Nonrenewable Energy Nonrenewable Energy Advanced Placement Environmental Science Special Credits to Dr. Mark Ewoldsen, La Canada High School

Nonrenewable EnergyNonrenewable Energy

Advanced Placement Environmental Science

Special Credits to Dr. Mark Ewoldsen, La Canada High School

Questions to Ponder

Name the non-renewable energy sources.

2. How are these energy sources obtained from the environment?

3. What effect do these methods have on the environment?

Answers

1. Coal, Oil, Natural Gas and Nuclear

2. Oil – Oil rigs requires drilling into land

Natural Gas – Fracking

Coal

Nuclear Energy

Answers

3. Clear cutting forests

Dry- Lake Sedimentation in lakes

Release toxic materials into environment such

as cyanide, mercury, sulfur, excess CO2, Nox

and Sox

Mountain top mining

1. Energy Resources1. Energy Resources

2. Oil

3. Natural Gas

4. Coal

5. Nuclear Energy

www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

http://www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

Energy SourcesEnergy SourcesModern society requires large quantities of energy that are generated from the earth’s natural resources.

Primary Energy Resources: The fossil fuels(oil, gas, and coal), nuclear energy, falling water, geothermal, and solar energy.

Secondary Energy Resources: Those sources which are derived from primary resources such as electricity, fuels from coal, (synthetic natural gas and synthetic gasoline), as well as alcohol fuels.

www.lander.edu/rlayland/Chem%20103/chap_12.ppt

http://www.lander.edu/rlayland/Chem%20103/chap_12.ppt

ThermodynamicsThermodynamics

The laws of thermodynamics tell us two things about converting heat energy from steam to work:

1)1) The conversion of heat to work cannot be 100 % efficient because a portion of the heat is wasted.

2)2) The efficiency of converting heat to work increases as the heat temperature increases.



Law of Conservation of Matter

Under ordinary circumstances, Under ordinary circumstances, matter is neither created nor matter is neither created nor

destroyed. It is recycled endlessly.destroyed. It is recycled endlessly.

Matter is transformed and combined in different ways, but it doesn’t disappear. Everything goes somewhere.

Same as First Law of Thermodynamics.

Law of Conservation of Matter

Ex1: Electrical Energy

to kinetic energy

Ex2: Electrical energy

to Light to Heat energy

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.hr-hardware.com/img/electric-drill/electric-drill-s61010.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.hr-hardware.com/electric-drill.htm&h=165&w=165&sz=5&hl=en&start=2&tbnid=raeItoIjU1X3ZM:&tbnh=99&tbnw=99&prev=/images%3Fq%3Delectric%2Bdrill%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26safe%3Dactive%26sa%3DG

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://encyclopedia.quickseek.com/images/Light-bulb-and-filament.jpg&imgrefurl=http://lightbulb.quickseek.com/&h=599&w=348&sz=22&hl=en&start=14&tbnid=-AMAFEuCUqLiNM:&tbnh=135&tbnw=78&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dlight%2Bbulb%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26safe%3Dactive%26sa%3DG

Second Law of ThermodynamicsSecond Law of Thermodynamics

In any energy conversion, some of the usable energy is always lost as heat.

Recognizes the principle of ENTROPY, the tendency of all natural systems to move towards a state of increasing disorder.

Second Law of ThermodynamicsSecond Law of Thermodynamics

Entropy…you say…

Entropy = measure of disorder in a energy system.

Example: Without heat energy inputs, everything goes in one direction only…this is BORING!!!

How does entropy work?

http://science.discovery.com/tv-shows/wonders-with-brian-cox/videos/wonders-of-the-universe-entropy.htm

Entropy-Global Warming

Energy Units and UseEnergy Units and Use

Btu (British thermal unit) - amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 lb of water by 1 ºF.

cal (calorie) - the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1 ºC. Commonly, kilocalorie (kcal) is used.

1 Btu = 252 cal = 0.252 kcal

1 Btu = 1055 J (joule) = 1.055 kJ

1 cal = 4.184 J and 1 Joule=.2390 calwww.lander.edu/rlayland/Chem%20103/chap_12.ppt


Two other units that are often seen are the horsepower Two other units that are often seen are the horsepower and the watt. These are not units of energy, but are and the watt. These are not units of energy, but are

units of units of powerpower..

1 watt (W) = 3.412 Btu / hour1 watt (W) = 3.412 Btu / hour1 horsepower (hp) = 746 W1 horsepower (hp) = 746 W

Watt-hourWatt-hour - Another unit of energy used only to describe - Another unit of energy used only to describe electrical energy. Usually we use kilowatt-hour (kW-h) electrical energy. Usually we use kilowatt-hour (kW-h) since it is larger.since it is larger.

quad (Q) quad (Q) - used for describing very large quantities of - used for describing very large quantities of energy. 1 Q = 10energy. 1 Q = 101515 Btu Btu

Energy Units and UseEnergy Units and Use



Energy Consumption-Power

Power consumed by household needs such as:

Refrigeration, television, radio,hair dryer, washer and dryer, lights, etc.

Total Kilowatts hour = use of kw x Time Used

1Kilowatt hours = 1000 watt hours

Burning a 100 Watt light bulb for 10 hours uses 1 kwh of electricity.

EX: Running a 5000 watt (5KW) hair dryer for 2 hours uses 10 kw hours.

Evaluating Energy ResourcesEvaluating Energy Resources

U.S. has 4.6% of world population; uses 24% of the world’s energy;

84% from nonrenewable fossil fuels (oil, coal, & natural gas);

7% from nuclear power;

9% from renewable sources (hydropower, geothermal, solar, biomass).

Changes in U.S. Energy UseChanges in U.S. Energy Use



Energy resources removed from the earth’s crust include: oil, natural gas, coal, and uranium



Fossil FuelsFossil Fuels

Fossil fuels originated from the decay of living organisms millions of years ago, and account for about 80% of the energy generated in the U.S.

The fossil fuels used in energy generation are:Natural gas, which is 70 - 80% methane (CH4)

Liquid hydrocarbons obtained from the distillation of petroleum

Coal - a solid mixture of large molecules with a H/C ratio of about 1



Problems with Fossil FuelsProblems with Fossil FuelsFossil fuels are nonrenewable resources

At projected consumption rates, natural gas and petroleum will be depleted before the end of the 21st century

Burning fossil fuels produce large amounts of CO2, Methane, Mercury,Nitrous oxide and sulfur which contributes to global warming and acid rain.



1. Energy Resources

2. Oil2. Oil3. Natural Gas

4. Coal

5. Nuclear Energy



OilOilDeposits of crude oil often are trapped within the earth's crust and can be extracted by drilling a well

Fossil fuel, produced by the decomposition of deeply buried organic matter from plants & animals

Crude oil: complex liquid mixture of hydrocarbons, with small amounts of S, O, N impurities

How Oil Drilling Works by Craig C. Freudenrich, Ph.D.

http://science.howstuffworks.com/oil-drilling.htm

Sources of OilSources of Oil•Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) -- 13 countries have 67% world reserves:

• Algeria, Ecuador, Gabon, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, & Venezuela

•Other important producers: Alaska, Siberia, & Mexico.



Oil Spills

Exxon Valdez

http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/news/environment-news/nsf-gulf-oil-weathered-vin/

Gulf Oil Spill

http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/news/environment-news/nsf-oil-impact-lipid-vin/





Oil in U.S.Oil in U.S.•2.3% of world reserves

•uses nearly 30% of world reserves;

•65% for transportation;

•increasing dependence on imports. www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt


http://www.oilcrisis.com/nations/%20percapita.htm

Low oil prices have stimulated economic growth, they have discouraged / prevented improvements in energy efficiency and alternative technologies favoring renewable resources.




• Burning any fossil fuel releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and thus promotes global warming.

• Comparison of CO2 emitted by fossil fuels and nuclear power.





OilOil

Crude oil is transported to a refinery where distillation produces petrochemicals

How Oil Refining Works by Craig C.

Freudenrich, Ph.D.

http://science.howstuffworks.com/oil-refining2.htm

http://www.acsyellowpages.com/fairbanks/%20photos/points/pipeline.htm

http://www.howstuffworks.com/%20oil-drilling4.htm

http://www.howstuffworks.com/%20oil-drilling4.htm

Fractional Distillation – processing of oil

fractional distillation

Fractional distillation is…

Crude oil has different sizes, weights and boiling temperatures; so, the first step is to separate these components. Because they have different boiling temperatures, they can be separated easily by a process called fractional distillation.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=26AN1LfbUPc

http://cwx.prenhall.com/bookbind/pubbooks/hillchem3/medialib/media_portfolio/text_images/CH06/FG06_21.JPG

+300°C+300°C

http://www.petroleum.co.uk/education/%20coryton/page7.htm

1. Energy Resources

2. Oil

3. Natural Gas3. Natural Gas4. Coal

5. Nuclear Energy



Natural Gas - Fossil FuelNatural Gas - Fossil Fuel

• Mixture •50–90% Methane (CH4)

•Ethane (C2H6)

•Propane (C3H8)

•Butane (C4H10)

•Hydrogen sulfide (H2S)www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt


Sources of Natural GasSources of Natural Gas•Russia & Kazakhstan - almost 40% of world's supply.

•Iran (15%), Qatar (5%), Saudi Arabia (4%), Algeria (4%), United States (3%), Nigeria (3%), Venezuela (3%);

•90–95% of natural gas in U.S. domestic (~411,000 km = 255,000 miles of pipeline).



billion cubic metres

http://www.eni.it/english/notizie/analisi/numeri_energia/gas_riserve.html



Natural GasNatural GasExperts predict increased use of natural gas during this century

http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/servicerpt/naturalgas/chapter_3.html

Natural GasNatural GasWhen a natural gas field is tapped, propane and butane are liquefied and removed as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)

The rest of the gas (mostly methane) is dried, cleaned, and pumped into pressurized pipelines for distribution

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) can be shipped in refrigerated tanker ships

http://www.kochhydrocarbon.com/

1. Energy Resources

2. Oil

3. Natural Gas

4. Coal4. Coal5. Nuclear Energy



Coal: Supply and DemandCoal: Supply and Demand

Coal exists in many forms therefore a chemical formula cannot be written for it.

Coalification: After plants died they underwent chemical decay to form a product known as peat

Over many years, thick peat layers formed.

Peat is converted to coal by geological events such as land subsidence which subject the peat to great pressures and temperatures.



garnero101.asu.edu/glg101/Lectures/L37.ppt

http://www.brookes.ac.uk/geology/%208307/energy.html

Ranks of CoalRanks of CoalLignite: A brownish-black coal of low quality (i.e., low heat content per unit) with high inherent moisture and volatile matter. Energy content is lower 4000 BTU/lb. Subbituminous: Black lignite, is dull black and generally contains 20 to 30 percent moisture Energy content is 8,300 BTU/lb. Bituminous: most common coal is dense and black (often with well-defined bands of bright and dull material). Its moisture content usually is less than 20 percent. Energy content about 10,500 Btu / lb.Anthracite :A hard, black lustrous coal, often referred to as hard coal, containing a high percentage of fixed carbon and a low percentage of volatile matter. Energy content of about 14,000 Btu/lb.

www.uvawise.edu/philosophy/Hist%20295/ Powerpoint%5CCoal.ppt

http://www.uvawise.edu/philosophy/Hist%20295/%20Powerpoint%5CCoal.ppt

http://www.fi.edu/guide/dukerich/%20coal.html

http://www.scsc.k12.ar.us/.../Members/%20Reynolds/Default.htm

PEATPEAT

LIGNITELIGNITE


BITUMINOUSBITUMINOUS

ANTHRACITEANTHRACITE


Main Coal Deposits-USMain Coal Deposits-US

BituminousBituminous

AnthraciteAnthracite

SubbituminousSubbituminous

LigniteLignite



Advantages and DisadvantagesAdvantages and Disadvantages

Pros•Most abundant fossil fuel•Major U.S. reserves•300 yrs. at current consumption rates•High net energy yield

Cons•Dirtiest fuel, highest carbon dioxide•Major environmental degradation•Major threat to health © Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP



CoalCoal Coal gasification Synthetic natural gas (SNG)Coal liquefaction Liquid fuelsDisadvantage

CostlyHigh environmental impact (Nox & SOx)


http://www.miningmatters.org/modern_mining_machines_at_work.htm

Mountain Top Removal – Surface coal mining

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AjSiUp3kD44

Record the consequences you view from this video.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AjSiUp3kD44

Sulfur in CoalSulfur in CoalWhen coal is burned, sulfur is released primarily as sulfur dioxide (SO2 - serious pollutant)

Coal Cleaning - Methods of removing sulfur from coal include cleaning, solvent refining, gasification, and liquefaction Scrubbers are used to trap SO2 when coal is burned

Two chief forms of sulfur is inorganic (FeS2 or CaSO4) and organic (Sulfur bound to C)



Acid Mine Acid Mine DrainageDrainage

The impact of mine drainage on a

lake after receiving effluent

from an abandoned

tailings impoundment for

over 50 years

http://www.earth.uwaterloo.ca/services/whaton/

Relatively fresh tailings in an Relatively fresh tailings in an impoundment. impoundment.

The same tailings impoundment The same tailings impoundment after 7 years of sulfide after 7 years of sulfide

oxidation. The white spots in oxidation. The white spots in Figures A and B are gulls. Figures A and B are gulls.

http://www.earth.uwaterloo.ca/services/whaton/s06_amd.html

http://www.earth.uwaterloo.ca/services/whaton/s06_amd.html

Mine effluent discharging from the bottom of a waste rock pile

Shoreline of a pond receiving AMD showing

massive accumulation of iron hydroxides

on the pond bottom

Groundwater flow through a tailings impoundment and discharging into

lakes or streams.

1. Energy Resources

2. Oil

3. Natural Gas

4. Coal

5. Nuclear Energy5. Nuclear Energy



Nuclear EnergyNuclear Energy

In a conventional nuclear power plant

a controlled nuclear fission chain reaction heats waterproduce high-pressure steam that turns turbines generates electricity.

Nuclear EnergyNuclear EnergyControlled Fission Chain Reaction

neutrons split the nuclei of atoms such as of Uranium or Plutonium

release energy (heat)



Controlled Nuclear Fission ReactionControlled Nuclear Fission Reaction

cstl-cst.semo.edu/bornstein/BS105/ Energy%20Use%20-%203.ppt



• Radioactive decay continues until the the original isotope is changed into a stable isotope that is not radioactive

• Radioactivity: Nuclear changes in which unstable (radioactive) isotopes emit particles & energy

RadioactivityRadioactivity



• Types• Alpha particles consist of 2 protons and 2 neutrons,

and therefore are positively charged• Beta particles are negatively charged (electrons)• Gamma rays have no mass or charge, but are a form

of electromagnetic radiation (similar to X-rays)

• Sources of natural radiation• Soil• Rocks• Air• Water• Cosmic rays

RadioactivityRadioactivity



Relative Doses from

Radiation Sources


The time needed for one-half of the nuclei in a radioisotope to decay and emit their radiation to form a different isotope

Half-time emitted Uranium 235 710 million yrs alpha, gammaPlutonium 239 24.000 yrs alpha, gamma

During operation, nuclear power plants produce radioactive wastes, including some that remain dangerous for tens of thousands of years

Half-LifeHalf-Life



Diagram of Radioactive Decay


• Genetic damages: from mutations that alter genes

• Genetic defects can become apparent in the next generation

• Somatic damages: to tissue, such as burns, miscarriages & cancers

Effects of RadiationEffects of Radiation



www.geology.fau.edu/course_info/fall02/ EVR3019/Nuclear_Waste.ppt

http://www.geology.fau.edu/course_info/fall02/%20EVR3019/Nuclear_Waste.ppt

1. Low-level radiation (Gives of low amount of radiation)• Sources: nuclear power plants, hospitals &

universities• 1940 – 1970 most was dumped into the ocean• Today deposit into landfills

2. High-level radiation (Gives of large amount of radiation)• Fuel rods from nuclear power plants• Half-time of Plutonium 239 is 24000 years• No agreement about a safe method of storage

Radioactive WasteRadioactive Waste



Radioactive WasteRadioactive Waste1. Bury it deep underground.

• Problems: i.e. earthquake, groundwater…2. Shoot it into space or into the sun.

• Problems: costs, accident would affect large area.3. Bury it under the Antarctic ice sheet.

• Problems: long-term stability of ice is not known, global warming

4. Most likely plan for the US• Bury it into Yucca Mountain in desert of Nevada • Cost of over $ 50 billion• 160 miles from Las Vegas• Transportation across the country via train & truck



Yucca Mountain



Plutonium BreedingPlutonium Breeding238U is the most plentiful isotope of Uranium

Non-fissionable - useless as fuel

Reactors can be designed to convert 238U into a fissionable isotope of plutonium, 239Pu



Conversion of Conversion of 238238U to U to 239239Pu Pu Under appropriate operating conditions, the neutrons given off by fission reactions can "breedbreed" more fuel, from otherwise non-fissionable isotopes, than they consume



Reprocess Nuclear FuelReprocess Nuclear Fuel

During the operation of a nuclear reactor the uranium runs out

Accumulating fission products hinder the proper function of a nuclear reactor

Fuel needs to be (partly) renewed every year



Plutonium in Spent FuelPlutonium in Spent FuelSpent nuclear fuel contains many newly formed plutonium atoms Miss out on the opportunity to splitPlutonium in nuclear waste can be separated from fission products and uraniumCleaned Plutonium can be used in a different Nuclear Reactor




Nuclear EnergyNuclear EnergyConcerns about the safety, cost, and liability have slowed the growth of the nuclear power industryAccidents at Chernobyl and Three Mile Island showed that a partial or complete meltdown is possible

Nuclear Power Plants in U.S.Nuclear Power Plants in U.S.


Three Mile IslandThree Mile Island•March 29, 1979, a reactor near Harrisburg, PA lost coolant water because of mechanical and human errors and suffered a partial meltdown

•50,000 people evacuated & another 50,000 fled area

•Unknown amounts of radioactive materials released

•Partial cleanup & damages cost $1.2 billion

•Released radiation increased cancer rates.


ChernobylChernobyl• April 26, 1986, reactor explosion (Ukraine) flung radioactive debris into atmosphere

• Health ministry reported 3,576 deaths

• Green Peace estimates32,000 deaths;

• About 400,000 people were forced to leave their homes

• ~160,000 sq km (62,00 sq mi) contaminated

• > Half million people exposed to dangerous levels of radioactivity

• Cost of incident > $358 billionwww.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

Nuclear EnergyNuclear EnergyNuclear plants must be decommissioned after 15-40 yearsNew reactor designs are still proposedExperimental breeder nuclear fission reactors have proven too costly to build and operateAttempts to produce electricity by nuclear fusion have been unsuccessful

Use of Nuclear EnergyUse of Nuclear Energy• U.S. phasing out• Some countries (France, Japan) investing

increasingly• U.S. currently ~7% of energy nuclear• No new U.S. power plants ordered since 1978• 40% of 105 commercial nuclear power expected

to be retired by 2015 and all by 2030• North Korea is getting new plants from the US• France 78% energy nuclear


Phasing Out Nuclear PowerPhasing Out Nuclear Power•Multi-billion-$$ construction costs

•High operation costs

•Frequent malfunctions

•False assurances and cover–ups

•Overproduction of energy in some areas

•Poor management

•Lack of public acceptancewww.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

2) Energy2) EnergyEnergy & Energy & Mineral resourcesMineral resources


Documents

Nonrenewable Energy Nonrenewable Energy Advanced Placement Environmental Science Special Credits to Dr. Mark Ewoldsen, La Canada High School