf CIF ghbht fkbpfwbb vt éley fh jlysö ghju h fvv gkfy b h jd f-ybz ctvmb jcyjd s d ftncz yf lj å h jd jk m yjv gkfy b h j-d fybb ctvmb d hfv rfö tl b yjuj gjl öjlf r ghjåktvty fh jljy fc tktybz b hfpdb nbz, ghtle c v fnhb d f ñot u jh f p yj cn jh jyyññ ltz n tk m yj cnm, yfghfdkt y yeñ yf

e c jdt hit y cnd jd fy bt plhfdjjö h fytybz, gjd s it y btcn fnecf étyoby, åjhm åe c ltn c r jq cvt hnyj cnmñ bc jp l fy bt rhtg rbö ctvtq. Åjktt 50 vky. ctvt q y s ög fh d cnh fyfö hfpdb d f ñotujcz vbhf jåhfofñncz rckeé å fv gkfy b h jd fybz ctvmb, xnj ckeébn ghzvsvht pek mn fn jv ecgt i yjq ht fkbpfwbb ghju h fvvs gjy fh jljy fc tktybñ Fut y n cndf vt éley fh jl yjuj hfp-db nbz CIF (FVH). Gj c htl cnd jv ntöybxt c r jq gjvj-ob, jåextybz b yfex yj - b c cktljd fn tk m c rbö hfphfå j-n jr FHV CIF cjlt qcnd jd fkj ghb y z nbñ yt j å öjl b-vsö vth d jåkfcnb gkfy b h jd fybz ctv m b .

D yfcn jz ott dhtvz yf ptv yjv ifht ghjéb d ftn gjx-nb 5,9 vk hl. kñltq. Rfélsq ujl änj xbckj edtk b x b-d ftncz ghb åk b pb n tk m yj yf 80 vky. Gh ju yjps Jhu f-ybpfwbb Jåütl b ytyysö Yfwbq jnyj c b n tk m yj xbc-kt y yj cnb yfc tktybz yf cthtl b ye cktleñotuj dt rfkt éfn d lbfgfpjyt jn 8 lj 12 vk hl. kñltq. Gj-lj å y st gjrf p fn tkb hjcnf gjlybvfñn cthm t p y st dj-ghjcs jnyj c b n tk m yj njuj, lj cn fn jx yj kb d vbht ht-ceh c jd lkz jåtcgtxtybz ébpyb nfr juj xbckf kñlt q .

Vs pyftv, xnj ghju h fvvs gkfy b h jd fybz ctvmb äa-a t rnb dys. Cjukfc yj FVH CIF d cnh fyfö, rjnjhstgjkex bkb ab y fy c jd st chtl cndf vt éley fh jl y s öjhu fybpfwbq yf gkfy b h jd fy bt ctvmb, chtl ytt rj-k b xt cndj ltntq d ctvmt evt y m i bkjcm c it cnb ljxtns htö. Yf rfélsq ljkkfh, gj nh fxtyysq yf gkf-y b h jd fy bt ctvmb, ghfdb n tk m cndf dsbuhsdfñn 16 lj-kkfh jd yf plhfdjjö h fytybb, jåhfpjd fybb b cjw b-fkmysö eckeufö. Ljcneg r gkfy b h jd fybñ ctvmb lf-

T ckb ghtpbltyn b tuj flv b y bc n h f w bz jghtltkzñn gjk b n b x t c rbq rehc ghfdb ntk m c n d fC IF, nj Rjyuhtcc, rjnjhsq jceo t c n dkztn rjynhjkm pf åñlétn jv b ab yf y c j dsvb

fc cbu y j d f y bzvb yf hfpk b x y st ghjuhfvvs, jrfpsd ftn cbkmyjt dk bz y bt yf l tqc n dbz CIF. Lkz gjybvf y bz gjkbnbxtcrjuj rehcf CIF ytjåöjlbvj ghbybvfnm dj

d y bvf y bt njxre phtybz Rjyuhtccf. Vyjubt d Rjyuhtcct ghbl t h é bd f ñ n cz ntö bkb bysöj g h t l tkt y y sö dpukzljd yf ghjåktvs yf h j l j yfc tkt y bz. Ckt leñ ofz cnf n mz

bkk ñ c n h b hetn jlye bp njxtr phtybz .

NJXRF PHTYBZ RJYUHTCCF

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tn djp vjéyj cnm kñlzv cltkfnm yf jcyjdt bvt ñot q-cz byajhvfwbb ghfdbkmysq dsåjh d jnyjit y b bh jéltybz ltntq, pljh jdmz b ärjyjv b xt c r juj åkfu j-c j cn jz y b z .

R cjéfktybñ, åjk m i b y cndj xkt yjd 104-uj b 105 - u jRjy u ht c c jd ghtl g hb y zkj crjjhl b y b h jd fy yjt yf-cnegkt y bt yf bltñ gjl lt hérb vt éley fh jl y s ög h ju h fvv gkfy b h jd fybz ctvmb cj cn jh jys CIF ,c jr h fnbd dsltkt y bt yt j å öjlbvsö ab y fy c jd s öc htl cnd b yfkjébd yf ghju h fv ve étcnrbt ju h fy b-xtybz. D Rjy u htcct CIF djghjc j vt éley fh jl y s ög h ju h fvvfö gkfy b h jd fybz ctvmb ji b å jx yj b yt-j å j c yjd fy yj cn fk gjktv åb nds gj ghjåktv fv få jh-n jd. Nfrfz ntyltywbz dhtlyf, båj lj cneg r gkfy b-h jd fybñ ctvmb yf cfvjv ltkt cjr h f o ftn xbckj yt-p f gkfy b h jd fyysö åthtvt y yj cntq b nfrbv jåhfpjvc jr h f o ftn rjk b xt cndj få jhn jd .

Vs dct cnhtvbvcz r njve, xnjås cjr h fnb nm xbckjckex ftd bcre c cndt y yjuj ght hs d fybz åthtvt y yj cnb .L fy y st bp dctö ht u bjyjd vbhf cdbltn tk m cndeñn jn jv, xnj ibhjrjt ghb vt yt y bt rjy nh f wtg nb d jd lkzcybétybz xbckf yt p f gkfy b h jd fyysö åthtvt y yj c-ntq buhftn dféyeñ hjkm d cjr h f otybb rjk b xt cnd ffå jhn jd. Änf ntyltywbz åskf ljrevt y n fk m yj pfab r-c b h jd fyf d nfrbö cnh fyfö, rfr Hjccbz, ht c ge åk b rbC htl ytq Fpbb, Vtrcbrf b Rjkev åbz. D Hjccbb edt-k b xt y bt eh jdyz ghb vt ytybz rjy nh f wtg nb d jd njk m-rj yf gznm ghjwt y n jd pf gj cktl y bt xtns ht ujl fg hb dtkj r cybétybñ tétujlysö gjrf p fn tktq rjk b-xt cndf få jhn jd yf 30 ghjwt y n jd .

D féyj jnvtnb nm, xnj cjdhtvt y yjt pfr jyjl fn tk m cnd jC IF pfght o ftn bcgjk m p jd fnm kñåst chtl cndf, ds-ltkt y y st yf gjvjom pfhe å t éysv cnh fy fv, yf ghj-dtlt y bt få jhn jd bkb yf eåtélt y bt d yt j å öjl b vj c-nb bcre c cndt y yjuj ght hs d fybz åthtvt y yj cnb .Fut y n cndj vt éley fh jl yjuj hfpdb nbz CIF cktle tnä n jve reh ce c 1973 u. b hfphfå j n fkj étcnrbt ghb y-wbgs, xnjås jåtcgtx b nm tuj cjåk ñlt y bt. Cjtl b-yt y y st Infns ghtlj cn f dkzñn gjl lt hére b gjvjo md gkfy b h jd fybb ctvmb njkmrj nfv, ult änj nht åe tn-cz b ult jå änjv ghjczn, b njkmrj d hfv rfö pfr jyjdn jq cnh fys, ult ht fk b pe tncz änf ghju h fv v f .

Y tl f dyzz åjhmåf d Rjy u htcct gj ghju h fv v fv gkf-y b h jd fybz ctvmb pf he å t éjv hfpdt hyekfcm d cdzpbc ntv, xnj ht c ge åk b rfycrjt åjk m i b y cndj ed z p s d ftng h j åktve gkfy b h jd fybz ctvmb d pfhe å t éysö cnh f-yfö c cjdt hit y yj yt jnyjczobvbcz r änjve djg h j-

c fvb: dsltkt y btv chtl cnd yf dsgkfne ljk u jd CIFJ hu fybpfwbb Jåütl b ytyysö Yfwbq b dsltkt y btvc htl cnd d Vtéley fh jlysq dfk ñ nysq ajyl. Nfrfzcnh fntubz ghtle c v fnhb d ftn bpvt ytyysq dfhb fy ngjk b nb rb Vtöbrj, nj tcnm bpvt ytyysq dfhb fyn ju-h fy b xtybq yf vt éley fh jl y st ghju h fvvs gkfy b-h jd fybz ctvmb, d rfxt cndt eckjdbz lkz dsltkt y b zyt j å öjlbvsö chtl cnd änbv vt éley fh jlysv jhu f-ybpfwbzv. Z cxbnfñ, xnj nfrjt ghtlkjé t y bt åe ltnjp y fx fnm ddtlt y bt ukj å fk m yjq ≤gjk b nb rb pfns rfy b zhnf≥ d jnyjitybb jhu fybpfwbq, pfy b v f ñoböcz dj-g h j c fvb gkfy b h jd fybz ctvmb, erf p s d fz bv, rfrbtv fn t hb fks jyb vjuen hfc g h j cnh fy z nm b rfrbt ytn ,b pfght o fz bv ex fcnd jd fnm d jåot cndtyysö lbc-reccbzö c bcgjk m p jd fy btv bö cjåcndtyysö xfcny s öc htl cnd. Z dscnegfñ ghjnbd änjuj. Tckb bpvt yt y-ysq dfhb fyn ≤gjk b nb rb Vtöbrj≥ åsk ht fk b p jd fy dy f itq cnh fyt, nj änj åskj ås yfheit y btv Gt hd jqgjg h f drb r Rjy cnb newbb; jy nfrét ghb dtk ås redtk b xtybñ xbckf få jhn jd bp-pf ju h fy b xtybz lj-cnegf r ckeé å fv gkfy b h jd fybz ctvmb d hfpysöcnh fyfö vbhf.

Gjrf Rjy u htcc lt å fnb he tn djghjc j dsltkt y b bc htl cnd yf vt éley fh jl y st ghju h fvvs gkfy b h jd f-ybz ctvmb, étyobys, ltnb b ctvmb dj dctv vbhtcnh flfñn bp-pf cjr h f ot y yjuj b/bkb ju h fy b xt y yju jlj cnegf r ckeé å fv gkfy b h jd fybz ctvmb. D 1997 u.nhb ed féftv st xfcny st jhu fybpfwbb gj jrf p fy b ñgjvjob pfhe å t éysv cnh fy fv d ärjyjv b xt c r jv bc jw b fk m yjv hfpdb nbb – ≤Räh≥, ≤Cgfcbnt ltntq≥ b≤ Ejh kl Dbéy≥ – jåhfnbkbcm c gbcmvjv rj dctvxkt y fv Rjy u htccf, dshféfz jp få jxt y yj cnm gj gjd j-le pflt hétr b ju h fy b xtybq d ghtlj cn f dktybb dct-cn jh jyybö vtl b w b y c rbö eckeu ctvmzv d åtl y s öcnh fyfö. D cdjtv gbcmvt jyb erf p fkb, xnj ≤cjr h f-ot y bt fc c b u yjd fybq yf ghju h fvvs gkfy b h jd fy b zc tvmb gjl hsdfñn jcn fk m y st ecbkbz CIF, yfghfd-kt y y st yf cybétybt ltn c r jq cvt hnyj cnb≥; xnj≤ rfélsq ujl ev b h ftn jr jkj 600 nsc. étyoby bp-pfg hbxby, cdzpfyysö c åthtvt y yj cnmñ, d ht pek mn fn txtuj åtp vfn t htq jcnfñncz cjnyb nsczx ltntq... ft ot 18 vky. étyoby cnh fl ftn jn ljk u jdhtvt y y s öy fheitybq htg h jlernb dyjq aeyrwbb, jxtym åjkt p-ytyysö b dtleobö pfx fcneñ r ab pb xt c rbv ytlj c-n fnrfv yf dcñ jcn f dieñcz ébpym. Gkfy b h jd fy btc tvmb – änj ht y n få tkmysq cgjcjå jrf p fybz gjvj-ob étyobyfv d hjéltybb åjktt pljh jdsö ltn t q ≥ ,b ≤dj vyjubö cnh fyfö jl yj njkmrj edtk b xt y bt by-n t hd fkf vt éle hjélt y btv ltntq vjukj ås ght-lj ndh fnb nm jl ye bp gznb cvt hntq vkflt y wtd ≥ .

C jr h f ot y bt b/bkb ju h fy b xt y bt chtl cnd yf gkfy b-h jd fy bt ctvmb d pfhe å t éysö cnh fyfö – änj åk b p j-herbt b ytg h f dbk m y st lt qcndbz, rjnjhst vjuenb vtnm cjr hei b n tk m y st gj cktl cndbz lkz pljh jdmz b åkfu jgjkexbz étyoby b ltntq d hfpdb d f ño b ö c zcnh fyfö. Cjukfc yj ÑY BCTA, tckb ceot cndeño btgj nht å yj cnb d ckeéåfö gkfy b h jd fybz ctvmb åe lene ljdktnd jhtys, nj rjk b xt cndj åthtvt y yj cntq dcnh fyfö hfpdb d f ñotujcz vbhf cjr h fnbncz yf jl yeg z neñ, f eh jdtym cvt hnyj cnb b nh f dv chtlb vfn t-htq cjr h fnbncz yf nfrjt ét rjk b xt cndj bkb åjk m-it. D ht pek mn fnt gkfy b h jd fybz ctvmb vjéyj ght-lj ndh fnb nm 25 ghjwt y n jd ckex ftd cvt hnb vfn t ht q ,gj c r jk m re étyobys åe len bvtnm djp vjéyj cnm jn-rkfl s d fnm åthtvt y yj cnm, bpåtufnm yt é tkfn tk m yjqå t htvt y yj cnb b yt å t p jg fc yjuj bcre c cndt y yju jg ht hs d fybz åthtvt y yj cnb b pfobofnm ctåz jn by-a t r w bjyysö pfå jktd fybq, gt htl f d ftvsö gjkjd s vgen tv. D hfpdb d f ñoböcz cnh fyfö eh jdtym cvt h-nyj cnb chtlb yjd jh jéltyysö cjr h fnbkcz ås yf 25 ghjwt y n jd, tckb ås dct ltnb hjél fkbcm c by-n t hd fkjv d ldf ujlf. E ltntq, hjl b diböcz c bynth-

d fkjv vt ytt ldeö ktn, hbcr cvt hnb dldjt dsit, xtve ntö, rjnjhst hjélfñncz c bynthd fkfvb gj rhfq-ytq vt ht d ldf ujl f .

Gt ht y fc tkt y bt edtk b x b d ftn rjk b xt cndj åtl y s ö ,cn fyjdbncz ghb x b yjq ytlj cn fnrf ghjljd jk m cndb z ,gt ht y fc tkt y yj cnb ujh jljd, eöe l itybz jr heéf ñot qc htls b cjr h f otybz vbhjdsö ht ceh c jd. Rfr ghtl-cn f db n tkm ltvjr h fn jd d gjl r jv b n tnt Gfkfns ghtl-cn f db n tktq gj fc c b u yjd fybzv yf byj cnh fy yeñ gj-vjom, rjnjhsq ab y fy c b he tn fvt hb rfy c rbt ghj-u h fvvs jrf p fybz gjvjob byj cnh fyysv ujce l fh cn-d fv, z ghjljkée åjhm åe pf dsltkt y bt lj cn fn jx yju jj å ü tvf ab y fy c jdsö chtl cnd yf ghju h fvvs gkfy b-h jd fybz ctvmb d pfhe å t éysö cnh fyfö – hflb éb p-yb étyoby, ltntq b ctvtq yf dctv ptv yjv ifht .

Xkty Gfkfns ghtlcnfdb ntktq CIF Yäycb Gtkj p b ,

dk bz ntkmysq ltvjrhfn jn inf nf Rfk ba j h y bz, xkt y

g j l r jv b ntnf Gfkfns ghtlcnfdb ntktq gj fc cbu y j d f-

y bzv yf pf he å t é y st b ärcgjhnyst jgthfwbb

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D s g eo t yf Åñhj gj djghjcfv yf h j l j yfc tkt y bz ,åtétywtd b vbuhfwbb, Uj celfhcndtyysq Ltgf h nf-vtyn CIF, fd uecn 1998 u.

C t u jlyz yfc tkt y bt ptv yjuj ifhf cjcn f dkztn gjx nb6 vk hl. xtkjdtr, ghb änjv 80 vky. xtkjdtr (xnjg hb vt hyj hfdyj yfc tktybñ Ut hv fybb) lj å f dkztn c zr änjq wbaht tétujl yj. C njx rb phtybz hjcnf xbc-kt y yj cnb yfc tktybz, vbh yföjlbncz d rhb nb xt c r jqn jxrt: yt c vj nhz yf nj, xnj hjél ftvj cnm dj vyju b öh fqjyfö vbhf bltn yf cgfl, xbckj vjkjlsö kñlt q ,r j n jhst cn jzn yf gjh jut htg h jlernb dyjuj djp h fc-nf, åjk m it, xtv rjulf-kbåj hfyt t .

Flv b y b cnhfwbz Rk b y n jyf dscneg ftn pf rjv gkt r-cysq gjl öjl r pfl fxt cn fåbkbpfwbb xbckt y yj cnby fc tktybz b jåtcgtxtybz gjkjétybz, ghb rjnjh jvceg heé t c rbt gfhs vjukb ås cdjåjl yj b jndtn cn-dt y yj ghb y b v fnm ht itybz j njv, crjkmrj e ybö åe-ltn ltntq b xt htp rfrbt ghjvt éenrb dhtvtyb. Än j ngjl öjl drk ñx ftn d ctåz gjl lt hére d jåkfcnb lj-å h jd jk m yjuj gkfy b h jd fybz ctvmb b cdzpfy yjuj cä nbv plhfdjjö h fytybz c wtkmñ cybétybz vkflt y-xt c r jq b vfn t hb y c r jq cvt hnyj cnb; åjhm åe c hfc-g h j cnh fyt y btv DBX / C G BLf; gjd s it y bt cjw b fk m-yjuj, ärjyjv b xt c r juj b gjk b nb xt c r juj cn fne c fétyoby, f nfrét hfc i b ht y bt jåhfpjd fn tkmysö djp-vjéyj cntq lkz ltd jxtr b vfk m x b r jd .

Gjk b nb rf flv b y b cnhfwbb d jåkfcnb yfh jljy fc tkt-ybz ghtl cn f dkztn cjåjq dféytqibq äktvtyn yfit qj å otq cnh fntubb ecn jq x b d juj hfpdb nbz, rjnjh fzc jxtn ftn d ctåt pfl fxb d jåkfcnb yfh jljy fc tkt y b zb plhfdjjö h fytybz c pfl fx fvb d jåkfcnb pfobnsjr heéf ñotq chtls, lfk m yt q ituj hfpdb nbz ltvjr-h fnbb b cjlt qcndbz ärjyjv b xt c r jve hjcne yf ib-h jr jq jcyjdt .

V téley f hjly fz gjkbnbrf d jåkf cnb y f hjl jy f c tkt ybz

Ghb vt hyj 120 – 150 vky. ceg heé t c rbö gfh d hfpysöcnh fyfö vbhf öj n tkb ås djcgjk m p jd fnmcz, yj ytb vtñn lj cnegf r rfxt cndtyysv eckeu fv d jåkfcnblj å h jd jk m yjuj gkfy b h jd fybz ctvmb, b tot åjk m it tx b ckj ceg heé t c rbö gfh yt bvt tn djp vjéyj cnbgjk m p jd fnmcz eckeu fvb ex ht éltybq htg h jlernb dyj-uj plhfdjjö h fytybz. Jrf p fy bt gjvjob ceg heé t c-rbv gfh fv b jnltkmysv kñlzv d ghb y z nbb cdjåjl-ysö b jndtn cndtyysö ht itybq j njv, crjkmrj lt-ntq bv bvtnm b xt htp rfrbt ghjvt éenrb dhtvtyb, f nfrét eljdktnd jht y bt cdzpfyysö c änbv gj nht å-yj cntq d jåkfcnb htg h jlernb dyjuj plhfdjjö h fyt-ybz – änj jcyjdy st pfl fxb yfitq vt éley fh jl yjqgjk b nb rb d jåkfcnb yfh jljy fc tkt y b z .

D hfv rfö gjk b nb rb d jåkfcnb yfh jljy fc tktybz bh f pdb nbz vs nfrét ltkftv fr wtyn yf cybétybb

LJRKFLS B LJREVTYNS

CGHFDRF J VTÉLEYFHJLYJQ GJKBNBRTCIF D JÅKFCNB YFHJLJYFCTKTYBZ

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vkflt y xt c r jq b vfn t hb y c r jq cvt hnyj cnb; ghjab-kfrnbrt hfc g h j cnh fytybz gt htl f d ftvsö gjkjd s vgen tv byatrwbq – d jcyjdyjv DBX b CGBL f ;ekex itybb ärjyjv b xt c r juj, cjw b fk m yjuj b gjk b nb-xt c r juj cn fnecf étyoby; cjr h f otybb hfpkbxbq deh jdyt jåhfpjd fybz vfk m x b r jd b ltd jxtr; gjd s it-ybb jndtn cndt y yj cnb veéxby d djghjcfö htg h j-lernb dyjuj plhfdjjö h fytybz b djcgbnfybz ltntq, fn frét yf åjhmåt c åtcöjp z qcndtyysv hfc öjljd fy b-tv ht ceh c jd .

V t éley fh jl y fz gjk b nb rf CIF d jåkfcnb yfh jlj-y fc tktybz jnh fétyf d Gh ju h fv vt lt qcndbq, rjnjh fzå skf cjukfc jd fyf ghtl cn f db n tkzvb 180 cnh fy d hfv-rfö Vtéley fh jl yjq rjy a t htywbb gj djg h j c fv yf-h jljy fc tktybz b hfpdb nbz (VRYH) (Dtåcfqn: h t t p : / /w w w . u n f p a . o rg / I C P D / I C P D . h t m), cjcn jz dit qcz dR fb ht d 1994 u. Yf änjq rjy a t htywbb åsk cjukfc j-d fy jcyjd jgjkfu f ñobq ghbywbg, rjnjhsq cjcn jb nd njv, xnj ht fkbpfwbz gjljåysö ghju h fvv cjcn f d-kztn cedt ht y yjt ghfdj rféljq cnh fys d cjjndtn cn-dbb c yfwbjy fkmysvb pfr jy fvb b ghbjhb n tn fvb dj åkfcnb hfpdb nbz, c extn jv hfpkbxysö htk b u bjp y s öb änb xt c rbö wt y yj cntq b rek mnehysö nh flbwbq yf-h jlf, f nfrét d cjjndtn cndbb c jåotg hb y z ns v bvt éley fh jlysvb yjhv fvb d jåkfcnb ghfd xtkjdt rf .

Yf ghtl cn jz otv vt éley fh jl yjv ajhevt e her jd j-l b n tktq cnh fy åe ltn djp vjéyj cnm hfc c vj nhtnm bjwt y b nm öjl dsgjk ytybz Gh ju h fvvs lt qcndb q ,cn f ditq ht pek mn fn jv VRYH 1994 u. D gt hbjl c 8 gj12 atdh fkz 1999 u. d Uf fut cjcn jbncz dcnhtxf, jhu f-y b pe tv fz ghfdb n tk m cnd jv Yblt h kfy ljd, yf rjnjh jqåe ltn lfyf jwt y rf öjlf dsgjk ytybz Gh ju h fv v slt qcndbq, hfc c vj nhtys ju h fy b xtybz yf änjv genb ,y fvtxtys vt hs gj lfk m yt q itve dsgjk ytybñ änjqg h ju h fvvs b jg htltktys rk ñxtd st gt h c gt rnb d slj cnbétybz wtktq, gj cn f dktyysö VRYH. D änjqd cnhtxt ghb ven ex fcnbt ghtl cn f db n tkb 180 cnh fy ,g fh kfvt y n fhbb, ltkt u fns jn vt éley fh jlysö jhu f-ybpfwbq, éehy fk b cns b xktys ytg h f db n tk m cndt y-ysö jhu fybpfwbq. Dcktl pf uffu c rbv ajhevjv db ñyt åe ltn ghjdtltyf cgtw b fk m y fz nht ö l ytdy fzctccbz Ut yt h fk m yjq Fc c fv åktb JJY .

V téley f hjly st ghjuhfvvs d jåkf cnb y f hjl jy f c tkt ybz

Uj ce l fh cndtyysq ltg fhn fvtyn jceot cndkztn rjjh-lbyfwbñ b her jd jl cndj vt éley fh jl yjq gjk b nb r jqd jåkfcnb yfh jljy fc tktybz d ntcyjv cjnhe l y b xt cn-

dt c Fut y n cnd jv vt éley fh jl yjuj hfpdb nbz CIF( FVH CIF) (h t t p : / / w w w . i n f o . u s a i d . g o v) b lheu b v bg h f db n tk m cndtyysvb ex ht éltybzvb CIF. FV HC IF dsgjk y ztn jcyjdyeñ hjkm d ht fkbpfwbb ghj-u h fvv b jndtx ftn pf jrf p fy bt gjvjob hfpdb d f ñ-obvcz cnh fy fv d ghjdtltybb rjv gktrcysö ghj-u h fvv d jåkfcnb yfh jljy fc tktybz b hfpdb nbz, dn jv xbckt d djghjcfö gkfy b h jd fybz ctvmb, cdzpfy-ysö c ybvb djghjcfö htg h jlernb dyjuj plhfdjjö-h fytybz, jö h fys vfn t hb y cndf b lheubö djg h j c f öé t y c r juj plhfdjjö h fytybz, f nfrét ghju h fvv d jå-kfcnb pfobns ébpyb ltntq b d jåkfcnb åfpjd ju jj å h f p jd fybz. Fc c b u yjd fybz, ghtlj cn f dkztv st CIF ,yt bcgjk m peñncz yb lkz jgkfns få jhn jd d rfxt cndtvtn jlf gkfy b h jd fybz ctvmb, yb lkz ghjdtlt y b zrfv g fybq pf bkb ghjnbd få jhn jd .

C j tl b yt y y st Infns cjnhelybxfñn c lheubvb ujce-l fh cnd fv b - ljyjh fvb d ht itybb ghjåktv b jceot-cndktybb ghju h fvv d jåkfcnb yfh jljy fc tktybz. Drfxt cndt ghb vthf vjéyj ghb dt cnb fvt hb rfyj - z gjy-c reñ ≤Jåoeñ ghju h fv ve lt qcndbq≥, rjnjh fz jce-ot cndkztncz c 1993 u. b d rjnjh jq ltkftncz egjh yfb y b w b fnbds d jåkfcnb yfh jljy fc tktybz, åjhmås cDBX / C G BL jv b ltn c r juj plhfdjjö h fytybz. Wtk mä nbö cjdvt cnysö ecbkbq cjcn jbn d njv, xnjås lj-åb nmcz vfr c b v fk m yjq äaatrnb dyj cnb njq gjvjo b ,r j n jh fz jrf p s d ftncz yfc tktybñ b ex ht élt y b z vp l h f d j jö h fytybz; edtk b x b nm ntöybxt c rbt djp vjé-yj cnb lkz jrf p fybz gjvjob; ecjdt hit y cnd jd fnmc b cn tve jåvtyf jg s n jv b er htg b nm fvt hb rfyj - z-gjy c rbt jnyjitybz xt htp hfc i b ht y bt rjy cek mn f-wbq b cjnhe l y b xt cndf d ht itybb ukj å fkmysö bx fcnysö ghjåktv. D hfv rfö änjq bybwbfnbds Zgj-ybz dsltkbn yf lde cn jh jy ytq jcyjdt yf gjvjom dht itybb ghjåktv yfh jljy fc tktybz b plhfdjjö h f-ytybz d gt hbjl c 1993 gj 2000 u. ghb vt hyj 3 vk hl .ljkkfh jd. Lheu bt ljyjhs, nfrbt, rfr Ut hv fybz, Dt-k b r j å hb n fybz, Yblt h kfyls b Tdh jgt qc rfz Rjv b c-cbz (TR), nfrét ceot cndt y yj edtk b x bkb hfpvt hsfc c b u yjd fybq yf gjvjom d jåkfcnb ht itybz ghj-åktv yfh jljy fc tkt y b z .

C j tl b yt y y st Infns nfrét lt qcndeñn b d hfv rf öv yju j cn jh jyybö jhu fybpfwbq, nfrbö, rfr Ajyl JJYgj ghjåktv fv yfh jljy fc tktybz (ÑY A GF) ( h t t p : / /w w w . u n f p a . o rg ), Ltn c rbq ajyl JJY (ÑY BC T A )( h t t p : / / w w w . u n i c e f . o rg ), Dctv b hy fz jhu fy b p f w b zp l h f d j jö h fytybz (DJP) ( h t t p : / / w w w . w h o . o rg ), Cj-dvt cny fz ghju h fvvf JJY gj åjhmåt c DBX / C G B-L jv (ÑY ÄQLC) ( h t t p : / / w w w . u n a i d s . o rg ), f nfré t

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Gh ju h fvvf hfpdb nbz JJY (GHJ JY) ( h t t p : / /w w w . u n d p . o rg ). ÑY A GF – rheg yt q i fz d vbhtv yju j cn jh jyyzz jhu fybpfwbz, jrf p s d f ño fz gj-vjom d jåkfcnb yfh jljy fc tktybz; jyf hfå j n ftn d150 cnh fyfö b ljgjk y ztn cdjtq ltz n tk m yj cnmñ lde-cn jh jyyññ gjvjom, jrf p s d ftveñ Cjtl b yt y y s v bI n fn fvb b ghfdb n tk m cnd fvb lheubö cnh fy. ÑY A GFjrf p s d ftn xht pd s x fq yj yt j å öjl b v st eckeub b ét-kftv st d jåkfcnb lj å h jd jk m yjuj gkfy b h jd fybz ct-vmb, jö h fys pljh jdmz vfn t hb b ht å t y rf b åjhmås cå jktpyzvb, gt htl f d ftvsvb gjkjdsv gen tv, d njvx b ckt DBX b CGBL jv .

ÑY BCTA dsgjk y ztn dféyt q ieñ hjkm d gjl lt hér tg h ju h fvv d jåkfcnb jö h fys pljh jdmz vfn t hb b ht-å t y rf. ÑY ÄQLC djpukf dkztn ibhjrbt vt éley fh jl-y st ecbkbz d åjhmåt c hfc g h j cnh fyt y btvDBX / C G BLf. DJP jrf p s d ftn ntöybxtcrjt cjlt qcn-dbt d jceot cndktybb ghju h fvv htg h jlernb dyju jp l h f d j jö h fytybz, f nfrét cthm t p yeñ gjl lt hére dltkt hfphfå j nrb chtl cnd rjy nh f wtgwbb. Gh ju h fv-vs, ghjd jl b v st GHJ JY, yfghfdktys yf cjp l fy bth få jxbö vt cn, ekex it y bt gjkjétybz b cn fnecf éty-oby, åjhm åe c åtl yj cnmñ b djccn fyjdkt y bt ghb h jl-yjq chtls. Uj ce l fh cndtyysq ltg fhn fvtyn CIF gjl-lt héb d ftn dct änb ecbkbz, gj c r jk m re jyb bvt ñ nrk ñxtdjt pyfxt y bt lkz ht fkbpfwbb Gh ju h fv v slt qcndbq, cajhvek b h jd fy yjq VRYH.

Y fh z le c hfå j n jq, ghjd jl b vjq cj cnh fy fv b - htw b-g bt y n fvb d ltkt vj åbkbpfwbb ljgjk y b n tkmysö ht-ceh c jd b gjd s itybz äaatrnb dyj cnb bö bcgjk m p j-d fybz, Cjtl b yt y y st Infns nfrét cjlt qcndeñn ecb-ktybñ cjnhe l y b xt cndf vt éle hfpdb d f ño b v b c zcnh fy fvb, gjvju fz bv jåvt y b d fnmcz jg s n jv .

P y f xt ybt gjvjob, jrf psd f t vjq CIF

Ec bkbz Cjtl b ytyysö Infn jd b lheubö ljyjh jdg hb dtkb r njve, xnj yt r j n jhst cnh fys eét gt ht-cn fkb bcgsns d fnm gj nht å yj cnm d gjvjob CIF dht itybb ghjåktv yfh jljy fc tktybz. R xbcke nfrb öcnh fy jnyjczncz Nfbkfyl, Neybc b Rj cn f - H b rf. Pyf-x b n tkmysq ghju htcc lj cnb u yen d ltkt hfc g h j cnh f-ytybz ghfrnb rb gkfy b h jd fybz ctvmb d Tubgtn t ,Å fy ukflt it, Byljyt pbb b Vfh jrrj, yt c vj nhz yfy b p rbq eh jdtym ärjyjv b xt c r juj b cjw b fk m yju jh f pdb nbz d änbö cnh fy f ö .

Fc c b u yjd fybz yf gjvjom byj cnh fyysv ujce l fh cn-d fv cjcn f dkzñn vt ytt 1 ghjwtynf atlt h fk m yju jå ñlé tnf CIF. B njkmrj ldt cjnsö ghjwtynf yf-g h f dkzñncz yf ab y fy c b h jd fy bt vt éley fh jl y s ög h ju h fvv d jåkfcnb gkfy b h jd fybz ctvmb. Lkz fvt-hb rfy c rbö yfkju jgkfn tk m o b r jd änj dsk b d ftncz dcev ve 1,44 ljkkfhf yf xtkjdt rf d ujl, nj tcnm vt y m-it cn jb vj cnb gfr tnb rf ≤djp lei yjq rerehe p s ≥ .D féyj jnvtnb nm, xnj jcyjdy fz xfcnm ab y fy c jd s öc htl cnd yf ghju h fvvs gj gkfy b h jd fybñ ctvmb dh f pdb d f ñoböcz cnh fyfö ghtlj cn f dkztncz yt fvt hb-rfy w fvb. Åjk m i b y cndj änbö cnh fy cfvj jgkfx b d f-tn, gj rhfq ytq vt ht, ldt nhtnb hfc öjljd bkb étgjkex ftn ljgjk y b n tk m yeñ gjvjom jn lheubö ghj-v s ikt y yj hfpdb nsö cnh fy. Jghjcs jåot cndt y yju jv ytybz gjrfpsdfñn, xnj åjk m i b y cndj fvt hb rfy wtdgjl lt héb d ftn gjk b nb re gj jrf p fybñ vt éley fh jl-yjq gjvjob d jåkfcnb gkfy b h jd fybz ctvmb. Ghbä n jv vj nbdfwbz nfr jq gjl lt hérb jxtym hfpyj j å-hfpyf, rfr vyju j j å h f p yj b cfvj fvt hb rfycrjt jå-ot cndj: gjd s it y bt eh jdyz pljh jdmz étyoby b lt-ntq, gjd s it y bt cjw b fk m yjuj cn fnecf étyoby,å jhmåf c åtl yj cnmñ, cjr h f ot y bt xbckf få jhn jd ,cn fåbkbpfwbz xbckt y yj cnb yfc tktybz, pfobnf vb-h jd jq ghb h jl yjq chtls, cjlt qcndbt ärjyjv b xt c r j-ve hfpdb nbñ pfhe å t éysö cnh fy, f nfrét jåtcgtxt-y bt ärjyjv b xt c rbö byntht c jd cfvbö CIF. Lkz lj-cnbétybz dctö änbö wtktq yt j å öjl b vj, xnjås CIFg h jljkéfkb jrf p s d fnm vt éley fh jl yeñ gjvjom dd jghjcfö yfh jljy fc tkt y b z .

C n fåbkbpfwbz xbckt y yj cnb yfc tktybz jndtx ftn rj-htyysv byntht c fv CIF. Ärjyjv b xt c rbq b cjw b-fkmysq ghju htcc d lheubö cnh fyfö vjé tn gj cnh f-l fnm jn åscnh juj hjcnf xbckt y yj cnb yfc tktybz, rj-n jhsq eöe l i ftn rfxt cndj b evt y m i ftn lj cneg yj cnme ckeu d jåkfcnb plhfdjjö h fytybz, ju h fy b x b d ftnd jp vjéyj cnb d catht pfy z n j cnb b cgj c j å cnde tneöe l itybñ ärjkju b xt c r jq jåcn fyjdrb. Yfh z le cgjd s it y btv dyenht y ytq cn fåbk m yj cnb b ecrjht y b-tv cjw b fk m yj - ä r jyjv b xt c r juj ghju htccf d pfhe-å t éysö cnh fyfö, pfvtlkt y bt hjcnf yfc tktybz Ptv-kb åkfu j nd jhyj crfé tncz b yf yfitq cnh fyt, gj-c r jk m re dg b c s d ftncz d ljk u j c h jx yeñ cnh fn t u b ñgj jo htybz ärjyjv b xt c r juj hfpdb nbz pfhe å t éy s öcnh fy b ntv cfvsv hfc i b htybz djp vjéyj cntq Fvt-hb rb d catht njhu jdkb b cvzuxtybz ukj å fk m y s ör hb pb c jd d åe leotv .

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J n d tns yf xfcnj pflfd ftv st djghjcs j vt é le-yf h j l y sö ghjuhfvvfö gkf y b h j d f y bz ctvmb FV H .G j l u j n j dktys Wtynhjv FVH gj djghjcfv yfc tkt-y bz, plhfd j j öh f y t y bz b gbnf y bz .

L t c z nrb vbkk bjyjd ceg heé t c rbö gfh d hfpdb d f ñ-oböcz cnh fyfö gjkex bkb djp vjéyj cnm gkfy b h jd fnmc d jb ctvmb dj vyju jv åkfu jl fhz byj cnh fy yjq gj-vjob, jrf p s d ftvjq Fut y n cnd jv vt éley fh jl yju jh f pdb nbz CIF (FV H ) .

Ybét ghb d jlzncz jndtns yf djghjcs, rjnjhstj å s x yj pflfñn d cdzpb c ht fk b pe tvsvb FVH vt é-ley fh jlysvb ghju h fv v fvb gkfy b h jd fybz ctv m b .

D JG HJ C : R frbv jåhfpjv gkfy b h jd fy bt ctvmb cgf-c ftn xtkjdtxt c rbt éb p y b ?

JNDTN : D hfpdb d f ñoböcz cnh fyfö vbkk bjys vfn t-htq b bö ltntq tétujl yj evbhfñn jn jckjéyt y b qgj ckt hjljd, rjulf étyobyf hjéftn cj ck b i r jvr jh j nrbv bynthd fkjv dhtvtyb, bkb ck b i r jv vjkj-ljq, bkb ck b i r jv cn fh jq. Rfélsq ltym ev b h ftnå jktt 31 nsczxb ltntq d djp h fcnt lj gznb ktn –v yju bt bp-pf ybprjuj dtcf ghb hjéltybb bkb lhe-ubö cdzpfyysö c åthtvt y yj cnmñ jckjéytybq. Rhj-vt njuj, rfélsq ujl åjktt 585 nsczx étyoby – gjvt y m itq vt ht jlyf étyobyf d vbyene – ev b h ftngj ghb x b y fv, cdzpfyysv c åthtvt y yj cnmñ b hjl f-vb; 99 ghjwt y n jd änbö cvt hntq ghb öjlbncz yf hfp-db d f ño btcz cnh fy s .

Gkfy b h jd fy bt ctvmb vjé tn ghtlj ndh fnb nm xtndt hnmvkflt y xt c rbö cvt hntq pf cxtn edtk b xtybz bynthd f-kf vt éle hjl fvb gj rhfq ytq vt ht lj ldeö ktn .Gkfy b h jd fy bt ctvmb vjé tn nfrét ghtlj ndh fnb nmgj rhfq ytq vt ht jl ye bp xtns htö vfn t hb y c rb öc vt hntq, lfdfz étyobyfv djp vjéyj cnm jnkjéb nmv fn t hb y cndj yf åjktt gjplybq chjr b bpåtéfnm yt-

é tkfn tkmysö åthtvt y yj cntq b yt å t p jg fcysö få jh-n jd. Rhjvt njuj, ghju h fvvs gkfy b h jd fybz ctv m bvjuen gjvjxm ghtlj ndh fnb nm hfc g h j cnh fyt y btDBX - C G BLf b lheubö pfå jktd fybq, gt htl f d ftv s ögjkjdsv gen tv (PGG), pf cxtn jåtcgtxtybz ght p t h-d fnb d fvb b ghb vt ytybz lheubö vtn jljd ghtljö h f-ytybz, ghjdtltybz rjy cek mnfwbq, f d yt r j n jhs öckex fzö b lbfu yj cnb rb b ktxtybz PGG.

D JG HJ C : R fr cdzpfyj gkfy b h jd fy bt ctvmb c ghj-åktv fvb jr heéf ñotq chtls b yfwbjy fkmysvb by-n t ht c fvb CIF ?

JNDTN : Å jktt 95 ghjwt y n jd hjcnf yfc tktybz ghb-öjlbncz yf ljkñ hfpdb d f ñoböcz cnh fy, ult bpås-n jr yfc tktybz cgj c j å cnde tn ey b x n jétybñ kt c jd ,d jp y b r yjdtybñ lt abwbnf djls b ghjljd jk m cndb z ,ukj å fk m yjve gj n tgktybñ, bcxt p yjdtybñ tcn t cndt y-yjq akjhs b afeys b djp y b r yjdtybñ lheubö ärj-kju b xt c rbö ghjåktv. Änb ukj å fk m y st ghjåktvs ytpyfñn uhfybw b jrfpsdfñn djp lt qcndbt yf kñlt qgjd c tvt cnyj, d njv xbckt d Cjtl b ytyysö Infn f ö .

R h jvt njuj, hjcn xbckt y yj cnb yfc tktybz gjl hs d ftne c bkbz hfpdb d f ñoböcz cnh fy gj jåtcgtxtybñ cdj-bv uhfél fy fv lj cn fn jx yjuj eh jdyz plhfdjjö h fyt-ybz, gbnfybz, jåhfpjd fybz b pfy z n j cnb. Änb eckj-dbz pfvtlkzñn ärjyjv b xtcrjt b cjw b fk m yjt hfpdb-nbt, uhjpz evt y m it y btv djp vjéyj cntq änbö cnh fyå s nm yflt éysvb cjñp y b rfvb, öjh jibvb njhu jd s-vb gfhnyt h fvb b hfcneobvb hs y rfvb lkz fvt hb-rfy c r juj ärcgjhnf. Dvt cnt c ntv gjd s i ftncz dt h j-z nyj cnm njuj, xnj kñlb åe len äv b u hb h jd fnm d CIFd gjb c rfö hfå j ns b kex itq éb p y b .

Ghb dtltv ckjdf ujce l fh cndt y yjuj ctrhtn fhz Vflt-kty Jkå h fqn: ≤Ytcjv yt y yj, gkfy b h jd fy bt ctv m bc g fc ftn xtkjdtxt c rbt ébpyb, gjd s i ftn åkfu j c j-cn jz y bt étyoby b bö ltntq b ghtlj ndh f o ftn nh f-

BPVTYZNM VBH, GJVJUFZ RFÉLJQ CTVMT

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u b xt c reñ ghfrnb re få jhn jd. Vtéley fh jl y st ghj-u h fvvs gkfy b h jd fybz ctvmb nfrét jndtxfñn dfé-ysv dyt i ytgjk b nb xt c rbv byntht c fv CIF: gjd s-itybñ cn fnecf étyoby, evt y m itybñ gj n jrf åt-é t y wtd, pfobnt ukj å fk m yjq jr heéf ñotq chtls bc jlt qcndbñ ecn jq x b d jve hfpdb nbñ, dtleotve r ec-r jht y yjve ärjyjv b xt c r jve hjcne b åjktt ibhj-rbv njhu jdsv djp vjéyj cnzv lkz yfituj åb p yt c f ≥ .

D JG HJ C : Y fc r jkmrj åscnhj hfcn tn yfc tkt y bt vbhf?

JNDTN : Y t c vj nhz yf nj, xnj ntvgs hjcnf yfc tkt-ybz pfvtlkzñncz, tétujl yj xbckt y yj cnm yfc tkt y b zgkfytns, cjcn f dkz ño fz d yfcn jz ott dhtvz 5,9 vk hl .xtkjdtr, edtk b x b d ftncz tot yf 80 vbkk bjyjd. Än jh f dyj c bk m yj njve, xnj rfélsq vtczw lj å f dkztn c zt ot jlby Ymñ-Qjhr, rfélsq ujl – tot jlyf Vtr-c b rf, rféljt lt c z nbktnbt – tot jlyf Bylbz.

R h jvt ekex itybz pljh jdmz vfn t htq b bö ltn t q ,g h ju h fvvs gkfy b h jd fybz ctvmb d pyfx b n tk m yjqcn tgtyb cgj c j å cnd jd fkb cybétybñ ntv gjd hjcn fy fc tktybz. D ckex ft ghjljkétybz ht fkbpfwbb änb ög h ju h fvv vjéyj ghju yjpb h jd fnm, xnj yfc tkt y bth f pdb d f ñoböcz cnh fy lj cnb u ytn d 2050 u. eh jdy zjr jkj 8 vk hl. xtkjdtr. Åtp nfrbö ghju h fvv änj yf-c tkt y bt d 2050 u. vjé tn ghtd s c b nm 11 vk hl. xtkjdt r .

P fvtlktybñ hjcnf yfc tktybz cgj c j å cndeñn b lhe-u bt afrn jhs, d njv xbckt gjd s it y bt eh jdyz jåhf-p jd fybz b cjw b fk m yjuj cn fnecf étyoby, cybétybtltn c r jq cvt hnyj cnb b evt y m it y bt åtl yj cnb .

D JG HJ C : R frbv jåhfpjv FVH jrf p s d ftn gjvjom d djghjcfö gkfy b h jd fybz ctv m b ?

JNDTN : Gjvjom gj djg h j c fv lj å h jd jk m yjuj gkfy b h jd fybz ctvmb b hfpdb nbz eckeu htg h jler-nb dyjuj plhfdjjö h fytybz jrf p s d ftncz åjktt, xtv d 60 cnh fyfö hfpdb d f ñotujcz vbhf, Djcn jx yjq Td-h jgs b åsdibö ht c ge åk b rfö Cjdtn c r juj Cjñp f .FVH b tuj pfhe å t éy st vbccbb hfåjnfñn d gfh-nyt h cndt c ghfdb n tk m cnd fvb, xfcnysv åb p yt c jv ,n frbvb ytg h f db n tk m cndtyysvb jhu fy b p f w b z v b ,rfr ≤RÄH≥ b ≤Cgfcbnt ltntq≥, ey b dt h c b n tn fvb bl heubvb vt éley fh jlysvb ljyjh fvb – nfrb v b ,rfr Ajyl yfh jljy fc tktybz JJY .

FVH jrf p s d ftn gjvjom d hfphtpt dctö jcyjdy s öäktvt y n jd ghju h fvvs gkfy b h jd fybz ctvmb, drk ñx fzj åext y bt hfå j ny b r jd plhfdjjö h fytybz, gj cn f dre

r jy nh f wtg nb d jd, ab y fy c jdjt eg h f dkt y bt, jåot cn-dt y yjt jåhfpjd fy bt b vfhr tnbyu, yfex yj - b c cktljd f-n tk m c rbt b jg s nyj - r jy cnhern jh c rbt hfå j ns d jå-kfcnb cjp l fybz åtpjg fcysö b äaatrnb dysö rjy nh f-wtg nb d jd. Gjl lt hérf gj kbybb FVH cnh jbncz yf jc-yjdt ibhjr juj gjl öjlf htg h jlernb dyjuj plhfdjjö-h fytybz, c egjh jv yf åju fnsq dsåjh rjy nh f wtg nb-d jd, gjd s it y yjt rfxt cndj eöjlf b bylbdble fk m y s qg hbywbg jrf p fybz eckeu. Rhjvt njuj, ghju h fv v sFVH gj gkfy b h jd fybñ ctvmb dct åjk m it ed z p s d f-ñncz c lheubvb ecbkbzvb jåot cndt y yj cnb, yfghfd-ktyysvb yf ekex it y bt pljh jdmz vfn t hb b ht å t y rf ,gjd s it y bt cn fnecf étyoby b ghjabkfrnb re gt ht-l fxb DBX b lheubö byatrwbjyysö pfå jktd fy b q .

D JG HJ C : B vtkf kb ecgtö gjvjom FVH d djg h j c f ögkfy b h jd fybz ctv m b ?

JNDTN : Gh ju h fvvf FVH gj gkfy b h jd fybñ ctv m bg hb p y fyf dj dctv vbht d rfxt cndt jl yjuj bp yf-b å jktt ecgtiysö rjv gjyt y n jd gjvjob CIF pfhe-å t éysv cnh fy fv. Ytgj c htl cndt y yj d ht pek mn fn te c bkbq FVH vtn jls gkfy b h jd fybz ctvmb ghb vt y z-ñn åjktt 50 vky. ceg heé t c rbö gfh d hfpdb d f ño b ö-cz cnh fyfö. D 28 cnh fyfö, ult ht fk b peñncz rheg-yt q i bt ab y fy c b he tv st FVH ghju h fvvs gkfy b h j-d fybz ctvmb, chtl ytt rjk b xt cndj ltntq d ctv m tevt y m i bkjcm yf nhtnm – c åjktt it cnb d 60-ö uj-lfö lj ghb vt hyj xtns htö. Änb ctvmb bvtñn djp-vjéyj cnm kex it rjhv b nm, jltd fnm, ex b nm b ktx b nmc d jbö ltntq. Ctujlyz åkfu jl fhz änbv ghju h fv v fvj cn fkbcm d ébdsö cjnyb nsczx étyoby b ltn t q .

C d j tdhtvt y y st bydt cnbwbb FVH d gkfy b h jd fy btc tvmb gjvjukb cn fåbk b pb h jd fnm hjcn yfc tktybz dcnh fn t u b xt c rb dféysö cnh fyfö b ghb dtkb r gjz dkt-ybñ nfrbö cbkmysö njhu jdsö gfhnyt h jd CIF, rfrRjhtz, Nfq d fym b Nfbkfyl. Rhjvt njuj, ghjd jl b v stgjl äu bljq FVH bccktljd fybz d jåkfcnb rjy nh f-wtg nb d jd ghjljkéfñn ghb yj c b nm fvt hb rfy w fv pyf-x b n tk m yeñ gjk m pe, drk ñx fz dytl ht y bt ghb vt y zt-vsö d vfksö ljpfö jh fkmysö rjy nh f wtg nb d jd bé t y c rbö ght p t hd fnb d jd .

D JG HJ C : Yt yfdzpsdfñn kb CIF änb ghju h fv v så tlysv cnh fy fv b étyobyfv c ybprbv eh jdytvljöjljd ?

JNDTN : V eéxbys b étyobys, rjnjhst ex fcndeñ nd gjl lt héb d ftvsö FVH ghju h fvvfö gkfy b h jd fy b zc tvmb, ltkfñn änj yf lj å h jd jk m yjq jcyjdt, åtp

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g hb yeéltybz b gjkex fz byajhvfwbñ, yt j å öjl b-veñ bv lkz njuj, xnjås cltkfnm ghfdbkmysq ds-å jh d jnyjitybb ghb vt ytybz chtl cnd rjy nh f wtg-w b b .

C eg heé t c rbt gfhs öj nzn bvtnm vt y m i bt ctvmb. Gj cktl y bt jåcktljd fybz gjrfpsdfñn, xnj gjx nb drféljq cnh fyt hfpdb d f ñotujcz vbhf, yt p f db c b vjjn htkbubb b rek mnehs, étkftvsq hfpvth ctv m bvt y m it afrnb xt c r juj. Gj - g ht éytve gj rhfq ytq vt ht 120 vky. ceg heé t c rbö gfh d hfpdb d f ño b ö c zcnh fyfö öj n tkb ås edtk b x b nm bynthd fk vt éle åt-htvt y yj cnzvb bkb ju h fy b x b nm bö rjk b xt cndj, yjyt bvtñn lj cnegf r chtl cnd fv rjy nh f wtgwbb. Ghbä n jv jébl ftncz tétujl yjt edtk b xt y bt xbckf ceg he-é t c rbö gfh htg h jlernb dyjuj djp h fcnf gj rhfq yt qvt ht yf 20 vk y .

Gjl f dkz ñott åjk m i b y cndj cnh fy vbhf ghb p y ftn ,xnj ghju h fvvs gkfy b h jd fybz ctvmb buhfñn dfé-yeñ hjkm d ärjyjv b xt c r jv b cjw b fk m yjv hfpdb-nbb. Chtl cndf yf hfpdb nbt eckeu gkfy b h jd fybz ct-vmb dsltkzñn ghfdb n tk m cndf jr jkj 130 cnh fy, dn jv xbckt jr jkj 65 hfpdb d f ñoböcz cnh fy, yfwtkt y-ysö ytgj c htl cndt y yj yf pfvtlkt y bt ntv gjd hjcn fy fc tktybz. FVH jrf p s d ftn gjvjom cnh fy fv njk m r jgj bö ghjcmåt. FVH yt yfghfdkztn ybrfrbö chtl-cnd, ghtl y f p y fxtyysö lkz ht fkbpfwbb ghju h fv vgkfy b h jd fybz ctvmb, d Rb n fq .

D JG HJ C : B c gjk m peñncz kb chtl cndf FVH lkz jce-ot cndktybz bkb gj jo htybz få jhn jd pf uhfy b wt q ?

JNDTN : C 1973 u., d cjjndtn cndbb c gjg h f dr jq Ötk-vcf r Pfr jye j gjvjob byj cnh fyysv ujce l fh cn-d fv, pfr jy pfght o ftn FVH hfc öjljd fnm chtl cndf yfgjl lt hére få jhn jd rfr vtn jlf gkfy b h jd fybz ct-vmb. Lkz jåtcgtxtybz cnh ju juj cjåk ñltybz pfr jy fb c gjk m pe tncz yt c r jkmrj ghjwtleh. R bö xbcke jn-yjczncz bvt ño bt jåzpfn tk m yeñ ñhbl b xt c reñ cbkegjkjétybz pfrk ñx ftvsö FVH lju jd jh jd, pfght-o f ño bt gjlj å yeñ ltz n tk m yj cnm, rjy nh jkm gt h c j-y fkf b ht uekz hy st ghjdt hrb, ghjd jl b v st ghb p y fy-ysvb d vfc i n fåfö cnh fys htdb pbjyysvb ab hv f-v b .

Gj ceot cnde, rfr cdbltn tk m cndeñn ht pek mn fns bc-cktljd fybq b ghjcnj plhfdsq cvsck, åjktt ibhj-rbq lj cneg r gkfy b h jd fybñ ctvmb gjvju ftn bpåt-éfnm yt j å öjl b vj cnb få jhn jd. Yfghb vth, d Hjccbbddble ju h fy b xt y yjq lj cneg yj cnb rjy nh f wtg nb d jd ,

få jhns ghb vt y zkbcm d rfxt cndt jcyjdyjuj vtn jl fr jy nh jkz hjél ftvj cnb. Jl y frj, åjktt ibhjrfz lj cneg yj cnm vtn jljd gkfy b h jd fybz ctvmb d gj-cktl ytt dhtvz eét ghb dtkf r cjr h f otybñ xbckffå jhn jd åjktt xtv yf nhtnm. D Dtyuhbb dytl ht y btc jdhtvtyysö chtl cnd rjy nh f wtgwbb cjdg fkj c 6 0 - g h jwt y nysv evt y m it y btv rjk b xt cndf få jhn jd .Fy fkju b x y st ht pek mn fns vjéyj yfåk ñl fnm d Xbk b ,Rjkev åbb, Vtrcbrt, Ñéyjq Rjhtt, Rfpföcn fyt byf Er h fb yt .

Gj jwtyrt JJY, dj dctv vbht 40 ghjwt y n jd åtht-vt y yj cntq jrfpsdfñncz ytg htl y fvt htyysvb, b 60 ghjwt y n jd bp ybö pfrfyxbdfñncz få jhn jv. Gj-c r jk m re dct åjk m it kñltq cnhtvbncz bvtnm vt y m-it ltntq, eckeub gkfy b h jd fybz ctvmb ghbj å htn f-ñn tot åjktt ht i f ñott pyfxt y bt. Eét ctqxfc dht pek mn fnt yt å t p jg fcysö få jhn jd, rjnjhst pfx fc-neñ bybwbbheñncz cfvbvb étyobyfvb, tétujl yjev b h ftn ghb åk b pb n tk m yj 75 nsczx étyoby.

D JG HJ C : Xnj ghjb p jikj cj chtl cnd fvb FVH, ds-ltkztvsvb yf vt éley fh jl y st ghju h fvvs gkfy b-h jd fybz ctv m b ?

JNDTN : Ö j nz jåütv chtl cnd FVH, dsltkztvsö yfgkfy b h jd fy bt ctvmb, djp h fcn fk yf ghjnzétybb 30 ktn, ≤gjreg fn tk m y fz cgj c j å yj cnm≥ änbö chtl cnda frnb xt c rb cybpbkfcm d ht pek mn fnt byakzwbb bedtk b xtybz xbckt y yj cnb étyoby ltn jh jl yjuj djp-h fcnf. Åjktt njuj, d 1996 u. Rjy u htcc CIF cjr h fnbkh fc öjls yf vt éley fh jl y st ghju h fvvs gkfy b h jd f-ybz ctvmb yf 35 ghjwt y n jd .

D JG HJ C : Gjxtve fvt hb rfyws gjl lt hébdfñn vt é-ley fh jl y st ghju h fvvs gkfy b h jd fybz ctv m b ?

JNDTN : Jghjc pf jg h j c jv gjrfpsdfñn, xnj åjk m-i b y cndj fvt hb rfy wtd gjl lt héb d ftn gjvjom byj-cnh fyysv ujce l fh cnd fv d djghjcfö gkfy b h jd fy b zc tvmb. Vjnbds cn jkm ét hfpyjjåhfpys, rfr b cfv bC j tl b yt y y st Infns, – ekex it y bt pljh jdmz vfn t-htq b ltntq, gjd s it y bt cjw b fk m yjuj cn fnecf éty-oby, cjlt qcndbt ght jljktybñ åtl yj cnb d vbht ,evt y m it y bt xbckf få jhn jd, cn fåbkbpfwbz xbckt y-yj cnb yfc tktybz, pfobnf jr heéf ñotq chtls d vb-h jd jv vfc i n fåt, cjlt qcndbt ärjyjv b xt c r jve hfpdb-nbñ pf he å t éjv b jncn fb d fy bt cjåcndtyysö ärjyj-v b xt c rbö byntht c jd CIF. D cbke rféljq bp änb ög hbxby gj cn jz y y fz b äyt hu b x y fz ghb dt hé t y yj cnmC IF ltke vt éley fh jl yjq gjvjob gj djg h j c fv

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Ybét ghbd j l z n cz jcyjdyst ghbywbgs Ghjuhfvv sl tqc n dbq, ghbyznjq yf Vtéleyfhjlyjq rjyat-htywbb JJY gj ghjåktvfv yf h j l j yfc tkt y bz bh fp db n bz d ctynzåht 1994 u. d Rfbht, Tub g tn .

D s gjk yt y bt ht r jvtylfwbq, rjnjhst cjlt héfncz dGh ju h fv vt lt qcndbq, – cedt ht y yjt ghfdj rféljqcnh fys d cjjndtn cndbb c yfwbjy fkmysvb pfr jy fv bb ghbjhb n tn fvb hfpdb nbz, ghb dctcn jh jy ytv cj-åk ñltybb b ed fétybb hfpkbxysö htk b u bjpysö bä nb xt c rbö yjhv b rek mnehyjuj yfcktlbz bö yfh j-ljd, f nfrét ghb cjåk ñltybb vt éley fh jl yj - g hb y z-nsö ghfd xtkjdt rf .

V t éley fh jl yjt cjnhe l y b xt cndj b dctjåofz cjk b-l fhyj cnm, ht fk b pe tv st yf jcyjdt ghb y w b gjd Ecn f d fJ hu fybpfwbb Jåütl b ytyysö Yfwbq b yf jcyjdtg fhnyt h cndf, bvtñn åjk m ijt pyfxt y bt lkz ekex it-ybz rfxt cndf ébpyb yfh jljd vbhf.

D hfv rfö vfy l fnf Vtéley fh jl yjq rjy a t ht y w b bgj ghjåktv fv yfh jljy fc tktybz b hfpdb nbz b ttj å otq yfghfdkt y yj cnb, c extn jv dpfb vj c d z p t qvt éle yfh jl fvb, cn fåbk m yjuj ärjyjv b xt c r juj hjc-nf b ecn jq x b d juj hfpdb nbz, ex fcny b rb rjy a t ht y-wbb dj dctö cdjbö ltkfö b yfvt htybzö her jd jl cn-d jd fkbcm b dg htlm åe len her jd jl cnd jd fnmcz cktleñ-obv yfå jh jv ghb y w b gjd :

G hbywbg 1: Dct kñlb hjélfñncz cdjåjlysvb bh f dysvb d cdjbö ghfdfö b lj cn jb y cndt. Rfél s qy fltkty dctvb ntvb ghfdfvb b cdjåjl fvb, rjnjhstb pkjétys dj Dctv b hyjq lt rkfhfwbb ghfd xtkjdt rf ,yt p f db c b vj jn nfrbö hfpkbxbq, rfr hfc jd fz ghb-y flkt éyj cnm, wdtn rjéb, gjk, zpsr, htkbubz, gjk b-nb xt c rbt bkb lheu bt dpukzls, yfwbjy fk m yjt bk bc jw b fk m yjt ghjb c öjélt y bt, bveot cndtyysq cn f-nec, cjw b fk m y fz ghb y flkt éyj cnm b ghjxtuj. E rfé-ljuj tcnm ghfdj yf ébpym, cdjåjle b åtpjg fc yj cnm .

G hbywbg 2: D wt y nht pfå j ns jå ecn jq x b d jv h f pdb nbb yföjlbncz xtkjdtr. Tve ghb y flkt éb nghfdj dt cnb pljh jdeñ ghjlernb dyeñ ébpym d ufh-vjybb c ghb h jljq. Kñlb – jcyjdyjq ht cehc kñ-å jq cnh fys, ghtl cn f dkz ñobq yfb å jk m ieñ wt y-yj cnm. Dct cnh fys ljkéys jåtcgtx b nm, xnjåsrfél fz kbxyj cnm bvtkf djp vjéyj cnm hfc r hs nmc d jq gj n t y w b fk. Xtkjdtr bvt tn ghfdj yf flt rd fn-ysq eh jdtym ébpyb lkz ctåz b cdjtq ctv m b ,drk ñx fz yfk b x bt ghjlern jd gbnfybz, jlt éls, ébkmz, djls b cfy b n fhb b .

G hbywbg 3: Ghfdj yf hfpdb nbt – änj ey b dt h c fk m-yjt b yt j nü tvktvjt ghfdj, döjl z ott d xbckj jcyj-d jgjkfu f ñobö ghfd xtkjdt rf, ghb änjv rfél fzk b x yj cnm tcnm wt y nh fkmysq ce å ü t rn hfpdb nbz. Ärj-yjv b xtcrjt b cjw b fk m yjt hfpdb nbt cgj c j å cnde tnht fkbpfwbb b cjåk ñltybñ dctö ghfd xtkjdt rf, jl-y frj ytlj cn fn jx yjt hfpdb nbt yt jg h f d l s d ftn ju h f-y b xtybq d cjåk ñltybb vt éley fh jl yj - g hb p y fy y s öghfd xtkjdt rf. Ghfdj yf hfpdb nbt ljkéyj cjåk ñ-l fnmcz nfrbv jåhfpjv, xnjås d gjk yjv jåütvte ljdktnd jh z nm gj nht å yj cnb yfc tktybz, yeéls hfp-db nbz b jö h fys jr heéf ñotq chtls rfr ysyt i yt-uj, nfr b åe leobö gjr jkt y b q .

G hbywbg 4: J å t c gtxt y bt hfdt y cndf gjkjd, f nfr-ét hfdt y cndf b ghfd étyoby, eg h f p l yt y bt kñåsöa jhv yfc bkbz d jnyjitybb étyoby, ghtlj cn f dkt-y bt étyobyfv djp vjéyj cnb rjy nh jk b h jd fnm ltn j-h jélt y bt – änj rhfteu jkmysq rfvtym dctö ghj-u h fvv, cdzpfyysö c ghjåktv fvb yfh jljy fc tkt y b zb hfpdb nbz. Xtkjdtxt c rbt ghfdf étyoby b ltd jxt r– änj yt j nü tvktv fz, tl b y fz b yt j nltk b v fz xfcnmd c tv b hysö jåotxtkjdtxt c rbö ghfd. Gjk yjt b hfd-yjt ex fcnbt étyoby d uhfél fy c r jq, rek mnehyjq ,ä r jyjv b xt c r jq, gjk b nb xt c r jq b cjw b fk m yjq éb p-yb yf yfwbjy fk m yjv, ht u bjy fk m yjv b vt éle-y fh jl yjv eh jdyzö b eg h f p l yt y bt dctö ajhv lbc-

RFBHCRFZ GHJUHFVVF LTQCNDBQ: JCYJDYST GHBYWBGS

41

r hbvbyfwbb yf jcyjdt gjkf – änj ghbjhb n tny stp fl fxb vt éley fh jl yjuj cjjåot cnd f .

G hbywbg 5: P fl fxb b gjk b nb xt c rbt wtkb, cdzpfy-y st c ghjåktv fvb yfh jljy fc tktybz, – yt j nü tvkt-v fz xfcnm rek mnehyjuj, ärjyjv b xt c r juj b cjw b fk m-yjuj hfpdb nbz, jcyjdyjq jhbt y nbh rjnjh juj –ekex it y bt rfxt cndf ébpyb dctö kñlt q .

G hbywbg 6: C n fåbk m yjt hfpdb nbt rfr chtl cnd jj å t c gtxtybz åkfu jgjkexbz kñltq – rfr ysyt éb de-obö, nfr b åe leobö gjr jktybq – nht åe tn gjy b v f-ybz, yflkt éf otuj eg h f dktybz b lj cnbétybz ufhvj-y b x yjuj b lbyfv b x yjuj hfdyjdtcbz dj dpfb vj j n-yjitybzö vt éle yfc tkt y btv, ht ceh c fvb, jr heéf ñ-otq chtljq b hfpdb nbtv. Lkz njuj, xnjås jåtcgt-x b nm cn fåbk m yjt hfpdb nbt b åjktt dscjrbq eh j-dtym ébpyb dctö kñltq, ujce l fh cndf ljkéys cj-r h fnb nm b ecnh fy b nm yte cn jq x b d st cnhernehs ghj-b pd jl cndf b gj nht åktybz b cjlt qcnd jd fnm ht fk b p f-wbb cjjndtn cndeñotuj gjk b nb xt c r juj rehcf, d njvx b ckt d jåkfcnb ghjåktv yfh jljy fc tktybz, lkz nj-uj, xnjås eljdktnd jhb nm gj nht å yj cnb ysyt i y b ögjr jktybq, yt gjl hs d fz djp vjéyj cnb åe leobö gj-r jktybq eljdktnd jh z nm cdjb gj nht å yj cnb .

G hbywbg 7: Dct ujce l fh cndf b dct kñlb ljkéy sc j nhe l y b x fnm d wtkzö ht fkbpfwbb dféyjq pfl fx bgj bcrjht ytybñ åtl yj cnb rfr yt j nü tvktvjuj ec-kjdbz cn fåbk m yjuj hfpdb nbz, c ntv, xnjås evt y m-i b nm hfpkbxbz b yt h f dt y cndj d eh jdyt ébpyb bgjk ytt eljdktnd jh z nm gj nht å yj cnb åjk m i b y cnd fk ñltq d vbht. Dféysq ghbjhb n tn ljkéty åsnmg hbl fy jcjåjq cbnefwbb b yeél fv hfpdb d f ño b ö c zcnh fy, jcjåtyyj ckfå jh f pdb nsv cnh fy fv. Cnh fys cä r jyjv b r jq gt ht öjl yjuj gt hbjlf, f nfrét dct jc-n fk m y st cnh fys ljkéys gjk yj cnmñ byntuhb h j-d fnmcz d vbhjdeñ ärjyjv b re .

G hbywbg 8: R félsq bvt tn ghfdj yfckfél fnm c zc fvsv dscjrbv bp djp vjéysö eh jdytv ab pb xt c r j-uj b ev cndt y yjuj pljh jdmz. Cnh fys ljkéys ghtl-g hb y z nm dct yt j å öjl b v st vt hs lkz jåtcgtxt y b z ,yf jcyjdt hfdt y cndf veéxby b étyoby, dctjåot u jlj cnegf r ckeé å fv plhfdjjö h fytybz, drk ñx fzckeéås htg h jlernb dyjuj plhfdjjö h fytybz, re l fdöjlbn gkfy b h jd fy bt ctvmb b ctrce fk m yjt pljh j-dmt kñltq. D hfv rfö ghju h fvv htg h jlernb dyjq vt-lbwbys ljkéty ghtlj cn f dkz nmcz ibhjrbq lbfgf-p jy eckeu, yj åtp rfrbö-kbåj ajhv ghb yeélt y b z .Dct ctvt q y st gfhs b jnltk m y st kbxyj cnb jåkfl f-

ñn jcyjd jgjkfu f ñobv ghfdjv cdjåjl yj b jndtn cn-dt y yj ghb y b v fnm ht it y bt j rjk b xt cndt ltntq bb y n t hd fkt dhtvtyb vt éle bö hjélt y btv b ljkéy sb vtnm cjjndtn cndeñoeñ byajhvfwbñ, jåhfpjd f-y bt b chtl cndf lkz änju j .

G hbywbg 9: C tvmz – änj jcyjdy fz zxt qrf jåot cn-df, b gjä n jve ljkéyf gj cn jz y yj er htgkz nmcz. Jyfb vt tn ghfdj yf gjkext y bt dctcn jh jy ytq pfobns bgjl lt hérb. D hfpkbxysö rek mnehysö, gjk b nb xt c rb öb cjw b fkmysö eckjdbzö ceot cndeñn hfpyst nb g sc tvtq. Étybnmåf ljkéyf jceot cndkz nmcz yf jcyjdtc d j å jl yjuj cjukfcbz åe leobö ceg heu jd, ghb änjvveé b étyf ljkéys åsnm hfdysvb gfhnyt h fv b .

G hbywbg 10 : R félsq bvt tn ghfdj yf jåhfpjd f-y bt, rjnjhjt ljkéyj åsnm yfwtkt yj yf dctcn jh jy-ytt b gjk yjt hfc r hs nbt xtkjdtxt c rbö djp vjéyj c-ntq, xtkjdtxt c r juj lj cn jb y cndf b gj n t y w b fkf, ghbä n jv jcjåjt dy b v fy bt ljkéyj eltkz nmcz étyob-y fv b ltd jx rfv. Jåhfpjd fy bt ljkéyj åsnm jhbt y-nb h jd fyj yf er htgkt y bt ed fétybz r ghfdfv xtkj-dt rf b aey l fvt y n fkmysv cdjåjl fv, drk ñx fz nt, rj-n jhst bvtñn jnyjit y bt r yfh jljy fc tktybñ b hfp-db nbñ. Nt, rnj yt c tn jndtn cndt y yj cnm pf jåhfpjd f-y bt b djcgbnfy bt ht å t y rf, ljkéys bcöjl b nm bptuj byntht c jd; änf jndtn cndt y yj cnm ght élt dctujkt ébn yf hjl b n tkz ö .

G hbywbg 11: Dct ujce l fh cndf b ctvmb ljkéy se ltkz nm, gj djp vjéyj cnb, yfb å jk m itt dy b v fy bt ltnzv. E ht å t y rf tcnm ghfdj yf njn eh jdtym éb p y b ,r j n jhsq jåtcgtx b d ftn tve flt rd fnyjt åkfu j c j cn jz-y bt, f nfrét ghfdj yf cfvsq dscjrbq bp djp vjé-yjuj eh jdtym pljh jdmz b ghfdj yf jåhfpjd fy bt. Ht-å t yjr bvt tn ghfdj yf nj, xnjås j ytv pfå j nbk b c m ,d j c g b ns d fkb b gjl lt héb d fkb hjl b n tkb, ctvmz bj å ot cndj, b xnjås tuj pfobofkb cjjndtn cndeño btp fr jyjl fn tk m y st, flv b y b cnh fnb dy st, cjw b fk m y st b jåhfpjd fn tk m y st vt hs jn kñåsö ajhv ab pb xt c-r juj bkb ev cndt y yjuj yfc bkbz, gj c z u fn tk m cnd bk bab pb xt c rbö edtxbq, yt å ht éyjuj bkb ght yt å ht éb-n tk m yjuj jnyjitybz, gkjöjuj jnyjitybz b ärc-gke fnfwbb, drk ñx fz njhu jdkñ, gt htl fxe lheubv kñ-lzv, ctrce fk m yjt ljvju fn tk m cndj b njhu jdkñ böjhu fy fv b .

G hbywbg 12 : C nh fys, ghb y b v f ño bt kt u fk m y s öv b u h fy n jd, ljkéys jåtcgtx b nm cjjndtn cndeñot tj å h f ot y bt c ybvb b ghtlj cn f db nm yt j å öjl b v stc jw b fk m y st eckeub rfr bv, nfr b bö ctvmzv, f nfr-

42

ét ljkéys jåtcgtx b nm bö ab pb xt c reñ åtpjg fc-yj cnm, c extn jv jcjåsö jåcn jz n tk m cnd b gj nht å-yj cntq cnh fy, d jcjåtyyj cnb hfpdb d f ño b ö c zcnh fy, cnhtvzoböcz dsgjk y b nm änb pfl fxb b nht-å jd fybz d jnyjitybb ytkt u fkmysö vbuhfy n jd, ghbc j åk ñltybb gjkjétybq cjjndtn cndeñobö rjy dt y-wbq b vt éley fh jlysö cjukf itybq b ljrevt y n jd .C nh fys ljkéys ufh fy nb h jd fnm dctv vbuhfy n fv cj-åk ñlt y bt jcyjd jgjkfu f ñobö ghfd xtkjdt rf, drk ñ-xtyysö dj Dctv b hyeñ lt rkfhfwbñ ghfd xtkjdt rf .

G hbywbg 13 : E rféljuj tcnm ghfdj bcrfnm b yf-öjl b nm eåtéb ot jn ght cktljd fybq d lheubö cnh f-yfö. D jnyjitybb åtétywtd cnh fys bvtñn jg ht-ltkt y y st jåzpfn tk m cndf, ju jd jht y y st d Étytd c r jqr jy dtywbb j cn fnect åtétywtd b Gh j n jr jkt r yt qjn 1967 u.

G hbywbg 14 : Ghb hfc c vj nhtybb yeél b gj nht å-yj cntq vt cnysö äny b xt c rbö cjjåot cnd d cathty fh jljy fc tktybz b hfpdb nbz ujce l fh cndf ljkéy s

g hb p y f d fnm b gjl lt héb d fnm bö cfvj c jp y fy bt, rek m-nehyjt yfcktl bt b bynthtcs, b ghtlj cn f dkz nm bvgjk yeñ djp vjéyj cnm ex fcnd jd fnm d ärjyjv b xt c r jq ,gjk b nb xt c r jq b cjw b fk m yjq ébpyb cnh fys, d jcj-å t y yj cnb nfv, ult änj rfc ftncz bö vtl b w b y c r ju jj å ckeéb d fybz, jåhfpjd fybz b åkfu jgjkex b z .

G hbywbg 15 : Ecn jqxbdsq ärjyjv b xt c rbq hjcn dr jy n t r cnt cn fåbk m yjuj hfpdb nbz b cjw b fk m y s qg h ju htcc nht åeñn njuj, xnjås änjn hjcn ghjb c öj-l bk yf ibhjr jq jcyjdt, c ghtlj cn f dkt y btv hfdy s öd jp vjéyj cntq dctv kñlzv. Dct cnh fys ljkéy sg hb p y f d fnm cdjñ jåoeñ, yj hfpk b x yeñ jndtn cn-dt y yj cnm. Hfpdb nst cnh fys ghbpyfñn pf cjåjq jn-dtn cndt y yj cnm cnhtv b nmcz r cn fåbk m yjve hfpdb nb ñd vt éley fh jl yjv vfc i n fåt b ljkéys ghjljkéfnmfrnb db pb h jd fnm cdjb ecbkbz gj jåtcgtxtybñ cn f-åbk m yjuj ärjyjv b xt c r juj hjcnf b cjr h f ot y b ñl b c å fkfycf nfrbv jåhfpjv, xnjås änj gjikj yfgjk m pe dctv cnh fy fv, b d jcjåtyyj cnb hfpdb d f ñ-obvcz cnh fy fv .

43

Cliquet, Robert, and Kristiaan ThienpontPOPULATION AND DEVELOPMENT: A MESSAGEFROM THE CAIRO CONFERENCEKluwer Academic Publishers, 1995, 180p.

Cook, R. J.WOMEN’S HEALTH AND HUMAN RIGHTS: THEPROMOTION AND PROTECTION OF WOMEN’SHEALTH THROUGH INTERNATIONAL HUMANRIGHTS LAWWorld Health Organization, 1994, 69p.

Furedi, FrankPOPULATION AND DEVELOPMENT: A CRITICALINTRODUCTIONSt. Martin’s Press, 1997, 201p.

Grant, LindseyJUGGERNAUT: GROWTH ON A FINITE PLANETSeven Locks Press, 1996, 305p.

Hollingsworth, William G.ENDING THE EXPLOSION: POPULATION POLICIESAND ETHICS FOR A HUMANE FUTURESeven Locks Press, 1996, 256p.

Mitchell, Donald O., Merlinda D. Ingco, and Ronald C. DuncanTHE WORLD FOOD OUTLOOKCambridge University Press, 1997, 250p.

Namboodiri, KrishnanA PRIMER OF POPULATION DYNAMICSPlenum, 1996, 350p.

Rjvbccbz JJY gj djghjcfv yfhjljyfctktybz b

hfpdbnbz

RHFNRBQ LJRKFL GJ HTPEKMNFNFV VJYB-

NJHBYUF LFYYSÖ J YFCTKTYBB PTVKB,

1998 U.: GJRFPFNTKB PLJHJDMZ B CVTHN-

YJCNB

Rjvbccbz JJY gj djghjcfv yfhjljyfctktybz b

hfpdbnbz, 1997 u., 87 cnh.

Bvttncz d Bynthytn yf fyukbqcrjv zpsrt gj fl-

htce: http://www.undp.org/popin/unpopcom/31stsess/consis/concieg2.htm, yf ahfywepcrjv zpsrt gj flht -

ce http://www.undp.org/popin/unpopcom/31stsess/consis/concifr2.htm, yf bcgfycrjv zpsrt gj flhtce

http://www.undp.org/popin/unpopcom/31stsess/consis/concisp2.htm

GHBKJÉTYBT

Åbåkbjuhfabz

RYBUB B LJREVTYNS

44

Ajyl yfhjljyfctktybz

JJY YTÖDFNRF HTCEHCJD: GJGSNRB HTFKB-

PJDFNM GHJUHFVVE LTQCNDBQ, GHBYZNEÑ

D RFBHT

Ajyl yfhjljyfctktybz JJY, 1997, 14 cnh.

Bvttncz d Bynthytn gj flhtce:

http://www.unfpa.org/PUBLICAT/ADVOCACY/SHORT.HTM

Ajyl yfhjljyfctktybz

JJY VTÉLEYFHJLYFZ RJYATHTYWBZ GJ

DJGHJCFV YFHJLJYFCTKTYBZ B HFPDB-

NBZ, 1994 U., RHFNRJT BPKJÉTYBT GHJUHFV-

VS LTQCNDBQ

Ajyl yfhjljyfctktybz JJY, 1995, 21 cnh.

Bvttncz d Bynthytn gj flhtce:

http://www.un.org/ecosocdev/geninfo/populatin/icpd.htm

Ajyl yfhjljyfctktybz

JJY LJRKFL J HTPEKMNFNFÖ VTÉLEYFHJL-

YJQ RJYATHTYWBB GJ DJGHJCFV YFHJLJ-

YFCTKTYBZ B HFPDBNBZ, RFBH, 5–13 CTY-

NZÅHZ 1994 U.

Ajyl yfhjljyfctktybz JJY, 1994, 155 cnh.

Bvttncz d Bynthytn yf fyukbqcrjv zpsrt gj

flhtce: http://www.undp.org/popin/icpd/conference/offeng/poa.html, yf ahfywepcrjv zpsrt gj flhtce:

http://www.undp.org/popin/icpd/conference/offfre/conf13.fre.html, yf bcgfycrjv zpsrt gj flhtce:

http://www.undp.org/popin/icpd/conference/offspa/sconf13.fre.html

Ajyl yfhjljyfctktybz

JJY CJCNJZYBT YFHJLJYFCTKTYBZ VBHF

D 1997 U.: GHFDJ DSÅJHF: HTGHJLERNBDYST

GHFDF B HTGHJLERNBDYJT PLHFDJJÖHF-

YTYBT

Ajyl yfhjljyfctktybz JJY, 1997, 80 cnh.

Bvttncz d Bynthytn yf fyukbqcrjv zpsrt gj fl-

htce: http://www.unfpa.org/SWP/SWPMAIN.HTM, yf

ahfywepcrjv zpsrt gj flhtce: http://www.unfpa.org/FRANCAIS/SWP/FSWPMAIN.HTM, yf bcgfycrjv

zpsrt gj flhtce: http://www.unfpa.org/ESPANOL/SWP/SSWPMAIN.HTM

Ajyl yfhjljyfctktybz

JJY CJCNJZYBT YFHJLJYFCTKTYBZ VBHF

D 1996 U.: GTHTVTYF VTCN CKFUFTVSÖ: YF-

CTKTYBT, HFPDBNBT B ÅELEOTT UJHJLJD

Ajyl yfhjljyfctktybz JJY, 1996, 76 cnh.

Bvttncz d Bynthytn yf fyukbqcrjv zpsrt gj fl-

htce: http://www.unfpa.org/SWP/SWP96/

SWP96MN.HTM, yf ahfywepcrjv zpsrt gj flhtce:

http://www.unfpa.org/swp96-fr/cont96f.html

Ajyl yfhjljyfctktybz

JJY CJCNJZYBT YFHJLJYFCTKTYBZ VBHF

D 1995 U.: HTITYBZ D JÅKFCNB HFPDBNBZ:

ÉTYOBYS, GJDSITYBT CNFNECF B HTGHJ-

LERNBDYJT PLHFDJJÖHFYTYBT

Ajyl yfhjljyfctktybz JJY, 1995, 76 cnh.

Bvttncz d Bynthytn yf fyukbqcrjv zpsrt gj fl-

htce: gopher://fpa003.unfpa.org:70/11/swp95/english,yf ahfywepcrjv zpsrt gj flhtce:

gopher://fpa003.unfpa.org:70/11/swp95/french,yf bcgfycrjv zpsrt gj flhtce:

gopher://fpa003.unfpa.org:70/11/swp95/spanish

Dctvbhyfz jhufybpfwbz plhfdjjöhfytybz

LJRKFL J CJCNJZYBB PLHFDJJÖHFYTYBZ

D 1998 U.: ÉBPYM D 21 DTRT: DJPVJÉYJCNB

LKZ DCTÖ

Dctvbhyfz jhufybpfwbz plhfdjjöhfytybz, 1998,

247 cnh.

Rhfnrjt cjlthéfybt, f nfrét gjlåjhrf cnfnbc-

nbxtcrbö lfyysö b rfhn bvtñncz d Bynthytn gj

flhtce: http://www.who.org/whr/1998/whr-en.htm

CNFNMB

Ashford, Lori S.; Kalish, Susan; Loffredo, Sasha.NEW PERSPECTIVES ON POPULATION: LESSONSFROM CAIRO(Population Bulletin, Vol. 50, No. 1, March 1995, pp. 2-46)

Gore, Albert.THE CAIRO CONFERENCE: DEFINING AN AGEN -DA OF HOPE, OPPORTUNITY, AND PROGRESS(U. S. Department of State Dispatch, Vol. 5, No. 35,August 29, 1994, pp. 569-573)

Hartmann, Betsy.CAIRO CONSENSUS SPARKS NEW HOPES, OLDWORRIES(Forum for Applied Research & Public Policy, Vol. 12,No. 2, Summer 1997, pp. 33-40)

INTERNATIONAL POPULATION ASSISTANCE: U. S.SUPPORT FOR FAMILY PLANNING AND REPRO -DUCTIVE HEALTH (Congressional Digest, Vol. 76, No. 4, April 1997,pp. 99-128)

45

Kirwin, Simon.WHO REAFFIRMS COMMITMENT TO WOMEN’SHEALTH(British Medical Journal, Vol. 316, No. 7138, April 11,1998, p. 1113)

Livernash, Robert; Rodenburg, Eric.POPULATION CHANGE, RESOURCES, AND THEENVIRONMENT(Population Bulletin, Vol. 53, No. 1, March 1998,pp. 2-39)

McFalls, Joseph A., Jr.POPULATION: A LIVELY INTRODUCTION(Population Bulletin, Vol. 53, No. 3, September 1998, p. 2-48)

McIntosh, C. Alison; Finkle, Jason L.THE CAIRO CONFERENCE ON POPULATION ANDDEVELOPMENT: A NEW PARADIGM?(Population and Development Review, Vol. 21, No. 2,June 1, 1995, pp. 223-260)

Mitchell, Jennifer D.BEFORE THE NEXT DOUBLING(World Watch, Vol. 11, No. 1, January/February 1998,pp. 20-27)

McKibben, Bill.A SPECIAL MOMENT IN HISTORY; THE FUTUREOF POPULATION(The Atlantic Monthly, Vol. 281, No. 5, May 1998, pp. 55-78)

PROGRESS ON YOUTH REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH(Population Today, Vol. 26, No. 6, June 1998, pp. 4-5)

Riley, Nancy E.GENDER, POWER, AND POPULATION CHANGE(Population Bulletin, Vol. 52, No. 1, May 1997, pp. 2-48)

46

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http://www.state.gov/www/global/prm/index.html

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http://www.info.usaid.gov/pop_health/

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http://www.usia.gov/topical/global/women/woman.htm

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http://www.unfpa.org/

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http://www.mbnet.mb.ca/linkages/cairo.html

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http://www.undp.org/popin

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http://www.prb.org/prb/

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http://www.cedpa.org/features/cairo.htm

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http://www.populationaction.org/cairo/home.htm

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http://pstc3.pstc.brown.edu/resources.html

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http://www.iwhc.org

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http://www.plannedparenthood.org

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http://popindex.princeton.edu/

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http://www.popcouncil.org/

Population Action Internationalhttp://www.populationaction.org

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http://www.ucsusa.org/resources/pop.resources.html

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http://www.popnet.org/

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http://www.jhuccp.org/popwel.stm

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