nqX/ktU; inkFkZ fufeZrh Udgir/Booklet...deh mRiknu{kersph tkLr tukojas ikG.;kis{kk tkLr mRiknu {kersph deh tukojs ikGY;kewGs R;kaP;k ns[kHkkyhpk [kPkZ deh gksmu mRiknu[kpkZr eksBh

nqX/ktU; inkFkZ fufeZrh

nqX/k ra=Kku egkfo|ky; mnxhj ¼ykrwj½

egkjk’Vª i‛kq o eRL; foKku fo|kihB] ukxiwj

ys[kiqfLrdk


¼fn-3@4@12 rs 23@4@12½

nqX/k ra=Kku egkfo|ky;] mnxhj ¼ykrwj½

laiknd eaMG

MkW- ,l- ih- pkaxkMs

MkW- fOg- Mh- dsGs

izk- iz.kkyh fude

izk- lfork fdukds

izk- ,l-,l- pksiMs

izk- ,e-,- ns”kew[k

izk- ,u- vkj- iokj

izk- ek/koh fV- Ogh-

izk- ih- vkj- cpaVh

Jh- ch-vkj- Nikus

Jherh- lwfurk eqfnjkt




vuqdzekfudk

v-dz- fo’k;kpk rif‛ky iku dz-

1- nqX/k O;olk;kps egRo 9

2- nqX/kO;olk;kP;k vkfFkZd izxrhlkBh egRokP;k ckch 13

3- nq/k o Hkkjrh; nqX/k inkFkZ 16

4- nq/kkph ikSf’Vdrk o xq.k/keZ 21

5- LoPN nq/k mRiknu % dkGkph xjt 26

6- Ekkuad.k (Standardization) 31

7- ?kjxqrh Lrjkoj nq/k vf/kd dkG fVdoh.;klkBh % fofo/k i/nrh 34

8- nq/k vkVowu dsysy inkFkZ % FkksMD;kr ekfgrh 39

9 ns'kh yks.kh & rqi fuehZrh 43

10- iuhj fuehZrh ra=Kku 48

11- ng;k iklwu vU; inkFkZ fufeZrh 50

12- dqYQh] vkbZLdhe fufeZrh fo‛k;h FkksMD;kr 53

13- nw/k lk[kGowu mRiknhr dsysys nwX/k inkFkZ% fufeZrh ra=Kku 56

14- nw/k izfdz;k dasznzkoj dsY;ktk.kk&;k fofo/k nw/k pkp.;k 59

15- d`=he nq/kkph ok< % leL;k 63

16- nq/k EkybZfojghr djko;kps ;a=kph gkrkG.kh 67

17- veqy nq/k mRiknd lgdkjh laLFkkaph f=Lrjh; dk;Zi/nrh 68

18- lgdkjh rRRokoj nq/k ladyu dj.;kps fu;kstu o egRo 71

19- nq/kkrhy HkslG vksG[k.;kph i/nrh 76

20- nq/k o nqX/k inkFkkZph ekuds@ijhHkk’kk 79



21- Xkkscj xWl l;a=kph vksG[k 83

22- ik.kh rkio.;klkBh % lkSjmtkZ 87

23- fdQk;‛khj nq/k mRiknu 90

24- ik‛pkR; nqX/ktU; inkFkZ % pht 92

25- ngh fufeZrh ra=Kku 94

26- xzkeh.k jkstxkj fufeZrh 98

27- FkksMD;kr lax.kd---------- 103



nqX/k O;olk;kps egRo

MkW-fot; dsGs] izk- iz.kkyh fude] MkW- ,l- ih- pkaxkMs vkf.k izk-ih-th-oklfud

nqX/k ra=Kku egkfo|ky;]mnxhj

l/;kph ifjfLFkrh cf?kryh rj ‚ksrh gh laiq.kZr% fulxkZoj voyacqu vkgs- Eg.kwu ‚ksrh‛kh iqjd vls tksM/kans

dsY;kf‛kok; ‛ksrd&;kauk i;kZ; mjysyk ukgh-‚ksrh‛kh iqjd vls tksM/kans cjspls vkgsr- R;kr dqDdqVikyu o

nqX/ksRiknu gs O;olk; dehrdeh tkxsr dj.;klkj[ks T;kl pkaxY;kizdkjph cktkjisB miyC/k vlysys vkgs- l/;k

Hkkjr gk nqX/k mRiknukr ifgY;k Øaekdkoj vkgs- Hkkjrkrhy xk;h o Eg‛khaph la[;k gh vuqØaes 85 n‛ky{k o 98

n‛ky{k ,o<h vlwu Hkkjrkps okf’kZd nqX/k mRiknu 112-2 n‛ky{k Vu ,o<s vkgs- Hkkjr nqX/k mRiknukr tjh ifgY;k

Øaekdkoj vlyk rjh izfr fnol izfr ek.kwl miyC/krk gh Qkj deh Eg.kts 252 xzWe ,o<h vkgs- T;kl cjhp‛kh

dkj.ks vkgsr- R;kr izkeq{;kus Hkkjrkph yksdla[;k] yksdkaph vkfFkZd ifjfLFkrh vkgs- ‚ksrdjh mRiknu dsYksY;k nq/kkP;k

90 VDds nq/k gs fdØhlkBh cktkjkr usrkr o dsoG 10 VDds nq/k gs Lor% o R;kP;k dqVqacklkVh okijrkr-

vWxzhdYpj th-Mh-ih- e/;s i‛kq/kukpk 25 rs 26 VDds ,o<k okVk vkgs- HkkjrkP;k ,dw.k nq/k mRiknukkiSdh 55

VDds nq/k gs osxosxGs inkFkZ cufo.;klkBh rj 45 VDds nqw/k gk brj okijklkBh ikojys tkrs- nq/kkiklwu cufo.;kr

;s.kk&;k inkFkkZe/;s eq[;r% ngh] yks.kh][kok] [kok] NUuk gs vlwu R;kiklwu osxosxGs xksM inkFkZ cufoys tkrkr-

nq/kkiklwu eu izlUu dj.kkjs FkaM nqX/k ibkFkZ o ikSf’Vd vls vkbZldzhe o pht cuoys tkrs-

Hkkjr iq.kZ txkr lokZr tkLr nq/k mRiknu dj.kkjk ns‛k vkgs gh xks’V loZKku o loZekU; vkgs- nw/k

mRiknuke/;s Hkkjrkuarj vesfjdspk Øekad ykxrks- ijarw rqyukRedn`’V;k vH;kl dsY;kl y{kkr ;sbZy dh] vkiY;k

ns‛kkr vesfjdsP;k fruiVhgqu vf/kd xqjkaph la[;k vkgs- vkiY;k ns‛kkrhy nw/k ns.kkÚ;k xqjkaps okf’kZd nwX/kk sRiknu

vesfjdsP;k rqyusr ngk iVhus deh vkgs] ;ko#u Li’V gksrs dh] vkiY;k ns‛kkrhy nw/k ns.kkÚ;k tukojkaph nw/k

mRiknu {kerk ok<fo.ks xjtsps vkgs- Hkkjr ,d d`’khiz/kku ns‛k vlqu ;sFkhy 65 VDds yksdla[;k gh xzkeh.k {ks=kr

okLrO;kl vkgs- xzkeh.k yksdkaph miftohdk d`’kh fdaok d`’kh vk/kkjkrhy O;olk;kaoj voyacqu vkgs- R;keqGs ns‛kkph

vFkZO;oLFkk eq[;r% d`’kh fdok d`’kh vk/kkjhr O;olk;kaoj voyacwu vkgs] vls lacks/k.;kl gjdr ukgh- d`’kh

O;olk;kr ok<R;k fc;k.;kps Hkko] etq&;k] brj [kpZ bZ- vkf.k R;keqGs gks.;kjk llk;fud [krkapk fdVduk‛kdkpk

vrkfjdr okij ;k lokZpk ikj.kke Lo:i mRiknu [kpZ ok<r vkgs- cnyR;k gokekukeqGs] <klGr pkyyh vlY;kus

dsoG ‚ksrh O;olk;koj voyacwu jkg.ks dBh.k gksr vkgs-

Ikzkphu dkGkiklwu vkiY;k ns‛kkr nqX/kO;olk; lq: vkgs- izR;sd ‚ksrdjh nksu rhu nq/k ns.kk&;k tukojkps

laxksiu djr vkgs- iajrq ‚ksrh vkf.k tukojs laxksiukr ikjaikfjd n`’Vhdksu vlwu O;kolk;hd n`’Vhdksu ukgh- nq/kkG

tukojkaps laxksiu] QDr ?kjxqrh okijkdjhrk nq/k vkf.k ‚ksrhP;k dkekdfjrk ykx.kkjs cSy feGkosr gkp eq[; gsrq



i‛kqlaxksiuk ekxpk vkgs- i‛kqlaxksiukyk O;olk;kps Lo:i nsmu dsysY;k ‚ksrhO;olk;krwu o nqX/kO;olk;krqu uQk gksrks

dh rksVk gs yodj ‚ksrd&;kP;k y{kkr ;sbZy-

nqX/kO;olk; gk d`’kh vk/kkfjr ,deso O;olk; vkgs- T;ke/;s mRiknu ok<r vlwu nq/k o nqX/k inkFkkZph

ekx.kh ok<r vkgs- ,o<sp ukgh rj nq/kkps nj njo’khZ ok<r vkgs- l|fLFkrhr fid i/nrhpk vH;kl dsyk rj

lks;kchu] dkiwl] ;k uxnh fidkph ykxoM fonHkkZr Hkjiwj izek.kkr dsyh tkrs R;keqGs ‚ksrd&;kauk fu;fer dke

feGr ukgh- l/;kP;k fid i/nrhuqlkj ‚ksrd&;kuk o’kkZrwu] [kjhi vkf.k jCch ;k nksu gaxkek e/;sp iSlk feGr

vlrks] iajrw ‚ksrd&;kyk o’kZHkj R;kP;k dqVwckaP;k ikyuiks’ku] eqykaps f‛k{k.k] nok[kkU;koj] lkekftd dk;kZoj vkf.k

‚ksrhoj [kpZ djkok ykxrks ;kpkp vFkZ vlk dh ‚ksrd&;kyk o’kkZrhy QDr] nksu efgU;kyk [kjhi jCch gaxke/;s

‚ksrhe/kwu rqViaqts mRiUu feGr vlwu rs mRiUu R;kyk o’kkZHkjkr ;s.kk&;k [kpkZoj mi;ksxkr vk.kkos ykxrs R;keqGs

‚ksrd&;kps ok’khZd vankti=d MkekMksy gksmu ;k mRiukpk ifj.kke ‚ksrd&;kP;k vkfFkZd o ekufld ifjfLFkrhoj

gksr vkgs- ;k loZ ckchapk fopkj dsY;kl vkiY;k vls y{kkr ;sbZy dh ‚ksrh lkscr fu;fer mRiUu ns.kk&;k iqjd

O;olk;kph xjt vkgs vkf.k rks O;olk; Eg.kts nqX/kO;olk;- QkoY;k osGkps fu;kstu d:u dks.krkgh ‚ksrdjh nqX/k

O;olk; pkyw d: ‚kdrks-

nq/k mRiknu {kerk tkLr vl.kk&;k xkbZ&Eg‛khaph O;olk;klkBh fuoM djkoh vkf.k R;kaP;kiklwu tUekyk

;s.kk&;k dkyoMh R;kP;kis{kkgh ljl vlrhy v‛kh iSnbkl djkoh- ,[kk|k xk;&Eg‛khaph vkuqoaf‛kdrk deh nw/k

ns.;kph vlsy] rj dks.kR;kgh iz;Rukus frP;kdMwu tkLr nw/k mRiknu gksr ukgh- Eg.kwu vkuqoaf’kdrk gk ?kVd vki.k

y{kkr ?ks.ks vR;ar egRpkps vkgs- mRre xkbZaP;k iSnklkBh mRre vl.kkjs loZxq.klaiUu oGwps oh;Z okijY;kl R;kiklwu

fuf‛prp mRre dkyoMh tUekl ;srhy-

deh mRiknu{kersph tkLr tukojas ikG.;kis{kk tkLr mRiknu {kersph deh tukojs ikGY;kewGs R;kaP;k

ns[kHkkyhpk [kPkZ deh gksmu mRiknu[kpkZr eksBh cpr gksrs-

vuqmRiknd tukojkaps izek.ks deh dj.ks %

izR;sd nq/kkG tukojkapk o’kkZpk vkfFkZd rkGscan y{kkr ?ksrk] th tukojs osGhp dk<wu Vkdoh- R;klkBh

tukojkaP;k fofo/k izdkjP;k uksanh Bso.ks vR;ar vko‛;d vkgs- ;k uksanhP;k vk/kkjsp vki.k tukojkapk vkfFkZd

rkGscan d: ‚kdrks “ ljkljhis{kk deh mRiknu ns.kkjh] osGhp xkHk.k u jkg.kkjh ] okjaokj vktkjh iM.kkjh tukojs

osGhp dk<wu Vkdkoh- R;kP;kosj gks.kkjk vuqmRiknd [kpZ gks.kkj ukgh- loZ lk/kkj.ki.ks nw/kkG tukojksiSdh 15 VDds

tukojs njo’khZ dk<wu Vkdkoh ] loZlkekU; nw/k mRikndkP;k ijhLFkhrh dks.krhgh xk; fdaok EgSl frP;k lkrO;k

osrkuarj dk<wu Vkd.ks] Qk;ns‛khj Bjrs- dkj.k R;kuarj frph mRiknu{kerk izR;sd osrkla deh gksrk tkrsp] f‛kok;

fryk dkl vkf.k xHkkZ‛k;kps vktkj gks.;kps izek.k ok<rs-



larwfyr vkgkj O;oLFkku %

nw/k mRiknuklkBh gks.kk&;k ,dwu [kpkZr tukojkP;k vkgkjkojhy [kpkZpk okVk toGikl 70 VDds

vlrks-R;keqGs R;kps ;ksX; O;oLFkkiu u dsY;kl [kpZ ok<r tkmu ,dwu mRiknu [kpkZr eksBh ok< gksrs] R;klkBh

dehr deh [kPkkZr larwyjr vkgkj ns.;kps fu;kstu djkos- tukojkapk [kwjkd gk vkgkjkrhy ?kVdkaiSdh lokZr tkLr

[kPkZ gks.kkjk ?kVd vkgs- Eg.kwu R;kojhy vuko‛;d [kpZ VkG.;klkBh tukojkaP;k vkgkjkr Hkjiwj izek.kkr fgjok

pkjk] R;krgh fOnny izdkjpk pkjk vlkok- pkjk fidkaP;k lw/kkjhr o ladjhr ok.kkph ykxoM d:u R;kaps

O;oLFkkiu mRre dsY;kl gs ‚kD;] gksrs] tukojkapk [kwjkd fodr ?ks.;kis{kk ‚ksrkr dehr deh [kpkZr ?kjhp [kwjkd

r;kj djkok ( ek= rks larwfyr vkgkj r;kj dj.;klkBh rkaf=d ekfgrh rTKkadMwu ?;koh- pk&;kph VapkbZ

vlY;kl okf’kZd fu;kstu d:u pk&;kph lkBo.kwd ;ksX; osGhp djkoh- dkj.k VapkbZP;k dkGkr pk&;kps Hkko

xxukyk fHkMrkr]T;kewGs [kpkZr eksBh ok< gksrs- xOgkps dkM] Hkkrkpk isa<k ] cktjhP;k cuX;k ;klkj[;k vikjaikjhd

inkFkkZaps tukojkaP;k vkgkjkr R;kaP;koj izfdz;k d:u okij djkok- ,joh Qsdwu fdaok tkGwu ok;k tk.kk&;k v‛kk

inkFkkZewGs [kpkZr eksBh cpr gksrs- R;kP;koj izfdz;k dj.;kiwohZ rTKkadMwu ekxZn‛ku ?;kos ] i‛kwoSn;dh; vf/kdkjh

;kckcrhr fuf‛pr ekxZn‛kZu d: ‚kdrhy- pkjk ok;k tk.;kps izek.k dehr deh vlkos] R;klkBh pk&;kph ;ksX;

lkBo.kwd djkoh] ts.ksd:u rks [kjkc gks.kkj ukgh- pkjk ‚kD;rks dqVV~h d:up n;kok- xOgk.khpk okij dj.ks]

pkaxys pkjk dqVV~~h u djrk fnY;kl ok;k tk.;kps izek.k 20 rs 40 VDds vlrs] ts dqVV~~h dsY;kus ikp VDdsi;Zar

deh gksrs-

vkjksX; O;oLFkkiu %

nw/kkG tukojkapk laxksiuke/;s vkgkjkuarj lokZr tkLr [kpZ R;kP;k vkjksX; j{k.kklkBh gksrks- tukojs fujksxh

vlrhy ] rjp R;kP;kiklwu mRre izrhps Hkjiwj nw/k feGrs- tukojkauk vktkj >kY;kuarj vkS’k/kk sipkj dj.;kis{kk

jksxizfrca/kd mik; dj.ks usgehp Qk;n;kps Bjrs- vktkjh tukoojkaP;k vkS’k/kksipkjklkBh [kpZ gksrksp] f‛kok;

R;kaP;kiklwu nw/kgh deh feGrs- vkiyk cjkp osGgh ok;k tkrks] i;kZ;kus nw/k mRiknu [kpkZr ok< gksrs- jksxizfrca/kd

mik;kalkBh [kpZ gk tukojkauk vktkj >kY;kuarj gks.kk&;k uwdlkukis{kk [kwip deh vlrks- tukojkalkBhP;k

jksxizfrca/kd mik;ke/;s ylhdj.k] tarfueqZyu] ckg; dhVdfueZqyu] fofo/k jksxklkBhP;k rikl.;k vkf.k LoPNrk

;k ckchpka lekos‛k gksrks- ;k loZ ckchpas osGki+=d r;kj d:u R;kuwlkj veayctko.kh djkoh- jksxkph lkFk

vkY;kuarj vkiY;k fujksxh tukojkaps ylhdj.k dsys rjh R;kps jksxkiklwu laj{k.k gksbyp ;kph [kk=h ulrs- Eg.kwu

loZ izdkjP;k ylh BjoysY;k osGi=dkuwlkj Vkspwu ?;kokr] R;klkBh jksx ;s.;kph okV ikgw u;s- tarfuewZyu vkf.k

ckg; dhVd fu;a=.kns[khy osGksosGh djkos- tar vkf.k xksphM ] filok ;kalkj[ks ckg; dhVd tukojkaP;k vaxkoj

>kY;kl R;kP;ka fu;a=.kkoj eksBk [kpZ gksrs] R;klkBh izfrca/kd mik; djkosr dkllwth ]lalxZ xHkZikr-] {k;jksx b-

jksx VkG.;klkBh loZ tukojkaP;k fu;ehr riklU;k djkO;kr- tukojkaps nq/k fdaok jDr iz;ksx‛kkGsr riklwu fd aok gh

rikl.;k i‛kqoSn;dkP;k lYY;kus ;ksX; rh dkGth ?ksrY;kl R;k jksxkewGs iw<s gks.kkjs eksBs uqdlku VGrs- lokZaxh.k

LoPNrk dsY;kewGs xksB;krhy jksxtarwpk uk;ukV gksmu jksxjkbZ izek.k deh gksrs- vkiY;k xksB;krhy ] ‚kD; vlY;kl



xkokrhy loZ tukojkaps ,dkp osGh tarfuewZyu ] ,dkp osGh ckg; dhVd fu;a=.k vkf.k ,dkp osGh ylhdj.k

dsY;kl ifj.kke [kwip mRre feGrks-

naSufnu O;oLFkkiu %

mRre vkuqokaf‛kdrk vl.kk&;k tukojkaiklwu R;kP;k {kerswlkj iqjsiwj nw/k mRiknu ?;k;ps vlY;kl R;kps

nSuafnu O;oLFkkiu mRre dj.ks vko‛;d vkgs- vU;Fkk mRre vkuwoaf‛kdrk vlwu ns[khy R;kP;k {kersuwlkj nw/k

mRiknu gks.kkj ukgh- mRre O;oLFkkiukph tskM u fnY;kl nw/k mriknukr tkLrhr tkLr ?kV ;sm ‚kdrs- tukojkaP;k

nSufnu O;oLFkkiukr osGkps ikyu rarksrar djkos- /kkjk dk<.ks pkjk o [kwjkd ns.ks ik.kh ikt.ks LoPNrk dj.ks

bR;knhP;k osGk dkVsdksji.ks ikGkO;k- loZ izdkjP;k uksanog;k usgeh vn;or BsokO;k- loZ tukojs tkLrhr tkLr

vkjkekr jkgrhy ;kph n{krk ?;koh-

v‛;kizdkjs fofo/k ekxkZauh nw/k mRiknukpkk [kpZ dehr deh Bso.;kpk lnSo iz;/ru dsY;kl izfr fyBj nw/k mRiknu

[kpZ deh gksmu Qk;n;kps izek.k [kk=h‛khji.ks ok<rs-



nqX/kO;olk;kP;k vkfFkZd izxrhlkBh egRokP;k ckch

MkW- ,l- ih- pkaxkMs vkf.k Jh- ch-Mh- esJke

nqX/k ra=Kku egkfo|ky;] o:M ¼iqln½

dks.kR;kgh O;olk;kph izfr’Bk R;krqu izkIr gks.kkÚ;k uQ;koj voyacqu vlrs- Eg.kqup O;olk;kr vf/kd

vFkZ izkIrhlkBh vFkZ‛kkL=kph vksG[k vkf.k egRo y{kkr ?ks.ks xjtsps vkgs- vFkZ‛kkL= gs mRiUukP;k u¶;krksV;koj

vk/kkjhr vlrs- O;olk;kps eqY;ekiu djrkuk tek[kpkZph ekaM.kh d:u rkGscan dsyk tkrks vkf.k ;krwu fu’iUu

gks.kk&;k ifj.kkekoj R;k /ka|kps ;‛k Bjfoys tkrs- O;olk;kps ;‛k gs O;oLFkkiukoj voyacwu vlrs- O;oLFkkiu gk

O;olk;kpk vkf.k O;olk;kpk vk/kkjHkwr ik;k vkgs- O;olk;krhy ;‛kkps ewY;ekiu gs cktkjisBsrhy i zr] izfr’Bk

vkf.k fodkl ;koj dsys tkrs- ex rks O;olk; dks.krkgh vlks vkf.k dks.kR;kgh O;olk;h rRokoj vlks] R;klkBh R;k

O;olk;kps ‚kkL=‛kq/n Kku vkf.k R;ke/;s dke dj.kkjs dkexkj dq‛ky vlys ikfgtsr] gh fdeku ekQd vis{kk] gsp

ra= o ‛kkL= nqX/kO;olk;kps vkgs- R;klkBh dkgh rRos ikGyh ikfgtsr] dkgh fu;e ikGys ikfgtsr- xsY;k ngk&ia/kjk

o’kkZaP;k dkGkpk vH;kl dsY;kl BGd xks’Vh y{kkr ;srkr dh fulxkZpk lerksy <klGyk vkgs- ikolkph

vfuf‛prrk ok<r vkgs- R;keqGs tehuhrhy ik.;kph ikrGh HkjkHkj deh gksr vkgs- ifj.kkeh nq’dkGkps lkoV ok<r

vkgs- ‛kk‛or mRiUukph ‚kD;rk jkfgysyh ukgh- yksdla[;sph HkjelkB ok< vkf.k mRiUukph vfuf‛prrk ;keqGs

egkxkbZpk dGl >kyk vkgs- xsY;k 12 o’kkZr 30 rs 40 :i;s ‚ksdMk feG.kkjh oSj.k 150 rs 200 :i;kaoj ;sÅu

Bsiyh vkgs- 70 :i;kr feG.kk&;k [kk|kP;k iksR;kph fdaer 150 :i;s >kyh vkgs- tukojkauk ykx.kk&;k

vkS’k/kkP;k fdaerhr 40 rs 50 VD;kus ok< >kyh vkgs- i.k nq/kkps vkf.k nq/kkiklwu mRiknhr gks.kk&;k inkFkkZaP;k

fdaerhr ek= R;kP;k leizek.kkr ok< >kysyh ukgh- Dofpr fBdk.kh 15&20 VDds i;Zar ok< fnlrs- Eg.kwu

nqX/kO;olk; tkx:di.ks dsyk ikfgts- R;klkBh dkgh iF;s ikG.ks vko‛;d vkgs-

1½ nqX/kO;olk;kps fdeku Kku vl.ks vko‛;d vkgs-

2½ nqX/kO;olk;] Ik‛kqikyu] oSj.k fodkl] nq/k vkf.k nqX/k inkFkZ ;klkj[;k fo’k;kojhy vuqHkoh rK yksdka‛kh ppkZ]

lkfgR;kps okpu] euu] fparu dsys ikfgts-

3½ lq:okrhyk gk /kank lq: djrkuk tksM/kank Eg.kqu djkok-

4½ eksB;k izek.kkr djk;pk vlY;kl R;kpk vuqHko vl.ks t:j vkgs-

5½ nqX/kO;olk; lq: djrkuk 2&3 tukojkaiklwu lq: djkok- O;olk;kr vuqHko o uQk ok<sy rlk O;olk;

ok<okok-

6½ nqX/kO;olk; lq: djrkuk pkaxY;k nw/k ns.kk&;k tukojkaph fuoM djkoh-

7½ fuoM dsysY;k tukojkph tkr vkiY;k gokekukr #Gyh ikfgts- v‛kkp tkrhph fuoM djk-

8½ nqX/k O;olk;kr ?kjhp pkaxY;k izrhP;k dkyoMh o ‛ksrhlkBh xks&gs @okljs

l|%fLFkrhr cSykauk pkaxyh fdaer vkgs] rs r;kj djk-



9½ pkaxY;k dkyoMh r;kj djrkuk cgqxq.kh xk;haph fuoM djk-

10½ uohu dkyoMh fuekZ.k djrkuk tkrhoar fl/n oGwps jsr okijk@d`=he jsru i/nrh vaeykr vk.kkoh-

11½ dkyoMh ;ksX; otukP;k >kY;kuarjp Hkjok-

12½ dkyoMhP;k otu ok<hdMs y{k iqjok] R;kps pkjk ik.kh osGhp djk-

13½ dehr deh tukojkdMwu tkLrhr tkLr nw/k ok<hoj Hkj |k-

14½ lq:okrhyk tkLr nw/k ns.kkjh xk; uarj ,dne deh nsr vlsy rj v‛kh xk; dGikr Bsow udk-

15½ Lruckn >kysyh xk; dGikrwu dk<wu Vkdk- i‛kqoS|dkapk osGhp lYyk ?;k-

16½ yodj nq/kkrwu tk.kk&;k xk;h dGikr Bsow udk-

17½ lkrR;kus nw/k ns.kk&;k xk;hph fuoM djk-

18½ /kkjsyk rkiV vl.kk&;k xk;h dGikr Bsow udk-

19½ okjaokj xHkZikr gks.kk&;k] ojpsoj myV.kk&;k xk;h dGikrwu dk<wu Vkdk-

20½ vfu;fer ekt dj.kk&;k xk;h dGikr Bsow udk-

21½ ,dw.k tukojkP;k 60 rs 70 VDds tukojs nw/k ns.kkjh vlkohr- 30 rs 40 VDds tukojs xkHk.k vlkohr-

22½ ,fizy&es efgU;kr vf/kd tukojs forhy ;kph n{krk ?;koh- R;keqGs mUgkGh nq/kkps Hkko feGrhy- fg ckc d`=he

jsru vaeykr vk.kqu fdaok i‛kqoS|dkapk lYyk ?ksmu lgt ‛kD; vkgs-

23½ tukojkP;k pkjk&[kk|kpk [kpZ ,dw.k mRiUukP;k 60 VDds is{kk tkLr ulkok ;kph n{krk ?;k-

24½ vkiY;kdMs r;kj >kysY;k pkjk&[kk|kpk tkLrhr tkLr okij djk- mnk- pkjk xor] fofo/k izdkjps dqVkj ;koj

izfdz;k dj.;kpk iz;Ru djk-

25½ ?kjxqrh feG.kkjh deh fdaerhph] ehB pqU;kph fuoGh] futZarwd gkMkph iwM ;klkj[;k {kkj [kfutkpk okij djk

vkf.k iSls okpok-

26½ osGhp ylhdj.k d:u ?;k- jksxkpk laHkkO; /kksdk VkGk-

27½ vktkjkoj mipkj djrkuk vktkjkps dkj.k ‚kks/kwu dk<k-

28½ vktkjh tukojkoj osGhp i‛kqoS|dkps lY;kusp vkS’k/kh mipkj djk-

29½ tukojkP;k vaxkojhy xksphM] mok] filok] xksek‛kk ;kapk osGhp cankscLr djk-

30½ ygku okljkauk ‚kjhjok<hph o tarkph vkS’k/k |k-

31½ ;‛kLoh nqX/k O;olkf;dkcjkscj ppkZ djk- R;kaph tukojs] O;oLFkk ikgwu ;k] HksVh |k R;kaps vuqHko ,sdk- vkiys

vuqHko lkaxk o R;kuqlkj i/nrh cnyk-

32½ tukojkph /kkj dk<rkauk okrkoj.k] ifjlj] tukoj nksgu dj.kkjh O;Drh] nq/kkph HkkaMh LoPN vl.ks vfr‛k;

xjtsps vkgs- dkj.k nq/k gs lq{etrqaps ekgsj ?kj vkgs-

33½ nksguk uarj nq/k xkGqu LoPN d:u rkcMrksc FkaM djk-



34½ nq/k nksgukuarj fulxZr% fru rkl pkaxys jkgq ‚kdrs Eg.kqup ;k rhu rklkr nq/kkph foYgsokV yko.ks xjtsps

vkgs-

35½ nq/kkr dks.kR;kgh inkFkkZph HkslG dj.ks dk;|kus xqUgk vkgs] nq/kkr HkslG dj.ks VkGk-

36½ fodzh i‛pkr f‛kYyd nq/kkpk Qk;ns‛khj fouh;ksx d:u uqdlku VkGk-

37½ l.kokj] izlax] xzkgdkaph ekx.kh] y{kkr ?ksmu ikjaikfjd nqX/kinkFkZ fufeZrh djk-

38½ nqX/kra=Kku fo’k; rKka‛kh ppkZ d:u inkFkZ fufeZrhe/khy ckjdkos tk.kqu ?ks.;kpk iz;Ru djk ts.ks d:u mPp

nTkkZps inkFkZ fufeZr gksrhy-

39½ nqX/kinkFkZ fufeZrh njE;ku izkIr nqX/kmiinkFkZ tls rkd] csjh gs pk mi;ksx d:u u¶;kr ok< djk- nqX/kmiinkFkZ

mi;ksxkr u vk.krk rlsp Qsdqu fnY;kus okrkoj.k nq’khr gksrs-

40½ izfrfyVj nqX/kinkFkkZpk mrkjk dlk ok<sy vkf.k rks dehr deh [kPkkZr dlk r;kj gksbZy ;kapk fopkj gks.ks

vfr‛k; egRokps vkgs- izR;sd ckjhd&lkjhd ckchph uksan Bsoqu izfr fyVj inkFkZ mRiknu [kpZ dk<qu uarjp R;k

nqX/kinkFkkZph fodzh fdaer Bjok-

<kscGekukus dk gksbZuk ijarq oj ueqn ckchph dkGth ?ksrY;kl nqX/kO;olk; gk ,d izfr’Bhr O;olk; vkgs-

vls vki.kkl [kk+=hus tk.kosy- y{kkr Bsok nq/k gk ,d vlk inkFkZ vkgs- dh tsk ckY;koLFksiklqu ej.kklUUk

voLFksi;Zar loZ _rqr fofo/k Lrjkrhy ekuokl vko‛;d vkgs- vkf.k Eg.kqup ns‛kkarxZr ok ns‛kkckgsj nq/k o

nqX/kinkFkkZlkBh eksBh cktkjisB miyC/k vkgs] xjt vkgs rh Ikz;Rukaph-



nq/k o Hkkjrh; nqX/k inkFkZ izk-ih-ch fude izk fot; dsGs MkW- ,l- ih- pkaxkMs

nqX/k ra=Kku egkfo|ky;] mnxhj

vkiyk Hkkjr ns‛k gk d`’khiz/kku ns‛k vkgs- l/;kph ifjfLFkrh cf?kryh rj ‚ksrh gh laiq.kZr% fulxkZoj

voyacqu vkgs- Eg.kwu ‚ksrh‛kh iqjd vls tksM/kans dsY;kf‛kok; ‛ksrd&;kauk i;kZ; mjysyk ukgh- ‚ksrh‛kh iqjd vls

tksM/kans cjspls vkgsr- R;kr dqDdqVikyu o nqX/kskRiknu gs O;olk; dehrdeh tkxsr dj.;klkj[ks T;kl

pkaxY;kizdkjph cktkjisB miyC/k vkgs- l/;k Hkkjr gk nqX/k mRiknukr ifgY;k Øaekdkoj vkgs- Hkkjrkrhy xk;h o

Eg’khaph la[;k gh vuqØaes 85 n‛ky{k o 98 n‛ky{k ,o<h s vlwu Hkkjrkps okf’kZd nqX/k mRiknu 112-2 n‛ky{k Vu

,o<s vkgs- Hkkjr nqX/k mRiknukr tjh ifgY;k Øaekdkoj vlyk rjh izfr fnol izfr ek.kwl miyC/krk gh Qkj deh

Eg.kts 252 xzWe ,o<h vkgs] T;kl cjhp‛kh dkj.ks vkgsr- R;kr izkeq[;kus Hkkjrkph yksdla[;k] yksdkaph vkfFkZd

ifjfLFkrh vkgs- ‚ksrdjh mRiknu dsYksY;k nq/kkP;k 90 VDds nq/k gs foØhlkBh cktkjkr usrkr o dsoG 10 VDds nq/k

gs Lor%P;k dqVqacklkBh okijrkr- vWxzhdYpj th-Mh-ih- e/;s i‛kq/kukpk 25 rs 26 VDds ,o<k okVk vkgs-

HkkjrkP;k ,dw.k nq/k mRiknukkiSdh 55 VDds nq/k gs osxosXkGs inkFkZ cufo.;klkBh rj 45 VDds nq/k gk brj

okijklkBh okijys tkrs- nq/kkiklwu cufo.;kr ;s.kk&;k inkFkkZe/;s eq[;r% ngh] yks.kh] [kok] Nuuk gs vlwu

R;kiklwu osxosxGs xksM inkFkZ cufoys tkrkr- nq/kkiklwu eu izlUu dj.kkjs FkaM nqX/k inkFkZ o ikSsf’Vd vls

vkbZldzhe o pht cuoys tkrs-

nq/k o nqX/k inkFkkZps egRop gs vki.kkl lokZauk Qkj tqU;k dkGkiklwu Eg.kts oSfnd dkGkiklwu ekfgrh

vkgs- nqX/k inkFkZ cufo.ks gh ,d izdkjph dyk vkgs- iwohZ loZ izdkjps nqX/k inkFkZ cufoys tk;ps] i.k ra=Kku

fodflr >kY;kuarj rsp inkFkZ gs ‚kkL=ksDr i/nrhus o eksB;k izek.kkr cufo.;kl lu 1940 ps uarj lq#okr

>kyh- vkacfoysys nqX/k inkFkZ] ukloysys nqX/k inkFkZ] fo?kVu dsysys inkFkZ o vkVoysys nqX/k inkFkZ nq/k lk[kGowu

r;kj dsysY;k nqX/ktU; inkFkZakph vls oxhZdj.k dj.;kr vkys- lnjhy nqX/k inkFkZ cufo.;kph ‚kkL=ksDr i/nrh o

rs cuforsosGh okij.;kr vkysys nqX/ktU; oxkkZO;frfjDr ?kVd oki#u ikSf’Vd] fVdkow o tkLr uQk ns.kkjs inkFkZ

cufoys tkrkr- nq/k gs tlsP;k rls nzo Lo#ikr fodY;kis{kk rsp tj eqY;o/khZr nqX/ktU; inkFkZ fufeZrh d#u

fodys xsY;kl R;kiklwu nq/k mRiknukl tkLrhpk Qk;nk gksrks- nq/kkph lkBo.k {kerk ok<rs- R;ke/;s jkstxkkj fufeZrh

gksÅ ‚kdrs- nqX/ktU; inkFkZakph ekx.kh nSuanhu thoukr ok<r pkyyh vkgs

vkgkjkr nw/kkps egRo

ns‛kkr vkt njMksbZ njfno‛kh 173 xzWe rj egkjk’Vªkr 106 xzWe nq/k miyC/k vkgs- g;kp xrhus ns‛kkrhy

nq/k mRiknu gksr jkfgY;kl lu 2000 i;Zar ns‛kkrhy nw/kkph miyC/krk njMksbZ njfno‛kh 180 xzWe ,o<h gksbZy-

ijarw vkgkj fo’ks‛kKkaP;k ers izR;sd O;Drhus nj fno‛kh 280 xzWe nw/k vkgkjkr ?ksrys ikfgts Eg.ktsp vktgh tso<s

nw/k rj fno‛kh vko‛;d vkgs R;kP;k toGikl fuEesp miyC/k vkgs- nw/kkps vkgkjkrhy egRo gs R;kP;k ?kVdkaps



izek.kkoj voyacwu vlrs- nw/k gs dks.kR;kgh izk.;kps vlys rjh R;krhy ?kVd gs lkj[ksp vlrkr] QDr ?kVdkaps

izek.k deh vf/kd vlrs- nq/kkr izkeq[;kus ik.kh] flX/kinkFkZ] nqX/k‛kdZjk] izfFkus] [kfut nzO;] ftoulRos o jklk;fud

inkFkZ gs ?kVd vlrkr- lk/kkj.ki.ks 100 xzWe nq/kkiklwu 66 dWyjh Toyu‛kDrh ‚kjhjkl feGrs-

fujfujkG;k izk.;kaP;k nw/kkrhy ?kVdkaph VDdsokjh

v-dz- ?kVd xk;

¼Hkkjrh;½

EgSl ‚ksGh esa<h L=h

1 Ikk.kh 86-30 84-20 86-50 83-77 87-43

2 ,dw.k ?ku?kVd 1-72 15-80 13-50 16-30 12-57

3 flX/k inkFkZ 4-9 6-6 4-5 6-00 3-75

4 izfFkus 3-4 3-9 3-5 4-8 1-63

5 nqX/k‛kdZjk 4-1 5-2 4-7 4-9 6-98

6 [kfut nzO;s 0-7 0-7 0-8 0-8 0-21

7 ftoulRo ßdÞ fe-xzWe

¼100 fe-yh-nw/k½

2-5

2-8

3-5

5-5

40-00

8 ftoulRo

ßvÞ vkarj

jk’Vªh; eki 100 fe-

yh- nw/k

148-9

175-6

137-4

189-7

189-9

Ikk.kh

nq/kkr fulxZr% ik.;kps izek.k Hkjiwj vlrs ik.;kps egRokps dk;Z Eg.kts brj ?kVdkauk uSlfxZd nzko.k

fLFkrhe/;s jk[kwu Bso.ks o R;kaph ‚kjhjkr okgrwd dj.ks gs gks;- ekuokps ‚kjhjkr 60 rs 65 VDds ik.kh vlwu R;kpk

mi;ksx ‚kjhjkps rkieku vko‛;d rso<s Bso.;klkBh gksrks-

fLuX/k inkFkZ

nq/kkrhy pjchl fLuX/kinkFkZ vls lacks/khrkr brj dks.kR;kgh ?kVdkis{kk lokZr tkLr Toyu‛kDrh ;k

inkFkkZiklwu ‚kjhjkl feGrs- ljkljh ,d xzWe fLuX/k inkFkkZiklwu 9 dWyjht Toyu‛kDrh ‚kjhjkl feGrs- ‚kjhjkl

vko‛;d vl.kkÚ;k fLuX/kkEykpk iqjoBk ;k iklwu gksrks- nw/kkrhy fLuX/k inkFkkZr 150 izdkjph fLuX/kkEys vlrkr-

brD;k eksB;k izek.kkoj fLuX/kkEykpk iqjoBk vU; dks.kR;kgh izdkjP;k pjch iklwu gksr ukgh- fLuX/k inkFkkZr

ftoulRo v]d]M]b gs nzkO; vlY;keqGs ;kapk iqjoBk ;k}kjsp gksrks- nq/kkr fLuX/k inkFkkZps vfLrRo lq{e fcUnwP;k



vkdkjkr vlwu ;kps fof‛k’V xq# o deh vlY;keqGs dkgh dkG nq/k fLFkj BsoY;kl nw/kkps i’̀BHkkxkoj va‛kr%fLuX/k

inkFkZ tek gksrkr- ;k inkFkkZP;k vfLrRokeqGs nq/kkl xqGxqGhr i.kk ;srks- ekuokP;k ‚kjhjkr lk/kkj.ki.ks 15 VDds

fLuX/k inkFkZ vlrkr-

izfFkus

fujksxh O;Drhus ‚kjhjkr ljkljh 15 VDds izfFku s vlrkr- tx.;klkBh ekuokl izFkhukaph vR;ar

vko‛;drk vkgs- ekuokps ‚kjhjkr izFkhukapk mi;ksx Luk;q o ekl is‛khph ok< dj.ks o izlaxh R;kph f>t Hk#u

dk<.ks ;klkBh gksrks- R;kpizek.ks izFkhus jksx lalxkZyk fojks/k d#u izrhdkj‛kDrh ok<fo.;kl enr djrkr- ljkljh

,d xzWe izFkhukiklwu ‚kjhjkl 4-2 dWyjht Toyu‛kDrh feGrs- nq/kkrhy izFkhuke/;s vko‛;d o vuko‛;d izdkjph

vehuks vkEys vlrkr- ;keqGsp nq/kkrhy izFkhukyk vkgkj ‚kkL=kr egRokps LFkku vlwu rh mPp ntkZph ekuyh

tkrkr- nq/kkrhy izFkhus fru izdkjph vlrkr- dslhu] yWDVksXyksC;wyhu o yWDVksvyY;qehu dslhu gk izdkj QDr

nq/kkrp lkiMrks o ;kpk mi;ksx m|ksxkrgh gksrks-

nqX/k ‚kdZjk

uSlfxZdjhR;k nqX/k‛kdZjk gh QDr lLru izk.;kps nq/kkrp vk<Gwu ;srs- usgehP;k lk[kjsis{kk nqX/k ‚kdZjk

1@6 iV xksM vlwu vé jlkr pVdu foyhu gksr ukgh- ,d xzWe nqX/k ‚kdZjsiklwu pkj dWyjht Toyu‛kDrh

‚kjhjkl feGrs- nqX/k ‚kdZjseqGs ipu laLFksr vkEyh; fLFkrh fuekZ.k gksÅu rh cjkp dkG jk[kyh tkrs o ;k

fdz;seqGsp ‚kjhjkr vl.kkjs dWyf‛k;e lkj[ks {kkj ipukl lksis tkrkr izFkhukps ipukeqGs ts dkgh vik;dkjd ok;w

ipulaLFksr fuekZ.k gksrkr rs nqX/k ‚kdZjsP;k ipukeqGs fuekZ.k gksr ukghr- lq{e ftok.kw nw/kkrhy ‚kdZjspk mi;ksx

d#u yWDVhd vkEy r;kj djrkr o yWDVhd vkEykapk mi;ksx ipu laLFksr brj vékps ?kVd ipfo.;klkBh gksrks-

izFkhukaps fo?kVu dj.;kÚ;k lq{e ftok.kwph ok< jks[kyh tkrs-

[kfut nzO;s

gh nq/kkr vYi izek.kkr vlyh rjh ‚kjhjkl vko‛;d vl.kkjh cgwrsd loZ {kkj o /kkrw nq/kkr vlrkr

;kpk mi;ksx ‚kjhjkr nkar]gkMs etcwr dj.ks]Luk;w o ukM;kauk ;ksX; izfrfdz;k dj.;kl Hkkx ikM.ks] rkacM;k jDr

is‛kh r;kj dj.;klkBh izFkhuk cjkscj dke dj.ks ;k lkj[kh egRokph dk;Z [kfutk}kjs ikj ikMyh tkrkr- nq/kkr

dWyf‛k;e]LQqjn gs {kkj ;ksX; R;k iqjs‛;k izek.kkr vlrkr- R;kpizek.ks dksckYV]tLr]yksg ;k lkj[ks /kkrw vlrkr-

ftoulRo

nq/kkr ekuokps ‚kjhjkl vko‛;d vl.kkjh ftoulRos v]M]d vkf.k b gh fLuX/k inkFkkZr vk<Grkr] rj

ftoulRo ßcÞ lewg ßlÞ gh nq/kkrhy ik.;kr nzkO; fLFkrhr vlrkr- ‚kjhjkr ftoulRos gh vo;kadMwu dke d#u

?ks.ks]R;kaph ok< dj.ks o R;kauk ikS’Vhd ?kVdkpk iqjoBk dj.ks] mRiRrh e/;s enr dj.ks gh egRokph dk;Z ikj

iMrkr- ;kf‛kok; izR;sd ftoulRokaps dk;Z gs Bjkfod o osxGs vlrs-



ftoulRo ßvÞ

‚kjhjkph Ropk] MksGs o dkarh lrst jk[k.;klkBh enr djrs- f‛kok; n`’Vh fujksxh jk[kwu jkrka/kRok iklwu

cpko gksrks- ‚olu uyhdk] yky xzaFkh] eq=ihaM o xHkkZ‛k; ;k vo;okaps dk;Z lqjGhr pky.;kl enr djrs-

ftoulRo ßMÞ

nw/kke/;s ;k ftoulRokps izek.k brj ftoulRok is{kk vYi vlrs- ;keqGsp vko‛;d vlsy rsOgk nq/kkoj

izdk‛k fdz;k d#u ;k ftoulRokps nq/kkrhy izek.k ok<fo.;kl ;srs- ‚kjhjkr dWy‛kh;e {kkj lekfo’V dj.;klkBh ;k

ftoulRokpk mi;ksx gksrks-

ftoulRo ßbÞ

;k ftoulRokpk mi;ksx iztuu ‚kDrh ok<fo.;klkBh gksrks- ;kP;k derjrseqGs oka>i.kk ;sÅ ‚kdrks-

ftoulRo ßdÞ

t[kesojhy jDrL=ko Fkkacfo.ks]‛kjhj ,d la?k Bso.ks] jDr is‛khP;k Hkharh etcwr dj.ks] jksx lalZxkyk fojks/k

dj.ks] ‚kjhjkl O;k/kh iklwu nwj Bso.ks gs ;k ftoulRokp s izeq[k dk;Z gksr-

ftoulRo ßcÞ

;kr Fkk;kehu o jhcksYQschu gh nksu egRokph ftoulRos vlrkr- ;k f‛kok; vk;ksMhu] iW’VksaFkWuhd vWlhM]

ik;jhMkWDlhu] QWykWlhu&buksLVky] dksyhu o ftoulRo c 12 gh ftoulRos vlrkr- ;ksX; izdkjs vékps ipu

gksÅu Hkw[k ykxkoh] Luk;w fujksxh jk[k.ks]vkgkjkrhy lk[kjsps ‚kDrh Lrks=kr #ikarj dj.ks bR;knh dkes ;k ftoulRo

lewgkeqGs ‚kjhjkr ikj ikMyh tkrkr-

ftoulRo ßlÞ

nq/k lq;Zizdk‛kkr BsoY;kl gs ftoulRo uk‛k ikors ipu laLFksr ;k ftolRokeqGs eksykph dkexhjh ikj

ikMyh tkrs-

jklk;uhd inkFkZ

‚kjhjkrhy jklk;fud izfdz;k ?kMowu vk.k.;klkBh ;k inkFkkZph enr gksrs fdaok v‛kk izdzh;k >kY;kuarj

r;kj gks.kkÚ;k iwjd ?kVdkapk ‚kjhjkr r}rp fujfujkG;k dzh;k iw.kZ dj.;klkBh mi;ksx gksrks-

vkgkjkrhy fujfujkG;k inkFkkZaP;k rqyusr nq/kkrwu Hkjiwj vé ?kVd ‚kjhjkl iqjfoyh tkrkr- nw/k gs Js’B

vé vkgs- gs [kkyhy ckcheqGs Li’Vp gksrs-

1- vHkZd voLFksr nq/kkl i;kZ; ukgh-

2- loZ o;kP;k ekuoklkBh cgwrsd nq/k gs laiw.kZ vé vkgs-

3- ‚kjhjkr pVdu lekfo’V gks.kkÚ;k mPp eqY;k/khr izFkhukapk iqjoBk nq/kk}kjs gksrks-

4- fof'k’V xq.k/keZ o dks’kkoj.k dk;Z vlysys fLuX/kka‛k nq/kkr vlrkr-

5- ckY; voLFksr ipulaLFksph dkGth ?ks.kkÚ;k dcksZnkapk iqjoBk nq/kk}kjs gksrks-



6- Hkjiwj vé nzO;kapk ¼110½ lkBk nq/kkr vlrks-

7- nq/k ekuokP;k jDr is‛kh l‛kDr d#u nkrkps jksx deh dj.;kl enr djrs- ;k f‛kok; nq/kkr ddZ jksx

fojks/kh rRos vlrkr-

8- lsoukiwohZ rkifoY;k f‛kok; vU; dks.krhgh izfdz;k djkoh ykxr ukgh o nw/kkr ok;k tk.;klkj[kk dks.krkgh

Hkkx ulrks-

Hkkjrh; nqX/k inkFkZ

Hkkjrh; nqX/k inkFkZ Eg.kts la;qDr ¼caxyk ns‛k o ikdhLrkulg½ Hkkjrkr ijijkaxr i)rhus nw/kk iklwu r;kj

dj.;kr ;s.kkjs inkFkZ ns‛kkr mRiknhr gks.kkÚ;k ,dw.k nw/kkiSdh toGikl 50 VDds nw/k Hkkjrh; cukoVhps nqX/k inkFkZ

r;kj dj.;klkBh okijys tkrs- Hkkjrh; nqX/k inkFkZ r;kj dj.;kl lksis vlwu R;kapk izfdz;k [kpZgh deh vlrks-

fof‛k’V vFkok tkLr fdaerhph midj.ks ykxr ukghr] euq’;cG deh ykxrs] Hkko pkaxyk feGrks o R;keqGs Qk;nkgh

tkLr gksrks- Hkkjrh; nqX/k inkFkZ ‚kkL=h; i)rhus cuokos Eg.kwu rka=hd ekfgrh FkksMD;kr uewn dsyh vkgs ts.ks d#u

‚ksrdjh cka/kokauk ;kpk Qk;nk ?ksrk ;sbZy-

nqX/k inkFkkZps oxhZdj.k

nq/k vkVowu dsysy inkFkZ & nq/kkyk m’.krk nsÅu ck’i Hkoukps lkg;kus R;krhy ik.kh deh dsys tkrs ;k rRokoj gs

inkFkZ r;kj dj.;kr ;srkr- mnk& [kok] cklwanh] jcMh] [khj bR;knh-

nw/k lk[kGowu dsysy inkFkZ & nw/k vkEykP;k lkg;kus lk[kGowu R;krhy ik.;kpk va‛k deh dj.;kr ;srks- mnk-

Nék] iuhj] jlxqYyk] jleykbZ] lans‛k] b-

nw/k vkacowu dsysy inkFkZ & nw/k fof‛k’V lq{e ftok.kwaP;k lkg;kus vkacfo.;kr ;srs- mnk-ngh]pDdk]Jh[kaM b-

nw/k XkksBowu dsysy inkFkZ & nq/kkrhy ?ku ?kVdkps izek.k ok<owu deh rkiekukoj xksBfo.;kr ;srkr- mnk-

dqYQh]?kjxqrh vkbZLdzhe-

tkLr ?k`rka‛k vlysys inkFkZ & tls yks.kh]rwi-



nq/k o nqX/k inkFkkZph ekuds@ijhHkk’kk

MkW- ,l- ih- pkaxkMs vkf.k Jh- ch- Mh- esJke

nqX/kra=Kku foHkkx

nqX/k ra=Kku egkfo|ky;] o:M ¼iqln½ ft- ;orekG

nw/k%&

nqHkR;k tukojkaP;k lMkrwu iw.kZi.ks dk<ysYkk L=ko- ;k L=koke/;s fpdkpk varHkkZo ukgh- nqHkrs tukoj

O;kY;kiklwu lwekjs ngk lkatk iwohZ fu?k.kkjs nq/k] fpd ;k Lo:ikr vlrs- nq/kkph izdkjps ekuds Lora= i.ks iq<s

fnysys vkgs- laiw.kZi.ks dk<ysyk L=ko] vlk mYys[k dj.;kps eq|ke dkj.k Eg.kts /kkj dk<rkauk] ifgY;k /kkjk]

e/kY;k /kkjk vkf.k ‛ksoVP;k /kkjk ;kaP;krhy nq/kkps i`Fk%dj.k dssys rj laiw.kZ nq/kkis{kk osxGs vlsy- ifgY;k /kkjsr

fLuX/kka‛k vxnh deh rj ‛ksoVP;k /kkjsr lokZr vf/kd Eg.kqu laiw.kZ nksgukauraj tks feJ L+=ko feGsy R;kyk nq/k gh

laKk vkgs-

ik‛pjhd`r nw/k%&

T;k nq/kkrhy izR;sd d.k fdekUk 60 va‛k- rkiekUkkyk rkioyk vkgs o R;kp rkiekUkkyk rhl feuhVs /kkj.k

dsyk vkgs- fdaok 71-5 va‛k- rkiekUkkyk rkiowu R;kp rkiekUkkyk 15 lsdan Bsoyk vkgs- fdaok v‛kk r&gspk vU;

ekU; m’.krkekukyk rkiowu Bjkohd dky /kkj.k dsyk vkgs o rkcMrksc 10 va‛k- fdaok deh rkiekUkkyk FkaM dsyk]

v‛kk nw/kkyk ik‛pjhd`r nw/k vls Eg.krkr- ik‛pjhd`r nw/k QkLQVs> dlksVhyk udkjkFkhZ mrj.ks vko‛;d vkgs-

LVjykbZTM fdaok futZrwd nw/k%&

ts nw/k 115 va‛k- m’.krkekukyk 15 feuhVs fdaok 145 va‛k- m’.krkekukyk 3 lsadn fdaok v‛kk rÚgsP;k

ekU; m’.krkekukr ekU; dkyko/khr djhrk rkifoysys vlsy o ts futZrwd nw/k loZlk/kkj.k okrkjoj.kkr 15 fnol

fVdq ‛kdsy] v‛kk nq/kkph fodzh T;k HkkM;akr ¼ckVyhe/;s½ rs rkifoys vlsy v‛kkp HkkaM;krqu djrk ;sbZy- R;kizek.ks

;k nw/kkl VfcZMhVh dlksVh ykoyh vlrk] vkYC;qehupk va‛klq/nk lkiMrk dkek u;s-

lqxa/khr nw/k%&

T;k r&gspk lqxa/k ?kkryk vlsy] R;kpk ukefunsZ‛k nw/kkP;k ckVyhoj d:u R;kp dktw] cnke] fiLrk fdaok

osyphlkj[ks inkFkZ ?kkrys vlrhy fdaok ulrhy o ts lqxa/khr nw/k ik‛pjhd`r] LVjykbZTM fdaok mdGoysys ¼lqokl

?kkrY;koj½ vlsy vls nw/k-



izek.khr nw/k%&

xk;hps vFkok Eg‛khps nw/k vFkok feJ nw/k T;kaps ?k`rka‛k izek.k 4-5 VDds o fLuX/ksrj ?kVd 8-5 VDds

brds izek.khr dsys vkgsr o ts r;kj dj.;kdjhrk ?k`rka‛k dkgh izek.kkr dk<ys vkgsr ok felGysys vkgsr ok T;kr

foHkDrhd`r nw/k felGysys vkgs vFkok ukgh- rlsp iw.k?kZVhr fLuX/kak‛k fojghr ?kVd felGysys vkgsr fdaok ukgh- ts

nw/k ik‛pjkbTM dsys vlwu QkWLQsVs> dlksVh udkjkFkhZ nk[kors rs nw/k-

iw.k%?kVhr nw/k%&

nw/kkps fLuX/k o fLuX/ksrj ?kVd o ik.kh ;kaps ,dtho ¼gkseksftuk;>s‛ku½ d:u ts ik‛pjhd`r dsys vkgs o

QkWLQsVs> dlksVhr udkjkFkhZ mrjrs vls nw/k-

Vks.M nw/k%&

xk;hps ok Eg‛khps nw/k] nw/kkph HkqdVh o ik.kh vFkok fLuX/krk fojghr nw/k ;kaps feJ.k vFkok T;k nw/kkrwu dkgh

izek.kkr fLuX/krk dk<yh vkgs vFkok T;k nw/kkr dkgh izek.kkr fLUkX/krk felGysyh vkgs- vls ik‛pjhd`r o

QkWLQksVs> dlksVhr udkjkFkhZ mrj.kkjs nw/k v‛kk nw/kkr tj nw/k HkqdVh okijyh vlsy rj r;kj >kysY;k nw/kkoj

dlykgh Fkj tek gksrk dkek u;s- ;krhy fLuX/krk 3 VDd;kis{kk deh ulkoh o fLuX/ksrj ?kVd 8-5 VDd;kis{kk

deh ulkos-

Mcy Vks.M nw/k%&

ojhy ojhyizek.ksp Qjd QDr fLuX/k ?kVdkr- fLuX/k ?kVd fdekUk 1-5 VDds vlkos o fLuX/ksrj ?kVd 9

VDdsis{kk deh vlw u;s-

xk;h@Eg‛khP;k nq/kkr fLuX/k o fLuX/ksrj ?kVd ;kaP;kr O;k[;k ;k n`’Vhus jkT;kjkT;krwu rQkor vkgs-

vklke] fcgkj] paMhx<] fnYyh] xqtjkr] gjh;k.kk] egkjk’Vª] iatkc] mRrjizns‛k ;k jkT;kr Eg‛khP;k nw/kkr fdekUk 6

VDds fLuX/kk‛k o 9 VDds fLuX/ksRrj ?kVd vl.ks vko‛;d vkgsr

;kmyV vaneku] fudksckj] vka/kzizns‛k] nknjk] uxjgosyh] xksok] fnone.k] dsjG] y{kfOni] rkehyukMw]

e.khiwj] dukZVd] ukxkyWM] vksjhlk] ikWMspjh] f=iwjk] oxSjs jkT;kr Eg‛khaP;k nq/kkr fdek.k fLuX/kka‛k 5 VDds o

fLuX/ksRrj ?kVd 9 VDds visf{kr vkgs-

Xkk;hP;k nw/kkP;k ckcrhr paMhx<] gjh;k.kk] iatkc] vaneku ;k jkT;kr 4 VDds o fLuX/ksRrj ?kVd 8-5

VDds o brj loZ jkT;kr rsp izek.k 3-5 VDds o 8-5 VDds vkgs-

nq/k fodzh djhr vlrkauk tj rs dks.kR;k izdkjps nw/k vkgs vlk tkghj mYys[k dsyk ulsy rj rs Eg‛khps

nw/k leTk.;kr ;srs-

nqX/ktU; inkFkkZr iq<hy inkFkkZpk izkeq[;kus lekos‛k dsysyk vlrks-



1½ dzhe 2½ eybZ 3½ ngh 4½ foHkDrhd`r nq/kkps ngh 5½ NUUkk 6½ foHkDrhd`r nw/kkph HkqdVh 7½ foHkDrhd`r nw/kkpk

NUuk 8½ fpt 9½ izkslsLk fpt 10½ vkbfLdze 11½ feYd vkbZlsl 12½ vkVho nq/k 13½ xksM vkVho nw/k 14½ vkVho

foHkDrhd`r nw/k 15½ nq/k HkqdVh 16½ xksM vkVho foHkDrhd`r nw/k 17½ va‛kr% foHkDrhd`r nw/kkph HkqdVh 18½ Vscy

cVj] eLdk 19½ ns‛kh yks.kh 20½ ckyvkgkj-

eybZ &

gk inkFkZ Eg.kts xk;h] Eg‛khps nw/k vFkok nksUgh ,d= d:u rkiowu R;koj tek >kysyk inkFkZ o ;kaph

fLuX/krk 25 VDdsis{kk deh ulrs-

ngh%&

ik‛pjhd`r vFkok mdGysY;k nw/kkyk uSlfxZd vFkok d`=he] fu:inzoh] ftok.kawps fojt.k ykowu dsysyk inkFkZ-

T;k nw/kkiklwu gs ngh dsys vlsy R;k nw/kk brdsp ng;ke/;s fLuX/k o fLuX/ksRrj ?kVd jkgrhy- T;kosGh foHkDrhd`r

nw/kkiklwu dsysY;k ng;kbrds ok R;k,soth vU; nw/kkiklwu ngh dsys vlsy o rlk mYys[k dsyk ulsy rj rs Eg‛khP;k

nq/kkps ngh ekuys tkrs-

NUuk ¼iuhj½ %&

Eg‛khps fdaok xk;hps nw/k lk;fVªd vkEykps lkgk¸;kus lk[kGoqu R;kpk izkIr dsysyk pksFkk- ;kr 70 VDdsis{kk

tkLr vknzZrk vlw u;s o 50 VDdsis{kk deh fLuX/kk‛k dksjM;k fLFkrhr ulkok- foHkDrhd`r nw/kkiklwu dsysY;k

NU;ke/;s gsp izek.k 70 VDds o 13 VDds vlrs-

[kok%&

gk inkFkZ xk;hps@Eg‛khps@‛ksGhps fdaok esa<hps nw/k tyn xrhus vkVowu dj.ks vko‛;d vkgs- r;kj [kO;ke/;s

20 VDdsis{kk deh ?k`rka‛k vlwu pky.kkj ukgh-

Vscy cVj%&

xk;] EgSl fdaok ;kaP;k feJhr nw/kkP;k eybZiklwu vFkok xk;] EgSl ;kaP;k feJhr nw/kkP;k ng;kiklwu dsysys

yks.kh] ;kr jax] feB] oxSjph vko‛;drk vkgsp vls ukgh- i.k jax ?kkyk;pk vlY;kl vWUkWVks f‛kok; vU; jax

ulsy o fVdkm inkFkZ Eg.kwu feBkf‛kok; elwnk inkFkZ ulsy] R;kr dks.kR;kgh r&gsph izk.kht fdaok ouLirhtU; pjch

ulsy] es.k ulsy ok rsys felGysyh ulrhy- otukus 80 Vddsis{kk deh fLuX/krk ulkoh- 1-5 VDdsis{kk tkLr

feB ulkos o oklkdjhrk vFkok vU; gsrwu felGysyh jlk;us 0-2 VDdsis{kk tkLr ulkoh-

ns'kh yks.kh %&

ckdh loZ ?kVd ojhyizek.ksp ijarw ;kr jax o {kkj Vkdysys ulkos fLuX/kka‛k 70 VDdsi{kk deh ulkos-

T;kosGh n‛kh yks.kh vlk mYys[k ulsy rsOgk ;k yks.;kyk Vscy cVj ps fu;e ykxw iMrhy-



rwi %&

eybZ vFkok yks.kh d<owu dsysyk inkFkZ- ;kr dqBykgh jax fdaok fVdfo.;klkBh jlk;us okijrk ;s.kkj

ukghr- rwikP;k dlksV;k loZlk/kkj.ki.ks pkj vkgsr- T;k Hkkxkr ljdhpk vkgkj nqHkR;k tukojkauk fnyk tkrks- R;k

Hkkxkr dlksV;kps izek.k FkksMs osxGs vlrs-

jkT;kps uko 40 va‛k-rkiekukyk vkj-,e- Qzh eqDr vknZzrk

fjQzWDVksehVj uksan OgWY;w esnkEys Vddsokjh

vka/kzizns‛k 40 rs 43-0 24 3-0 0-3

xqtjkr 40 rs 45-0 24 3-0 0-3

egkjk‛Vª 40 rs 45 21 rs 26 3-0 0-3



veqy nq/k mRiknd lgdkjh laLFkkaph f=Lrjh; dk;Zi/nrh

MkW-fot; dsGs] izk-vuar /kks=s] izk-xtkuu ukjuojs] izk- iz.kkyh fude nqX/k ra=Kku egkfo|ky;] mnxhj

Hkkjrkps okf’kZd nqX/k mRiknu 112-2 n‛ky{k Vu ,o<s vkgs- Hkkjr nqX/k mRiknukr tjh ifgY;k Øaekdkoj

vlyk rjh izfr fnol izfr ek.kwl miyC/krk gh Qkj deh Eg.kts 252 xzWe ,o<h vkgs- T;kl cjhp‛kh dkj.ks

vkgsr- R;kr izkeq{;kus Hkkjrkph yksdla[;k] yksdkaph vkfFkZd ifjfLFkrh vkgs- ‚ksrdjh mRiknu dsYksY;k nq/kkP;k 90

VDds nq/k gs fdØhlkBh cktkjkr usrkr o dsoG 10 VDds nq/k gs Lor%P;k dqVqacklkVh okijrkr- vWxzhdYpj th-Mh-

ih- e/;s i‛kq/kukpk 25 rs 26 VDds ,o<k okVk vkgs- eksB;k izek.kkoj ;‛kLohfjR;k m|ksx/kans fodlhr dj.;kr

lgdkjh {ks=kpk Qkj eksBk gkr vkgs- i.k vkt ek= lkekU; turk] lektkrhy L=h oxZ] ;k lgdkjh rRokdMs

Qkj’;k vkiqydhP;k utjsus ikgr ukgh- R;keqGs HkkaMoy‛kkgh m|+ksx/kan;kuk pkyuk feGr vkgs vkf.k eqBHkj yksdkaP;k

gkrkr iq.kZ O;olk; {ks= ,doVys vkgs-

ijarq nqX/k O;olk;ke/;s vkiY;kyk iatkc] gfj;k.kk fdaok xqtjkrP;k rksMhl nqX/k O;olk; egkjk’Vªkr

i;kZ;kus ejkBokM;kr ;‛kLohfjR;k lq: djk;pk vlsy rj lgdkj RkRok‛kh lkaxM ?kky.ks vR;ar vko‛;d vkgs-

eksB;k izek.kkoj ;‛kLohfjR;k m|ksx/kans fodlhr dj.;kr lgdkjh {ks=kpk Qkj eksBk gkr vkgs- nqX/k O;olk;ke/;s

vkiY;kyk iatkc] gfj;k.kk fdaok xqtjkrP;k rksMhl nqX/k O;olk; egkjk’Vªkr i;kZ;kus fonHkkZr ;‛kLohfjR;k lq:

djk;pk vlsy rj lgdkj RkRok‛kh lkaxM ?kky.ks vR;ar vko’;d vkgs-

tkxfrd ikrGhoj ;‛kLoh BjysY;k veqy nq/k [kkyhy fru Lrjkaoj gkrkGys tkrs- ;k O;oLFksyk ^f=Lrjh;

O;oLFkk* Eg.krkr-

xzke nq/k lgdkjh la?k

xqtjkr &10]675 [ksMs

Hkkjr &80]000[ksMs

ftYgk nq/k lgdkjh la?k

xqtjkr &14 ftYgk nq/k lgdkjh la?k

Hkkjr & vankts 185 ftYgk nq/k lgdkjh la?k

jkT; lgdkjh nw/k forjd la?k

xqtjkr & xqtjkr lgdkjh nqX/k forj.k la?k

Hkkjrke/;s brj 17 jkT; lgdkjh nw/k

forjd laLFkk



1 xzke nq/k lgdkjh la?k %&

izR;sd xkokr iq.kZr% lgdkj rRokoj pkyr vlysyk xzke lgdkjh la?k vlrks- xkokrhy nqX/kksRiknd R;kps

lHkkln vlrkr- lHkkln gks.;klkBhs ‛ksrhph vV ukgh- i.k ?kjh nqX/kksRiknu Ogk;yk gos- izR;sd xkokr nq/k lgdkjh

la?kkps fdeku ,d nq/k ladyu dsanz vlrs- njjkst ldkGh vkf.k la/;kdkGh ladyu dsanzkoj nq/k fLodkjY;k tkrs-

fLodkj.;kvk/kh nq/kkph rikl.kh dsyh tkrs- fLodkj.;k;ksX; vlysys nq/kp fLodkjys tkrs o rikl.khuarj pkaxys nq/k

otu dkV;ktoG vk.k.;kr ;srs- R;krqu lk/kkj.kr% 5 feyh fyVjpk uequk dk<.;kr ;srks vkf.k R;krhy fLuX/kk‛kkaps

vkf.k fLuX/ksrj inkFkkZPks izek.k midj.kkOnkjs ekst.;kr ;srs- uarj nq/kkps otu dsY;k tkrs- vkf.k R;kph uksan ,dk

midj.kkr gksrs- R;kyk fLuX/kka‛k vkf.k fLuX/ksrj inkFkkZps izek.k ekst.kkjs ;a= lq/nk tksMysys vlrs- nq/kkps otu]

fLuX/kka‛kkps vkf.k fLuX/ksrj inkFkkZps izek.k ;ko#u R;k nq/kkph ,dq.k fdaer] nqX/kksRikndrkps ukao vkf.k fnukad

vlysyh ikorh R;k midj.kkr Nkiyh tkrs- R;kuqlkj fdaaer frFkY;k frFks vnk dsyh tkrs- ;kp cjkscj izR;sd

‛ks srdÚ;kus o’kZHkj dsysY;k nq/kkph rif‛kyokj ekfgrh dsanzkr jk[kqu Bsowu R;kph ,d izr ftYgk nq/k la?kkyk ikBfoyh

tkrs- uxnh feGkysY;k nq/kkP;k iS‛kkrwu ‛ksrdÚ;kyk pkjk fdaok xqjkps [kk| ?;k;ps vlsy rj rs lnj dsanzkojp

miyC/k vlrs- izR;sd xzke nq/k lgdkjh dsanzkoj nq/k ladyu vkf.k f‛kryhdj.kklkBh ykx.kkjh ;a=.kk v|;kor

vlrs- ftFks fotsph lks; ulsy fdaok fot iqjoBk [kaMhr gksr vlsy frFks fot fM>sy baftu fdaok brj i;kZ;h

lk/kus miyC/k vlrkr- v‛kkizdkjs ladyhr >kysys nq/k njjkst ldkGh vkf.k la/;kdkGh VWadjus ftYgk nq/k la?kkP;k

izfdz;k dsanzkdMs ikBfoys tkrs-

2 ftYgk nq/k la?k %&

izR;sd ftYgk feGqu ,d ftYgk nq/k la?k vlrks veqyO;oLFkse/;s vls ,dq.k 14 ftYgk la?k xqtjkre/;s

vkgsr- ftYgk la?kkps ‛kklu gs yksd lnL; fuokZphr lapkyd eaMG ikgrs- ;k lapkyd eaMGkpk lfpo gk R;k

ftYgk la?kkP;k nq/k izdzh;k dsaanzkpk O;oLFkkidh; lapkyd vlrks- R;kP;k vf/kiR;k[kkyh vlysys rka=hd vkf.k

vrka=hd deZpkjh ;kaP;k lgk¸;kus ladyhr nq/kkoj izdzh;k fdaok R;kiklqu fofo/k nqX/k inkFkkZaph fuehZrh dsyh tkrs-

14 ftYgk nq/k la?k feGqu veqyps ,dq.k 40 nqX/kky;s l|k xqtjkr vkf.k brj jkT;kae/;s dk;Zjr vkgsr- ljkljh

nqX/kky;kph nSfud nq/k gkrkG.kh {kerk 10 yk[kkP;k vklikl vkgs- dkghaph {kerk rj 20 yk[kkis{kkgh tkLr vkgs-

QDr veqyOnkjk nj fnolkyk ,dq.k 1 djksM fyVjis{kk tkLr nq/k izdzh;k gksrs- nqX/kky;kr dke dj.kkÚ;k rka=hd

fdaok vrka=hd deZpkjh ;kauk veqyps lnL;Ro vfuok;Z ukgh-

lnj nq/k O;olk;kr gks.kkjk uQk loZ nqX/kksRikndkauk R;kauh iqjfoysY;k nq/kkP;k izek.kke/;s cksulP;k Lo#ikr

forjhr dj.;kr ;srks- ;kO;frjhDr ftYgk lgdkjh la?kkekQZr nqX/kksRikndkauk eksQr i‛kq oS|dh; lsok] i‛kq[kk|]

vkjksX; ;kstuk vkf.k lkekftd dk;kZr vkfFkZd enr v‛kk izdkjps vusd midze jkcfoY;k tkrkr-

3 xqtjkr lgdkjh nqX/k forj.k la?k %&

1946 lkyh lq# >kysY;k /koy dzkarheqGs xqtjkrus 10&15 o’kkZrp ;‛kkpk mPpkad xkByk- njE;ku fuehZr

>kYksY;k ftYgk nq/k la?kke/;s pqjl gksow ykxyh- nqX/kksiukP;k ekxkZojhy izxrh vkys[k lrr p<rk Bso.;klkBh vkf.k



vkilkrhy pqjl laifo.;klkBh 1974 e/;s xqtjkr lgdkjh nq/k forj.k la?kkph LFkkiuk dj.;kr vkyh- ;k la?kkps

eq[; dk;Z loZ ftYg;kr izfdz;sr gks.kkjs nq/k vkf.k nqX/k inkFkZ ;kaps forj.k o foiuu dj.ks vkgs- l|k gh laLFkk

veqy O;oLFksrhy loksZPp foHkkx Eg.kwu vksG[kyh tkrs- xqtjkre/khy ,dq.k 14 ftYgs lgdkjh nqX/k la?k ;kps

lHkkln vlqu R;kauh mRikfnr dsysY;k iq.kZ nqX/k inkFkkZps foi.ku ;kp laLFksekQZr gksrs- ikmp e/;s fodys tk.kkjs iq.kZ

nq/k gs ^veqy* ;k ukokus fodys tkrs] rlsp r;kj gks.kkjs loZ nqX/k inkFkZ lq/nk ^veqy* ukokusp fod.ks vfuok;Z

vkgs- veqy ftYgk la?kkus mRikfnr dsysys nqX/k inkFkZ ^veqy* O;rhfjDr R;k ftYg;krp fodY;k tkow ‚kdrkr-

forj.k la?kkps loZ dkedkt vkuan ;sFkhy eq[; dk;kZy;kekQZr ikgys tkrs- R;kaps ,dq.k xqtjkr vkf.k brj jkT;kr

750 deZpkÚ;kaps tkGs vkgs o R;kr mRiknu] xq.k fu;a=.k vkf.k foi.ku vls fru foHkkx vkgsr-

;k loZckchewGs xqtjkr lgdkjh nqX/k forj.k la?k fodzh e/khy ok< fg vR;ar vk‛p;Zpfdr dj.kkjh vkgs-

1994 &95 e/;s xqtjkr lgdkjh nqX/k forj.k la?kkph ok’khZd myk<ky 11]140 :- n‛ky{k brdh gksrh o rh

2007&08 e/;s :-52]554 n‛ky{k ,o<k ok<yk- ;k ok<he/;s vusd ckchapk lekos‛k vkgs-

xqtjkr lgdkjh nqX/k forj.k la?kkph forj.k i/nrh%

lokZuk ekghr vkgs dh xqtjkr lgdkjh nqX/k forj.k la?kkus d‛;kizdkjs nwX/k O;olk;kr ‚ksrd&;kapk Qk;nk

d:u R;kph vkfFkZd vkf.k lkekthd thou‛kSyh cnysyh vkgs- xwtjkr lgdkjh nwX/k forj.k la?kkP;k forj.k iz.kkyh

e/;s 7 VIis vkgsr-

VIik 1 ¼‛ksrdjh½

VIik 2 ¼lgdkjh laLFkk½

VIik 3 ¼Msvjht~~½

VIik 4 ¼MsiksTk~~½

VIik 5 ¼forjd½

VIik 6 ¼fdjdksG fodzsrs½

VIik 7 ¼xzkgd½

;k forj.k iz.kkyh e/;s ‚ksrdjh nw/k lgdkjh LkaLFkkauk iwjforkr- o lgdkjh laLFkk rs nw/k FkaM d:u ftYgk nw/k

la?kkyk ikBforkr- ftYgk nw/k lgdkjh la/k nw/k o nw/kkps osxosxGs inkFkZ r;kj >kY;kuarj rs Msikt~~yk forj.j

dj.;klkBh ikBfoys tkrkr- Msikt~~ gs nwX/k tU; inkDkZ forjdkdMs dhjdksG fodzR;ki;Zar iksgp.;klkBh ikBorkr-o

‚ksoVh gs fdjdksG fodzsrs xzkgdkdMs iksgpfprkr-



d`=he nq/kkph ok< % leL;k

izk fot; dsGs] izk-ih-ch fude] izk- fuGdaB iokj] MkW- ,l- ih- pkaxkMs


nq/k mRiknukr Hkkjr nss‚kkpk ifgyk dzekad vlqu rks txkrhy 16 VDds is{kk vf/kd nq/k mRiknu djrks-

lu 2009&2010 e/;s Hkkjrkps mRiknu gs 112-2 y{k Vu ;so<s gksrs o rs Food Agriculture Organization

us vankthr dsY;kuqlkj Hkkjrkps mRiknu 2010&2011 e/;s 119 y{k Vu vis{khr vankt dsyk vkgs- txkrhy nq/k

mRiknu gs 711-9 y{k Vu vis{khr vankt vlqu tkxrhd LFkGkoj cf?krY;kl nq/kkpk izrh O;Drh njMksbZ fouh;ksx

izxr ns’kke/;s ljkljh 674 xze@fnu o izxr’khy ns’kk e/;s 181 xze@fnu ,o<k vkgs o R;kp cjkscj Hkkjrkps

njMksbZ fouh;ksx 256 xze@fnu 2009&2010 ,o<k vkgs-

Hkkjrkrhy nq/k mRiknu 112-2 y{k Vu vlqu lq/nk nqX/k TkU; inkFkkZP;k fu;kZrhP;k ckcrhr vkiYks LFkku

ekxs vkgs- fu;kZrhe/;s ikdhLrku] bR;knh jk’Vªs Hkkjr ns‚kk is{kk vxzslj vkgsr- Hkkjrkr tso<s nq/k mRiknu gksrs

R;kiSdh 90 VDd;kis{kk vf/kd nq/k Lor%P;k mi;ksxklkBh okijrkr- Hkkjrkr nq/kkph xq.koRrk nqX/kTkU; inkFkZ gs

ftoulRok lkscr iks‛kd vkgkj iqjfo.kkjs vkgsr eq[;r% xjhc yksdkalkBh nq/k o nqX/kTkU; inkFkZ gs fto.klRokps

izeq[k lk/ku ukgh- Hkkjrke/;s ljkljh 70 VDds yksd [ksM;ke/;s jkgrkr o R;ke/khy ljkljh 40 VDds yksd xfjc

vkgsr o R;kaps miftosdsps lk/ku Eg.kqu nqX/kO;olk;kdMs eq[kr% c?khrys tkrs- nq/k o nqX/kTkU; inkFkkZpk ok<rk

O;kolk; y{kkr ?ksrk] HkkjrkP;k vFkZO;oLFksr o [ksM;kaP;k fodklklkBh nqX/k O;olk;kps egRo Hkjiwj izek.kkr ok<ys

vkgs- nq/k gs ekuoh ‚kjhjklkBh laiwZ.k vUu vkgs-

iapok’khZd ;kstuk o R;kps nqX/k O;olk;koj ifj.kke

iapok‛khZd ;kstusP;k lqjokrhP;k dkGkr nqX/k O;olk;koj y{k dsanzhr dsysys uOgr s- rjh nqX/kO;olk;klkBh

1970&1996 ;k dkGke/;s lokZr tkLr y{k dsanzhr dj.;kr vkys (Operation Flood era) 1970 P;k

lq:okrhyk nq/kkps mRiknu 21 Vu y{k ,so<s gksrs rs l|fLFkrhr 2009&2010 e/;s 112-2 y{k Vu ,so<s >kysys

vkgs- loZ nq/k mRiknukph ok< gh eq[kr% iapok‛khZd ;kstuk vkf.k lkscr AMUL Pattern eqGsp >kysyh vkgs

vls fun’kZukl ;srs-

nq/kkofjy izdzh;k%

Hkkjrkrhy nq/k mRiknu tjh tkLr vlys rjh R;kiSdh QDr 10 VDds nq/kkoj izdzh;k dsyh tkrs o rs

cktkjkr miYkC/k d:u ns.;kr ;srs- nqX/k mRiknu O;olk;kr Organized sector pk okVk gk 30 rs 35 VDds

vkgs o unorganizid sector pk 65 rs 70 VDds ,o<k vkgs- Organized Sector nqX/k O;olk;ke/;s 60

VDds okVk gk lgdkjh {ks=kpk vkgs- nq/k Lohd`rh dsanzkoj nq/kkph IysVQkeZ pkp.kh dsyh tkrs-R;kr nq/kkrhy fLuX?kark

?ku?kVd] vkEyrk vkf.k HkslG vksG[k.;klkBh osxosxG;k pkp.;kapk lekos‚k vkgs-uSlxhZd nq/kkr tj HkslG ;qDr



nq/k gs deh izek.kkr felGwu ikBfoY;kl ] R;k nq/kkrhy HkslG gh vfLrRokr vlysY;k jklk;fud i/nrhus ‘kks/kY;k

tkow ‚kdr ukgh-

nq/kkrhy ok<rh HkslG%

Hkkjrkr nq/kkrhy HkslGhps izek.k Hkjiwj ok<ysys vkgs- izkeq[;kus nq/kkrhy fLuX/kka‚k ok<oh.;klkBh deh

fdaerhP;k rsykpk mi;ksx dsyk tkrks o rlsp ehB] Xyqdkst ikoMj] /kq.;kpk lksMk ]lk[kj] ;qjh;k bR;knhph HkslG

nq/kkrhy ?ku?kVd (SNF) ok<.;klkBh dsyh tkrs- eq[kr% gh HkslG nq/kkrhy ?kVd ok<fo.;klkBh dsyh tkr gksrh]

ijarq l|fLFkrhr iq.kZr% HkslGhp nq/k cktkjkr tkLr izek.kkr ;sr vkgs- v’kk iq.kZr% HkslGhP;k nq/kkyk d`=he nq/k

vls Eg.krkr-

˝d`=he nq/k ˝

d+̀=he nq/k r;kj djrkauk osxosxG;k jklk;fud ?kVdkaps ;ksX; izek.kkr feJ.k dsys tkrs- ;kr ;qfj;k]

ehB] lksMk] /kq.;kpk lksMk] lk[kj] rsy] Xyqdkst ikoMj gs deh ok vf/kd izek.kkr feJ.k d:u vkf.k nGwu rs

,dfto dsysys feJ.k ik.;kr felGys tkrs- ;ke/kqu tks nzo fuekZ.k gksrks] R;k nzokpk jax o fnl.;kps lkE; gs

xkbZP;k uSlxhZd nq/kk lkj[ksp fnlrs- d`=he nq/k gs nqX/k izfdz;k dsanzkoj vkysY;k uSlxhZd xkbZP;k o Eg‚khP;k nq/kkr

5 rs 12 VDds ,o<s felGrkr- v‚kk izdkjP;k nq/kkrhy HkslGhpk ekuoh vkjksX;kl Qkj eksBk /kksdk fuekZ.k gksrks-

d+̀=he nq/kkps ra= gs gfj;k.kk e/khy dw:{ks= ;sFks nq/k mRiknu dj.kk&;k ‚ksrd&;kauh 15 o’kkZ iwohZ ‚kks/kqu dk<ysys

gksrs vkf.k uarj gs ra=Kku loZ HkkjrHkj iljys- ;ke/;s jktLFkku] fgekpy izns‚k] mRrj izn‚k vkf.k egkjk’Vªk

cjkscj loZp jkT;kae/;s HkslGhps izek.k ok<ys vkgs-

1- lksMk (Detergent)%& lksM;keqGs ;k feJ.kkr vlysys ouLirh rsy gs iq.kZi.ks felGwu R;k feJ.kkyk

,dtho cufo.;kl enr djrs o feJ.kkyk ika<jk dyj ;s.;kl enr djrs-

2- rsy (Refined oil)%& ouLirh rsy fdaok [kkyP;k ntkZps rsy@LoLr rsy gs feJ.k cufo.;klkBh okijys

tkrs dkj.k feJ.kkph fdaer ok<rk dkek u;s o rsykpk mi;ksx nq/kkrhy fLuX/kka’kkps izek.k dk;e

jk[k.;klkBh dsyk tkrks-

3- /kq.;kpk lksMk %& feJhr nq/kkrhy vkEyrk deh dj.;klkBh /kq.;kP;k lksMkpk okij djrkr R;keqGs nq/k gs

tkLr dkG fVdoqu Bsow ‚kdrk ;srs-

4- ;qjh;k (Urea) %& nq/kkrhy ?ku?kVdkaps izek.k ok<fo.;klkBh ;qjh;kpk okij dsyk tkrks-

5- Lk[kkj (Sugar) %& nq/kkrhy ?ku?kVdkapss izek.k ok<fo.;klkBh lk[kjspk mi;ksx dsyk tkrks o R;kpcjkscj

feJ.kkyk FkksMk tkMsi.kk ;srks-

ojhyiSdh loZ jklk;fud ?kVadkpk okij d:u r;kj dsysY;k nzokyk d`=he nq/k Eg.krkr- uSlxhZd

nq/kkP;k rqyusr d`=he nq/kkr] nqX/k ‚kdZjk] izfFkus] vkf.k rlsp ftoulRokpk vHkko fnlqu ;srks- gs nq/k utjsus] oklsus

fdaok po ?ksowu vksG[kys tkow ‚kdr ukgh- rs vksG[k.;klkBh jkl;fud pkp.;k dj.;kph vko‚;drk vlrs o



R;klkBh jklk;fud iz;ksx‚kkGsphp enr vfuok;Z vlrs- vankthr d`=he nq/kkph fdaer izrh fyVj fg :- 8 rs :-

10 vlrs o uSlxhZd Eg‚khP;k nq/kkph fdaer cktkjkr :-40@& rj xk;hP;k nq/kkph fdaer gh :-30@& izrhfyVj

vkgs-

uSlxhZd o d`=he nq/kkrhy HkSrhd Qjd

xq.k/kZe uSlxhZd nq/k d`=he nq/k

po FkksMh’kh XkksM o LkokZauk vkoM.kkjh dMq

okl lq[knk;d Qsl;qDr lkcuklkj[k

pH 6-8 10-11 vYdks;qDr

jpuk vkasBkaoj ?kklY;kl R;kyk

lkc.kklkj[kk fpdVi.kk fnlqu ;sr

ukgh

fpdVi.kk fnlqu ;srks-

nq/k rkifoY;kuarj R;kps ifjek.k jax ika<jk vlrks dkgh osGk uarj fioGlj jax ;srks-

nq/k tkLrdkG BsoY;kuarj R;kps

ifjek.k

nq/kkP;k jaxkr Qjd iMr ukgh nq/kkpk jax dgh osGkuarj fioGlj

fnlrks

jklk;fud Qjd

jkl;uhd xq.k/kZe uSlxhZd nq/k d`=he nq/k

fLuX/kka‚k 3-0 rs 6-0 VDds 3-0 rs 6-0 VDds

;qfj;k 0-2 rs 0-7 mg/ml 14 mg/ml

;qfj;k ifj{k.k Negative Positive

Xyqdkst ifj{k.k Negative Positive

ehB ifj{k.k Negative Positive

Lkk[kj ifj{k.k Negative Positive

LVkpZ ifj{k.k Negative Positive

lksMk ifj{k.k Negative Positive

d`=he nq/k tkLr izek.kkr ok<o.;kph dkj.ks

& Unorganized Sector nq/k mRiknu vkf.k O;oLFkkiu

& nq/kkPkh ok<r vlysyh ekx.kh

& nq/kkP;k ekx.kh vkf.k iqjoBîke/khy rQkor

& nq/kkP;k xq.koRrsoj ul.kkjk rkck

& nqX/k O;olk; dj.kkÚ;kauh Qjd vls



d`=he nq/kkps ekuoh fuokj.k gks.kkjs nq‛kifj.kke

1- ;qjh;k%&

& àwn;klkBh /kksdknk;d

& vksVhiksV vkf.k eq=fiaM yk lq/nk /kksdknk;d

& dWalj gks.;kpk laHko vlrks

2- /kq.;kpk lksMk %&

& Sodium gs fo‛kkjh vlq ‘kdrs

& gzwn;jksx gksm ‘kdrks

3- d`=he nq/k gs lokZr /kksdknk;d vlrs%&

& xHkZorh efgyk

& vls O;Drh T;kauk gzwn;fodkj o eq=fiaM lanHkkZr vktkj vl.kkjs-



ns'kh yks.kh & rqi fuehZrh

MkW- ,l- ih- pkaxkMs vkf.k izk- lfork fdukds

nqX/kra=Kku foHkkx

nqX/k ra=Kku egkfo|ky;] mnxhj

yks.kh] uouhr] eLdk] e[[ku bR;knh ukoakuh izpyhr vlwu lk/kkj.k i.ks njo’khZ Hkkjrkr 2]00]000 Vu

yks.kh mRiknhr gksrs- yks.;kyk njjkstP;k tsoukr [kk.;kis{kk rqi fuehZrh dj.;klkBh tkLr dsyk tkrks- dk;|kph

iqrZrk dj.;kph n`’Bhus yks.;kr dehrdeh 80 VDds ?k`rka‛k vlus vko‛;d vkgs- Eg‛khP;k nq/kkiklqu dk<ysys yks.kh

ik<qjads] ?kV~V rj xk;hP;k nq/kkiklqu izkIr yks.;kis{kk nk.ksnkj vlrs- Eg‛khP;k nq/kkr ?k`rka‛kkps i zek.k tkLr

vlY;keqGs o ?k`rka‛k d.kkapk vkdkj eksBk vlY;keqGs Eg‛khps nq/kkiklqu yks.;kpk mrkjk pkaxyk feGrks o yks.kh

dk<us lksis tkrs-

yks.kh dk<.;kP;k ns‛kh i/nrhr ngh r;kj djrkauk nq/kkoj th izdzh;k djkoh ykxrs rhp izdzh;k yks.kh r;kj

djrkauk laiw.kZ nq/kkps ngh djrkr fdaok vkiY;k Hkkxkr nq/k ean xrhus rkiowu FkaM >kY;koj ,d= d:u

nq/kkl@eybZl fojtu ykorkr uarj ngh johP;k lkgk;kus ?kqlG.;kr ;srs- mRd`’V izrhP;k yks.;klkBh ng;kph

vkEyrk 0-70 rs 1 VDds vlus ;ksX; ijarq vkEyrk ;kis{kk deh vlsy rj yks.;kpk mrkjk deh feGrks fdaok

;kis{kk tkLr vlY;kl yks.;kl vkcaV] dqeV okl ;srks o vls yks.kh Qkj dkG fVdr ukgh- fgokG;kP;k fnolkr

gh vkEyrk 12 rs 16 rklkr rj mUgkG;kPks fnolkr 8 rs 10 rklkr ;srs] ngh ?kqlG;klkBh [ksM;kr ykdMh joh

nks&;kaP;k lkgk¸;kus v/kZxksykd`rh iq<s ekxs fQjohrk ;k i/nrhr joh fQjoh.;kpk osx ,dlkj[kk ulrks] iq.kZ

xksykd`rh fQjr ukgh rkiek.k dk;e Bso.;klkBh okjaokj xje ok FkaM ik.;kpk mi;ksx dj.;kr ;srks- ijhukeh

feJukpk vkdkj ok<rks HkkM;krhy feJukps rkiek.k lkj[ks jkgr ukgh- ;kloZ ckcheqGs ?k`rk a‛kkps d.k eksB;k

izek.kkr rkdklksCkr tkrkr ;keqGs yks.;kpk mrkjk deh feGq.k yks.kh fyifyi gksrs- f‛kok; yks.kh dk<.;klkBh tkLr

esgur o osG ykxrks-

ns‛kh yks.kh r;kj djrkauk ngh fdaok fojtu ykoysyh eybZ LVsuyslP;k map dMk vlysY;k Hkk aM;kr

¼yks.khik=½ HkkaM;kaP;k {kersP;k v/ksZ ?ksmu] feJu johP;k lkgk¸;kus ,dtho djkos T;k HkkM;kr ngh o eybZ fojthr

dsyh gksrh R;kr mPp rkiek.kkps deh ik.kh Vkdq.k folGqu ?;kos gs xje folGu yks.kh ik=kr Vkdq.k iqUgk feJ.k

,dtho d:u ?;kos] vko‛;drk okVY;kl feJ.kkr iqUgk xje ik.kh Vkdkos o iqUgk feJ.k johP;k lkgk¸;kus

,dtho d:u ?;kos ;k fdz;seqGs fpdVysyk ?k`rka‛k ok;k tkukj ukgh o feJ.kkrhy ?k`rka‛k fi?kGsy ;kuraj feJ.kkr

vf/kd FkaM ik.kh ¼‛kD; vlY;kl cQkZps] R;keqGs feJ.kkpk vkdkj e;kZnhr Bsmu feJ.kkps rkiek.k deh jk[krk

;srs½ Fk aM ik.kh Vkdqu feJ.k johP;k lkgk¸;kus ?kqlGr Bsokos ts.ksd:u feJ.kkps rkiek.k 11 va‛k ls- ,o<s jkghy

yks.kh fuehZrh djrkauk ?kqlG.ks rkiek.k 11 va‛k ls- jk[k.ks gs egRRokps vkgs- ;k rkiek.kkoj deh esgurhr vf/kd



yks.kh izkIr gksrsp ijarw osGgh deh ykxrks o mrkjk pkaxyk feGrks- ?kqlG.kh djrkauk lqjokrhl lqbZP;k Vksdk,o<s

uraj VkPk.khP;k MksD;k,o<s R;kuraj okVk.;k,o<s yks.kh d.k feJ.kkP;k i`’BHkkxkoj dzeokjhus fnlrkr ;kiq<s gk

vkdkj ok<r tkrks tsOg<k yks.kh d.kkapk vkdkj eksBk rso<s yks.;kpk mrkjk pkaxyk o dk<.ks lksis- vko‛;d rs

vkdkjkps yks.kh d.k izkIrh uraj ?kqlG.kh Fkkacokoh o gGqokj eksB;k pepkus@>k&;kapk fdaok gkrkpk mi;ksx d:u

rkdkiklqu yks.kh osxGs d:u LVsuysl LVhyP;k HkkM;kr ,d= djkos R;kuraj ,d=hr yks.;kl dehrdeh nksu osGk

FkaMxkj o LoPN ik.;kus /kqowu ?;kos Eg.ktsp yks.;klkscr dehrdeh rkd] ngh] eybZpk va‛k jkghy- FkaMxkj

ik.;kP;k mi;ksxkus yks.kh ?kVV gksr o pkSdksuh@vk;krh vkdkj ns.ks lksis tkrs] vkdkj nsmu yks.kh cVj isije/;s

xqaMkGqu fMi fQzt e/;s lkBo.kqdh djhrk Bsokos-

yks.kh r;kj djrkauk ?kqlG;klkBh ?ksrysys ngh@fojthr eykbZ [kqi vkcaV] cqj‛khtU; fdaok gosps cqMcqMs

vkysys ulkos v‛kk ng;kus yks.;kpk mrkjk iqjslk rj feGrp ukgh ijarw ykspV yks.kh feGqu R;kyk [kjkc xa/k ¼okl½

gh vlrks- yks.kh r;kj >kY;koj rs 2&3 osGk FkaMxkj ik.;krqu dk<kos Eg.ktsp yks.;kph vkEyrk deh gksmu rs

tkLr dkG fVdrs- yks.kh lkBfo.;klkBh lPNhnz HkkaM;kis{kk fpuh ekrhP;k HkkaM;kar yks.kh tkLr dkG fVdq ‛kdrs-

fQzt ulY;kl LVsuysl fLVyps HkkaMs pkaxys /kqowu R;kl 1 VDdk feBkps nzko.kkus folGw.k dk<kos- uraj HkkM;kapk

v/kkZHkkx ikrGhi;Zr feBkps nzkou vksrqu R;kr ysk.kh Bsokos

nzkou vkBoM;krqu nksu osGk cny.ks pkaxys- feBkP;k ik.;k,oth xksM rkdkpk mi;ksx djrk ;srks- ijarq rkd

njjkst cnykos ykxrs- ijarw gs yks.kh vf/kd dkG fVdr ukgh-

rqi fuehZrhr ?k`rka‛k fdaok fLuX/k inkFk Z lksMqu brj inkFkkZps izek.k m’.krsP;k lgk¸;kus deh dj.ks gs rRo rqi

r;kj djrkauk voyacfoys tkrs- yks.;kyk d<owu] eybZl vakcowu@fojthr d:u fdaok u vkacfoark] ljG eybZl

rkiowu rwi dk<.;kP;k fofo/k i/nrh vkgsr-

izpfyr ?kjxqrh i/nrhr] yks.kh d<bZr ?ksmu ean vkpsoj xje dj.ks lq: d:u R;kl e/kqu e/kqu <oGr

jkgkos- rkiek.k 99 rs 100 va‛ka >kYks Eg.kts d<bZr inkFkZ mdGq ykxsy- ;kosGsl i`‛BHkkxkoj vkysys brj fLuX/k

jghr inkFkZ <oG.khus dk<qu Vkdkos- tsOgk ik.;kpk cgqrsd va‛k laiysyk vlrks rsOgk pjZjZ vlk vkokt ;srks-

ik.;kpk va‛k ,dne deh >kY;kuraj pjZjZ vkokt can gksmu i`’BHkkxkoj gosps cqMcqMs ;srkr- gs cqMcqMs uraj deh

gksr tkrkr- ;kosGh rqikps rkiek.k 110 rs 112 va‛ka vlrs- rqi r;kj >kys fdaok ukgh gs ikg.;klkBh rwikoj

ik.;kpk f‛karksMk ekj.;kph i/nr xkokr izpfyr vkgs- ik.kh ekjY;koj rMrM vFkok pjZjZ vlk vkokt >kY;kl

rwi r;kj >kys vls letys tkrs- rwi r;kj djrkauk m’.krsoj fu;a=.k Bso.ks Qkj egRokps vlrs- m‛.krk tkLr

>kY;kl rwi dkGiV iMrs o josnkj cur ukgh ;kaph dkGth ?;koh rwi r;kj gksr vlrkauk HkkM;kP;k rGk‛kh ?k`rka‛k

fojghr ?ku inkFkkZps rkcaM;k inkFkkZr :ikraj gksrs R;kl csjh vls Eg.krkr- rqi r;kj >kY;kuraj] dkgh osGkus LoPN

dkiMkrqu rqi xkGqu ?;kos o FkaM dj.;klkBh Bsokos- josnkj lqoklhd rwikdjhrk rwi ean xrhus FkaM djkos- ns‛kh

yks.;kiklqu ?kjxqrh i/nrhus mrkj&;kaps izek.k 75 rs 80 VDds i;Zr vlrs-



eybZ dk<qu rwi r;kj dj.;kph i/nr & ;ke/;s nq/kkrhy eybZ ;a=kps lkgk¸;kus osxGh dsyh tkrs- osxGh dsysyh

eybZ fojtukus fojthr d:u fdaok fojthr u djrk rkth eybZ yks.kh ik=kr ?kqlGqu R;kiklqu yks.kh dk<rkr]

uraj yks.kh rqi ik=kr ?ksmu m‛.krsP;k mi;ksxkus rqi r;kj djrkr- fojthr eybZ iklqu mRiknhr rqi d.khnkj rj

vlrsp ijarw R;kl pkaxyk lqxa/k ;srks rkT;keybZiklqu ok fojthr u dsY;kY;k eybZiklqu mRiknhr rqi lqxa/khr

ulrs-

eybZ rkiowu rqi r;kj dj.;kph i/nr& ;k i/nrhr eybZ ;a=kP;k lkgk¸;kus nq/kkiklqu eybZ osxGh dj.;kr

;srs- eybZr 50 va‛ka- rkiek.kkps nq/kk,o<sp ik.kh ?kkyqu eybZl ikrG d:u] ikrG eybZr nql&;kank eybZ ;a=kPkk

mi;ksx d:u iqUgk eybZ osxGh dj.;kr ;srs- ;keqGs eybZrhy ?k`rka‛k fojghr ?ku inkFkkZps izek.k deh gksrs-

;ki/nrhus feGkysyh eybZ rqi r;kj dj.;kP;k HkkM;akr ?ksmu rkifo.;kr ;srs- c&;kapnk eybZe/;s vkEyrk

vku.;kdjhrk fojtu ?kkyqu vkcafo.;kr ;srs- ;keqGs rqikl mRre lqokl ;srks- ;k i/nrhus >kysyh rwi d.khnkj

ulrs-

rqi cufo.;kph vk/kqfud i/nr & ;k i/nrhr yks.kh rkifo.;klkBh vk/kqfud HkkM;kpk okij dj.;kr ;srks- eksB;k

izek.kkr yks.kh miyC/k vlY;kl gh i/nr Qk;ns‛khj vkgs- izFke ik=kr yks.kh Vkdq.k ik=kps >kd.k can dj.;kr

;srs- uraj R;kl m‛.krk ns.ks lq: djrkr ik=krhy yks.;kps rkiek.k 80 va-‛ka >kys Eg.kts m’.krk ns.ks can djrkr

o ik=krhy inkFkZ 15 rs 30 feuhVkdjhrk fLFkj Bsorkr ;k voLFksr ik=krhy nzokps rhu Fkjkr :ikarj gksrs- lokZr

[kkyh rkd R;koj ?k`rka‛k o lokZr oj ng;kpk o rkdkpk va‛k vlysyk Fkj vlrks- ;k rkiek.kkoj fLFkj

feJ.kkrqu HkkM;kps cqMk‛kh vlysY;k rksVhrwu rkdkpk Fkj vyxr ckgsj dk<.;kr ;srks-rksVhokVs ?k`rka‛k ;s.;kl

lqjokr gksrkp rksVh can djrkr- rlsp lokZr ojP;k Fkjkrhy rkd o ng;kpk va‛k lfPNnz <oG.khpk mi;ksx d:u

dk<qu Vkdrkr R;kuraj ik=kr jkghysY;k rwikps rkiek.k 115 va-‛ka- i;Zr us.;kr ;srs- uraj rwi ckgsj dk<qu xkGq.k

?ksrkr ;ki/nrhus rqi r;kj djrkauk rkdkpk va‛k lqjokrhl dk<Y;keqGs rwikyk vkcaV okl ykxr ukgh o rqi r;kj

gks.;kdjhrk m’.krk deh ykxrs- rkiek.k n‛kZdk ewGs rwi tGY;kpk vFkok dPps jkg.;kpk iz‛up mnHkor ukgh-

ik.kh o rkd vxksnj ckgsj dk<Y;keqGs R;kaP;k ck’ihHkouklkBh ;s.kkjk [kpZ okprks- ;k i/nrhus rwi r;kj dsY;kl

rwikpk mrkjk 90 VDd;ki;Zr feGrks-

rwikph izr &- rwikps HkkSrhd xw.k/keZ ok izr tls jax] Lokn] josnkj i.kk gs rwi r;kj dj.;kP;k i/nrhoj voyacwu

vlrkr-

jax & xk;hP;k nq/kk iklqu ns‛kh i/nrhus cufoysY;k rwikpk jax xnZ ihoGk rj Eg‛khP;k nq/kk iklqu ika<jk o R;kr

oSf‛k’V iw.kZ ihoGh vFkok fgjoh fdphr NVk vlrs- ijarw tj rwi [email protected] i/nrhus r;kj dsys-vlys rj jax

ns‛kh i/nrh izek.ksp vlrks QDr NVkapk xMn i.kk deh gksrh- ljG eybZ rkiowu rwi dsys vlsy rj xk;hP;k nq/kk

iklwu xnZ ihoGs rj Eg’kh iklwu ika<wjdss rwi feGrs- nksgksP;k ehlG nq/kk iklwu rwi r;kj dsys vlsy rj R;kaP;k

nw/kkP;k izek.kkr rwikr jax mrjrks-



lqxa/k%& rwikl fof‛k’V [kaex] ,d mPp dksVhpk lqxa/k vlrks o po xqGpV vlrs- ns‛kh i/nrhus dsysY;k rwikl

pkaxyk lqxa/k ;srks rj u fojtfoysY;k eybZl ljG rkiowu rwi r;kj dsY;kl R;kl deh lqxa/k ;srks- [ksM;kr can

ewBhoj rwi ?kklwu [email protected] ?ks.;kph izFkk vkgs- ;kckch vuqHkokus pkaxY;k letrkr-

nk.ksnkj i.kk%& eksBs lkj[ks vkdkjP;k d.khnkj rwikph vkoM xzkgdkuk vkgs- eyb ljG rkiowu rwi r;kj dsys

vlsy rj R;kl nk.ksnkj i.kk ulrks- R;kp izek.ks rwi ,dne FkaM dsY;kl R;kl nk.ksnkj i.kk ;sr ukgh- ;kdjhrk

rwi r;kj >kY;koj ean xrhus FkaM dj.ks EkgRRokps vkgs- [email protected] i/nrhus mRiknhr rqikl e/;e nks.knkj i.kk

;srks-

rwikph lkBo.kwd%& nq/kkrhy fLuX/k inkFkZ izdk‛k] gok] /kkrq ;kaph la;qxkus Qkjp yodj [kjkc gksrkr- rwi Eg.kts

99 VDds fLuX/k inkFkZ- rwikpk lqjokrhpk lqoklhd lqqxa/k o nk.ksnkji.kk fVdowu Bso.ks fodzh fdaok xzkgkdkps

vkoMhP;k n`’Vhus egRRokps vkgs- ijarw tj rwi r;kj djrkauk o pkaxys ngh] eybZ fdaok yks.kh okijys ulsy rj

rqikr esupVi.kk] [koVi.kk fdaok [kjkc okl ;s.ks bR;knh nks‛k vk<Gqu ;srkr- mPp izrhps ngh] eybZ fdaok

yks.;kiklqu r;kj dsysys rwi loZlk/kkj.k okrkoj.kkr lgk efgus rj f‛krisVhe/;s o‛kZHkj pkaxys jkgq ‘kdrs- rqikph

lkBo.kwd 21 va-‛ka- rkiekukoj dsY;kl rs vf/kd dkG fVdq ‚kdrs- lk/kkj.ki.ks lkBo.kwdhr rwikph izr

[kkyko.;kl [kkyhy ckch dkj.khHkqr Bjrkr-

vknzZrk%& iDd;k rwikps d<kr vknzrk deh vlrs- R;keqGs rs vf/kd dkG fVdrs- rwikr vknzrsps izek.k ok<Y;kl

vkEyrk o/kZukl pyuk feGq.k rwikph izr [kjkc gksrs- vknzrss izek.k tkLr vlY;keqGs dPPkk d<kps rwi tkLr dkG

fVdr ukgh- ljkljh 110 rs 112 va-‛ka- ,o<;k rkiek.kkoj d<foysY;k rwikr 0-5 VDd;kis{kk deh vknzrk

vlrs-

vkEyrk%& eqGkr tkLr vkEyrk@vkacV vl.kk&;k ngh] eyb fdaok yks.;k iklwu rwi r;kj dsys vlsy rj ewG

inkFkkZph vkEyrk rwikr mrjrs o rwi vf/kd dkG fVdr ukgh] [ksM;kr vkB rs ngk fnol i;Zr nq/k fdaok ngh

fojtu Bso.;kr ;srs v‛;k ng;kiklqu r;kj dsYksY;k rwikl vkEyrk tkLr vlrs o rs deh fVdrs-

rqikrhy xkG@csjh%& rwikrhy xkG] [kjcM fdaok csjh fLuX/kka‛krsj inkFkZ vlqu rwi xkGq.k gk inkFkZ rqikiklwu osxGk

dj.;kr ;srks ijarw dkgh d.k rwik‛kh ,d:Ik gksmu rwikrp jkgrkr- rwi ikrG vlrkauk gs d.k rwikr fLFkj fdaok

vfLFkj voLFksr fnlrkr- ;k d.kkps izek.k rwikr [kqi vlY;kl rwi yodj [kjkc gksrs- vls Eg.krk ;sr ukgh ijarw

vls rwikl xzkgd ilarh n‛kZfor ukghr-

/kkrw vLrhRo%& nq/k] ngh] eyb fdaok rwi bR;knh inkFkZ T;k HkkM;akr vki.k gkrkGrk v’;k HkkM;kP;k l;qxkaus /kkrqps

vo‛ks’k rwikr mrjrkr o R;kph i zr [kjkc gks.;kl dkj.khHkqr Bjrkr- ;keqGsp yks[kaMh d<b] rakC;k firGsph o

dYgb dsysyh HkkaMh rwi r;kj djrkauk vFkok lkBo.kwdh djhrk oki: u;sr-

izdk'k%& rqi m?kMs Bsoys rj fdaok R;kl iz[kj izdk‛kkr Bsoys rj R;kph izr yodj [kjkc gksmu po cnyrs- R;kp

izek.ks R;kpk nk.ksnkj i.kk deh gksmu fpdV i.kk ok<rks-



rqikps MCks] Hkj.;k fdaok iWd can fi‛kO;k ;ke/;s rwi lkBforkauk >kd.k o rwi ;kaP;ke/;s tkLr gok

jkghY;kl gosrhy izk.k ok;qps l;qxkaus rwikr foj.;kph izfdz;k ok<qu rwikph izr [kjkc gksrs- Eg.kqup rwi lkBforkauk

gok can voLFkk vf/kd Js;Ldj vlrs- ijarw gh i/nr Qkj egkx iMrs- ;kdjhrk rwi lkBforkauk 30&32 va-‛ka-

rkiek.kkoj ik=kr iw.kZi.ks Hkjkos dkj.k ;k rkiek.kkoj gosr foj?kG.kk&;k ok;qps izek.k deh vlrs- ;k f‛kok; rwi

lkBfo.;kdjhrk tax jsk/kd >kd.k vlYksY;k ik=kpk mi;ksx djkok- rwi vrhFkaM o xje rkiek.kkoj lkBfo.;kis{kk

rs e/;e deh ¼21 ls-½ rkiek.kkoj lkBfoY;kl vf/kd fVdrs- xje rkiek.kkr rwikr fojdrk ok<qu rs [kjkc gksrs

rj deh rkiek.kkoj rwikr vkEyrk deh osxkus ok<rs ijarw rwikr nk.ksnkj i.kk o lqxa/k jkgr ukgh vkf.k fpdV

gksrs- rwi fn?kZdkG fVdfork ;kos Eg.kqu R;kr izfrfojd inkFkZ okijrkr C;wfVysVsM gSMªkWDlh vWuhlksy gk jklk;fud

inkFkZ 0-02 VDD;kis{kk deh okij.;kph vuqerh Hkkjrh; vUu HkslG izfrca/kd dk;n;kuqlkj ns.;kr vkysyh vkgs-

rwikrhy [kjoMh vFkok csjh eqGs rwi dkgh dkG fVdfork ;srs ;kinkFkkZr QkWLiksyhihMl vlrkr o ;keqGs rwikph

fVdkmi.kk ok<rks 0-1 VD;k i;Zr QkWLiksyhihMlpk mi;ksx rwikr dsy;kr rwi nksu rhu iV tkLr dkG fVdrs-

tqus >kysys vFkok [koV rwi iqUgk ‚kq/n d:u okijrk;srs iajrw gh i/nr nq¸;e ntkZph vkgs- ;kdjhrk tqus

rwi] rkd fdaok ng;klkscr ijr d<oqu dkgh izek.kkr rwikl Lokn vk.krk ;srks-



nq/kkph ikSf’Vdrk o xq.k/keZ

1izk-ih-ch fude -

2izk-Hkq"k.k esJke]

2izk-ih-th-oklfud

1izk fot; dsGs

1nqX/k ra=Kku egkfo|ky;] mnxhj

2nqX/k ra=Kku egkfo|ky;] o:M ¼iqln½

nq/kkps xq.k/keZ % nq/kkr fujfujkGs ?kVd fujfujkG;k HkkSfrd voLFksr R;krhy ik.;kr felGysys vlrkr- ik.kh gk

nq/kkrhy izeq[k ?kVd vlwu] ‚kdZjk vkf.k d thoulRos] {kkj vkf.k dkgh va‛kh vY;qehu izFkhu gs ik.;kr iq.kZ

foj?kGysys vlrkr- dslhu o brj izFkhus ckjhd d.kkaP;k :ikr ik.;kr rjaxr vlrkr- nq/k rkts dk<Y;kuarj

R;keqGs fuGk fyVel dkxn yky o yky fyVel dkxn fuGk gksrks- nq/kkps ¼gk;Mzksstu vk;uZ½ ih,p 6-5 rs 6-6

vlrs- ;ko:u rs dkghls mRre vlrs- rkT;k nq/kkr yWDVhd vkEy ulrs- nq/kkph vkEyrk QkWLQsVl ] izfFkus]

dckZEy ok;w o lk;Vzsl ;keqGs vlrs- foY;kuarjps lqjokrhps nw/k dksyksLVze e/;s vkEyrk vf/kd vlrs i.k rh dkgh

fnolkr deh gksrs- nw/kkrhy vkEyrsoj vusd dkj.kkeqGs ifj.kke gksrs- nq/kkrhy vkEyrsoj vusd dkj.kkeqGs ifj.kke

gksrks-

fof‛k’V xq:Ro % xk;hps nq/k R;krhy ?ku inkFkkZeqGs ik.;kis{kk vf/kd tM vlwu R;kps ljkljh fof‛k’V xq:Ro 1-032

vlrs ijarq fujfujkG;k xk;he/;s rs 1-027 rs 1-035 i;Zar vk<Grs gs fof‛k’V xq:Ro 60 va‛k rkiekukoj

Bjforkr- 60 va‛k rkiekukoj xkbZP;k nq/kkps fof‛k’V xq:Ro ¼visf{kr ?ku½ 1-028 rlsp Eg‛khP;k nw/kkps fof‛k’V

xq:Ro 1-032 vlrs- nw/kkP;k vU; vo;okP;k fof‛k’V ?kuRo osxGs osxGs vlrs- dkj.k dh nq/kkrhy fujfujkG;k

?kVdkaeqGs R;kP;k fof‛k’V xq:Rokoj ifj.kke gksrks- ‚kdZjk ] izfFkus] thoulRos o fLuX/kka‛k ¼eybZ½ dk<ysY;k nq/kkps

fof‛k’V xq:Ro vf/kd vlrs- toGikl 1-040 nw/kkr ik.kh frrds vf/kd Vkdsy frrds fof‛k’V xq:Ro deh gksrs-

lk[kj felGY;kl rs ok<rs- nw/kkps fof‛k’V xq:Ro 31-160 va‛k rkiekukoj vf/kdre vlrs- yWDVksehVjus nw/kkps

fof‛k’V xq:Ro Bjfork ;srs- R;kdfjrk ekghr vlysY;k izek.kkP;k nzokps vkdkjeku Bjfo.ks ;k rRokpk mi;ksx

dsY;k tkrks- nw/k dk<Y;koj R;kr dckZEy ok;w o gok vlY;kewGs dehr deh 1 rl R;kps fof‛k’V xq:Ro Bjfork

;sr ukgh- nq/kkph po o okl loZlk/kkj.ki.ks rkts dk<ysys nw/k dkghls xksM vlrs vkf.k R;kl fof‛k’V pkaxyk okl

vlrks- nw/k dk<Y;kuarj FkaM dsY;kl o gos‛khj BsoY;kl dkgh osGkus okl ukghlk gksrks- nw/kkph xksMlj po R;krhy

‚kdZjseqGs vlrs- i.k nqX/kdkGkP;k ‚ksoVP;k dkgh fnolkr nw/kkl DyksjkbZMps izek.k ok<wu nw/kkph po FkksMh [kkjV

ykxrs- nw/kkP;k vlk/kkj.k pohpk lR; dkj.ks vlw ‚kdrkr-

1½ xk;hiklwu 2½ [kkn;kiklwu 3½ ckgsjhy inkFkkZps okl ‚kks’kwu 4½ nq/kkrhy thok.kwaps nw/kkP;k ?kVdkoj dk;Z gksowu 5½

ckgsjhy inkFkZ nw/kkr iMwu 6½ jklk;fud fdz;seqGs

nq/kkpk jax % xk;hP;k nq/kkpk jax fuGlj] ika<jk rs lksusjh fioGk vlw ‚kdrks- xk;hph tkr] [kkn;] fLuX/kka‛k o

?ku inkFkZ g;koj gk jax voyacwu vlrks- nw/k vf/kd izek.kkr vlY;kl v/kZoV vikjn‛kZd o deh vlY;kl FkksMs

ikjn‛kZd vlrs- fLuX/kka‛k dk<Y;kuarj nw/k fuGlj fnlrs- nq/kkpk ika<jk jax gk R;krhy fLuX/kka‛k xksyd dWfY‛k;e



dslksusV vkf.k QkWLQsVl g;ko:u izdk‛kkps ijkorZu >kY;keqGs fnlrks- nw/kkpk fioGk jax dWjksVhu ;k nzO;keqGs

vlrks- dWjksVhu loZ fgjO;k pk&;kr vlrs- dWjksVhu fLuX/kka‛kkr foj?kGrs- Eg.kwu lk; fioGh fnlrs- dWjksVhuP;k

nw/kkrhy izek.kkoj R;kP;k fioG;k jaxkph voyacwu vlrs- tlhZ xkbZP;k nw/kkpk jax fioGk vlrks- +_rqekukuqlkj

fgjO;k pk&;kph miyC/krk deh vf/kd vlY;keqGs xk;hP;k nq/kkP;k fioG;k jaxkr Qjd vk<Grks- Eg‛khP;k nw/kkpk

jax ika<jk fnlrks- dkj.k Eg‛khr dWjksVhups :ikarj vf/kdre v thoulRoke/;s gksrs- Eg.kwu nw/kkr dWjksVhu vxnhp

deh vlrs- ‚ksanjh tukojkP;k lkekU; nq/kkP;k jaxkP;k vk/kkjkoj R;kph xq.koRrkph vksG[k dsY;k tkow ‚kdrs-

nq/kkpk xksB.kfcanw% ik.kh 32 QW rkiekukoj xksBrs- nw/k R;kis{kk FkksMs deh Eg.kts 31-01 QW oj xksBrs- gh e;kZnk

31-1 rs 30-9 QW brdh vlrs- cknyhr ik.kh o nw/k osxGs BsoY;kl ik.kh i`’Bhkkxkoj xksBrs rj nw/k cktwus xksBwu

e/;s nzo nw/k jkgrs- loZ nw/k xksBY;kl rkieku cjsp [kkyh ;kos ykxrs- dkj.k lqekjs 3@4 nw/k 14 QW rkiekukoj

xksBrs- nq/kkr ‚kdZjk o {kkjkps izek.k Qkj deh izek.kkr cnyr vlY;keqGs nw/kkpk xksB.kfcanw cjkp fLFkj vlrks-

xksB.k fcanwo:u nw/kkr Ikk.kh Vkdys vkgs dk; ;kph dYiuk ;sm ‚kdrs- ek= ;kdfjrk nw/k rkts vlkos ykxrs-

xksB.;kP;k nw/kkoj ifj.kke % xksBfoysys nw/k ijr forGfoys rj R;kph po ik.kpV ykxrs- v‛kk nq/kkoj lk;hpk Fkj

cjkp deh vlrks- dkj.k fLuX/kk‛kkaps Fksac tkxkstkxh xksGk gksowu rs QqVrkr- ek= xksBY;kuarj nw/k gGwgGw iqoZor

folGw fnys rj vlk ifj.kke fnlr ukgh- nq/kkP;k rqyusr eybZ xksBfoY;kl loZ= lkj[kh ?kV~V gksrs-

fof‛k’V m’.krk % nw/kkpk fof‛k’V m’.krk 0-938 brdh 59 va‛k rkiekukoj vlrs rkiekukuwlkj R;kr cny gksrks-

nq/kkpk mdG.;kpk fcanw % ik.;kis{kk fdaphr vf/kd m’.krkiekukoj Eg.kts 212-3 va‛k QW rkiekukoj mdGw

ykxrs- nw/k mdGsi;Zar rkifoY;kl R;kP;k i`’Bhkkxkoj ikrG Fkj tek gksrks- gk Fkj dslhu] fLuX/kka‛k o dWfY‛k;e

;kapk cuysyk vlrks- vf/kd mdGfoys rj R;kpk jax ykylj gksrks- gs ‚kdZjk o izfFkus ;kaP;koj >kysY;k

ifj.kkekeqGs gksrs- nw/kkph vkEyrk tj FkkssMh vf/kd vlsy rj mdGforkauk rs ?kV~V gksbZy- v‛kk nw/kkr vkf/k FkksMk

[kk.;kpk lksMk VkdY;kl nw/k ?kV~V gks.kkj ukgh- nw/k rkiforkauk dsasOgk ?kV~V gksbZy R;krhy vkEyrsoj voyacwu

vlrs- ik‛pjk;>s‛ku Eg.kts 145 va‛k QW rkiekukoj 30 fe- rkiowu jksxtarw u’V dj.;kP;k fdz;sr nw/kkl

lq:okrhl vkEyrk vf/kd izek.kkr vlsy rj nw/k rkiforkauk ?kV~V gksbZy Eg.kts daMsUlM feYd r;kj dj.;kdfjrk

lq/nk nw/kkr vkEyrk deh vlyh ikfgts- nw/kkrhy dslhu gs izFkhu deh rkiekukoj ?kV~V gksr ukgh- ijarw nw/kkr

lq:okrhl ftrdh vkEyrk vf/kd frrds dsflu deh rkiekukoj ?kV~V gksbZy o nw/k uklrs- nw/kkoj m’.krsps ;s.kkjs

brj ifj.kke gkssrs- nw/k mdGsi;Zar rkifoys rj R;kyk fof‛k’V v‛kk f‛ktfo.;kpk okl ;srks- gs dslhu o ‚kdZjsoj

;s.kk&;k m’.krsP;k ifj.kkekeqGs vlw ‚kdrs- ;kf‛kok; nw/kkr lYQkbZMl o lYQksMzhd gs inkFkZ r;kj vlY;keqGsgh

vlk okl ;ssrks- nw/k ean rkifoys rj nkVi.kk deh gksrks- i.k mdGys rj nkVi.kk ok<rks-

nq/kkpk fpdVi.kk % nw/kkr ,d dkxnkph iV~Vh fHktowu ykdMh fdaok yks[kaMh i`’Bhkkxkoj iljfoY;kl R;koj rks

dkxn fpdVrks gk xq.k/keZ nw/kkrhy dslhu g;k izfFkuseqGs vlrks-

nq/kkoj fodjkapk ifj.kke % nw/kkrhy inkFkkZeqGs o thok.kweqGs R;koj fodjkapk fofo/k izdkjpk ifj.kke gksrks fLuX/kka‛k

izFkhus o ‚kdZjk gs fodjkaP;k fdz;seqGs u’V gksrkr- ;k fdz;sr vusd inkFkZ r;kj gksrkr- mnk- fLuX/kka‛kkps esnkEys]



fXylsjkWy] dckZEyok;w vkf.k ik.kh ;kr :ikarj gksbZy- ‚kdZjsps yWDVhd vkEy] vWlsVhd vkEy] C;qVhjhd vkEy]

vkEy o vYdksgksye/;s :ikarj gksbZy pht ¼ iuhjlkj[kk inkFkZ½ r;kj djrkauk jsuhu fodj felGwu izFkhus ?kV~V

gksrkr o nw/k ?kV~V gksrs- nw/kkrhy yk;ist fodjkeqGs fLuX/kka‛kkps foHkktu gksowu nw/kkl lMdk okl ;srks o dMoV

po ykxrs-

nq/kkoj vkEykpk ifj.kke % xk; @ EgS‛kP;k rkT;k nw/kkph izkd`frd vkEyrk 0-11 rs 0-14 ,o<h vlrs- ;k

vkEyrsps eq[; dkj.k nw/kkr miyC/k ?kqyu‛khy dkcZuMk;vkWDlkbZM ] lk;VªsVl] vY; qfeu] dslhu o QkWLQsVl g;keqGs

vlrs- nw/kkr ‚kdZjkps fo?kVu >kY;keqGs yWDVhd vkEy fuekZ.k gksrs- ;kP;keqGsp nw/kkr fdz;kRed vFkok fodlhr

vkEyrk fuekZ.k gksrs- ;kizdkjs nq/kkph vkEyrk yk izHkkohr dj.kkjs vU; dkj.k vkgsr- tls dh] nw/kkph Bso.;kph

fLFkrh o osG] fLuX/krsoj ?ku?kVdkps izek.k] nw/k lkBowu BsoY;kps rkieku b- vlrkr- nw/kkr vkEy felGY;kl

nw/k ?kV~V gksrs- cWCkdkWd i/nrhus nw/kkrhy fLuX/kka‛kkps izek.k ekstrkauk nw/kkr vkEy felGys dh] rs ?kV~V >kysys

fnlrs- nw/kkr thok.kwaeqGs yWDVhd vkEy r;kj gksowu nw/kkps ngh r;kj gksrs ;k fdz;sr nw/k ?kV~V gksrs- nw/kkrhy dslhu

gs izFkhu vkEykeqGs lkBors o R;kpk pksFkk r;kj gksrks- vkEy rhoz vlsy rj izfFkus iw.kZ u’V gksrhy-

nw/kkps ih- ,p- % ¼gk;Mªkstu vk;uZ dkWUlVªs‛ku ½ lkekU;r% rkT;k o ‚kq/n nq/kkps ih- ,p- 6-6 vlrs- nw/kkr

thok.kwaph la[;k nw/kkph lkBfo.;kph osG] rkieku vknh dkj.k nw/kkP;k fi- ,p- yk izHkkfor djrkr- ih- ,p- ps

rkRi;Z dks.kR;kgh rjy inkFkkZr gk;Mªkstu vk;UlP;k ¼lkUnzrk½ izek.kk‛kh fuxMhr vlrs- dks.kR;k nzO;kr 0 lsa- 6-

99 VDds vkEyrk] 7 VDds oj vkEyrk o {kkjkph ‚kqU;rk rlsp 7-1 rs 10 VDdsph fHkUurk nw/kps {kkjh;

¼vYdkykbZu½ gks.;kps dkj.k vlrs- nw/kkP;k la?kVukr R;kP;k ih- ,p- ps eqY;kps egRo vko‛;d vlrs fd thok.kw

lkekU; rkiekukoj rlsp ;kaP;klkBh 6-6 P;k lkekU; ih- ,p- oj vf/kdre fdz;k‛khy gksowu nw/kkrhy ‚kdZjkps

fo?kVu d:u R;kr yWDVhd vkEy fuekZ.k djrkr dh R;keqGs nw/k vkacV gks.;kl vkjaHk gksrs- tso<h rhozxrhus gh

izfdz;k gksbZy- nw/k rso<sp yodj [kjkc@vkacV gksbZy-

fpd ¼dksysLVªe½ % tukojkyk I;kY;kuarj ts izFke nw/k izkIr gksrs R;kyk fpd Eg.krkr- I;kY;kuarj 4&5

fnolki;ZaarP;k nw/kkyk fpd EgVY;k tkrs- phd ps jklk;fud la?kVu ¼?kVd½ lkekU; nw/kkP;k la?kVu ¼?kVdkaP;k½ is{kk

Hkjiwj fHkUu vlrs- [kkyhyizek.ks fuEu rDR;kr ueqn dsY;k xsys vkgs-

HkkSfrd xq.k/kekZP;k n`’Vhus %

nw/kkP;k HkkSfrd xq.k/kekZe/;s fHkUurk%

v-dza- xq.k/keZ fpd lkekU; nw/k

1 Lokn FkksMsls fr[kV gydsls xksM

2 xa/k lkekU; lkekU;

3 vkEyrk 0-2 rs 0-40 0-12 rs 0-14

4 fof'k’V xq:Ro 1-067 1-032

5 ?kV~Vi.kk lkekU; nq/kkis{kk vf/kd lkekU;



vo;okP;k ¼?kVdkP;k½ n`’Vhus %

nw/kkrhy vo;o cnyY;keqGs la?kVukr fHkUurk %

v-dza- xq.k fpd lkekU; nw/k

1 fLuX/kka‛k 5-1 3-5

2 fLuX/ksRrj ?kVd 20-77 8-50 rs 9-00

3 izfFkus %

v½ vY;qfeu %

c½ Xyksowyhu %

d½ dslhu %

10-57

13

3

1-5

3-31

3-31

4 vk;uZ ¼yksg½ lkekU;is{kk cjsp vf/kd lkekU;

5 thoulRos

6 [kfuts 0-01 0-84

7 ‚kdZjk 2-19 4-96

fpdkps egRo %

1½ fpd yWDVksVho vlrs- ‚ksoVh uotkr cNMsyk fpd IkktY;keqGs R;kyk ¼nq/k½ gksr ukgh- fpd lsou dsY;keqGs

cNM;kauk lgtjhrhus ckgsj fu?krks ‚ksoVh lkaxk;ps >kys rj uotkr cNM;klkBh fpd gs vkS’k/khP;k lkj[ks vlrs-

2½ fpde/;s Xyksdwghu izFkhukps izek.k vf/kd vlrs- rs jDrkr ,UmhckWMht fuekZ.k djrkr ts dh cNM;kyk

vktkjkiklwu jksx izfrca/kd {kerk iznku djrkr-

3½ fpde/;s ftoulRos , ps izek.k vf/kd vlY;k dkj.kkeqGs uotkr cNM;kyk ukbZV CykbZUMusl jksxkiklwu

okporks- lkscrp ftoulRos lkekU; jksxkaiklwu cNM;kaph lqj{kk djrs-

4½ fpde/;s thoulRos ch dkWEiysDl ps izek.k vf/kd vlY;k dkj.kkeqGs cNM;kpk fodkl rlsp ok< nksUghr

lgk;~;d vlrs-

5½ fpde/;s yksg ¼vk;uZ½ rlsp Xykscwyhu izFkhu vf/kd ek=sr vlY;kdkj.kkeqGs cNM;kP;k jDrke/;s gkseksXykschu

deh gksow nsr ukgh o cNM;kph ok< pkaxY;k fjrhus gksrs- fpde/;s ,d= feGwu iks’kdrRos lkekU; nq/kkis{kk vf/kd

izek.kkr vlY;kdkj.kkeqGs cNM;kph ok< rlsp fodkl vf/kd rhoz xrhus gks.;kl lgk;d gksrs- R;kewGs uotkr

cNMs] cNMh b- fpdps lsou dj.ks vko‛;d vlrs- uotkr cNMs] cNMhlkBh fpdph mi;qDrrk ve`rkP;k lkj[kh

vlrs-



i'kq @ tukoj ikydkalkBh lw>ko @ fopkj %

1½ uotkr cNM;kauk fpd ikt.ks vR;ar vko‛;d vlrs- R;kps mi;ksx @ Qk;ns ojhy Hkkxkr uewn lkafxrysys

vkgsr- d/kh d/kh xk;hpk cNMk ok cNMh lkekU; izek.kkis{kk vf/kd izek.kkr fpd ?ksrY;keqGs R;kauk nLr ykx.;kph

‚kD;rk vlrs- v‛kk fLFkrhr R;kauk ,dk fnolklkBh fpd iktk;ps can d:u n;kos- fpdP;k LFkkukoj R;kyk ik.kh

vf/kd ek=sr iktk;yk gos-

2½ nq/kkP;k mRiknukr LoPNrsyk vf/kd egRo vkys vkgs- LoPN nw/kkph lkBfo.;kph {kerk vf/kd vlrs- LoPN

nw/kkph mRre xq.koRrseqGs nw/kkyk vf/kd ewY; @ fdaer feGrs- LoPN nw/k yksdkaP;k vkjksX;klkBh lqjf{kr

gks.;klkscrp R;kps nwX/k inkFkZlq/nk pkaxY;k xq.koRrsps curkr- R;keqGs ;k mRiknukps gh cktkjkrwu pkaxys ewY; izkIr

dsys tkow ‚kdrs- ‚ksoVh lkaxk;ps rkRi;Z gsp dh] Ik‛kqikydkauh o nq/k mRikndkauh LoPN nq/kkP;k mRiknukoj fo‛ks’k y{k

fnys ikfgts-

3½ tj izloP;k uarj dks.kR;kgh dkj.kkeqGs tkrd tukoj esY;keqGs cNMs fdaok cNMhyk nql&;k tukojkpk fpd

iktk;yk gos- tj fpd miyC/k ulsy rj rkRdkG i'kq fpdhRld lkscr fopkj foe‛kZ d:u fpdps izfrdkjdph

O;oLFkk lqfuf‛pr dsY;k ikfgts-



nq/k EkybZfojghr djko;kps ;a=kph gkrkG.kh

Jh- iz'kkar oklfud] izk-ih-ch fude

nqX/k ra=Kku egkfo|ky;]

nq/kkrhy vf/kdps fLuX/kka‛k dk<.;klkBh fdaok fLuX/krk fojghr nq/k o eybZ osxG;k Lo#ikr feGfo.;klkBh

dsanzilkjh nq/k eybZ foyxhdj.k ;a=kpk okij loZlkekU; >kyk vkgs- gs ;a= fo|qr pfyr vFkok gkrkus pkyfork

;s.kkjs rlsp 60 rs 600 fyVj izfrrkl ;k {kersps myiC/k vkgsr- ojhy ;a= okij.;kl@gkrkG.;kl tjh lksis

vlys rjh rs okijrkauk ;ksX; dkGth o ns[kHkky ?ksrY;kl ;a=kph dk;Z{kerk ok<fork ;srs- R;klkBh [kkyhy ckch

y{kkr ?ks.ks vko’;d vkgs-

1- ef‛kulkBh cSBd o clforkauk ?;ko;kph ;ksX; dkGth %

;k ;a=kr nq/k o eybZps foyxhdj.k ifjHkzehr rcdM;kaOnkjs gksrs] ;a= dk;kZfUor vlrkauk rcdM;k

lk/kkj.k% 5000 rs 6000 pDdj izfr feuhV ;k osxkus fQjrkr- R;keqGs dk;kZfUor vlrkauk ;a=kr daius fuekZ.k

gks.kkj ukghr ;kph n{krk ?ks.ks vko’;d vkgs- R;klkBh flesaV dkWadzhVph 0-5 rs 0-75 feVj maphph cSBd cksYV

clowu r;kj d#u ?;koh- rlsp ;a= clforkauk leikrGhoj jkghy ;kph dkGth ?;koh- ifjHkzehr foyxhdj.k

,dd gs fxvj ;a=.ksOnkjs fo|qr eksVjyk tksMysys vlrs- fxvj ;a=.k ?k‛kZnkOnkjs [kjkc gksow u;s Eg.kwu ;a=

dk;kZfUor djko;kps vk/kh R;kr n‛kZfoysY;k ikrGhi;Zar ,l-,-bZ- 20@40 vkWbZy Hkj.;kph n{krk ?;koh- rlsp

csvjhax o cq‛k bZR;knhauk ;ksX; oaxu fnY;k xsys vkgs dh ukgh rs igkos- fo|qr eksVkj o ;a=kyk tksM.kk&;k iV;kr]

iVVk 1@2 bap nkcyk tkbZy brdk rk.k Bsokok-

2- ;a= dk;kZfUor djrsosGh dk;Z laiY;kuarj ?;ko;kph dkGth %

nq/kkps foyxhdj.k dj.;kiqohZ ifjHkzehr ,ddkr lqjokrhyk xje ik.kh o uarj LoPN ik.kh Vkdqu fQjowu

?;kos ts.ks d#u ,dd LoPN /kqrY;k tkbZy o R;kuarj ,ddkr nq/k Vkdkos- nq/k eybZ fu?kkY;kuarj R;krhy fLuX/krsps

izek.k riklwu ?;kos] deh vf/kd vlY;kl ifjHkzfer foyxhdj.k ,ddkr ojps cktqyk Ld` fnysys vlrkr rs ;ksX;

R;k fn‛ksus vkr vFkok ckgsj fQjowu nq/k eybZrhy fLuX/krk ;Fkk ;ksX; izek.kkr vk.kkoh- eybZP;k ikbZikyk vlysyk

Ldzq ?kV~V dsY;kl eybZ fu?k.;klkBh vlysyh tkxk deh gksowu eybZps izek.k deh gksbZy vkf.k eybZrhy fLuX/kka’kkps

izek.k ok<sy-

foyxhdj.kps dk;Z iq.kZ >kY;kuarj ,ddkps Hkze.k can djkos- ,dd iq.kZi.ks mdGqu R;krhy rcdM~;k o

lyXu Hkkx LoPN d#u m‛.k ik.;kus futZarqd djkok o ijr ;ksX; rh dkGth ?ksowu can djkok- izR;sd osGh ;a=

okijrkauk ojhy i/nr okijkr vk.kkoh- ;a=kckgsj ;s.kk&;k nzokl o eybZl gkr ykow u;s- rlsp fLuX/krkfojghr nq/k

o eybZ xksGk dj.;klkBh LVsuysl fLVyps HkkaMs futZarqd d#u okijkr vk.kkos-



lgdkjh rRRokoj nq/k ladyu dj.;kps fu;kstu o egRo

2izk-Hkq"k.k esJke]

2izk-ih-th-oklfud]

1izk-ih-ch fude]

1izk fot; dsGs

1nqX/k ra=Kku egkfo|ky;]mnxhj( ykrwj

2nqX/k ra=Kku egkfo|ky;] o:M ¼iqln½

dks.kR;kgh m|ksxkph lQyrk gs R;kP;k dPP;k ekykP;k ;ksX; njkP;k miyC/krsoj voyacwu vlrs nq/kkP;k

m|ksxkpk dPpk eky nq/k vkgs- ts dh vkiY;k ns'kkr 90 VDds xzkeh.k {ks=krwu miyC/k gksrs vU; m|ksxkP;k dPP;k

ekykP;k rwyusr nqX/k m|ksxkP;k dPP;k ekykP;k izd`rhr cjsp varj vkgs- nq/k gk ,d dPpk inkFkZ vkgs- nq/k

xkbZ&Eg'khaP;k Lrukrwu fu?kkY;kuarj tj 5 rs 6 rklke/;s R;kyk xje d#u FkaM u dsY;kl rs uklrs vf/kd vkacV

>kY;koj nq/k QkVwu tkrs R;kewGs rs nq/k m|ksxkP;k dkeh iMr ukgh rs fujFkZd ok;k tkrs

dPP;k nq/kkpk mi;ksx % nq/k m|ksxke/;s dPPkk eky vlysY;k nq/k#ih inkFkkZe/;s QWV o ,l,u,Q gs nksu ?kVd

vlrkr- g;k nksUgh ?kVdkaP;k vk/kkjkoj miHkksDR;kuka Hkkjrkr nq/kkph fodzh d#u miyC/k dsY;k tkrs- g;kp

?kVdkaiklwu nqX/k inkFkkZaph fufeZrh dsyh tkrs- mnk- yks.kh] rwi] iuhj] fLuX/kkFkZ fojghr ikoMj fLuX/kkFkZ vk/kkjhr

ikoMj] vkbZLdzhe] la?kfur nq/k] ekok] b- inkFkZ cufoys tkrkr ;k loZ inkFkkZaph xq.koRrk g;k nksu ?kVdkaojp

voyacwu vlrs tj nq/kkphp xq.koRrk [kjkc vlsy rj R;kiklwu cufo.kk&;k nqX/k inkFkkZaph xq.koRrk lq/nk [kjkc

jkgrs- R;keqGs [kjkc xq.koRrk vlysY;k inkFkkZauk ekdsZVe/;s Hkko tkLr feGr ukgh- R;keqGs O;olk;kr vis{khr ykHk

feGr ukgh-

nqX/k mRiknukr eksleh vlarwyu % vkiY;k ns'kkr nq/k mRiknukr ,d eksBk nks"k vkgs- nq/kkps mRiknu xk; fdok

Eg'khiklwu dsys tkrs- xkbZP;k rwyuse/;s Eg'khP;k nq/kkps mRiknu eksleh vkgs- ns'kkP;k laiw.kZ Eg'khP;k la[;sP;k

60&70 VDds Eg'kh tqyS rs fMlsacj e/;s cNMs nsrkr vkf.k vkiyk 7 rs 10 nq/k nksg.;kpk dkG laiw.kZ >kY;kuarj

tqyS rs vkWxLV e/;s nq/k ns.;kps can djrkr-

dPP;k ekykph miyC/krk % dks.kR;kgh m|ksxkph lQyrk gs R;kP;k dPP;k ekykP;k ;ksX; njkP;k miyC/krsoj o

vko';drsuqlkj osGksosGh o"kZHkj miyC/krsoj fuf'pr gksrs ghp vko';drk nq/k m|ksxkph i.k vkgs nq/k m|ksxkr 'kq/n

laiw.kZ o"kZHkj leku ek=sr dPP;k inkFkkZP;k #ikr mRre xq.koRrsps nq/k feG.;kph vko';drk vlrs- ijarq ;k nq/k

m|ksxkyk xehZP;k efgU;kr i;kZIr ek=sr mRre xq.koRrsps nq/k miyC/k gksr ukgh- xjehP;k +_`rwwe/;s nq/kkps deh

mRiknu ?ks.;keqGs rlsp nq/kkph ekx.kh miHkksDR;kae/;s vf/kd vlY;keqGs nq/kkps nj vf/kd vlrkr- 'ksoVh m|ksx

pkyfo.;klkBh dsoG nksup ekxZ jkgrkr- ,d rj xjehP;k okrkoj.kkr nq/kkpk m|ksx can dj.ks ok ok<R;k njkr nq/k

[kjsnh dj.ks R;keqGs O;kik&;kauk vf/kd ykHk feGr ukgh ;kizdkjs o"kZHkj leku ek=sr mPPk izfrps nq/k miyC/k vl.ks

gh ,d fcdV leL;k >kyh vkgs dh R;kpk ,dek= mik; Eg.kts xkbZP;k nq/kkps mRiknu ok<owu iw.kZ gksow 'kdrs

xkbZps iztuu pdz Eg'khP;k rwyusr yxHkx laiw.kZ o"kkZr jkgrs- 'ksoVh lkaxk;ps rkRi;Z gsp dh laiw.kZ o"kZ vis{khr



ek=sr mRre xq.koRrsps o dPP;k nq/kkph ekx.kh ikgrk xk;haps iztuu] iks"k.k] izca/k] b- P;k {ks=kr lq/kkj.ksph

vko';drk vkgs-

nq/kkP;k mRiknukr deh % fo'okrhy ns'kkP;k rwyusr Hkkjrkr xk; o Eg'khaph la[;k vf/kd vkgs- ns'kkP;k iw.kZ nq/k

mRiknukP;k n`"Vhus Hkkjrkps LFkku izFke vkgs iajrw ;k ighY;k LFkkukyk dkgh fo'ks"k egRo ukgh 100 djksM turk

vlysY;k ns'kkr 750 yk[k Vu izfr o"kZ nq/k mRiknukrwu izR;sd O;Drhyk nq/kkph miyC/krk ek= 200 xzWe vkgs-

Hkkjrh; LokLFk ifj"knsP;k uqlkj vkeP;k ns'kkP;k miHkksDR;kauk izR;sd O;Drh nq/kkph nSfud vko';drk 250 xzWe

vkgs- miHkksDR;kaph ekx.kh o nq/kkph deh miyC/krk vlY;keqGs nq/kkpk mi;ksx izFke nq/k miHkksDR;kadMwu dsyk tkrks

g;k izdkjs mjysys nq/kp nq/k m|ksxkP;k okV;koj ;srs-

fodzh ;ksX; nq/kkps eksteki.k % uO;k nq/k m|ksxkP;k LFkkiusr tkxk rlsp fo|qr mtsZph miyC/krsP;k lkscr izLrkohr

vkS|ksxhd {ks=kr nq/kkP;k miyC/krsyk vf/kd egRo fnys tkrs- gk m|ksx dj.;klkBh fdrh izek.kkr nq/k miyC/k gksbZy

R;klkBh lrZdrk o fu;ksthr izdkjs fodzh ;ksX; nq/kkph miyC/krk letkowu ?ks.;kph vko';drk vlrs- 'ksoVh nq/kkP;k

,d=hdj.kklkBh [kkyhy xks"Vh letkowu ?ks.;kph vko';drk vkgs-

1- {ks=kr nq/kkph laiw.kZ mRiknu ek=k rlsp nq/kkGw i'kwaph ,dw.k nq/k mRiknu {kerk-

2- {ks=kr ,dq.k ikolkph _rwokj fHkUurk

3- vkf/kp LFkkihr [kktxh o lgdkjh nqX/k m|ksxke/;s nq/kkph ekx.kh rlsp orZeku miyC/krk-

4- izLrkohr nq/k {ks=kr nq/kkps izpyhr ewY;

5- {ks=kr ijaijkxr nq/k inkFkZ tls rwi] [kok] iuhj bR;knh -mRiknu {kerk rlsp R;kaph o"kkZP;k foHkhUu

efgU;kae/;s fodzhph njs

vkS|ksfxd {ks=kph fuoM % ojhy ckchao#u gs Li"V gksrs dh nq/k m|ksxkP;k LFkkiuslkBh nq/k {ks=kph fuoM dj.ks gs

,d tVhy dk;Z vkgs- nq/k {ks=kP;k fuoMhe/;s ;ksX; rh [kcjnkjh o dPP;k ekykph miyC/krsph 'kgkfu'kk tj dsyh

ugh rj m|ksxkps Hkfo"; vfu'phr jkgrs- mnkgj.k tj ?ksrys rj vewy Msvjh P;k lQyrsps v/;;u dsys rj

vewyP;k nq/k {ks=kr R;kph o"kZ 1946 e/;s /k nq/kkph miyC/krk LFkkfud ekx.khis{kk vf/kd gksrh- [ksM;k ftYg;krwu

¼xqtjkr½ LFkkiusP;k [kktxh {ks=kP;k ek/;ekrwu eqacbZ egkuxjkyk nq/k ikBfoY;k tkbZ- ;ko#u gs Li"V gksrs dh veqy

MsvjhP;k LFkkiusP;k ifgys [ksMk ftYg;ke/;s nq/kkps mRiknu rlsp fodzh;ksX; nq/kkph miyC/krk vf/kd izek.kkr gksrh-

ns'kkP;k loZp egkuxjkae/;s o uxjkae/;s yksdla[;k o nq/kkph ekx.kh vf/kd rhozxrhus ok<r vkgs- o"kZ

1991 e/;s ljdkjuh m|ksxkP;k mnkjrsps /kksj.k voyacwu vko';d vlysY;k varxZr yk;lsalph O;OkLFkk lekIr

d#u ns'kke/;s nq/k m|ksxkyk ,d uohu thounku fnY;keqGs vkt Hkkjrkr NksVs o eksBs cjsp nq/k O;olk; ok<r

vkgsr- g;k m|ksxkaiq<s ,dp leL;k vkgs vkf.k rh Eg.kts ;ksX; njkr laiq.kZ o"kZHkj dPP;k ekykph miyC/krk u

gks.ks- vkS|ksfxd mnkjhdj.kkP;k furheqGs [kktxh {ks=krhy nq/k m|ksxkaph Li/kkZ lgdkjh nq/k m|ksxk'kh gksr vkgs-

g;keqGs nksUgh {ks=kadMwu mPp njkoj nq/kkyk Hkko nsowu vkt rs m|ksx nq/k fodr ?ksr vkgsr R;keqGs nq/k m|ksxke/;s

vkfFkZdrk izfrdwy #ikus izHkkfor gksr vkgs- rlsp ygku m|ksx g;k {ks=ke/;s ekj [kkr vkgsr- o dkgh can



iM.;kP;k fLFkrhr vkgsr- dsoG g;k eksB;k laLFkkp R;kaP;k {ks=kr mPp njkus nq/k fodr ?ksowu vf/kd ykHk feGor

vkgsr v'kk fLFkrhr dks.kR;kgh uO;k m|ksxkP;k LFkkiuspk gsrw Eg.kts ;ksX; R;k vkS|ksfxd {ks=kph fuoM gk gks;-

nq/k {ks=kps losZ{k.k % uO;k nq/k m|ksxkP;k LFkkiuslkBh gs vko';d vkgs dh T;k {ks=kr nq/k m|ksx LFkkihr djko;kps

vkgs R;kps fo/khor {ks= losZ{k.k d#u vU; dkj.kkalkscr nq/kkP;k mRiknukph rlsp fodzh;ksX; nq/kkP;k miyC/krsps

fo/khor fujh{k.k dj.ks vko';d vkgs- ;k losZ{k.kkP;k izfdz;sr [kkyhy egRokP;k xks"Vhaoj vf/kd y{k ns.;kph

vko';drk okVrs-

1- vU; {ks=kP;k rqyusr izLrkohr nq/k {ks=ke/;s nq/k mRiknu rlsp fodzh;ksX; nq/kkph miyC/krk

2- nq/k 'kkGk rlsp nq/k vof'kru dsanz tkLrhr tkLr 70 fdyks feVjP;k nqj ulkos

3- laca/khr {ks=kr jksM Mkacjh o eksBs vlkos-

4- laca/khr {ks=ke/;s jsYos dzkWlhaxph la[;k dehrdeh vlkoh

5- laca/khr {ks=kP;k vkr jksMoj unh o ukyk ;sr vlsyrj R;koj iqykph lewphr O;oLFkk vl.ks

vko';d vkgs-

6- laca/khr {ks=ke/khy nq/k mRikndkaOnkjs uxj rlsp dlC;kae/;s ljG nq/k fodzh u dsY;k xsys ikfgts-

7- laca/khr {ks=krhy nq/kkP;k O;olk;ke/;s vl.kkjs gksVsy b- rs ;k Li/kkZ {ks=kP;k ckgsj vlysys vf/kd

;ksX;

8- laca/khr nq/k {ks=ke/;s lgdkjh @[kktxh o dks.krhgh eksBh Msvjh ok nq/k vof'kru dsanz LFkkihr rlsp

dk;Z'khy fLFkrhr ulkos-

9- laca/khr {ks=ke/;s [kO;kP;k HkVV;k rlsp iuhjps mRiknd dsanz vf/kd la[;sr ulkosr-

10- laca/khr nq/k {ks=kr pkaxY;k izrhps nq/kk# i'kq vf/kd la[;sr vlkosr

11- laca/khr {ks=kr fgjok pkjk vf/kd ek=sr miyC/k vlkok

12- laca/khr {ks=krhy i'kqikyd izxrh'khy fopkj/kkjsps vlkosr-

fu;ksthr O;oLFkseqGs Qk;ns % fu;ksthr dkj.kkaeqGs nq/k ,d=hdj.kkph O;oLFkk lapkyhr dj.;klkBh nq/k m|ksxkyk

[kkyhy xks"Vhr ykHkizkIr gksow 'kdrks-

1- nq/k 'kkGk rlsp nq/k vof'kru dsanzkyk o"kZHkj i;kZIr izek.kkr ;ksX; njkoj nq/k feGw 'kdrs-

2- Li/kkZ ulY;keqGs nq/k vf/kd izek.kkr izkIr gksow 'kdrs-

3- izrhyhVj nq/k ,d=hdj.kklkBh ykx.kkjh fdaer deh gksow 'kdrs-

4- nq/k 'kkGsyk pkaxY;k xq.koRrsps nq/k izkIr >kY;keqGs O;olk;kr vf/kd Qk;nk feGw 'kdrks-

5- nqX/k 'kkGsrhy ;a=kpk tkLrhr tkLr {kersus mi;ksx dsY;keqGs mRiknukoj ykx.kkjk [kpZ deh gksow

'kdrks-

6- nqX/k O;olk;klaca/kh laiw.kZ dk;Zdzekps lax.kdhdj.k dsY;keqGs nq/k ladyukP;k O;oLFksoj izHkkoh fu;a=.k

BsoY;k tkow 'kdrs-



7- okLrfod dk;Z vkjaHk dj.;kP;k iwohZ QhYM rlsp Msvjh LVkQph fu;qDrh o izf'k{k.kkph O;oLFkk

vxzhe#ikr dsyh tkow 'kdrs-

nq/k ,d=hdj.kkps fu;kstu %

1- nq/kkps ;ksX; fjrhus eksteki o xq.koRrk ijh{k.kkph O;oLFkk dj.ks] nq/k laxzg dsanzkoj vko';d oLrwaph

O;oLFkk dj.ks-

2- nq/kkyk ;ksX; nj fu/kkZjhr dj.ks rlsp BjfoY;kizek.ks nq/kkP;k xq.koRrsP;k vk/kkjkoj nq/k lferhuka o

xoGhyk ;ksX; nj fu'phr dj.ks-

3- vkacV rlsp QkVysY;k nq/kkph [kjsnh dj.;kP;k njkyk fu/kkZjhr dj.ks

4- nq/k lferhP;k gsrwus nq/kkP;k njkps Hkqxrku dj.;kph furh fu'phr dj.ks

5- nq/k lgdkjhrk rlsp [kktxh {ks=kr nq/k ladyu dsanzkP;k LFkkiusP;k n`"Vhus vko';d nq/k l;a= rlsp

ifj{k.k l;a=] jlk;us] nq/kkph dWu] xjcj lsaVªhQ;wxy QWV ijh{k.k l;a= ] feYdksVsLVj] ys[ku lkfgR;

] bR;knh oLrw miyC/k vlkO;kr-

6- lferhps lfpo rlsp [kktxh {ks=krhy nq/k ladyu dsanzkoj deh'ku ,taVkph fu;qDrh o R;kaP;k

LFkGkoj nq/k laxzg rlsp nq/k ijh{k.kke/;s izf'k{k.k ns.;kph O;oLFkk bR;knhalkBh miyC/k d#u ns.ks-

7- lferhP;k nq/k O;olk;kyk vkjaHk dj.;kP;k gsrwus ;ksX; R;k izek.kkr jDde miyC/k vlkoh-

8- lferhr nq/k laxzg dsanzkph LFkkiuk dj.;klkBh HkkM;kP;k nq/k d{kkph O;oLFkk vl.ks vko';d vkgs-

9- lferhOnkjs laxzgh nq/kkyk eq[; ekxZkus 'ksoVP;k Vksdkoj iksgkspfo.;kP;k n`"Vhus gsMyksMjph O;oLFkkdj.ks

10- {ks=h; turk rlsp mRiknd lnL;kaph tkx`drk ok<fo.;klkBh o okLrfod dk;Z vkjaHk dj.;kP;kiwohZ

R;kauk fo'oklkr ?ks.ks rlsp nq/k laxzgkr R;kaP;k Hkkxhnkjh ckcr ;ksX; rs ikgwy mpy.ks-

11- lferhP;k ek/;ekus nq/k mRikndkai;Zar rka=hd ekfgrh iksgkspfo.;kph O;oLFkk dj.ks

12- nq/kkP;k njkph x.kusP;k n`"Vhus nq/keqY; pkVZ cufo.ks rlsp nq/k lferhP;k izR;sd Hkkxkr R;kyk forj.k

dj.ks-

13- nq/k lferhP;k nq/k mRiknd lnL;kaP;k xjtsps o vMp.khps v/;;u Rojhr xrhus d#u R;kaps lek/kku

dj.;klkBh ;kstuk cufo.ks-

14- nq/k vkacV gks.;kP;k izfdz;syk VkG.;klkBh nksUgh ikGhae/;s ¼la/;k o ldk-½ nq/kkph ;ksX; rh O;oLFkk

fu'phr dj.ks-

15- nq/k lferh rlsp nq/k laxzg dsanzkiklwu rs nq/k 'kkGk ok vof'kru dsanzki;Zar okgrqdhph O;oLFkk

dj.;kP;k gsrwus Li/kkZRed njkr dksVs'kuP;k njkr vkea=.k nsowu R;kph vxzhe O;oLFkk d#u ;ksX; R;k

njkr okgrqdhph O;oLFkk dj.ks vko';d vkgs-

16- nq/kkps otueki] QWV ok ,l ,u ,Q ijh{k.k laca/kh ] vfHkys[kdkapk Bso dj.;klkBh izLrkohr nq/k

lferhP;k lfpokph fu;qDrh rlsp izf'k{k.kkph O;oLFkk dj.ks vko';d vkgs-



17- nq/k la?k rlsp nqX/k 'kkGsrwu nq/k eqY;kP;k O;ogkjklkBh nqX/k O;olk;kr lax.kdhdj.kkph LFkkiuk rlsp

R;kP;k lapkyuklkBh vkWijsVjph fu;qDrh o O;ogkjhd izf'k{k.k dj.;kph vko';drk vkgs-

18- lferh rlsp nq/k laxzg dsanzkP;k dk;ZO;oLFksP;k fujh{k.kklkBh lgdkjh nq/k la?kkr deZpk&;kph fu;qDrh

o ;ksX; rs izf'k{k.k ns.ks vko';d vkgs-

19- {ks= losZ{k.kkeqGs izkIr ekfgrhP;k vk/kkjkoj o"kkZP;k foHkhUu _rwr i'kquka jksx iljysY;k ekfgrhP;k

vk/kkjkoj i'kq fVdkdj.kkph vxksnjp O;oLFkk d#u Bsokoh-



LoPN nq/k mRiknu% dkGkph xjt

MkW-fot; dsGs] izk- iz.kkyh fude] izk- Vh- Ogh- ek?koh] izk-xtkuu ukjuojs


l/;k Hkkjr gk nqX/k mRiknukr ifgY;k Øaekdkoj vkgs- Hkkjrkrhy xk;h o Eg‚khaph la{;k gh vuqØae 85

n‛ky{k o 98 n‛ky{k ,o<h vkgs vlwu Hkkjrkps okf’kZd nqX/k mRiknu 112-2 n‛ky{k Vu ,o<s vkgs- Hkkjr nqX/k

mRiknukr tjh ifgY;k Øekadkoj vlyk rjh izfr fnol izfr ek.kwl miyC/krk gh Qkj deh Eg.kts 252 xzWe ,o<h

vkgs- T;kl cjhp‛kh dkj.ks vkgsr- R;kr izkeq[;kus Hkkjrkph yksdla[;k] yksdkaph vkfFkZd ifjfLFkrh vkgs- ‚ksrdjh

mRiknu dsYksY;k nq/kkP;k 90 VDds nq/k gs foØhlkBh cktkjkr usrkr o dsoG 10 VDds nq/k gs Lor% o R;kP;k

dqVqacklkVh okijrkr- vWxzhdYpj th-Mh-ih- e/;s i‛kq/kukpk 25 rs 26 VDds ,o<k okVk vkgs-

txkrhy ,dw.k nqX/kksRiknukiSdh lqekjs 16 VDds nqX/k mRiknu ,dV;k Hkkjr ns‛kkr gksrs- ijarq nqnSZokus nq/k o

nqX/ktU; inkFkZ fu;kZre/;s vkiyk ns‛k gk cjkp ekxs vlwu tkxfrd Lrjkoj vR;ar deh izek.kkr fu;kZr djrks-

vkiY;k ns‛kkrhy nqX/kksRiknukiSdh lqekjs 90 VDds nq/k gs xzkeh.k Hkkxkrhy nqX/k mRiknd djrkr ijarq R;kaph vkfFkZd

ifjfLFkrh] ‚kkL=ksDr ekfgrhpk vHkko o mRiknukckcrpk fu’dkGthi.kkeqGs R;kaps nq/kkps xq.koRrsdMs nqyZ{k gksrs-

‚kkL=ksDr i/nrhus nq/k fufeZrh o dsY;keqGs nq/kkph izr fud`’V gksowu rs tkLr dkG fVdfork ;sr ukgh o nq/kkP;k

?kVdkaoj gks.kk&;k jklk;fud fdz;kauh nq/k uklY;k tkowu vkfFkZd uqdlku gksrs- rlsp v‛kk nq/kkiklwu cufoysY;k

nqX/k inkFkkZph xq.koRrk lq/nk fud`’V ntkZph vlrs- izxr ns‛kkr ;kmyV LoPN o nq/k mRiknu rj dsys tkrsp r}rp

nq/kkyk deh rkiekukoj lkBfoys tkowu R;kph gkrkG.kh o okgrqd ns[khy R;kp rkiekukoj dsyh tkrs ‚kq/n o fuHksZG

nq/k fufeZrh gh vkt dkGkph xjt cuyh vkgs-

LoPN o mPp izrhps nq/k Eg.kts fujksxh nq/kkG tukojkps LoPN okrkoj.kkr lq{e thok.kqapk lalxZ gksow u

nsrk dk<ysys nq/k v‛kk nq/kkr nq/kkph izr deh dj.kk&;k ftok.kqaps izek.k vR;Yi vlkos ts.ksd:u rs tkLr dkG

fVdsy-





LoPN nq/k mRiknu gs [kkyhy ckchoj izkeq[;kus voyacwu vlrs-

1½ nqHkrh tukojs%&

nq/k ns.kkjh xk; vFkok EgSl rh loZ izFke fujksxh vlkoh- R;kauk dqBY;kgh izdkjpk lalxZtu; jksx >kysyk

ulkok- ;k jksxke/;s eq[;Ros d#u {k;] fo’keToj] o djklspk nkg ;kapk lekos‛k gksrks- ;k jksxkaps thok.kw gs nq/kkP;k

ek/;ekrwu izlkj ikorkr R;klkBh fu;feri.ks tukojkaph i'kqoS|dkdMwu rikl.kh d#u ?;koh- jksxh tukojkaps nq/k

oki# u;s- nq/k pkaxys mdGwu FkaM d#u uotkr okljkl iktkos- vls dsY;kus nq/kkrwu izlkj gks.kk&;k lalxZtu;

jksxkoj vkGk clrks o R;kapk izlkj Fkkaco.;kl enr gksrs-

2½ tukojkps xksBs o ihjlj%&

Tkukojkaps xksBs usgeh LoPN Bsokosr- nq/k dk<.;kiwohZ xksB;krhy ‚ks.k] eyeq= o dkMhdpjk dk<wu lkQ&lQkbZ

djkoh- xksB;kr ek‛kk] Mkl] xksphM b- minzoh fdVdkapk f‛kjdko o izlkj gksÅ u;s Eg.kwu tukoj pkj.;kl

lksMY;kuarj xksBk lkQ d#u ?;kok- o xksB;kr fQukbZy fdaok eWysFkhvkWu 0-1 VDds nzko.kkph Qokj.kh v/kwu&e/kwu

djkoh- gh Qokj.kh ldkGh djkoh] Eg.kts fnolHkj mxzokl fu/kqu tkrks o exp tukojs cka/kkohr xksB;kP;k fHkarh

iDD;k vlkO;kr- o’kkZrwu 1&2 osGsl pquk ykokok- lkaMik.;kP;k ukY;k fu;fer milqu ?ksÅu R;ke/;s Qokj.kh

djkoh- nq/k dk<.;kiwohZ 1&2 rkl rlsp nq/k dk<rkuk o nq/k forj.k gksbZi;Zr Hkqlk vkf.k eqj?kkl xksB;kr vfk.kq

u;s] dkj.k gk [kk|kapk okl nq/kkl ykxw ‚kdrks-

3½ tukojkaph LoPNrk%&

nqHkrh tukojs fujksxh vlqu pkyr ukgh rj R;kaph LoNrk frrdhp egRokph vkgs- R;klkBh nq/k

dk<.;kiwohZ ,d rkl vxksnj tukojkl ukjGkP;k dkF;kP;k lgk;kus vFkok eÅ cz‛kus [kjkVk d#u ?;kok-

tukojkaph dkl] ikBhekxs lMkyxrpk Hkkx lkQ d#u /kqowu /;kok- nq/k dk<.;kiwoh dkl o lM iksVWf‛kve

ijeWXussVp;k ik.;kus /kqowu ?;kos o uarj LoPN ik.;kus iqUgk /kwokosr- Eg‛khP;k ckcrhr lk/kkj.ki.ks nj pkj

efg.;kus Hkkn#u ?;kohr- ;keqGs dkl] lMkekxps ik;] ‚ksiVh b- Hkkxkl ykxysyh ?kk.k vFkok ‚ks.k] vaxkojhy lqVs

dsl nq/kkr iM.kkj ukghr- nq/kkr T;k izek.kkr ?kk.k vlrs R;kaP;k fdrhrjh iVhr thok.kw vlrkr- Eg.kwu tukojkaph

LoNrk Bso.ks vR;ar egRokph dkGkph xjt vkgs-

4½ nq/k dk<.kkjk O;Drh %& nksX/kk

nksX/kk o gkrkG.kkjk O;Drh fujksxh] lqn`< o lalxZtu; jksxkiklwu eqDr vlkok- vU;Fkk R;kyk tMyasY;k

jksxkps sthok.kw nq/kkrwu izlkj ikorkr o brjkl v‛kk nq/kke/kwu lalxZtU; jksxkpk izknqHkkZo gksÅ ‚kdrks- nq/k dk<kk&;k

euq’;kl fo’keToj] gxo.k b- jksx rlsp xtdj.k] [k#t] nlcxksy b- lkj[ks lkalxhZd jksx vlw u;ssr- nksX/;kyk

ukd f‛kdj.ks] f‛kdk ;s.kss] [kksdy.ks o /kqeziku dj.ks ;klkj[;k lo;h fdaok ck/kk vlq u;sr- u[ks loPN o fu;fer

dk<ysyh vlkohr- nksX/kkus nq/k dk<.;kiwohZ gkr lkcukus vFkok xje ik.;kus /kqowu dksjM;k diM;kus iqlkosr-



5½ nq/kkph HkkaMh%&

nq/k dk<.;klkBh okij.;kr ;s.kkjh HkkaMh LoPN vlkoh- R;kdjhrk HkkaMh vxksnj xje ik.;kus /kqowu ?;koh

o uarj LoPN FkaM ik.;kus folGwu ?ks.ks t#jh vkgs- HkkaMh /kq.;klkBh lkcu oMh oki# u;s- R;keqGs sHkkM;koj ikrG

ika<jk Fkj r;kj gksrks- HkkaMh LoPN /kqrY;koj LVWaMoj ikyFkh Bsokohr] ts.ksd#u rh iq<hy dkGkr loPB gksrhy-

rlsp fueqGR;k rksMkphp HkkaMh nq/k dk<.;klkBh okijkohr- okljkP;k Lru pks[k.;kus fdaok Lrukl elkt dj.;kus

fdaok HkkM;kP;k vkoktkus tukoj ikuk lksMrkr-tukojkus ikUgk lksMY;kuarj 5&7 fefuVkr nq/k dk<.ks vko‛;d

vkgs-lq#okrhP;k dkgh /kkjk HkkaM;kr ?ksÅ u;sr dj.k R;ke/;s vik;dkjd thok.kw vlrkr-tukojkP;k ‚ksoVP;k 5

VDds /kkjkae/khy nq/kkr rhIiV fLuX/k vlrs-

nqX/k O;olk; gk ‚ksrh m|ksxkyk iqjd m|ksx Eg.kwu dsyk tkrks- nqX/k O;olk;krhy lk/; gs nq/k vkgs- loZlk/kkj.k

xk;hauh ikUgk lksMY;kuarj 5&7fefuVki;Zar nq/k dk<ko;kps vlrs- FkksMk tjh m‛khj >kyk fdaok dkgh dk.kkeqGs xk;

fopyhr gksÅu ikUgk pks#u ?ksRkY;kl ,dq.k nq/k mRiknukoj ifj.kke gksÅ ‚kdrks- R;klkBh Bjowu fnysY;k nq/k

dk<ko;kP;k i/nrhpk mi;ksx dj.ks vko‛;d vlrs- nq/k dk<.;kP;k eq[;r% nksu 2 i/nrh vkgsr-

v½ gkrkus nq/k dk<.ks-

c½ ;a=kP;k lgk;kus nw/k dk<.ks-

v½ gkrkus nq/k dk<.ks-

Hkkjrkr loZlkekU; ‚ksrdjh ;k i/nrhus nq/k dk<rkr- dkj.k R;kauk vkiY;k deh nqa/kkG tukojkaljkBh ;a=kus

nq/k dk<.ks ijoM.kkj ukgh-

LkZolk/kkj.k fu;e

‚kD;rks xk;hP;k MkO;k cktwu nq/k dk<kos- ,dnk ikUgk lksMY;kuarj rkBj o lolkZr eksB;k Lrukrwu izFke

nw/k dk<kos fdaok iw<ps o ekxps nksu Lru uarj ;k dzekus nq/k dk<kos- nq/kkps ifgys Fksac HkkaM;ko ?ksm u;s dkj.k

R;kP;kr thok.kwpk laidZ >kysyk vlrks- gkrkus nq/k dk<.;kP;k [kkyhy i/nrh vkgsr

fpeVk i/nr%

;k i/nrhe/;s Lrukyk vaxB;kus o R;kP;k ‚kstkjhy cksVkus idMwu rs [kkyP;k fn‛ksus vks<ys tkrs- o

R;koj nkc fnyk tkrks- R;kewGs nw/k fu?krs- ygku LrukP;k tukojkaoj gh i/nr okijrkr ‚ksoVps nw/k dk<.;klkBh

;k i/nthpk mi;ksx djrkr- ;k i/nfrhr lMkl t[kek gks.;kph vlrs- tukojkyk osnuk gksmu ykFk ekj.;kph

‚kD;rk vlwu ikUgk pks:u ?ks.;kph fHkrh vlrs-

Ikw.kZgkr i/nr^%

;k i/nrhe/;s lM iq.kZ gkrkP;k ikpgh cksVke/;s idMwu [kkyP;k cktwus vks<wu nkc fnyk tkrks- gh

i/nr lokZr tkLr ;ksX; o lwj{khr vkgs- gh i/nr cksVkus fdaok vaxB;kus nw/k dk<.;kP;k i/nrhis{kk mRre vkgs-

dkj.k ;kyk osGksosGh gkr cnykok ykxr ukgh- ;k i/nrhr okljkus nw/k vks<Y;kizek.ks nw/k dk<ys tkrs] rlsp loZ

lMkoj cjkscj nkc Vkdyk tkrs-



vaxBk i/nr %

vaxBk i/nr iw.kZgkr i/nrh lkj[khp vlwu ;ke/;s egRokpk ?kVd Eg.ktsp vaxBk okdMk d:u vkpGkoj

nkcyk tkrks- R;keqGs vkpGkoj nkc iMwu nw/k fu?krs- ygku tukoj T;kph dkl ygku vkgs- R;kP;koj gh i/nr

okijrkr- vaxBk okdMk d:u vkpGkoj nkcY;kewGs lMkoj t[kek gks.;kph ‚kD;rk vlrs- nw/k dk<.;kl tkLr

osG ykxrks-o iw.kZ nw/k fu?kr ukgh-

c½ ;a=kP;k lgk;kus nw/k dk<.ks%

;k i/nrhpk mi;ksx la?kVhr laLFkk o eYVh QkeZ b- fBdk.kh eksB;k izek.kkr nw/k dk<.;klkBh djrkr “ gh

i/nr tkLr nw/k ns.kk&;k tukojkalkBh okijrk ;srs- ;k i/nrhr vkpGkyk ekyh‛k gksrs] R;kewGs jDr o xzFkhyk btk

gksr ukgh- ;k i/nrhr tyn nw/k dk<rk ;smu euw’;cG okprs- vkf.k tukojkaph mRikndrk letrs-



iuhj fuehZrh ra=Kku

MkW- eksgEen jftmn~nhu] MkW-fot; dsGs] izk] iz.kkyh fude] izk- lfork fdukds


nq/k o nqX/k inkFkkZps egRo gs vki.kkl lokZauk Qkj tqU;k dkGkiklwu Eg.kts oSfnd dkGkiklwu ekfgrh vkgs-

nqX/k inkFkZ cufo.ks gh ,d izdkjph dyk vkgs- iwohZ loZ izkjps nqX/k ínkFkZ cufoys tk;ps i.k ra=Kku fodflr

>kY;kuarj rsp inkFkZ gs ‚kkL=ksDr i/nrhus o eksB;k izek.kkr cufo.;kl lu 1940 ps uarj lq#okr .kyh-

vkacfoysys nqX/k inkFkZ] ukloysys nqX/k inkFkZ fo?kVu dsysys inkFkZ o vkVoysys nqX/k inkFkZ nq/k lk[kGowu r;kj

dsysY;k nqX/ktU; inkFkZakph vls oxhZdj.,k dj.;kr vkgs- lnjhy nqX/k inkFkZ cufo.;kph ‚kkL=ksDr i/nrh o rs

cuforsosGh okij.;kr vkysys nqX/ktU; oxkkZO;frfjDr /kVd oki#u ikSf’Vd] fVdkow o tkLr uQk ns.kkjs inkFkZ

cufoys tkrkr- nq/k gs tlsAP;k rls nzo Lo#ikr fodY;kis{kk rsp tj eqY;o/khZr nqX/ktU; inkFkZ fufeZrhd#u

fodys xsY;kl R;kiklwu nq/k mRiknukl tkLrhpk Qk;nk gksrks- nq/kkph lkBo.k {kerk ok<rs- R;ke/;s jkstxkkj fufeZrh

gksÅ ‚kdrs- nq/k lk[kGowu r;kj dsysY;k nqX/ktU; inkFkZakph ekx.kh nSunhu thoukr ok<r pkyyh vkgs v‛kk dkgh

nq/k lk[kGowu r;kj dsysY;k nqX/ktU; inkFkZakph ekfgrh [kkyhy izek.ks vkgs-

Hkkjr gk vkt nq/k mRiknukr txkr vxzslj ns'k vkgs- nq/k gk vfr'k; 'kh?kzi.ks [kjkc gks.kkjk inkFkZ vkgs-

R;keqGs nq/kmRikndkaps nq/k yodjkr yodj cktkjkr tk.ks] R;klkscrp xzkgdki;aaZr iksgksp.ks vko';d vlrs- ;keqGsp

nqX/kmRikndkph nq/knjkckcr dz;'kDrh f'kFkhy gksrs-vkf.k cgqrka'kosGh feGsy R;k njkr nq/k fod.ks dzeizkIr Bjrs- tsFks

f'krdj.k ;a=kph lqfo/kk vkgs] lgdkjh RkRok[kkyh nqX/klaLFksekQZr izkekf.kdi.ks jkcr vlysyh 'kk'or cktkjisB vkgs]

rsFks gk iz'u ukgh- ijarq cgqrka'k egkjk"Vªkr v'kk'or cktkjHkko] xzkeLrjkoj 'khrdj.k lqfo/kspk vHkko]

okguO;oLFkspk vHkko gs nqX/kO;olk;kdMs vukdf"kZr dj.kkjs BGd eqn~ns vkgsr- mRikfnr >kysY;k nq/kkyk

fVdfo.;kpk dkG ok<fo.;klkBh nq/k mRikndkauh nq/kkiklwu r;kj gks.kkjs eqY;of/kZr inkFkZ mnk- iuhj] [kok] pht]

rwi bR;knh r;kj dj.ks ;k O;olk;kP;k le`)hdMs tk.kkjh okV vlsy vls eyk okVrs- izLrqr ys[kkr nq/kkiklwu

i'kqikydkyk ?kjP;k ?kjh iuhj dls djrk ;sbZy ;kckcr d`rh vkjk[kMk uewn dsyk vkgs-

nq/k lk[kGowu iuhj r;kj dj.;kph i/nrh%

iuhj Eg.kts dk;\ nq/kkps vkEy lkdGhr ¼acid coagulated½ d:u R;krhy tYkrRokps izek.k nkc nsowu

deh dsysYkk inkFkZ Eg.kts iuhj gks;-

iuhj gs lkekU; nq/kkis{kk tkLr dkG fVdwu jkgrs- vkf.k cktkjkr iuhj yk Hkjiwj ekx.kh vkgs- 'kkdkgkjh

O;Drhauk izfFkukapk mRre L=ksr Eg.kwu iuhj Hkkjrkr vfr'k; izfl) vkgs- vki.k iuhj iklwu vusd miinkFkZ r;kj

d: 'kdrks- mnkgj.kkFkZ ikyd iuhj] eVj iuhj] vkyw iuhj] iuhj fVDdk b-



iuhj r;kj dj.;kph i)r vfr'k; lksih vkgs- R;klkBh uoufou ;a=s cktkjkr miyC/k vkgsr- ijarq

i'kqikyd ;k egkxM;k ;a=kf'kok; lq)k ?kjP;k ?kjh iuhj r;kj d: 'kdrks- iuhj lkBh Eg'khps nq/k mRre vlrs-

dkj.k R;kr fLuX/kka'kkps izek.k xk;hP;k nq/kkP;k rqyusus vf/kd vlrs-

ykdMh isVh r;kj dj.ks ¼iuhj nkc isVhs½ %

;klkBh i'kqikydkus loZlk/kkj.ki.ks 45 lsaeh ykac] 25 lsaeh :an vkf.k 25 lsaeh map ;k vkdkjkph ykdMh

isVh r;kj djkoh- ;k isVh lkBh okijysY;k ykdMh QGhyk pkjgh cktqus ckfjd ckfjd fNnzs vlkohr- iuhj r;kj

djrkauk nq/kkrhy ik.kh ¼Ogs½ fu?k.;klkBh gh fNnzs vko';d vlrkr-

iuhj r;kj dj.;kph i)r%

,dk LoPN ikrsY;ke/;s LoPN] fuHksZG vkf.k rkts 5 rs 8 fyVj fo'ks’kr% Eg'khps nq/k ?;kos- gs nq/k 82 va'k

lsfYl;l rkiekukoj 5 rs 8 feuhV rkiokos- R;kuarj nq/kkps rkieku 70 va'k lsfYl;l i;Zar deh djkos- vkf.k

;k rkiekukoj nq/kkr 1 fdaok 2 VDds rhozrk vlysys lk;Vªhd vkEy ckjhd /kkjsus lksMkos- lk;Vªhd vkEyk,soth

fyackpk lq)k mi;ksx djrk ;srks- lk;Vªhd vkEykeqGs nq/k yxsp QkVsy- v'kk QkVysY;k fdaok uklysY;k nq/kkrwu

ckgsj ;s.kkjs fgjoV fuGlj ik.kh tsOgk fnlw ykxsy] R;k{k.kh lk;Vªhd vkEy Vkd.ks can djkos- uarj nqlÚ;k ,dk

LoPN ikrsY;kP;k rksaMkoj rye fdaok e[keyhpk dkiM cka/kkok- R;koj ifgY;k ikrsY;krhy nq/k vksrkos- dkiMkoj

NUuk ¼ik.kh oxGrk mjysys ?kuinkFkZ½ tek gksbZy-

osxGk dsysyk NUuk yxsp ykdMh isVhr ¼iuhj nkc isVhs½ dkiMklghr Bsokok- R;kuarj ykdMh isVh oj

gGwgGw 25 rs 30 fdyksxzWe otu 15 rs 20 feuhVs Bsokohr- R;kuarj r;kj >kysys iuhj ckgsj dk<wu 5 rs 8 va'k

lsfYl;l rkieku vlysY;k FkaM ik.;kr 3 rs 4 rkl Bsokos- FkaM ik.;krwu dk<wu ykdMh QGhoj ik.kh fu?k.;klkBh

FkksMkosG Bsokos-

Eg'khP;k nq/kkiklwu ¼ljkljh fLuX/kka'k 6VDds½ vlsy rj nq/kkP;k 20 Rks 22 VDds iuhj r;kj gksrks-

xk;hP;k nq/kkiklwu ¼ ljkljh fLuX/kka'k 3-5 rs 4 VDds½ ljkljh 16 rs 18 VDds iuhj r;kj gksrks- ijarq xk;hP;k

nq/kkiklwu r;kj dsysys iuhj eÅ vlrs vkf.k cktkjkr R;kl ekx.kh uk



Ekkuad.k (Standardization)

MkW-fot; dsGs] izk] iz.kkyh fude] MkW ,l-ih pkaxkMs


Ekkuad.k (Standardization) vUu HkslG izfrca/kd dk;n;kuqlkj] vusd izdkjps nq/k cufoys tkrs- R;ke.;s osxosxG;k QWVuqlkj

¼fLuX/kka‛k½ o fLuX/kksRrj ?kVd uqlkj osxosxG;k izdkjps nq/kkps oxhZdj.k dj.;kr vkys vkgs-

Ekkuad.k % Ekkuad.k dj.ks Eg.kts nq/kkrhy fLuX/kka‛k o fLuX/kksRrj ?kVd Bjkfod izek.kkr vk.k.ks gks;-

Hkkjrke/;s ew[;r% ikp izdkjps nq/kke/;s oxhZdj.k dj.;kr vkys vkgs- gs oxhZdj.k nq/kkrhy fLuX/kka‛k o

fLuX/kksRrj ?kVd ;koj voyacwu vkgs- nq/kkrhy Ekkuad.k djrs osGsl nq/kkrhy fLuX/kka‛k o fLuX/kksRrj ?kVd Bjkfod

izek.kkr vk.kwu R;ke/;s ok<ho fLUX/kka‛k gs lsizsVjP;k lgk¸;kus cktwyk dsyh tkrs-

fLuX/kka‛k fLuX/kksRrj ?kVd

1½ VksUM nq/k 3-0 8-5

2½ Mcy VksUM nq/k 1-5 9-0

3½ izekf.kr nq/k 4-5 8-7

4½ Eg‛khps nq/k fdaok Qqy fdze nq/k 6-0 9-0

5 XkkbZps nw/k 3-5 8-5

Ekkuad.k dj.;kP;k i/nrh

1½ oLrweku rwyukRed i/nrh (Mass balance Method)

2½ fivlZu pkSdksu i/nrh (Pearson Square Method)

izek.khdj.k dj.kklkBh lokZr tkLr okijyh tk.kkjh i/nr Eg.kts fivlZu pkSdksu i/nrh ];k i/nrh e/;s nw/kkrhy

fLuX/kka‛k o fLuX/kksrj ?kVd ;ke?;s ikfgts vlsy R;k izek.kkuwlkj r;kj djrk ;srkr- fg ik/nr okijrkuk nw/kkps

fyVj iklwu fdykse/;s :ikarj dj.ks vko‛;d vlrs-

mnkgj.k c?kq %

1½ 500 fyVj 6-0 VDds fLuaX/kka‛k vlysys laiw.kZ nw/k [kkyhy miyC/k lkewxzhpk mi;ksx d:u dls r;kj djrk

;sby \

miyC/k lkewxzh]

40 VDdsph eykbZ

3-5 VDdsps xkbZps nw/k



500 fyVj 6-0 VDds fLuaX/kka‛k vlysys laiw.kZ nw/k r;kj dj.;klkBh vki.k fivlZu pkSdksu i/nrhpk okij d:;k-

40 2-5

3-5 34-0

36-5

Eg.kwu 500 fyVjps fdyske/;s :ikarj d:;k +

¾500× 1-030 ¼xkbZP;k nw/kkph ?kurk ½

¾ 515 fdyks

500 fyVj 6-0 VDds fLuaX/kka‛k vlysys laiw.kZ nw/k r;kj dj.;klkBh 40 VDdsph eykbZ ¼dz½ fdrh ykxsy \

2-5 ¾ d

36-5 515

d ¾ 515 × 2-5

36-5

¾ 1287-5

36-5

¾ 35-30 fdyks

Eg.kwu 500 fyVj 6-0 VDds fLuaX/kka‛k vlysys laiw.kZ nw/k r;kj dj.;klkBh 40 VDdsph 35-30 fdyks eykbZ ¼dz½

ykxsy-

o 3-5 VDdsps xkbZps nw/k-----------------

¾ 515 & 35-30

¾ 479-70 fdyks xkbZps nw/k ykxsy-

Eg.kwu 515 fdyks ¼500 yhVj ½ 6-0 VDds fLuaX/kka‛k vlysys laiw.kZ nw/k r;kj dj.;klkBh 35-30 fdyks eykbZ o

479-70 fdyks xkbZps nw/k ykxsy-

6-0



mRrj cjkscj vlY;kph [kk=h [kkyhy izek.ks djrk ;sbZy-

v½ 515 fdyks 6-0 VDds fLuaX/kka‛k vlysys laiw.kZ nw/k r;kj dj.;klkBhs fLu/kka‛k fdrh ;sbZy

¾ 515 × 6-0

100

¾ 30-90 fdyks flXa/kk‛k ykxsy-

Eg.kwu 515 fdyks 6-0 VDds fLuaX/kka‛k vlysys laiw.kZ nw/k r;kj dj.;klkBh 30-90 fdyks flXa/kk‛k ykxsy-

vki.k dsysY;k izek.khdj.kkuwlkj] 515 fdyks ¼500 yhVj ½ 6-0 VDds fLuaX/kka‛k vlysys laiw.kZ nw/k r;kj

dj.;klkBh 35-30 fdyks 40 VDd;kaph eykbZ o 479-70 fdyks xkbZps nw/k ykxrs-

c ½ 35-30fdyks 40 VDds eykbZe/;s fdrh fdyks flX/kka‛k feGsy -

¾ 35-30 × 40

100


Eg.kwu 35-30fdyks 40 VDds eykbZe/;s 14-12 fdyks flX/kka‛k feGsy -

d½ 479-70 fdyks xkbZP;k nw/kkiklwu fdrh fdyks flX/kka‛k feGsy-

¾ 479-70 × 3-5

100


Eg.kwu 479-70 fdyks xkbZP;k nw/kkiklwu 16-78 fdyks flX/kka‛k feGsy-

[kk=h dsY;kizek.ks v¾c$d

515 fdyks 6-0 VDds fLuaX/kka‛k vlysys laiw.kZ nw/k r;kj dj.;klkBh 30-90 fdyks flXa/kk‛k ykxsy ¾ 35-30fdyks

40 VDds eykbZe/;s 14-12 fdyks flX/kka‛k feGsy $ 479-70 fdyks xkbZP;k nw/kkiklwu 16-78 fdyks flX/kka‛k

feGsy-



nw/k izfdz;k dasznzkoj dsY;ktk.kk&;k fofo/k nw/k pkp.;k

izk] iz.kkyh fude] MkW-fot; dsGs] izk- lfork fdukds] izk- fuGdaB iokj


ladyu] izfdz;k vkf.k fodzh g;k nqX/k O;olk;krhy rhu egRokP;k ik;&;k vkgsr- R;kiSdh ladyu ifgyh

vkf.k lokZr egRokph ik;jh vkgs- Hkkjrke/;s lk/kkj.kr% izrh fnol nksu osGk nq/k dk<Y;k tkrs- R;keqGs

ladyulq/nk nj fnolkyk fdeku nksu osGk vko‛;d vlrs- gs nq/k ladyhr d#u lkslk;V;k i;Zar ikspfo.ks

vko‛;d vlrs- nq/kkps nj gs ‚kklukekQZr Bjoqu fnys tkrkr- eq[;r% nq/kkps nj QWV o fLuX/kksRrj ?kVd ;koj

voyacqu vlrkr-

nq/k ,d uSlxhZd o toG toG ifjiq.kZ vls vUu vkgs- nq/kkr fujfujkGs ?kVd HkkSrhd voLFksr R;krhy

ik.;kr felGysys vlrkr- nq/k dk<rkauk fdrhgh LoPNrk Bsoyh rjh nq/kkr FkksMs Qkj thok.kw ;srkrp- nq/k dk<rkauk

LoPNrsph dkGth ?ksowu dk<ysys nq/k tj deh rkiekukoj lkBoys ukgh rj nq/kkph izr [kkyko.;kl osG ykxr

ukgh- okrkoj.kkrhy rkiekukr g;k thok.kwaph la[;k >ikV;kus ok<rs- thok.kw ftrds tkLr vlrhy frrdk nw/k

fVdqu jkg.;kpk dkG deh gksrks-

nq/k O;olk; O;oLFkhr pky.;klkBh ykx.kjs dPps nq/k dks.kR;k izrhps vkgs] R;ko#u R;kiklqu cu.kÚ;k nq/k o

nqX/k inkFkkZph izr Bjr vlrs- nq/k nksgY;kuarj xksikyd] nqX/k ladyu dsanz] nq/k f’kr dsan] nq/k la?k rs nq/k izfdz;k

dsanz ;k ekxkZus nq/k izfdz;k dj.;kP;k ikrGhoj ;sr vlrs- ;k laiq.kZ pdzkr lk/kkj.k 4 rs 6 rklkapk vo/kh ykxr

vlrks- ;kp dkGkr nq/kkrhy thok.kqaph ok< gksr vlrs- o R;keqGs nq/kkph xq.koRrk deh gksrs- g;kp dkj.kkLro

Msvjhe/;s ;s.kkÚ;k nq/kkP;k fofo/k izdkjP;k xq.koRrk pkp.;k ?ks.;kr ;srkr- ts.ks d#u Msvjhr ;s.kkÚ;k nq/kkph izr

d’kh vkgs rs dGrs-

nq/k mRiknu gs eq[;r% xzkeh.k Hkkxke/;s tkLRk mRiknhr gksr vlY;keqGs rsFkqu lkslk;V;kekQZr gs nq/k

rkyqdkla?k o ftYgkla?k ;kaP;kdMs vk.kY;k tkrs- okgrqdheqGs nq/kkph izr [kkyko.;kph ‚kD;rk tkLr vlY;keqGs

nq/kkP;k xq.koRrsoj tkLr y{k ns.ks xjtsps vlrs- ladyu dsanzkoj [kkyhy pkp.;kaph iqrZrk >kY;kuarjp nq/kkph

fLod`rh dsY;k tkrs- vU;Fkk nq/k ijr ikBfoY;k tkrs- lnj pkp.;k nq/k ladyu dsanzkP;k IyWVQkeZojp ?ksrY;k

tkrkr- R;keqGs R;kauk ^^IyWVQkWeZ pkp.kh^^ vls lq/nk Eg.krkr- IyWVQkWeZ pkp.;k [kkyhyizek.ks vkgsr-

1½ okl@xa/k %& nq/k gs dWue/;s IyWVQkWeZoj vkY;kuarj R;k nq/kkpk izFke okl ?ksryk tkrks- R;keqGs nq/k rkts fdaok

f‛kGs vkgs rs letrs- okl ?ksrkauk nq/k <oGys tk.ks xjtsps vkgs- nq/kkP;k dWups >kdu m?kMqu R;kpk yxsp okl

?;kok] ts.ksd#u R;kr tj nqxZa/k vlsy rj rh vksG[k.ks lksis tkbZy-



2½ po %& nq/kkr vl.kk&;k ‚kdZjseqGs ¼yWDVkst½ nq/kkyk uSlfxZdfjR;k FkksMhlh xksMlj po vlrs- tj nq/kkps rkieku

ok<ys rj] g;k ‚kdZjsps vkEykr fo?kVu >kY;kus nq/k vkacV gksrs- rlsp poheqGs vkiY;kyk nql&;k ckg; inkFkkZph

HkslG vksG[krk ;srs-

3½ dpjk %& nq/k nksgu djrkauk] ?kjh lkBforkauk] HkkaM;kOnkjs fdaok okgrqdhnjE;ku vusd izdkjpk dkMh@ dpjk

iM.;kph ‚kD;rk vlrs rs lq/nk g;ke/;s riklY;k tkrs-

4½ nq/kkph rkiek.k ifj{kk % nq/k izfdz;k dsanzkr cjspnk nqj varjkoj vlysY;k nq/k f’krx`gkrwu ;sr vlrs- v’kk nq/kkps

rkieku nq/k izfdz;k dsanzkr nq/k vkY;kuarj fdrh vkgs] gs c?k.ks vko’;d vkgs- nq/kkps rkieku ok<Y;kl thok.kqaph

ok< gks.ks vfHkizsr vkgs- o R;k dkj.kkus v’kk nq/kkps rkieku 10 va’k ls- is{kk deh vlkos- nq/kkps deh rkieku

R;krhy deh thok.kq la[;k o ts.ksd#u nq/kkP;k pkaxY;k izrhps izek.kd vkgs-

5½ yWDVksehVj fjMhax % fLuX?ksrj ?kVd gs nq/kkrhy fLuX/kka‛kk,o<kp mi;qDr ?kVd vkgs- ;k ?kVdkph pkp.kh gh

yWDVksehVjP;k lgk¸;kus dsyh tkrs- R;ke/;s nq/kkr ik.kh o ?ku?kVd ;kaph HkslG dsyh vkgs dk gs letrs- pkaxY;k

xk;hP;k o Eg’khP;k nq/kkps fof’k‛V xq#Ro 1-028 rs 1-032 i;Zar vlq ‘kdrs- ik.;kph yWDVksehVj fjMhax pkp.kh

*0* ¼‛kqU;½ vlY;keqGs ik.kh VkdY;keqGs yWDVksehVj fjMhax deh gksrs-

;k pkp.khdjhrk nq/k yWDVksehVj djhrk vlysY;k rkiekukoj vk.kqu yWDVksehVj tkje/;s vksrkrkr

ts.ksd#u tkj nq/kkus dkBksdkB Hkjsy-

R;kuarj gGwp yWDVksehVj R;k tkje/;s lksMkos- yWDVksehVj ,dk fof’k‛V Ldsyi;Zar R;kr cqMsy- R;kuarj

yWDVksehVj ojhy fjMhax uksV d#u [kkyhy xq.klq=kr VkdY;kl nq/kkps xq#Ro dGrs-

xq#Ro = 1 $ yWDVksehVj fjMhax

1000

6½ vkEyrk %& lkslk;Vhiklwu rkyqdkla?kki;Zar nq/k vk.krkauk tj rkieku ok<ysys vlsy rj fdaok vU; dkgh

dkj.kkaeqGs nq/kkph vkEyrk ok<.;kph ‚kD;rk vlrs- lk/kkj.kr% xkbZP;k nq/kkph vkEyrk 0-12 rs 0-14 vkf.k

Eg’khP;k nq/kkph vkEyrk 0-14 rs 0-16 ,o<h vlrs- g;kis{kk tj vkEyrk tkLr vlsy rj nq/k [kjkc gks.;kph

‚kD;rk vlrs-

nq/kkph vkEyrk tj FkksMh vf/kd vlsy rj mdGforkauk rs ?kV~V gksbZy fdaok uklqu tkbZy- nq/kkph vkEyrk [kkyhy

izdkjs vk<rk ;srs-

pkp.kh %&

lk/kkj.k 10 feyh nq/k papqik=kr ?ksowu R;kr 10 feyh ik.kh Vkdkos- o R;kl felGokos-

uarj R;kr fQukWyIiFkWyhu ¼,d [kMk½ nzkoukps 4 rs 5 Fksac Vkdkos-



uarj ;qjsVP;k lgk;kus FksackFksackus 0-1 ukWeZy lksMh;e gk;MªkWDlkbZMps nzko.k Vkdkos- R;kl fQDdV xqykch

jax ;sbZy rs fjMhax [kkyhy xq.klq=kr VkdY;kuarj nq/kkph vkEyrk dGrs-

vkEyrk Vddsokjh = feyh lksMh;e gk;MªkWDlkbZM x 0-1 x 9

nq/kkph ek=k

7½ dykWV vkWu ckW;yhax ¼ijh{kkuGhr nq/k mdGowu rs QkVrs dh ukgh rikl.kh½ %

nq/k mdGsi;Zar rkifoY;kl R;kP;k i`‛Bhkkxkoj ikrG Fkj tek gksrks- vf/kd mdGfoys rj R;kpk jax

ykylj gksrks gs ‘kdZjk o izfFkus ;kaP;koj >kysY;k ijh.kkekeqGs gksrs- nq/kkph vkEyrk tj FkksMh vf/kd

vlsy rj mdGforkauk rs QkVrs-

;k pkp.khdjhrk ,dk ijh{kkuGhr lk/kkj.k 5 feyh ,o<s nq/k ?ksowu R;kl mdGfo.ks-

mdGY;kuarj tj nq/k QkVys ukgh rj vls nq/k iq<hy izfdz;k dj.;kl ;ksX; letkos-

8½ vYdksgksy pkp.kh % nq/k mPp rkiekukoj izdzh;k dj.;kP;k yk;dhps vkgs fdaok ukgh g;klkBh gh pkp.kh

?ksrkr-

10 feyh nq/k ,dk ijh{kkuGhr ?ksowu R;kr 10 feyh 75 VDds bFkkbZy vYdksgksy felGkos-

nq/kkph vkEyrk tj tkLr vlsy o R;krhy izfFkus tj eqG Lo#ikr ulrhry rj nq/k QkVwu

R;krhy izfFkukaps d.k ijh{kkuGhr fnlrhy-

fLuX/kka’k ifj{kk % nq/kkr fdrh izek.kkr fLuX/kka’k ¼lk;hps izek.k½ vkgs- gs >ViV c?k.;kdjhrk xcZj QWV

i/nrhpk voyac djrkr-

pkp.kh %&

nq/k C;qVªksehVj e/;s 10 feyh xcZj lY¶;qjhd vkEy ?;kos-

rn~uarj 10-75 ehyh nq/k C;qVªksehVj P;k dMsyk ykxwu Vkdkos-

uarj 1 feyh vekbZy vYdksgksy Vkdkos-

C;qVªksehVj jcj LvkWijus can djkos- o rlsp vkrhy feJ.k ,dtho djkos-

uarj O;oLFkhr feJ.k >kysys C;qVªksehVj xcZj lsfUVª¶;qte/;s 5 feuhVklkBh fQjokos-

uarj C;qVªksehVj Ldsyoj nq/kkrhy fLuX/kka’kkph VDdsokjh ekstkoh

9½ ,e- ch- vk- Vh- %&

,e- ch- vk- Eg.kts feFkhyhu Cyq fjMD‛ku VkbZe gk gks;- nq/k gs lq{ethokalkBh ,d mRre [kk| vkgs-

nq/k gs lq{etho ‛kkL=h; nq’V;k fi.;klkBh fdaok izfdz;slkBh ;ksX; vkgs fdaok ukgh gs Bjfo.;klkBh gh pkp.kh dsyh



tkrs- ;k pkp.khlkBh feFkkyhu Cyq ukokps] fuGlj jaxkps nzko.k okijys tkrs- gs nzko.k nq/kkr VkdY;kuarj nq/kkpk

jax fuGlj gksrks- nq/kke/;s tj tklr izek.kkr lq{etho vlrhy rj gs ftok.kq gk jax yodj ukghlk djrkr-

R;keqGs g;k nq/kkps jaxfgr gks.;kps izek.k o osG gs lq{ethokP;k la[;soj voyacwu vlrkr-

pkp.kh %&

,dk ifj{kkuGhr ¼futZrqd½ 10 feyh nq/k ?;k-

R;ke/;s 1 feyh ,echvkj ps nzko.k Vkdk-

Rks nzko.k ;ksX;fjR;k felGwu gh ifj{kkuGh 37 $ 10C ;k rkiekukoj Bsokos-

izR;sd v/;kZ rklkauh ifj{kkuGhps fufj{k.k djkos-

uG;k jaxkps ukghlk ¼laiw.kZ½ gks.;kpk osG uksan djkok-

,echvkjVhP;k osg o nq/kkph izr ;kcnny ,d uequk [kkyh fnysyk vkgs-

fuGlj jax ukghlk

gks.;klkBh ykx.kkjk osG

nq/kkph izr

5 rkl o vf/kd loksZRd`’V

4 rkl mRre

2&3 pkaxys

fnMrkl&2 rkl [kjkc



?kjxqrh Lrjkoj nq/k vf/kd dkG fVdoh.;klkBh% fofo/k i/nrh

1izk] iz.kkyh fude] 2izk-ih-th-oklfud] 1MkW-fot; dsGs] MkW ,l-ih pkaxkMs

1nqX/k ra=Kku egkfo|ky;] mnxhj- 2nqX/k ra=Kku egkfo|ky;] o:M ¼iqln½

nq/k gs ekuoh ‚kfjjklkBh uSlfxZdfjR;k miyC/k vlysys iw.kZ vUu vkgs- R;kewGsp 19 O;k ‚krdkP;k e/;kl

nq/k O;olk; dkSVwafcd ikrGho:u dkj[kkuk Lrjkoj ikspyk- ik‛pkR; ns‛kkra vkSn;ksxhd dkzarh ikj ?kMyh- R;kewGs gs

loZiFke ijns‛kkr lw: >kys- nq/k FkaM d:u fVdo.;kps ra= 1880 rs 1890 ;klwekjkl fodflr >kys 1888 P;k

lwekjkl fLoR>jyWaM e/;s fudksykWl xcZj rj 1890 e/;s vesfjdsrhy fLVOgu cWcdkWdus nw/kkrhy fLuaX/kk‛k ekstU;kph

i/nr ‚kks/kyh] R;kewGs fodzhl vktsT;k nw/kkph izr Bjo.k s ‚kD; >kysys vkgs- 1895 e/;s nq/kkps ik‛pjhdj.k i/nr

ywbZl ik‛pjus ‚kks/kwu dk<ys-;k i/nrhuwlkj nw/kfof‛k’V rkiek.kkl 63 rs72 va‛k ls- i;Zr fof‛k’V dkGki;Zr

rkikowu FkaM dj.;kr ;srs- v‛kkizdkjP;k ik‛pjhdk.kkP;k i/nrhus nw/k loZLoh tarwfojghr gksr ulysrjh rs vkjksX;kl

gkfudkjd gks.kkj ukgh- v‛;kizdkjs nq/k fn?kZdkG lkBowu Bsork ;srs- R;kewGs nq/kkpk ntkZ dk;e BsowuR;kph nwjoj

okgrwd dj.ks ‚kD; >kys lu 1914 P;k njE;ku f‛krVkD;kaP;k VWadjpk okij d:u nw/kkph us&vk.k dj.k s ‚kD;

>kys- ‚kgjkrhy olkgrhr nq/kkyk ekx.kh ok<w ykxyh rlsp Hkko gh feGw ykxyk

nq/kkps vfrjhDr mRiknu gksow ykxY;kus nq/kkiklwu nwX/ktU; inkFkZ cuo.;kr ;sm ykxys ] R;kapkgh ekuoh

vkgkjkr mi;ksx gksow ykxyk- R;kewGs fe’VkUukph nwdkus ]pkWdysV] pht] cVj b- r;kj dj.kk&;k dkj[kkunkjhr

>ikV;kus ok< gksow ykxyh- R;kewGs ikjaikjhd nw/k O;olk;kps Lo:icywu vkSn;ksfxd O;kikjh Lo:i ;k O;olk;kus

/kkj.k dsys- vkiY;k ns‛kkr fczfV‛kkauh ;k O;kolk;kph ewgwrZ es< Bsryh ek++= [k&;k vFkkZus Lokra=ksRRkj dkGkr vkiY;k

‚kklukus ;k O;olk;kyk tkuho iwoZd xrh fnyh-

nqX/kO;olk;kph lqjokr gh xzkeh.k Hkkxkr >kyh vlwu eq[; cktkjisB gh ‚kgjkdMsp vlY;keqGs nq/kkph

fVdo.k {kerk ok<o.ks xjtsps vkgs- nq/k lgt uk‛koar inkFkZ vkgs- Eg.kwu nq/kkps fVdo.k {kerk ok<fo.;klkBh

nq/kkps f‛krdj.k fdaok ik‛pjhdj.k ¼ik‛pqjk;>s‛ku½ dj.ks xjtsps vlrs-

xk;hps fdaok Eg‛khps nq/k dk<Y;kuarj dkgh osGkrp R;kps rkieku] okrkoj.kkrhy rkiekukeqGs ok<w ‚kdrs-

nq/kke/;s dkgh izek.kkr lq{etho vlrkr- ijarq nq/kkps rkieku tj ok<ys rj Lkq{ethokph >ikV;kuh ok< gksowu

nq/kkrhy ‚kdZjsps fo?kVu d:u ftok.kw R;kps vkEy r;kj djrkr- R;keqGs nq/k [kjkc gks.;kph ‚kD;rk vlrs- Eg.kwu

nq/k dk<Y;kuarj Rojhr f‛krdj.k dj.ks lks;hps Bjrs-f‛krdj.kke/;s nq/kkps rkieku gs 20&250C iklwu 5&70C Ik;Zr

dsys tkrs-



.

?kjxwrh Lojkoj nw/k tkLr dkG fVdsy ;klkBh ew[kr % [kkyhy

izek.ks nksu i/nrhpk mi;ksx dsyk tkm “kdrks-

1½ nw/k FkaM dj.ks

2½ nw/k rkifous

nw/k FkaM Bso.;kps dkj.k dk; \

1 ½ FkaM BsoY;kus nw/k ukl.;kps izek.k deh gksrs

2½ nw/kkrhy ftok.kwaph ok< gksr ukgh-

nw/k rkifo.;kps o izfd;k dj.;kps dkj.k dk; \

1½ nq/kkph fVdo.k {kerk ok<rs-

2½ nq/kkrhy gkuhdkjd lq{ethokapk uk”k gksrks-

3½ mRre izrhP;k nq/kkps mRiknu

4½ izfd;k dsysys inkFZk mnk- pht tkLr dkG fVdrs-

rkts dk<ysys dk seV ¼ldkGps½ o FkaM “khGs ¼la/;kdkGps½

felGw u;s-

ladyu dsanzkdjrk nksUgh osGsps nw/k osxGs Bsokos fdsok rkts

dkseV nw/k FkaM d:u felGkos-



nw/k FkaM dj.;kP;k fofo/k i/nrh

lkBforkuk o okgrwd djrkuk nw/kkyk [kjkc dj.kkjs ?kVd

1½ jlk;us

2½ thok.kw

3½ [kjkc gkrkG.kh

15 rs 40 va”k ls- rkieku nw/kklkBh ;ksX; ukgh ;k

rkiek.kkoj ,u>kbeph fdz;kf”kyrk ok<rs o thok.kwph

ok< >ikV;kus gksrs-

1½ nw/kkyk mUgkr Bsow u;s lkoyhr Bsokos-

2½ [ksGR;k gosP;k fBdk.kh nw/k Bsokos-

3½nw/k FkaM dj.;kdjhrk FkaM ik.;kpk okij djkok-

4½ nw/k FkaM dj.;kdfjrk cQkZpk okij djkok-

Lkoyhr fdaok va/kk&;k [kksyhr [ksGR;k

gosr rwEgh nw/k Bsow “kdrk-

nw/kkP;k dWu rwEgh fofgjhr Bsow “kdrk fofgjhps ik.kh tj

fi.;kdfjrk okijr vlky rj dWu ewGs ik.kh v”kw/n gks.kkj

ukgh ;kph dkGth ?;k



Milk oC

Water oC

7 3

10 6

13 9

16 12

nw/kkP;k dWups >kd.k can djk vFkok dkiMkus >kdwu ?;k ts.ks

d:.k fofgjhrhy ik.kh dWu e/khy nw/kkr felG.kkj

tj rweP;kdMs ewcyd ik.kh vlsy rj

nw/kkP;k dWu okgrs ik.kh vlysY;k Vkdhr

Bsok- ik.;kP;k rkiekukis{kk 3 rs 5 va”k

las- us nw/kkps rkieku vf/kd vlsy-

tj rweP;kdMs cQZ miyC/k vlsy rj nw/kkyk

FkaM dj.;kdjrk mi;ksx djkok -

gok ckgsj iM.;kdjrk dWups >kd.k FkksMs m?kMas Bsok-

ik.kh dWu e/;s tk.kkj ukgh ;kph dkGth ?;k

/kwG o fdM;kaiklwu lkSj{k.kkdfjrk Vkfdyk >kd.kkus >kdwu ?;k

tj 10 ls- is{kkdeh rkiekukps FkaM ik.kh miyC/k vlY;kl

rwEgh Rks lPNhnz fjax Onkjs dWuP;k ckg; Hkkxkoj lksMw

“kdrk-

tj rweP;kdMs 400 rs500 yh-@fnol nw/k miyC/k gksr vlsy

rj fotsoj pky.kk^&;k midj.kkpk mi;ksx djk -



deh nq/k tkLr nwj okgrwd djko;kps vlY;kl cQkZP;k

ik;Y;k oki: “kdky-

ik;yh cQkZP;k rwdM;kauh Hk:u nw/kkP;k dWu e/;s Bsok-

Okij.;kiwohZ o okijkuarj ik;yh LoPN djk -

lkBo.;kiwohZ nw/k rkifoY;kl cgwrka”k thok.kwpk fouk”k

gksowu nw/k tkLr dkG fVdsy-

nw/k rkifoY;kuarj yodjkr yodj 10 ls- is{kk

deh rkiek.kki;Zar FkaM djkos-



nw/k lk[kGowu mRiknhr dsysys nwX/k inkFkZ% fufeZrh ra=Kku

1izk] iz.kkyh fude] 2izk-ih-th-oklfud] 1MkW-fot; dsGs] 1izk- lfork fdukds

1nqX/k ra=Kku egkfo|ky;]mnxhj 2nqX/k ra=Kku egkfo|ky;] o:M ¼iqln½

nw/k uSlxhZd i.ks ukl.ks fdaok nw/k vkEykP;k lkg;kus lk[kGfo.ks vFkok R;kyk uklous ;kr Qjd vkgs-

uSlfxZdjhR;k uklysY;k nw/kkr thok.kwaph la[;k e;kZnhr ulwu [kk.;klkBh v;ksX; vlrs- ftok.kw nw/kkrhy ‚kdZjspk

mi;ksx d#u yWDVhd vkEy r;kj djrkr o ;k vkEykps izek.k tkLr >kys Eg.kts nw/k uklrs o nw/kkr Bjkfod

vkEy Vkdwu lk[kGfoysY;k fdz;sr ftok.kawph la[;k e;kZfnr vlrs- nksUgh fdz;ssr ik.;kr nzkO; vl.kkjs ?kVd

feG.kkÚ;k PkksF;k iklwu xGs gksrkr-

Nék&

gk ,d ?ku inkFkZ vlwu xje nw/kkr vkEy nzko.k Vkdw.k feG.kkÚ;k PkksF;kl Nék vls Eg.krkr- rj pksFkk

jghr ik.;kl Nék&ik.kh vls lacks/krkr- nw/k uklfo.;klkBh lk;Vhd vkEy] yWDVhd vkEy fdaok Nék ik.kh ;kpk

mi;ksx djrk ;srks- fyacwoxhZ; caxkyh feBkbZ r;kj dj.;klkBh gksrks- xk;hP;k nw/kkiklwu dsysY;k NUU;kph ?kVd

VDdsokjh vknzZrk 53-4] /k`rka‛k 24-8] izFkhus 7-4] nqX/k‛kdZjk 2-1 rj {kkj 2-1 izek.ks vlrs rj Eg‛khP;k

nw/kkiklwu fuehZrh dsysY;k NUU;kph ?kVd VDdsokjh vknzZrk ?ku?kVd Nék ik.;klkscr ok;k tkmu mrkjk deh feGrks-

R;kewGs NUuk cuorkuk xkbps nq/kkpk mi;ksx djkok-

NUuk cuorkuk xkbZps nw/kkyk 85 va‛k ls- i;Zr xje djkos o R;kr nq/kkP;k 1-5 VDds lk;V~~hd vkEy

ik.;kr felGwu Vkdkos- NUuk ik.kh o pksFkk eyey P;k diM;kus xkGwu djkos- dkiMke/;s vlysyk pksFkk

dkiMkldV osxG;k HkkaM;kr vlysY;k FkaM¼7 rs 10 va‛k ½ ik.;kr /kwowu dk<kok-ts.ksd:u pksF;kyk fpdVysys

nzko.k R;k ik.;kr foj?kGwu tkbZy vkf.k NUuk rqjV izrhpk feG.kkj ukgh-

Nék izr o mRiUu NUuk cuforkauk nw/kkpk ih-,p 5-3 brdk vlkok] dkj.k ;kp voLFksr mRd`’V izfrpk

Nék feGrks- ih-,p ;kis{kk deh Eg.kts vf/kd vkEyrk vlsy rj V.kd Lo#ikpk Nék feGrks- nw/k

lk[kGfo.;klkBh okijysys nzko.k tso<s tkLr lkSE; rso<h lk[kGfo.;kph fdz;k ean- ;keqGs Nék vf/kd vknzZrk /k#u

Bsorks o ikrG gksrks- lk;Vhd vkEykps nzko.kk iklwu fdaok fyacw jl oki#u dsysyk Nék vf/kd furG gksmu em

vlrks rj yWDVhd Nék vkEykps nzko.kkrwu dsysyk Nék nk.knkj gksmu R;kyk [kkjk Lokn ;srks- xk;hps 4 VDds /k`rka‛k

vlysys nw/k NUU;klkBh mRre vlrs- nw/kkr fpdkps izek.k vlsy rj fpDdV Nék r;kj gksrks- xk;hP;k nw/kkiklwu

fioGlj rj Eg‛khP;k nw/kkiklwu ika<wjdk Nék feGrks- mRre NUuk em o okl jfgr vlkok ijarw vYi izek.kkr

vkEyrspk xa/k okl vlY;kl gjdr ukghlk/kkj.ki.ks xk;hP;k nw/kkiklwu 13-8 rj Eg‛khP;k nw/kkiklwu 20-9 VDds

Nék feGrks-

lkBo.kwd



Nék gk inkFkZ uSlxhZd ifjfLFkrhr 2 rs 4 fnol pkaxyk jkgw ‚kdrks o f‛krisVhr cVj isije/;s xqaMkGwu

BsoY;kl 12 fnoli;Zar pkaxyk jkgw ‚kdrks- fo|kihBkr Nékoj >kysY;k la‛kks/kukojhy fu’d’khZ izek.ks xk;hP;k

nw/kkiklwu cufoysY;k NUU;kis{kk pkaxyk vlrks- xk;hP;k nw/kkr 4-5 VDds fLuX/k inkFkZ vlrkauk 2 VDds frozrsps

fyacwoxhZ; lk;Vªhd vkEy VkdY;kl NUU;kps mRiUu ok<wu R;kph izr lw/kkjrs-

iuhj&

iuhj r;kj djrkauk NU;k lkBh T;k izfdz;k djkO;k ykxrkr R;kp izfdz;k iuhj cuforkauk djkO;k

ykxrkr- Eg‛khpk 6 VDds fLuX/k inkFkZ vlysY;k nw/kkiklwu iuhj pkaxys curs dkj.k Eg‛khP;k nw/kkr ?ku ?kVdkps

izek.k tkLr vlrs-

iuhj r;kj djrkauk izFke nw/k 80&85 ls-a i;Zar rkiowu R;kl 70 lsa- i;Zar FkaM gksm |kos- uarrj nw/kkl

,d VDdk lk;Vªhd vkEykps lkg;kus lk[kGowu R;krhy ik.kh dk<wu Vkdkos- ik.;k O;rhfjDr jkfgysys ?ku ?kVd nkc

ik=kr 15 rs 20 feuhVklkBh ?kkywu 40 rs 45 fdyks nkckus R;krhy vk.k[kh ik.kh dk<kos- uarj nkc ik=krwu

dk<wu vko‛;drs izek.ks R;kps dkiwu eksBs rwdMs djkosr- ;k inkFkkZl dMdi.kk ;s.;k dfjrk 4&6 lsa- P;k FkaM

ik.;kr ,d rs nksu rklkdjhrk cqMowu Bsokosr- ik.kh dk<wu eksB;k rqdM;kps ijr ckjhd rqdMs d#u R;kaph

lkBo.kwd djkoh- Eg‛khps lgk VDds /k`rka‛k vl.kk;k nw/kkiklwu dsysY;k iuhjph ?kVd VDdsokjh ik.kh 55 VDds

fLuX/k 26 rj iuhje/ks 45 VDds ?ku inkFkZ vlrkr-

NUU;kiklwu vU; inkFkZ

jlxqYyk&

Nék ?ksÅu R;kl eGwu ?;kos- Nék eGr vlrkuk fLuX/k inkFkZ ckgsj ;s.kkj ukghr ;kph dkGth ?;koh-

lglk mUgkG;kP;k fnolkr gh vMp.k Hkklrs- ;k djhrk ,dk Vªs e/ks cQZ vFkok FkaM ik.kh ?ksÅu R;koj nwlÚ;k

HkkaM;kr Nék ?ksÅu R;k Vsª e/khy cQkZoj Nékps HkkaMs BsÅu Nék eGkok vls dsY;kus fLuX/k inkFkZ ckgsj ;s.kkj

ukghr-,dtho dsysY;k feJ.kkps ygku xksGs r;kj djkosr]xksGs eÅ vlwu R;koj ckgsjhy cktwus Hksxk fnlw u;sr-

;kph dkGth ?;koh-

e/;arjh ,d fdyks ik.;kr 500 xzWe lk[kj foj?kGwu ikd r;kj djkok- ikdkrhy eGh nw/kkpk mi;ksx

d#u dk<koh- r;kj >kysY;k LoPN ikdkr lk[kjsps izek.k 60 rs 65 VDds vlys ikfgts- Nék xksGs r;kj djrkauk

xksG;kr lk[kjsr fHktfoysyk ,d foyk;ph nkuk Bso.;kph izFkk izpyhr vkgs- uarj Nék xksGs f‛ktfo.;klkBh ikdik=

‚ksxMhoj Bsokos ik=krhy ikd mdGr vlrkuk Nék xksGs ikdkr lksMkos- Nék xksGs vko‛;drsuqlkj ik=kr eksdGs

f‛ktrhy ,o<sp ,dk osGsl Vkdkosr ik=kps >kd.k can d#u m’.krsoj fu;a=.k Bsokos- ;keqGs ik=kr Qsl o okQ

r;kj gksÅu Nék xksGs Pkkaxys f‛ktrhy 5 rs 10 feuhVkr xksGs Qqxwu R;kps vkdkjek.k ok<sy- Nék PkkaxY;k izrhpk

o pkaXkY;k eGoysyk vlsy rj xksGs QqV.kkj ukghr- fdaok R;koj fpjk fnl.kkj ukghr- vk.k[kh ikp rs ngk

feuhVkauh Nék xksG;kpk jax ika<jk xnZ >kysyk fnlsy Qsl ;s.;klkBh 2 rkl fjBs fHktowu BsoysY;k ik.;kpkgh

mi;ksx djrk ;srks-- Nék xksGs f‛kt.;kdfjrk ljkljh 15&20 feuhVs osG ykxrks- jlxqYys cjkscj f‛ktys dh ukgh



gs ikg.;klkBh ,d lksih i)r vkgs- ,d Xykl FkaM ik.kh ?ksÅu R;kr jlxqYyk ik.;kr cqMY;kl pkaxyk f‛ktyk

vls letkos- jlxqYyk r;kj gksr vlrkauk ‚ksoVP;k voLFksr ik=kps >kd.k m?kMkos- ;keqGs ik=krhy ikd ,d rkjh

gksbZy- xksGs 40 VDds lk[kjsP;k LoPN ikdkr ewj.;klkBh Bsokos-

gyokbZ jlxqYys r;kj djrkauk eksB;k d<bZr jlxqYys f‛ktforkr jlxqY;k djhrk ;k i)rhe/;s lqjokrh

iklwup ,d rkjh ikd okijrkr] e/kwu e/kwu ikdkr ik.kh Vkdwu ikdkph ,d rkjh voLFkk dk;e jk[krkr-

jleykbZ &

jleykbZ r;kj dj.;klkBh NU;kps ,dtho feJ.k r;kj djkos- ;k feJ.kkiklwu gkrkoj piV;k vkdkjkps

ygku xksGs r;kj djkosr xksGs r;kj djrkauk rs em vlwu R;koj dwBY;kgh Hksxk lwjdwR;k ;sm u;sr ;kph dkGth

?;koh- R;kuarj gs xksGs ojhy lkafxrYksY;k jlxwY;kizek.ks ikdkr mdGowu ?;kosr mdGysys xksGs yxsp nwl&;k

HkkaM;kr FkksM;k LoPN ikdkr lksMkos- R;kuarj gs jleykbZ xksGs LoPN ikdkrwu dk<wu cklwanhr Vkdkosr- cklwanh

cuorkuk R;kr nw/kkP;k 4 VDds lk[kj Vkdkoh- jleykbZps xksGs ikdkrwu dk<rkuk xksG;ke/khy laiw.kZ ikd nksu

cksVkus nkcwu dk<wu Vkdkok- jleykbZ xksGs ewj.;klkBh rs cklwanhcjkscj FkksMkosG ¼ 2 ehuhV ½ mdGwu ?;kosr vkf.k

R;kr uarj pohiwjrs foyk;ph iwM ]fiLrk] cknkekps] NksVs NksVs rqdMs d:u Vkdkosr-

lans‛k %

xkbZP;k nq/kkiklqu r;kj >kysY;k NUU;kyk pkaxys eGqu ?;kos ts.ksd#u rks eÅ gksbZy- eÅ >kysY;k NUU;kph nksu

leku Hkkxkae/;s foHkkx.kh djkoh-

,dk Hkkxke/;s ckjhd lk[kj 60 VDds izFke ?ksrysY;k NUU;kP;k otukP;k fg‛kksckus Vkdkoh-

NUuk o lk[kj ;kaps feJ.k 750 va‛kk i;Zar 15 feuhVs d<bZr f‛ktokos f‛ktorkauk R;kyk [kqVhus lrr

,dtho djr jgkos-

tsOgk d<bZrhy feJ.k d<bZP;k dMk lksMwu toG tek Ogk;yk ykxsy rsOgk cktqyk dk<wu Bsoysyk v/kkZ NUuk

R;kr felGkok-

loZ feJ.k 600 va‛kkoj 5 feuhVs xje djkos xje >kY;koj R;kr jax o lqxa/khr nzO; Vkdkos-

r;kj >kysyk lans‛k 370 va‛kkoj FkaM d#u R;kyk fof‛k’V vkdkkj fdaok peR;k d#u 70 va‛kkoj Bsokok-

lans‛k feBkbZ ikWfyfFkyhu fi‛kohr 100 va‛kkoj 16 fnol pkaxY;k izdkjs fVdohrk ;srs-



nq/k vkVowu dsysy inkFkZ % FkksMD;kr ekfgrh

izk] iz.kkyh fude] MkW ,l-ih pkaxkMs] MkW-fot; dsGs


[kok&

[kO;kph fuehZrh xk;hP;k]Eg‛khP;k fdaok nksgksP;k felG nw/kkl 65 rs 70 VDD;ki;Zar vkVowu dsyh tkÅ

‚kdrs- dk;|kph iwrZrk dj.;kP;k n`’Vhus [kO;kr dehr deh 20 VDds /k`rka‛k vl.ks vko‛;d vkgs- Hkkjrh;

izek.kd laLFksus Bjowu fnY;k izek.ks [kO;krhy vknzZrk ¼out vk/kkjhr½ 28 VDds o /k`rka‛k [kok dksjMk vlrkauk

¼out vk/kkjhr½ 26 VDds ;k izek.kkr vlkok ykxrks- loZ lk/kkj.ki.ks Eg‛khP;k nw/kk iklwu dsysY;k [kO;kph ?kVd

VDdsokjh vknzZrk 19-2] /k`rka‛k 37-1] izFkhus 17-8] nqX/k‛kdZjk 22-1]{kkj 3-6 rj xk;hP;k nw/kkiklwu fuehZr

[kO;kph VDdsokjh vknzZrk 25-6] /k`rka‛k 25-7] izFkhus 19-2] nqX/k‛kdZjk 25-5] {kkj 3-8 ;k izek.ks vlrs-

[kok r;kj dj.;kph i)r

lk/kj.ki.ks 10 fdyks {kersP;k d<bZr vMhp rs 3 fdyks nw/k ?ksÅu ‚ksxMhoj xje dj.;klkBh Bsokos- nw/k

xje gksr vlrkuk nw/k ljkV;kus lrr xksykd`rh gyor Bsokos ,dk feuhVkr dehr deh 100 Qsjs gksrhy ;kph

n{krk ?;koh- d<bZP;k T;k Hkkxkpk nq/kk‛kh laca/k vkgs vlk Hkkx gGqokji.ks ljkV;kus e/kwu e/kwu [kjMwu ?;kok-

FkksM;kp osGkr nq/kkrhy ik.;kps ck’ihHkou gksÅu nw/k gGw gGw ?kV~V gksÅu R;kpk jax cny.;kl lqjokr gksrs- ;kp

voLFksr nq/kkrhy izFkhus foyx gksrkr- ;k uarj ?kV~V gks.kkÚ;k nq/kkpk fueizokgh inkFkZ r;kj gksrks o ;k inkFkkZl

ljkV;kus tksjkr ,dk feuhVkl dehr deh 150 Qsjs ;k izek.ks gyoh.ks vko‛;d vlrs- tsOgk fueizokgh inkFkZ

vk.k[kh ?kV~V gksÅu d<bZP;k dMk lksMw ykxrs- R;kosGh [kok r;kj >kyk vls letkos- d<bZ uarj ‚ksxMho#u

mrjowu [kkyh Bsokoh o d<bZe/khy [kO;kl oj[kkyh ;k izek.ks lkj[ks ?kksVr jgkos uarj [kok dksjMk dj.;klkBh

d<bZP;k dMkoj ljkV;kus lkg;kus iljowu Bsokok- dksGL;k O;frfjDr [kok vU; ba/kukoj tls xksoÚ;k]ykdwM

bR;knh oki#u r;kj dsY;kl R;k ba/kUkkP;k /kqjkpk okl [kO;kl ykx.;kph ‚kD;rk vlrs- izlaxh /kqjkeqGs [kok ika<jk

LoPN u jkgrk rkacwl o dksGljgh gksrks-

[kO;kph izr o mRié

;ksX; i)rhus Eg‛khP;k rkT;k nq/kkiklwu dsysyk [kok ika<wjdk o xk;hP;k nq/kkiklwu dsysY;k [kO;kl fioGlj jax

;srks- [kO;kpk Lokn xje dsY;k lkj[kk ;sÅu eÅ]nk.knkj o ?kV~V vlrks- [kok rwidV] tkLr vkEyrspk ok lw{e

tychanw vlysyk ulkok fdaok ckgsjhr cktwus R;koj /k`rka‛kgh fnlw u;sr-

mRd`’V [kok fuehZrhlkBh d<bZe/;s fueizokgh inkFkZ r;kj >kyk Eg.kts d<bZ deh rkiekukoj ¼80&85

lsa-½ Bsowu inkFkZ ?kksVkok- ijarq vls u djrk d<bZ lkj[;kp rkiekukoj ‚ksoVP;k {k.kki;Zar BsoY;kl vuko‛;d

vlk tkM inkFkZ r;kj gksÅu R;kl tGdk okl ykx.;kph ‚kD;rk vlrs fdaok vrh deh m’.krsoj [kok r;kj

dsY;kl jsrkM] rkacwl o [kex okl ul.kkjk [kok r;kj gkssrks vkf.k osGgh tkLr ykxrks-



[kok cuforkauk nw/k lqjokrhl e/;exrhus o ‚ksoVh tkLr xrhus ¼90 rs 100 o 150 rs 160 Qsjs izfr

fefuVkl½ gyfo.ks vko‛;d vlrs tj nw/k deh xrhus gyfoys rj ¼30 rs 40 Qsjs izfr fefuVkl½ rj [kO;kl

#pdj o [keax Lokn ;sr ukgh o vlk [kok nk.ksnkjgh ulrks- d<bZe/;s nw/k ?ksrkauk /kkj.k {kersP;k 1@4 1@5

?;kos ;keqGs nw/k dji.;kph ‚kD;rk deh vlrs o mrkjkgh pkaxyk feGrks- [kok fuehZrhe/;s d<bZr fueizokgh inkFkZ

d<bZP;k dMklkscr vlrkuk d<bZ ‚ksXkMho#u [kkyh mrjo.ks J;Ldj vlrs-

[kO;klkBh nw/kkps Lo#i

[kok fufeZrhlkBh Eg‛khps nw/k pkaxys vlrs- ;k nw/kkiklwu fuehZr [kO;kr eÅ o lSylji.kk pkaxyk ;sr

vlwu R;kl jokGi.kkgh ;srks- Eg‛khP;k nw/kkr ?ku ?kVd tkLr vlY;keqGs mrkjk 21-5 VDD;ki;Zar feGrks- xk;hP;k

nq/kkiklwu fuehZr [kok dMd]fpdV o tkLr vknzZrk vlysyk vlwu mrkjk deh izek.kkr ¼18-5VDds½ feGrks- [kok

fuehZrhlkBh Eg‛khP;k nw/kkr dehr deh 5 VDds o xk;hP;k nw/kkr 4 VDds /k`rka‛k vl.ks vko‛;d vkgs- ;kis{kk deh

/k`rka‛k nq/kkr vlrhy rj [kok jcjklkj[kk ykspV o dMd gksrks- ijarw ;kis{kk tkLr /k`rka‛k vlY;kl [kO;kph izr

lq/kkj.;kl enr gksrs- xk;hP;k nw/kkiklwu xnZ fioGk] fpdV fueizokgh [kok cuY;kl nw/kkr fpdkps izek.k vkgs vls

letkos- vkEyrk tkLr vl.kkÚ;k nw/kkiklwu vkacwl okl o dMw po vl.kkjk [kok r;kj gksrks fdaok nw/kkr [kk.;kpk

lksMk Vkdysyk vlsy rj [kok nk.ksnkj curks- ijarq R;kyk vko‛;d #pdj Lokn ulrks o [kkjoVgh ykxrks- [kO;k

djhrk izfdz;k dsysys vFkok u rkifoysys Eg.kts dPps nw/k okijY;kus [kO;kP; izrhe/;s dkgh Qjd iMr ukgh- tj

nq/kkr ik.kh felGysys vlsy rj [kO;kl rkacwl jax ;sÅu mrkjk deh feGrks] ijarq Loknkoj ;kpk ifj.kke fnlwu

;sr ukgh- nw/kkr fi’Ve; inkFkZ felGys vlrhy rj v‛kk nw/kk iklwu fod`r Lo#ikpk [kok feGrks o rks

feBkbZdfjrk v;ksX; vlrks-

lkBo.kwd

[kok fVdfo.;kps n`’Vhus rks f‛krx`gkr fdaok f‛krisVh ¼jsQjhtjsVj½ e/ks Bso.;kph izFkk vkgs- f‛krx`gkr [kok

20 rs 25 fnol i;Zar pkaxyk jkgw ‚kdrks- ijarw okijkr vk.kko;kph HkkaMh fujtarwd ulY;kl [kO;koj cqj‛kh

;s.;kpk laHko vlrks- uSlfxZd gokekukr [kok 3 rs 5 fnol pkaxyk jkgw ‚kdrks-

fo|kihBkr [kO;koj >kysY;k la‛kks/kukuqlkj [kok loZlk/kkj.k uSlfxZd ijhfLFkrhr 5 rs 7 fnol fVdw ‚kdrks

rj f‛krisVh e/ks 3 vkBoM;ki;Zar fVdrks- Eg‛khP;k nw/kkiklwu cufoysY;k [kO;kpk mRiknu [kpZ xk;hP;k nw/kkiklwu

cufoysY;k [kO;kis{kk deh vlrks-

[khj

[khj r;kj djrkuk lk/kkj.ki.ks rhu Hkkx nw/k ,d Hkkx gksbZy v‛kkizdkjs m’.krsP;k lkg;kus vkVowu R;kr

7 rs 11 VDD;ki;Zar lk[kj o pohdfjrk vkoMh izek.ks foyk;ph iqM ?kkykoh- [khj r;kj djrkuk rkanwG okij.;kph

izFkk izpyhr vkgs- ;kdfjrk lk/kkj.ki.ks nksu fdyks nw/kkdfjrk 300 rs 350 xzWe rkanwG nksu peps rwike/;s jax

cnysi;Zar Hkktwu ?;kosr] uarj rkanG;kP;k 2 rs 3 iV ik.;kr Hkhtfoysys rkanwG f‛ktfo.;klkBh Bsokosr- rkanwG

v/kZoV f‛ktY;koj R;kr 100&200 xzWe ,dk [ksisl ;k izek.ks FkksMs&FkksMs nw/k ?kkywu feJ.k <oGr jkgkos- ;keqGs



dkgh va‛kh rkanqGkpk vdZ nw/kkr mrjsy- feJ.k <oGr vlrkuk rkanGkps ygku ygku rwdMs gks.kkj ukghr ;kph

dkGth ?;koh- ‚ksoVh feJ.kkr lk[kj Vkdwu rh iw.kZi.ks foj?kGwu ?;koh- uarj HkkaMs ‚ksxMho#u mrjowu [khjhe/ks

vkoMhuqlkj foyk;ph iwM Vkdkoh- ds‛kj FkksM;k ik.;kr felGwu uarjp [khjhe/ks Vkdkos- lk/kkj.ki.ks xksM [khjhph

?kVd VDdsokjh [kkyhy izek.ks vlrs- vknzZrk 30&40 VDds o ?ku inkFkZ 60&70 VDds vlwu brj vé?kVdkaph

VDdsokjh tls flX/k inkFkZ 15&25 izFkhus 12&13] {kkj 3&3-5] lk[kj 15&25 ;k izek.ks vlrs-

jcMh

rksaMkpk O;kl eksBk o tkM rG vlysY;k d<bZph ([kO;kph) fuoM ‚kD;rksoj jcMh cufo.;klkBh

djkoh- lk/kkj.ki.ks nksu fdyks nw/k d<bZr ?ksÅu ean vkpsoj laFki.ks rkiwu ?;kos- nw/kkoj ;s.kkjh tkLrhr tkLr lk;

ljkV;kus dk<wu d<bZP;k ojP;k Hkkxkoj lkBor Bsokoh- lk; tek dj.;klkBh nw/kkl mdGh u ;sÅ ns.ks o R;kl

okjaokj u gyoh.ks egRokps vkgs g;k ckch m’.krsoj fu;a=.k d#u lk/krk ;srkr- lk/kkj.ki.ks nw/k vkVowu ewG

nw/kkP;k 1@5]1@6 >kys Eg.kts lk; ;s.ks deh gksbZy- ;k voLFksr vkVfo.;kl ?ksrysY;k ewG nw/kkP;k 5 rs 6 VDds

lk[kj nw/kkr ?kkykoh o d<bZP;k ojP;k Hkkxkoj tek dsysyh v/kZ dksjMh lk; ljkV;kus [kjMwu nw/kkr ijr FkksMh

FkksMh d#u laiw.kZ lk; felGwu ?;koh- lk; nw/kkr felGor vlrkuk e/kwu e/kwu nw/k <oGokos- vls dsY;kus jcMh

,dtho gksbZy o lkbZps xksGs inkFkkZaoj rjaxr fnl.kkj ukghr- jcMhr 30 VDds ik.kh o 70 VDds ?ku ?kVd inkFkZ

vlrkr- v™k?kVdkaps izek.k tls fLuX/k inkFkZ 20 VDds] nqX/k ‚kdZjk 17 VDds] {kkj 3 VDds] rj izFkhus 10 VDds]

;k izek.ks vlrs- jcMh r;kj dj.;klkBh izkeq[;kus Eg‛khps nw/k fuoMrkr dkj.k ;k nw/kkiklwu Hkjiwj eybZ;qDr

jcMh feGrs-

[kO;kiklwu vU; inkFkZ

xqykctkewu &

rktk 300 xzWe [kok pkaxyk eGkok- v/kkZ pgkpk pepk csdhax ikoMj 35 xzWe eS|kr felGowu gs feJ.k

eGysY;k [kO;kr Vkdwu ijr [kok eGwu feJ.k ,dtho djkos- vko‛;drk HkklY;kl FkksMs ik.kh Vkdkos- feJ.k

eGr vlrkauk fLuX/k inkFkZ ckgsj u fnl.ks gs pkaxys- lglk gk izdkj mUgkG;kP;k fnolkr tkLr vk<Grks-

;kdfjrk mUgkG;kP;k fnolkr [kok] eSnk feJ.k ,dtho dfjr vlrkuk HkkaM;k[kkyh Vsª e/;s cQZ fdaok FkaM ik.kh

Bsokos- feJ.k ,dtho >kY;koj lk/kkj.k ygku fyackP;k vkdkjkps xksGs cuokos- xksGs eÅ vlkosr o R;koj ckgsjhr

cktwus fpjk vFkok Hksxk ulkO;kr-

lk[kjspk ikd r;kj djrkuk ,d fdyks lk[kj ik.;kr foj?kGowu nksurkjh ikd r;kj djkok- ikd r;kj

gksr vlrkuk R;kr FkksMs nw/k felGowu eGh dk<wu ?;koh- LoPN lk[kjspk ikd dehrdeh 10 lsa-eh- maphP;k

HkkaM;kr lkBokok- iwohZ r;kj dsysyk feJ.kkpk xksGk vko‛;d R;k rwikr pkaxyk rkacwl jax ;sbZ i;Zar rGwu ?;kok-

gk xksGk mHkk dkiwu R;kph lfPNnzrk riklwu igkoh- lfPNnzrk deh HkklY;kl fdaphr [kk.;kP;k lksM;kps nzko.k

feJ.kkoj f‛kaiMwu feJ.k ijr eGwu xksGk r;kj d#u lfPNnzrk ijr iMrkGwu igkoh- lfPNnzrk tkLr izek.kkr



vk<GY;kl feJ.kkr FkksMk eSnk vk.k[kh Vkdkok- ;kizek.ks vk.k[kh iMrkG.kh d#u igkoh- uarj laiw.kZ feJ.kkps xksGs

r;kj d#u]eGwu iqohZ r;kj dsysY;k ikdkr lksMkosr- uSlfxZd ifjfLFkrhr lk/kkj.ki.ks xqykctkewu ikdkr

fHkt.;klkBh 10&12 rkl ykxrkr-

cjQh&,d iko rktk [kok QksMwu d<bZr iljowu ?;kok- R;kr u nGysyh 75 xzWe lk[kj ?kkywu feJ.k

,df=r djkos- iw.kZ lk[kj foj?kGY;k uarj feJ.kkpk xksGk r;kj djkok ;kykp cQhZ Eg.krkr-

pkWdysV cQhZ djrkuk ;k feJ.kkP;k pkj HkkxkiSdh ,dk Hkkxkr pkWdysV ikoMj felGowu ?;koh- uarj

ijkrhP;k rGkl rwi ykowu R;koj lk/kh cQhZlkj[ks iljowu tkM Fkj |kok- ;k tkM Fkjkoj mjysY;k pkWdysV

felGfoysY;k cQhZpk ikrG Fkj Vkdkok- uarj Fkj FkaM d#u R;kP;k oM;k ikMkO;kr-



ng;k iklwu vU; inkFZk fufeZrh

izk] iz.kkyh fude] MkW ,l-ih pkaxkMs] MkW-fot; dsGs]z izk-iz‛kkar cpaVh vkf.k izk-fV- fOg- ek?koh


txkP;k ikBhoj nw/k vkacowu dsysy inkFkkZps vkgkjkr fo‛ks’k egRp vkgs- Hkkjrh; mi[kaMkr ngh] yLlh] rkd

vFkok Nkl] feLrh ngh b- fd.o.kd`r nqX/kinkFkZ izfl/n vkgsr- iks’k.kkO;frfjDr fe.o.kd`r nqX/kinkFkZ ukf‛koar

nq/kkph fVdkÅ {kerk ok<orkr- rlsp nq/kkps ng;krhy :ikarj.kkeqGs ?kV~Vi.kk] xqGxqGhri.kk o fo‛ks’k lqxa/k bR;knh

vfrfjDr xq.k/kekZeqGs nq/kkrhy iks’k.keqY;s o`/nhaxr gksrkr-

yLlh&

?kj?kqrh okijkr rkdkpk mi;ksx eksB;k izek.kkoj gksrks- ng;kis{kk rkd ipko;kl gyds vlrs- ik.kh ng;kr

leizek.kkr felGysys rj ng;kps loZ xq.k/keZ rkdkr ;srkr o R;kph vkEyrk >ikV;kus ok<r ukgh- mUgkG;kP;k

fnolkr rkdkr pohlkBh vkoMh izek.ks ehB] lk[kj ?kkywu yLlh r;kj djrkr- yLlhph ?kVd VDdsokjh gs ng;kr

fdrh izek.kkr ik.kh felGysys R;koj voyacwu vlrs ljkljh- yLlhe/ks 96 VDds ik.kh o 4 VDds brj /ku ?kVd

vlrkr- ¼flX/k inkFkZ 0-8] izFkhus 1-3]nwX/k‛kdZjk 1-2 [kfutnzO;s 0-44½ yLlhph vkEyrk 0-44 VDD;k i;Zar

vlrs-

pDdk &

vknehjs deh vkacV ngh ikrG LoPN eyeyhP;k dkiMkr lSylj cka/kwu vkB rs ngk rkl Vkaxwu Bsoys

tkrs- ;k ;ksxs ng;krhy ik.kh fu[kGwu tkrs o ng;krhy ik.;kps izek.k deh gksrs- g;k inkFkkZl pDdk vls

Eg.krkr- ik.;k lkscr ng;krwu ftok.kwgh fu[kGys tkrkr R;keqGs pD;kr vkacVi.kk laFkxrhus ok<rks- ng;kis{kk

pDD;kr vknzZrk deh vlY;keqGs pDdk ng;kis{kk 1-2 fnol tkLr fVdrks- Eg‛khP;k nw/kkr xk;hP;k nw/kkis{kk tkLr

/ku ?kVd vlY;keqGs Eg‛khP; nw/kkiklwu pkaxyk pDdk curks- lk/kkj.ki.ks pDD;kph ?kVd VDdsokjh ik.kh 63-2

VDds rj fLuX/kinkFkZ 14-7 VDds ;k izek.ks vlrs-

Jh[kaM &

Jh[kaM gs ujo ^f‛k[kjh.kh^ vFkkZr ngh;qDr] lk[kj] lqdkesok o lqxa/k ?kkywu r;kj dsysyk inkFkZ ;k laLd`r

‚kCnkiklwu fuekZ.k >kysyk vkgs v‛kkizdkjs Jh[kaM gk ngh ?kV~V d:u eksB;k izek.kkr lk[kj vlysyk nqX/ktU; inkFkZ

vkgs- Jh[kaM gk Hkkjrkrhy ikjaikjhd nqX/k inkFkZ vlwu] egkjk’Vª o xqtjkr jkT;kr eksB;k izek.kkoj r;kj o lsou

dsyk tkrks- l.kklqnhauk Jh[kaMkyk fo‛ks’k egRo izkIr vlwu egkjk’Vªkr ^Jh[kaM iqjh^ izfl/n vkgs-

pDdk iklwu Jh[kaM r;kj djrkr- pDdk lqjokrhl QksMwu pkaxyk eGwu ?;kok- ‚kD; vlY;kl R;kl

xzkbUMj vFkok iqj.k ik=ke/kwu dk<wu R;kl ,dtho djkos- R;kr vkoMhuqlkj pDD;kph vkEyrk ikgwu 80 VDD;k



i;Zar nGysyh lk[kj ?kkykoh o feJ.k QsVwu ?;kos- feJ.k QsVr vlrkauk R;kr vko‛;drsuqlkj jax]ds‛kj o

foyk;ph iqM ?kky.;kph izFkk vkgs- Jh[kaM r;kj >kY;koj R;kl FkaM dj.;klkBh 4&6 lsa- rkiekukoj lkBo.kwd

djkoh

xkbZps@Eg‛khps nq/k ¼6 VDds QWV½

nq/k rkio.ks ¼720 ls@10 fefuV½

FkaM dj.ks ¼40&450 ls½

nq/kkr fojtu ?kky.ks ¼nq/kkP;k 1 VDds izek.ks½

ngh tefo.ks ¼5&1 rkl½

ngh dkiMkr cka/kwu Vkax.ks ¼15&16 rkl½

pDdk

ikrsY;kr pDdk ijrfo.ks

R;kl lk[kj ¼80 VDds½] lqdkesok] dyj] foyk;ph iqM ?kky.ks

feJ.k ,dtho dj.ks

Jh[kaM

fo|kihBkr Jh[kaMkoj >kysY; la‛kks/kuko#u vls vk<Gwu vkys dh nw/kke/ks 6 VDds fLuX/k inkFkZ vlY;kl

o v‛;k nw/kkiklwu Jh[kaM cuforkuk R;kr pDD;kps 20 VDds ;k izek.ks lk[kjsps izek.k BsoY;kl Jh[kaMkps mRié o

izr pkaxyh feGrs-

Jh[kaM oMh &

Jh[kaMkl vk.k[kh m’.krk nsÅu ik.;kps izek.k deh djrkr ;keqGs Jh[kaMkpk ?kV~V i.kk vf/kd ok<rks-

iq<s ;k ?kV~V inkFkkZl rwi ykoysY;k ijkrhr iljowu FkaM >kY;koj oM;k ikMrkr] ;kykp Jh[kaM oMh vls Eg.krkr-

Jh[kaM oMhph ?kVd VDdsokjh ik.kh 6-5 VDds] fLuX/k inkFkZ 7-4 VDds] izFkhus 7-7 VDds] nwX/k‛kdZjk 15-5 VDds]

[kfut nzO;s 0-8 VDds rj lk[kj 63 VDds ;k izek.ks vlrs-

eB~Bk] rkd NkN

eB~Bk vFkok NkN ns‛kkP;k fofo/k Hkkxkr lekukFkhZ ukokus nSuafnuh vkgkjkr lsou dsY;k tkrks- mUgkG;kP;k

fnolkr f‛kryrk iznku dj.kkjs is; Eg.kwu lq/nk NkNph [;krh vkgs-



;kO;frfjDr Nkl vFkok rkdkr lk[kj] ehB] yl.k d<hiRrk] fejph b- osxosxGs inkFkZ ?kkywu osxosxG;k

izek.kkr ?kkywu Nklps fofo/k inkFkZ r;kj dsys tkrkr- ‚kkL=ksDr i/nrhus Nkl [kkyhyizek.ks r;kj dsyk tkrks-

xkbZps@Eg‛khps nq/k

nq/k mdGfo.ks

nq/kkyk lkekU; rkiekukoj FkaM dj.ks

nq/kkP;k 1 rs 1-5 VDds ng;kps fojtu ?kky.ks

nq/kkyk 220C rkiekukoj 6&8 rklklkBh Bso.ks

ngh

ng;kr FkaM ik.kh felGowu joh vFkok feDljP;k lgk¸;kus ?kqlGfo.ks

feJ.kkr rjax.kkjs d.k peP;kP;k lgk¸;kus cktqyk dj.ks

Nkl



nq/kkrhy HkslG vksG[k.;kph i/nrh

izk] iz.kkyh fude] MkW ,l-ih pkaxkMs] MkW-fot; dsGs]z


tukojkaP;k nw/kkrhy jklk;fud ?kVd laca/khr tukojkaP;k fLFkhrhuwlkj osxosxGs vlrkr- vkiY;k vkgkjkr

izkew[;kus xk; o Eg‛khps nw/k okijys tkrs- Hkkjr ljdkjpk vUUk HkslG izfrca/kd vf/kfu;e1976 uwlkj nw/kklkBh

osxosxGh ekuds BjoU;kr vkyh vkgsr- gh ekuds jkT; o nwHkrh tukojs fugk; cnyrh vlrkr- gh ekuds QDr

egkjk’VklkBh vkgsr- ¼ rDrk 1 e/;s nw/kk lac/kh Bjoysyh ekuds ikgkohr½

tsOgk xkk; o Eg‛khps nw/k vlk mYys[k dsyk tkrks] v‛kkosGh tukojkaP;k dklsrwu feG.kkjs nw/k vis{khr

vkgs] R;kr dks.krkgh d`=he cny ulkok- iw<s izek.khr nwX/ktU; ?kVdkaiklwu cuoysys VksaM ok MCcy VksUM nw/k

Eg.kts QDr nwX/k tU; ?kVd felGwu fdaok dk<wu r;kj gks.kkjs nw/k gks;-;sFks nwX/ktU; ?kVdkaf‛kok; brj dks.krkgh

ckg;?kVd fuf‛k/n vlrks- Ldhe feYd ckcr R;k R;k izk.;kP;k nw/kkrht QWV dk<ysys Eg.ktsp QWV fojghr nw/k

vis{khr vkgs- nw/k Lohd`rh dsanzkoj vR;kar izkFkehd Lo:ikr nw/kkPkk okl ]po vkEyrk ;k djhrk vYi pkp.;k ?ksrk

;srkr]R;kyk ^IyWVQkWeZ pkp.;k * vls lacks/kys tkrs-

rDrk 1 % nw/kk lac/kh Bjoysyh ekuds

nw/kkps izdkj dehr deh ?kVd

fLuX/k fLuX/ksrj

Eg‛khps nw/k 6-0 9-0

xkbZps nw/k 3-5 8-5

‚ksGh&eas<hps nw/k 3-5 9-0

fLde nw/k 0-5 8-7

izekf.kr nw/k 4-5 8-5

nwX/ktU; ?kVdkps nw/k 3-0 8-5

VksUM nw/k 3-0 8-5

MCcy VksUM nw/k 1-5 9-0

nw/kkrhy HkslGhrwu vkjksX;kl /kksdk fuekZ.k gksrks] R;klkBh HkslGhps nw/k dls vksG[kkos]gk loZlkE;kU;kapk

iz‛u vlrks- uwlR;kp utjs.ks] oklkus ok pohus HkslG ;wDr nw/k osxGs djrk ;sr ukgh ] R;klkBh dkgh jklk;fud

pkp.;k dj.ks dze izkIr Bjrs- ek= v‛kk pkp.;k loZ lkekU;kaP;k vkokD;k ckgsjP;k vlrkr-R;klkBh iz;ksx



‚kkGspkp vk/kkj ?;kok ykxrks- ;k pkp.;k dj.;klkBh Lora= ;a=.kk vkgs- gh ;a=.kk xfreku dj.ks vko‛;d vkgs-

HkslGhps ra= lrr cnyr vlY;kus R;k vuw:i pkp.;k fodlhr dj.ks gk ,deso mik; vkgs-

1-Lkk[kj

10 feyh nq/k + 1 feyh froz gk;MªksDyksfjd vkEy conc.HCl)]+ 0-1 xzWe fjlkWjflukWy ikoMj + ifj{kk

uGhr ?ks.ks o pkaxys gyowu uGh xje ik.;kr 5 feuhV Bso.ks

fu’d’kZ &fQDdV xqykch jax vkY;kl nq/kkr lk[kj vkgs vls letrs-

2- lksMk

5 feyh nq/kkr + 5 feyh vYdksgksy + 2&3 Fksac ,d VDdk jks>Wfyd vkEy vYdksgksdye/;s r;kj dsysys

nzko.k

fu’d’kZ& fQDdV Ykkylj xqykch jax vkY;kl nq/kkr lksMk vkgs vls letrs-

3- ;qfj;k

5 feyh nq/kkr + 5 feyh iWjkMk;feFkkbZy veWuks csUtyfMgkbZM ps nzko.k + pkaxys felG.ks

fu’d’kZ &xMn fioGk jax vkY;kl nq/kkr ;qfj;kph HkslG vls letrs-

4- LVkpZ

3 feyh nq/kkr + mdGwu FkaM dj.ks + 2&3 1% vk;ksMhups nzko.k Vkdwu pkaxys felG.ks

fu’d’kZ &fuGk jax vkY;kl nq/kkr LVkpZ eSnk vkgs vls letrs-

5- LVkpZ

3 feyh nq/kkr + mdGwu FkaM dj.ks + 2&3 1% vk;ksMhups nzko.k Vkdwu pkaxys felG.ks

fu’d’kZ& fuGk jax vkY;kl nq/kkr LVkpZ eSnk vkgs vls letrs-

6- feB

1 feyh nq/kkr + 5 feyh 0-8 VDds flYoj uk;VªsV 2&3 1% iksVWwf‛k;e Mk;dzksesV + pkaxys felG.ks

fu’d’kZ &fioGk jax vkY;kl nq/kkr feB vkgs vls letkos-

7- Xyqdkst

3 feyh nq/kkr + 3 feyh ckjQksZbZps feJ.k + 3 feuhV pkaxys mdG.ks + uGk[kkyh FkaM dj.ks ,d feyh

QkWLQksekWWfyCMhd vkEy Vkdw.k pkaxys felG.ks

fu’d’kZ &fuGk jax vkY;kl nq/kkr Xyqdkst vkgs vls letrs-

8- fLde feYd ikoMj

10 feyh nq/k ifj{kkuGhr ?ksowu 15 feuhV lsaVªh¶;qt dj.ks + uGhrhy [kkyps feJ.k ?ksowu 2-5 feyh froz

uk;Vªhd vkEy felGkos + 2-5 feyh veksfu;k nzko.k felGkos

fu’d’kZ &xMn fioGk jax vkY;kl nq/kkr ikoMj vkgs vls letrs-





dqYQh] vkbZLdhe fufeZrh fo‛k;h FkksMD;kr ------

MkW ,l-ih- pkaxkMs] izk- ,l- ,e fdukds] izk- ,l- ,l- pksiMs


vkbZLdzhe gk ik‛pkR; eqG vlysyk nqX/ktU; inkFkZ vlwu R;kph mRiRrh lu 1700 P;k lqekjkl ;qjksi

[kaMkr nq/k] cQZ] QGkapk jl]e/k bR;knhpk mi;ksx d:u xksBfoysY;k inkFkkZph fufeZrh gksr gksrh- iq<s ;k inkFkkZps

vkxeu vesjhdsr >kys vkf.k rsFksp R;kph fufeZrh o brj ckcrhr lq/kkj.kk gksmu 1851 iklwu loZizFke vkSn;ksxhd

Lrjkoj vkbZLdzheps mRiknu lw: >kys- iq<hy dkyko/khr lgarnq/k] nq/kkiklqu nq/k HkqdVh] ik‛pjhdj.k] gkseksf>uk;>]

lq/kkjhr nq/k xksBfo.;kps ;a= bR;knh ckcrhr ufou ‚kks/k ykxys vkf.k vkbZLdzheP;k mRiknukr vk.k[kh lq/kkj.kk gksoqu

lu 1920 ps njE;ku vkbZLdzhe ps vUu ?kVd vkf.k R;kaps vkgkjkrhy egRo] vkjksX;kph tk.k ik‛pkr ns‛kkr

yksdkauk gksÅu vkbZLdzhe vf/kd yksdfiz; >kys- Hkkjr] ikfdLrku] vkQxkf.kLFkku ns‛kkr dqYQh] eykbZ dk cQZ

bR;knh lkj[ks nw/k xksBowu mRikfnr >kysys nqX/ktU; inkFkZ yksdfiz; vlwu mUgkG;kps fnolkr R;kaph ekx.kh eksB;k

izek.kkoj vlrs vkf.k ;k inkFkkZph fodzh gkrxkM;k] migkjx`gs] bR;knh n~okjs gksrs- R;kpizek.ks vkbZLdzhe ikWVpk

mi;ksx d:u ?kjxqrh] ygku Lrjkoj fdaok ikVWfouk lq/nk dkgh izek.kkr vkbZLdzhe fuehZrh dsyh tkrs- ?kjh r;kj

d#u ufou inkFkZ Eg.kwu [kk.;kdjhrk dsysY;k vkbZLdzheP;k izfd;se/;s ?kVdkaph ca/kus ulrkr- [kk.kk&;kaph vkoM

ghp eq[; dlksVh vlrs] vkf.k dkagh vMp.kh vlrkr] tls nw/k vkVowu mi;ksxkr vk.kkos fd u vkVfork rlsp

okijkos] ikWVe/;s Vkd.;kiwohZ nw/k FkaM vlkos fd] xje R;kr QGs felGkoh dh ukgh] lk[kjsps] lqxa/kh nzO;kaps izek.k

fdrh Bsokos ;kckcr ppkZ djko;kph >kY;kl vuqHko gkp [kjk lqpdkad fdaok ekxZn‛kZd Bjsy vls okVrs- cktkjkr

fofo/k ekU; dai.;k ekQZr fodzh dsys tk.kkjs vkbZLdzhe ek= ,dk fof‛k’V pohps vlrs- R;krhy ?kVdkaps izek.kkl

dk;n;kph ca/kus vlwu R;koj ,d fuf‛pr izfdz;k gks.ks dk;n;kus ca/kudkjd vlrs tls 10 VDds fLUkX/kka‛k vkf.k

0-5 VDds LVWfcyk;>j vl.ks xjtsps vkgs ijarw tsOgk vkbZLdzhe e/;s QGs QGkapk jl]lqdkesok fdaok pkWdysV b-

lkj[;k inkFkkZapk okij dsyk vlY;kl fLUkX/kka‛kkph ek=k 8 VDds vl.ks ca/kudkjd vkgs- R;kpizek.ks vkbZLdzhe e/;s

LVkpZ Vkdysys vlY;kl rs 5 VDD;ki;Zar vlkos vkf.k R;klaca/khpk ri‛khy os’Bukoj vl.ks xjtsps vkgs- ?kjxqrh

vkbZLdzhe vkf.k cktkjkr feG.kkjs fofo/k dai.;kaps vkbZLØhe ;kr eksBh rQkor vkgs- rh fufeZrh njE;ku mi;ksxkr

vk.kys tk.kkjs fofo/k ?kVdkaph] R;koj dsyh tk.kkjh izfØ;k] izfØ;sdjhrk mi;ksxkr vk.kys tk.kkjs ;a=kps] ?kjxqrh



Lrjkojhy vkbZLØhe mRikfnr >kY;koj fouk foyac lsou djrkr vU;Fkk rs forGowu tkrs rj cktkjkr feG.kkjs

vkbZLØhe fufeZrhuarj xzkgdkaps gkrkr iMsi;Zar dkgh efgus lq/nk ykxrkr- vkbZLØepk vkdkj uje xqGxqGhr]

forG.;kph {kerk] ?kurk] vkEyrk] b- xq.k/keZ ,dk fof‛k’B ikrGhi;Zar vl.ks vR;ar xjtsps vlrs vkf.k Eg.kwup

vkbZLØhe fufeZrh e/;s mi;ksxkr vk.kko;kps fofo/k /kVd tls nq/k] lk[kj] eybZ fojfgr nq/k HkqdVh] fFkjds] eykbZ

lagr nq/k QGs] lqxa/k oxSjs mRre ntkZps fdacgquk rkts vlY;kl vf/kd pkaxys- loZlk/kkj.ki.ks vkbZLØheps oxZokjh

uqlkj /kVdkaps izek.k vkf.k izr Bjfo.;kr ;sowu rh vkS|ksfxd Lrjkoj mi;ksxkr vk.krkr- <kscG ekukus vkfFkZd

n`’V;k ijoM.kkjs vkf.k lk/kkj.k vkbZLdzhe e/;s deh fLuX/kka‛k] vf/kd lk[kj vkf.k d`=he jax@lqxa/k okijrkr rj

mPp ntkZps vkbZfLØe e/;s vf/kd fLuX/kka‛k deh lk[kj o uSlfxZd jax o lqxa/k okijys tkrkr ;k f‛kok; vkbZfLØe

lkBh ykx.kk&;k ?kVdkaph foHkkx.kh nksu izdkjs djrk ;sbZy- ifgyk izdkj nqX/ktU; /kVd tls nq/k eybzZ] nq/k ikoMj

rj nql&;k izdkjkr fFkjds ¼LVWfcyk;>j½] lk[kj] jax] lqxa/k ;klkj[ks ts nqX/ktU; inkFkZ ukghr vls /kVd ;srkr

;kiSdh ifgY;k izdkjkr ;s.kkjs nqX/ktU; ?kVd gs lokZauk ifjphr vkgsr rj nwl&;k inkFkZ izdkjkr ;s.kkjs ?kVd fofo/k

izdkjkr cktkjkr miyC/k vkgsr tls izkf.ktU; vkf.k ouLirhtU; fFkjds izk.khtU; fFkjds izk.khtU; fFkjdkr

ftysVhu] rj vxkj&vxkj] xokj xksan] vythusV] dkjcksdX>h ehFkkby lsY;qykst b- dks.krsgh ,d fFkjd vko‛;d

rs loZ xq.k/keZ vkbZfLØe ;k inkFkkZl izkIr d#u nsr ukgh vkf.k Eg.kqup cgqrs osGsl fg fFkjds la;qDri.ks ¼nksu

fdaok vf/kd fFkjdkaps feJ.k½ e/;s okijrkr rksp izdkj vkbZLØhe xksMok izkIr d#u ns.kk&;k lk[kjsP;k ckcrhr

vkgs- ;k O;frfjDr f‛kr vaMh@vaM;kph ikoMj] fofo/k izdkjph QGs@QGkapk jl] lqdkesok bR;kfnlkj[ks ?kVd

okijrkr- vkbZLdzhee/;s dkascMhps vaMh dPP;k Lo:ikr okij.ks /kksD;kps vlr s rh f‛kr ¼Qzks>u½ fdaok ikoMj

¼HkqdVh½ Lo:ikr okij.ksp fgrkokn vlrs-

vkbZLdzhelkBh ?kVdkaph fuoM >kY;kuarj R;kauk felGwu R;kiklwu feJ.k r;kj dj.ks gh FkksMh

dkS‛kY;kph ckc vkgs- miyC/k ?kVd vkiys vkbZLdzhepk izdkj@ntkZ y{kkr Bsowu feJ.k dj.ks ;ksX; vkS|ksfxd

Lrjkoj ra=K vlrkr rs ?kVdkaph VDdsokjh lq=kapk mi;ksx d#u Bjforkr- ijarq g;k loZ ckch xkzeh.k Lrjkoj

fdrir ‚kD; gksow ‛kdrkr gs miyC/k lk/ku lkeqxzh o#u lkaxrk ;sbZy- ?kjxqrh vkbZLdhe djrakuk rkts] LoPN]

Eg‛khps fdaok xk;khP;k nq/kkph fuoM d#u R;kyk pkaxys xje d#u ?;kos] nq/k xje gksr vlrkauk R;kl lkj[ks

<oGr Bsokos Eg.kts rs HkkaM;kps cqMkl ykx.kkj ukgh] nq/k HkkaM;kl ykxY;kl vkbZLdzheyk tGdk@djiV okl ;sow

‚kdrks Eg.kwup dkGth /ks.ks vko‛;d vkgs- vkbZLdzhelkBh ?kVdkaps feJ.k r;kj djrkuk lq[ks ?kVd tls

lk[kj@fLUkX/kkaa‛k fojfgr nw/k ikoMj] fFkjds gh ,d= feLkGwu ?;koh vkf.k nw/k eykbZ ;klkj[kh ikrG ?kVds osxG;k

HkkaM;kr feLkGwu ?;koh- uarj lq[;k ?kVdkaps feJ.k] ikrG feJ.kkr FkksMs&FkksMs d#u iw.kZ feLkGwu ?;kos- lq[ks o

ikrG ?kVd felGr vlrkuk feJ.k <oGr Bso.ks vko‛;d vkgs- vU;Fkk nw/kkP;k HkwdVhps xksGs r;kj gksmu

mRikfnr feJ.k ,dla?k gksr ukgh- mRikfnr feJ.k vk.k[kh ,dtho dj.;klkBh feDlj e/kwu ,d rs fnM feuhV

fQjowu >kY;koj R;kl ikrG dkiMkrwu xkGwu ?;kos Eg.kts vnzkO; ?kVd dkiMkoj f‛kYyd jkgrhy o feJ.k dkgh

izek.kkr dk gksbZuk ,dla?k gks.;kl enr gksbZy- ,dla?k feJ.kkrhy vik;dkjd lq{e thok.kw u’V dj.;kP;k n`̀f’Vus



feJ.kkps ik‛pjhdj.k dj.ks vko‛;d vkgs- ;klkBh feJ.k ygku HkkaM;kr Bsowu rs HkkaMs ik.kh vlYksY;k eksB;k

HkkaM;kr Bsowu eksB;k HkkaM;kl m’.krk ns.ks lq# djkos- lk/kkj.ki.ks 68 rs 70 va‛k ls- rkiekukoj feJ.k vk/kkZ

rkl Bsokos- uarj feJ.kkl [kksyhps rkiekuki;Zar FkaM d#u R;kl ,ftax ¼eqjor Bso.ks½ ;k izfdz;sdjhr fQzt

¼f‛krisVh½ e/;s ftYksfVu gs LVfcyk;tj okijys vlY;kl pkj rkl fdaok brj LVfcyk;tj okijys vlY;kl R;k

lkscr fnysY;k lqpukuqlkj Bsokos- ijarw vktdky cktkjkr miyC/k fFkjdkaps izdkjkuqlkj R;kl v/kkZ rs ikmu rkl

fQzte/;s vf/kd FkaM gks.;klkBh Bso.ks vko‛;d vkgs- ;k izfdz;sl ,ftax vls Eg.krkr-

vkbZLdzhe feJ.k FkaM ¼4 rs 5 va‛k ls-½ >kY;koj R;kl fo|qr pyhr fdaok ykdMh vkbZLdzhe

ikWVps@HkkaM;kr Vkdwu ikWVps >kd.k ykowu] feJ.k BsoysY;k HkkaM;kHkskorh cQZ o tkMs feB ¼4%1½ pkj Hkkx cQZ

rqdMs vkf.k 1 Hkkx feB ;kizek.ks Vkdkos- ykdzMh vkbZLdzhe ikWVyk vlYksY;k ¼HkkaM;kl tksMysYU;k½ gWUMypk mi;ksx

d#u HkkaM;kl fQjor Bsokos- fo|qr pyhr vkbZLdzhe ikWV miyC/k vlY;kl feJ.k <oG.ks fo|qr eksVjnokjs dsys

tkrs- lk/kkj.ki.ks vkbLdzhe ikWV vkbLdzhe feJ.kkUks v/;kZ {kersi;Zar Hkjkos R;kis{kk vf/kd Hk: u;s- HkkaMs fQjfo.ks

lw: dsY;kuarj v/;kZ rklkr ?kjxqrh Lrjkojhy vkbZLdzhe r;kj gksrs- HkkaMas fQjor vlrkuk vkbZLdzhe feJ.kke/;s

okrkoj.kkrhy gok dkgh izek.kkr lkBfoyh tkrs- ?kjxqrh Lrjkojhy vkbZLdzhe lk/kkjk.ki.ks feJ.kkps 15 rs 25

VDd;ki;Zar gok lkBfoyh tkrs rj vkS|ksxhd Lrjkoj gs izek.k 90 rs 100 VDds ,o<s vlrs- Eg.kts tso<s feJ.k

vkbZLdzhe mRiknuklkBh ?ksrys tkrs R;kP;k nqIiV vkbZLdzhe mRiknhr gksrs o gkp [kjk vkbZLdzhe m|ksxkpk uQk vkgs-

cjsp osGk ?kjxqrh Lrjkoj mUgkG;kP;k fnolkr vkbZLdzhe djrkuk nq/k vkVowu R;kr vkoMhuqlkj jax] lqxa/k] lk[kj]

nq/k ikoMj bZR;knhlkj[ks ?kVd Vkdqu feJ.k f‛krisVh ¼jsfQztjsVj½ e/;s FkaM gks.;klkBh Bssorkr- ijarq vls feJ.k 0

va‛k rkikukoj xksBwu ?kVV gksrs ijarq R;kr eksB;k izek.kkoj cQZkps tkM [kMs gksrkr vkf.k [kk.;klkBh dBh.k

Lo:ikps okVrs dkj.k feJ.k xksBfo.;klkBh ts vfr deh ¼ ~&6 rs &8 va‛k ls-½ rkieku vko‛;d vlrs rs

jsfQztjsVje/;s feGr ukgh vkf.k feJ.kke/;s gok lkBfo.;kP;k “f’Vus R;kl gyor Bso.ks vko‛;d vlrs- rs gksr

ukgh vkf.k Eg.kwup ikfgts R;k ntkZps vkbZLdzhe ?kjxwrh Lrjkoj fQzt e/;s mRiknhr gksr ukgh-

;kp vkbZLdzhe feJ.kkiklwu eVdk dqYQh lq/nk r;kj djrk ;srs- feJ.k dqYQh dksukr 3@4 ikrGh i;Zar

Hk:u dqYQh dksukps >kd.k can djkos- uarj gs dksu cQZ o feB vlysY;k ekBkr Bsokosr- feJ.k dksukps pksgks

cktwus vkgs ;kph [kk=h d:u ?;koh- uarj ekB gyor Bsokok- ekB LdqVjps Vk;joj Bsowu gyor BsoY;kl rks

QwVr ukgh vkf.k pkaxyk gyor Bsork ;srks- deh rkiekukewGs dksukrhy nqX/k lk[kjsps feJ.k 30 rs 35 feuhVkr

xksBqu dqYQh r;kj gksrs- dqYQh r;kj djrkuk ?kV~~Vi.kk ;s.;klkBh nq/kkr [kok felG.;kph i/nr izpyhr vkgs-

dqYQh feJ.k xksBr vlrkuk vkbZLdzzhe is{kk vf/kd rkieku vlrs ijh.kkeh dqYQhr jokGi.kk vlrks vkf.k gok

deh lkBfoysyh vlrs R;keqGs dqYQh vf/kd Vud vlrs-



i‛kqlsok fgp [kjh lsok ikGk xkbZ dk<k nw/k vu~~] [kk rwi ----------

izk- fdukds ,l- ,e] izk] pkaxkMs ,l] ih]+ izk-

nqX/k ra=Kku egkfon;ky; mnxhj]

nw/k gk uk‛koar inkFkZ vkgs- R;kps bRiknu fo’ke izek.kkoj gksrs o Eg.kwu rs fVdfo.;kps vkVksdkV

iz;Ru lw: vlrkr- nw/kkis{kk ng;kps vk;w’; FkksMs vf/kd] ng;kis{kk yks.kh vf/kd fVdkm] vkf.k yks.;kis{kk rwi

[kjkc gks.;kpk laHko deh- rwi r;kj dj.;kph izFkk Qkj izkphu vkgs- rwikr vkS’k/kh xw.k vkgsr- R;kP;k lso.kkus

psg&;koj rwdrwfd ;s.k]s n’Vh nks’k ukghls gks.ks oxSjs xw.k izd’kkZus tk.korkr- Eg‛khis{kk xkbZP;k rwikr vf/kd vkS’k/kh

xw.k vlY;kpk nkok dsyk tkrks- Eg‛khps nw/k rwikP;k mRiknuklkBh vf/kd izek.kkr ilan dsY;k tkrs dkj.k Eg‛khP;k

nw/kkr ckdhP;k nw/kkis{kk QWVps izek.k vf/kd vlrs vkf.k Eg‛khps nw/k vf/kd mrkjk nssrs- rwikps mRiknu fgokG;kr

tkLr vlrs rj mUgkG;kr deh vlrs- R;kP;k ewGP;k fioG;k jaxkewGs v tho.klRo vf/kd vl.ks laHkouh; vkgs-

dWjksfVups izek.k xkbZP;k nw/kkr vf/kd vlrs- v] M] bZ o d tho.klRos fLuX/ke; inkFkkZr foj?kG.kkjh vlY;kewGs

rwike/;s rh izkew[;kus vlrkr- rwike/;s v thoulRokbZrdsp bZ thoulRo egRokps vkgs-

Hkkjrkr nw/kkpk okij vkf.k R;kpk mi;ksx lxG;kr tkLr rwikP;k mRiknklkBh dsyk tkrsk- rwi Eg.kts

99 VDds fLuX/k inkFkZ- lxG;kr tkLr rwi mRiknu vl.kkjs jkT;s% mRrj izns‛k] vka/kzizns‛k] iatkc] jkTkLFkku]

e/;izns‛k] fcgkj] gjh;k.kk b-rwikP;k nRiknukph ikrGh gh R;kP;k foHkkxkuwlkj cnyr vlrs- 57 VDds mRrj

foHkkx] 9-5 VDds iwoZ foHkkx] 23-5 VDds if‛pe vkf.k 10 VDds nf{k.k foHkkxkr gksrs- izR;{k rwi r;kj djrkuk

izknsf‛kd voMhfuoMhpk fopkj djkok ykxrks- vka/kz izns‛k] rkfeGukMw jkT;kr [keax fdaok [kjiwl rwikph vkoM vkgs

rj lkSjk’V o xwtkre/;s FkksM;k dG;k Loknkph t:jh vlrs- dwBY;kgh izdkjps rwi dsyss rjh R;krhy vknzZrsps fdaok

ik.;kps izek.k deh vl.ks vko‛;d vkgs- 0-15 VDds is{kk vf/kd vknzZrk jkgw fnY;kl rwi yodj [kjkc fdaok

[koV gksrs- ;kmyV vf/kd rkifo.;kewGs v thoulRo ukghls gksrs-

i)rh%

rwi r;kj dj.;kP;k osxosxG;k i)rh iq<hyizek.ks vkgsr%



v½ ?kjxqrh i)r &

nw/k

ngh

yks.kh

rwi

nw/k fojtwu R;kps ngh djk;ps] ngh ?kwlGw.k yks.kh d<kos- yks.kh d<bZr ?ksÅu ean vklsoj xje d#u

R;kl e/kwu&e/kwu <oGr jgkos- rkieku 900 rs 100

0 ls- >kys Eg.kts d<bZfry inkFkZ mdGw ykxsy- ;k osGsl

i`’BHkkxkoj vkysys brj fLuX/kghr inkFkZ <oGuhus dk<wu Vkdkos- tsOgk ik.;kpk cgwrsd va‛k laiysyk vlrks rsOgk

pj~j~ vlk vkokt ;srks- ik.;kpk va‛k ,dne deh >kY;kuarj pj~j~ vkokt ;s.ks can gksÅu i`’BHkkxkoj gosps cqMcqMs

;srkr gs cqMcqMs uarj deh gksr tkrkr- ;k osGh rwikps rkiek.k 1080 rs 111

0 las- xzs- vlrs- rwi >kys fdaok ukgh

gs ikg.;klkBh rwikoj ik.;kpk f‛karksMk ekj.;kph i)r xkzeh.k Hkkxkr izpyhr vkgs- ik.kh ekjY;koj dVdV vFkok

pj~j~ vlk vkokt vkY;koj rwi r;kj >kys vls letys tkrs- rwi r;kj djrkuk m’.krsoj fu;a=.k Bso.ks Qkj

egRokps vkgs- m’.krk tkLr >kY;kl rwi dkGiV iMrs o josnkj cur ukgh ;kph dkGth ?;koh- rwi r;kj gksr

vlrkuk HkkaM;kP;k rGk‛kh ?k`rak‛k fojghr /ku inkFkkZps rkacM;k inkFkkZr #ikarj gksrs R;kl csjh Eg.krkr- HkkaM;kl

m’.krk nsus can d#u gGwgGw FkaM gksÅ |kos- josnkj lqoklh rwik djhrk rwi eanxrhus FkaM djkos-

c½ eyb dk<wu rwi r;kj dj.;kph i)r &

nw/k

eyb osxGh dj.ks

eyb

yks.kh

rwi

;ke/;s nq/kkrhy eyb e‛khuP;k lkg;kus osxGh dsyh tkrs- rkT;k eybiklwu yks.kh dk<rkr- v‛kk izdkjs

r;kj dj.;kr vkysys yks.kh cka/kwu R;kiklwu rwi r;kj dj.;kr ;srs- ijarq v‛kk izdkjP;k rqikl lqxa/k ulrks o rs

phDdV izdkjps vlrs-

d½ eyb rkioqu rwi r;kj dj.;kph i)r &

nw/k

eyb osxGh dj.ks

iDo eyb

rwi

;k i)rhr eyb ;a=kP;k lkg;kus nw/kkiklwu osxGh dj.;kr ;srs- eybr 40° ls- rkiekukps nw/kk ,o<sp

ik.kh ?kkywu eyb ikrG dj.;kr ;srs- ikrG eyb nqlÚ;kank eyb ;a=kP;k lkg;kus osxGh dj.;kr ;srs- ;keqGs



?k`rka‛k fojghr ?ku inkFkkZps izek.k deh gksrs ;k i)rhus feGkysyh eyb rwi r;kj dj.;kP;k HkkaM;kr ?ksowu

rkifo.;kr ;srs cjspnk eyb e/ks vkEyrk vku.;kdjhrk fojtu ?kkywu vkacfo.;kr ;srs- ;keqGs rqikl mRre lqokl

;srks- ;ki)rhus r;kj >kysys rwi nkusnkj vlrs-

M½ rwi cufo.;kph vk/kqfud fdaok iqoZ fuoG.kh i)r &

nw/k

eyb

yks.kh

rkieku 800 ls- 15 rs 30 fe- fLFkj voLFkk

fru Fkj rkd] /k`rka‛k] ngh

rkdkpk Fkj ckgsj dk<.ks

rwi

;k i)rhr yks.kh rkifo.;klkBh vk/kqfud ;a=uspk okij dj.;kr ;srks- tkLr izek.kkr yks.kh miyC/k

vlY;kl gh i)r Qk;ns‛khj vkgs- izFke ik=kr yks.kh Vkdwu ik=kp >kdu can dj.;kl ;srs- uarj R;kl m’.krk

ns.ks lq# djrkr ik=krhy yks.;kps rkieku 800 ls- >kys Eg.kts m’.krk ns.ks can djrkr o ik=krhr inkFkZ 15 rs

30 feuhVk djhrk fLFkj Bsorkr ;k voLFksr ik=krhy nzokps fru Fkjkr #ikarj gksrs- lokZr [kkyh rkd R;koj /k`rka‛k

o lokZr oj ng;kpk ok rkdkpk fadafpr va‛k vlrks- ;k rkiekukoj rksVhrwu rkdkpk Fkj ckgsj dk<.;kr ;srks-

/k`rka‛k ;s.;kl lqjokr gksrkp rksVh can djrkr-ik=kr jkghysY;k rwikps rkieku 120° ls-a i;Zar us.;kr ;srs- uarj

rwi ckgsj dk<wu xkGwu ?ksrkr- v‛kk jhrhus yodj o mRre jhrhps rwi r;kj djrkr- ;k i)rhus rwi r;kj

djrkauk rkdkpk va‛k izFkep dk<y;keqGs rwikyk vkacV okl ykxr ukgh o rwi r;kj gks.;kdjhrk m’.krk deh

ykxrs- rkieku n‛kZu ;a=keqGs rwi tGY;kpk vFkok dPps jkg.;kpk iz‛up mnHk~or ukgh- ik.kh o rkd vxksnj

ckgsj dk<Y;keqGs R;kaP;k ck’ihHkouklkBh ;s.kkjk [kpZ okprks- ;k i)rhus rwi r;kj dsY;kl rwikpk mrkjk 88 rs

90 VDD;ki;Zar feGrks-

Ikkjaikfjd vkf.k v/kwfud i/nrhrhy rqyuk%

ewG inkFkZ fdaok izfdz;k

1- nw/k

Ikkjaikfjd i/nrhrhy m.khok

nksgukph HkkaMh vLoPN vlrkr u rkiork

ngh ykoys tkrs-

v/kwfud i/nrhrhy fdeku vis{kk

LoPN rkts o xkGysys nw/k okij.ks]

fdeku ,dnk rjh 10 fe- mdGfo.ks

fdaok 5 VDds vkVfo.ks vkf.k rkcMrksc

xkj dj.ks-



2- fojtu

3- ngh

4- ?kwlG.ks

5- yks.kh

6- rwi dj.ks

7- Rk;kj rwi

ekrhP;k fdaok /kkrwP;k HkkaM;kpk okij] nw/k

uSlfxZdfjR;k uklw ns.ks fdaok fojt.kklkBh

vfrfjDr vkEy ng;kpk okij dj.ks-

fojt.;kph osG fdaok fojt.;kpk dkG

vfuf‛pr vl.ks-

?kwlG.;kiwohZ tkLr dkG R;kp fLFkrhr

Bso.ks-

ekrhP;k fdaok fudYgbZP;k HkkaM;kr ?kwlGwu

joh fdaok okijysY;k vU; lk/kuke/kwu loZ

fLuX/kka‛k u fu?k.ks- ?kwlG.;klkBh ?kkrysY;k

dkseV ik.;kps rkieku fdaok yks.;kps d.k

LoPN FkaM ik.;kus u /kw.ks-

rwi djhi;Zar ekrhP;k fdaok fudybZP;k

HkkaM;kr lkBowu rkdkr fdaok vkacV

ik.;kr lkBoY;kewGs vkRyrk ok<rh jkgrs-

okijko;kph HkkaMh ‚kadkLin] n;ko;kph

m’.krk vfu;a=hr vlY;kewGs rkik;P;k

osGsoj ca/kus ulY;jewGs rwikph izr cnyrh

jkgrs-

lkBfo.;kph lnks’k i/nr

fof‛k’V izdkjps fojtu okij.ks]

_ewekukuwlkj R;kr cny dj.ks-

fof‛k’V vkEyrsi;Zaaaaaa a aa arps fojtous-

24 rklkps oj lkBwu ns.ks-

;a=pfyr cVj puZ oxSjsP;k okijkeqGs

vf/kdkf/kd fLuX/k inkFkZ osxGs gksrkr-

dkpsP;k fdaok phuh ekrhP;k HkkaM;kr 1

VDdk {kkj nzo.kkr lkBo.kwd] R;kewGs

vkEyrk ok<r ukgh-

riekukoj fu;a=.k Bsowu rwikrhy

fujfujkGs Fkj osxGs d:u ik.;kpk

va‛k lwyHki.ks dk<.ks ‚kD; gksrs- rwi

dji.;kph ‚kD;rk deh vlrs-

phuh ekrh ,uWey fdaok dkpsP;k

HkkaM;krwu lkBo.k djus- xjtsbrds rwi

njosGh dk<wu ?ks.ks-



rwikph izr%

rwikps HkkSrhd xw.k/keZ ok izr tls jax] Lokn] josnkji.kk gs rwi r;kj dj.;kP;k i)rhoj voyacwu

vlrkr-

v½ jax% xk;hP;k nq/kkiklwu ns‛kh i)rhus cufoysY;k rwikpk jax xnZ ihoGk rj Eg‛khP;k nq/kkiklwu ika<jk o R;kr

oSf‛k’Viw.kZ ihoGh vFkok fgjoh fdaphr NVk vlrs- ijarw tj rwi eyb yks.kh i)rhus r;kj dsys vlys rj jax ns‛kh

i)rh izek.ksp vlrks QDr R;kpk xMn i.kk deh gksrks- ljG eyb rkiowu rwi dsys vlsy rj xk;hP;k nq/kkiklwu

xnZ ihoGs rj Eg‛kh iklwu ika<wjds rwi feGrs- nksgksP;k ehlG nq/kk iklwu rwi r;kj dsys vlsy rj R;kaP;k nw/kkP;k

izek.kkr rwikr jax mrjrks-

c½ lqxa/k% rwikl f‛ktysyk [keax ,d izdkjpk mPp dksVhpk lqxa/k ;srks o po xksM vlrs- ns‛kh i)rhus dsysY;k

rwikl pkaxyk lqxa/k ;srks rj u fojtfoysY;k eybl ljG rkiowu rwi r;kj dsY;kl R;kl lqxa/k ;sr ukgh- [ksM;kr

can ewBhoj rwi ?kklwu uarj lqa?kowu ?ks.;kph izFkk vkgs g;k ckch v.kqHkok.ks pkaxY;k letrkr-

d½ nkusnkj i.kk % eksBs lkj[;k vkdkjkps nkusnkj rwikph vkoM yksdkauk vkgs- eyb ljG rkiowu rwi r;kj dsys

vlsy rj R;kl deh nkusnkj i.kk vlrks- R;kp izek.ks rwi ,dne FkaM dsY;kl R;kl nkusnkj i.kk ;sr ukgh-

;kdjhrk rwi r;kj >kY;koj ean xrhus FkaM dj.ks Qkj egRokps vkgs-

rwikph lkBo.kwd &

nw/kkrhy fLuX/k inkFkZ izdk‛k gok /kkrw ;kps la;qxkus Qkjp yodj [kjkc gksrkr- rqikpk lqjokrhpk lqoklhd

lqxa/k o nkusnkji.kk fVdowu Bso.ks fodzh fdaok yksdkaP;k vkoMhP;k n`’Vhus vfr‛k; egRokps vkgs- ijarw tj rwi

r;kj djrkuk o pkaxys ngh] eyb fadaok yks.kh okijys ulsy rj R;kr esupVi.kk] [koVi.kk fdaok [kjkc okl ;s.ks

bR;knh nks’k vk<Gwu ;srkr- O;oLFkhr i.ks pkaxY;k ngh] eyb fdaok yks.;kiklwu r;kj dsysy rwi fulZxkP;k

gokekukr lgk eghus rj f‛krisVhe/ks o’kZHkj pkaxys jkgq ‚kdrs- rwikph lkBo.kwd 210 ls- rkiekukoj dsY;kl rs

tkLr dkG fVdw ‚kdrs- lk/kkj.ki.ks lkBo.kwdhr rwikph izr [kkyko.;kl [kkyhy ckch dkj.khHkwr Bjrkr-

vknzZrk &

iD;k rwikph vknzZrk deh vlrs- R;keqGs rs vf/kd dkG fVdrs- rwikr vknzZrsps izek.k ok<Y;kl vkEyrk

o/kZ.kkl py.kk feGwu rwikph izr yodj [kjkc gksrs- vknzZrsps izek.k tkLr vlY;keqGs dPP;k d<kps rwi Qkj dkG

fVdr ukgh- ljkljh 1160 rs 120

0 l-s rkiekukoj d<foysY;k rwikr 0-5 VD;kis{kk deh vknzZrk vlrs-



vkEyrk &

eqGkr tkLr vkEyrk vl.kkÚ;k ngh eyb fdaok yks.;kiklwu rwi r;kj dsys vlsy rj eqG inkFkkZph

vkEyrk rwikr mrjrs o rwi yodj [kjkc gksrs- [ksM;kr vkB rs ngk fnol i;Zar nw/k fdaok ngh lkBowu Bso.;kr

;srs v‛;k ng;k iklwu r;kj dsysY;k rwikl vkEyrk tkLr vlrs o rs deh fVdrs-

rwikrhy xkGkps izek.k &

rwikrhy xkG] [kjoM fdaok csjh fLuX/kka‛krsj inkFkZ vlwu rwi xkGwu gk inkFkZ rwikiklwu osxGk dj.;kr

;srks ijarw dkgh d.k rwik‛kh ,d#i gksÅu rwikrp jkgrkr- rwi xkGr vlrkauk gs d.k rwikr fLFkj fdaok vLFkhj

voLFksr fnlrkr- ;k d.kkps izek.k rwikr [kwi vkY;kl rwi yodj [kjkc gksrs-

/kkrw vLrhRo &

nw/k] ngh] eyb fdaok rwi bR;knh inkFkZ T;k HkkaM;kr vki.k gkrkGrks- v‛;k HkkaM;kps la;qxkus /kkrwaps

vo‛ks’k rwikr mrjrkr o R;kph izr [kjkc gks.;kl dkj.khHkwr Bjrkr- ;keqGsp yks[kaMh d<b rkaC;k ihrGsph o

dYgb dsysyh HkkaMh rwi r;kj djrkauk vFkok lkBo.kwdh djhrk oki# u;sr-v‛kk HkkaM;kpk mi;ksx dsY;kus rwi

fn?kZdkG fVdw ‛kdr ukgh-

iz[kj izdk‛k ijh.kke &

rwi m?kMs Bsoys rj fdaok R;kl iz[kj izdk‛kkr vFkok mUgkr Bsoys rj R;kph izr yodj [kjkc gksÅu

R;kph po cnyrs- R;kpizek.ks R;kpk nkusnkj i.kk deh gksÅu fpDdV i.kk ok<rks-

rwikps Mcs] cj.;k fdaok iWdcan fi‛kO;k ;ke/ks rwi lkBforkuk >kd.k o rwi ;kaP;k e/ks tkLr gok

jkghY;kl gosrhy izk.kok;wps la;qxkus rwikr foj.;kph izfdz;k ok<wu rwi ph izr [kjkc gksrs Eg.kw.kp rwi lkBforkauk

gok can voLFkk vf/kd Js;Ldj vlrs- ijarq gh i)r Qkj egkx iMrs- ;kdfjrk rwi lkBforkauk 300&32

0 lsa-

rkiekukoj ik=kr iw.kZi.ks Hkjkos- dkj.k ;k rkiek.kkoj gosr foj?kG.kkÚ;k ok;wps izek.k deh vlrs- ;k f‛kok; rwi

lkBfo.;k djhrk tax jks/kd o >kd.k vlysY;k ik=kpk mi;ksx djkok- rwi vfrFkaM fdaok xje rkiekukoj

lkBfo.;kis{kk rs e/;e deh ¼21° ls-½ rkiekukoj lkBfoY;kl vf/kd fVdrs- xje rkiekukr rwikr fojdrk ok<wu

rs [kjkc gksrs rj deh rkiekukoj rwikr vkEyrk deh osxk.ks ok<rs ijarw rwikr nk.ksnkj i.kk o lqxa/k jkgr ukgh

vkf.k fpDdV gksrs-

izfr fojd &

rwi fn?kZdkG fVdfork ;kos Eg.kwu R;kr izfrfojd inkFkZ okijrkr C;wVhysVsM gSMªkWaDlh vWauhlksy gk

jklk;fud inkFkZ 0-02 VDD;k is{kk deh okij.;kph vuqerh Hkkjrh; vé HkslG izfrca/k dk;|kuqlkj ns.;kr

vkysyh vkgs- rwikrhy [kjoMh vFkok csjh eqGs rwi dkgh dkG fVdfork ;srs ;k inkFkkZr QkWLiksyhihMl~ vlrkr o



;keqGs rwikpk fVdkow i.kk ok<rks- 0-1 VD;k i;Zar QkWaLiksyhihMl~ pk mi;ksx rwikr dsY;kl rwi nksu rhu iV tkLr

dkG fVdrs-

tqus >kysys vFkok [koV rwi iqUgk ‚kq) d#u okijrk ;srs ijarq gh i)r nq¸;e ntkZaph vkgs- ;k djhrk

twU;k rwikr FkksMs rkd felGwu R;kyk iwUgk d< fny;kewGs [krV okl FkksM;k izek.kkr deh gksrks o rkdkewGs

yks.;kpk Lokn iwUgjk fuekZ.k gksrks- niZokl ?kkyo.;klkBh gGnhph dhaok foM;kph ikus oSxsjs okijrkr-



nqX/k ra=Kku egkfo|ky;] mnxhj ft-ykrwj

nqX/ktU; inkFkZ fufeZrh izf‛k{k.k

m|kstdrk fodkl vfHk;ku&tkyuk ¼2011&12½

izf‛k{k.kkFkhZ ;knh

izf‛k{k.k dkyko/kh % 03@04@2012 rs 23@04@2012 fBdk.k % mnxhj ft-ykrwj

,dw.k izf‛k{k.kkFkhZa la[;k % 37

v-dz izf‛k{k.kkFkhZaps ukao eksckbZy dz-

1 <ksys rkUgkth ckclkgsc] jk-tyxko

iks-fijdY;k.k rk-tkyuk

9881021291

2 fuo`Rrh lksiku Mksaxjs]jk-lkojxkao iks-

jkeuxj rk-tkyuk

9922155970

3 Ikkyos jkts‛k fHkdkth] jk-jkueGk ik-

gsyl ]rk- eaBk

9561603886

4 cq/koar nqxkZizlkn ek/kojko] jk-jkueGk

rk-eaBk]ft-tkyuk

9552347595

5 cq/koar lanhi jkesÜoj] jk- jkueGk

iks- gsyl rk- eaBk

9730769302

6 eqlGs vejnhi ‚kadj] jk-jkueGk rk-

eaBk] iks-gsyl] ft-tkyuk

9881485229

7 eqlGs fot; lnkf‛ko] jk-jkueGk iks-

gsyl rk- eaBk

7798767684

8 iz/kku egknso nsonkl eq-iks-gsyl rk-

eaBk

9503571292

9 [kjkcs fodkl izdk‛k]eq-iks-gsyl rk-

eaBk

8806073907

10 Jko.ks x.ks‛k m|)ojko] eq-fyacs

oMxkao]iks-gsyl rk- eaBk

9767975154

11 Jko.ks m)o egknso]eq-fyacs oMxkao

iks-ikVksnk rk- eaBk

9096675372

12 xk<os enu izdk‛k] eq-lkyxkao iks-

mLekuiqj rk-ijrwj

8806914907

13 jktfcaMs Hkkjr txUUkkFk]eq-Jh/kjs

toG]iks-dS/kaGh rk-ijrwj

9545139347

14 [kjkr ‚kjn fo’.kw] eq-fljlxkao iks-

ojQG rk-ijrwj

9764906872

15 ygkus vÜoes/k dkarkjko] eq-okgsxkao

iks- ojQG rk-ijrwj

8888737203



16 uoy jkefdlu vklkjke]eq-iG‛kh iks-

vk’Vh rk-ijrqj

9545096437

17 gkds vklkjke jkefdlu]ok?kkGh iks-

okcqyrkjk rk-ijrwj

9923850778

18 HksaMkGdj nRrk nknkjko] eq-ukanzk iks-

vkack rk-ijrwj

9158252677

19 Ekqteqys flrkjke lairjko]eq-ukanzk iks-

rk-i0jrwj vkck

9637377890

20 gkMs jes‛k nkeks/kj]eq-nq/kiwjh iks-nfgiqjk

rk-vacM

9673673579

21 Vkijs foÜoaHkj fMxkacj]eq-nq/kiwjh iks-

nfgiwjk rk-vacM

9673032790

22 ok?kekjs ckcklkgsc dp#]eq-,dysgjk

iks-¼[kk½ fgojk rk-vacM

9049744863

23 xOgk.ks ijesÜoj y{e.k]eq-#bZ iks-

lq[kkiqjh rk-vacM

9527542003

24 Hkjiqj lqfuy rqG‛khjke]eq-#bZ iks-

lq[kkiqjh rk-vacM ft-tkyuk

9049737487

9049022128

25 vk<s ekaxhyky mRre]eq-bZ‛oj uxj

iks-lhihZ rk-vaCkM ft-tkyuk

9673654517

26 ‚ksGds larks’k f‛koukFk eq-f‛kans oMxko

iks-ikusokMh rk-vacM

8806855460

27 Hkqrsdjfnid f‛kokth eq-f‛kans oMxko

iks- ikusokMh rk-?kulkoaxh

9637798474

28 lous lfr’k ccujko]eq-f‛kans oMxko

iks-ikusokMh rk-?kulkoaxh

9881798339

29 eaMfyd v‛kksd iqatkjke]eq-iks-

xksykikaxjh VsaHkk rk-?kulkoaxh

9822237857

30 Ekksjs eukst jkolkgsc] eq-iks-xksykikaxjh

rk- eaBk ft-tkyuk

9049716189

31 dkdMs fouk;d m)ojko]eq-jkerhFkZ

iks-ikaxjh ¼cw½ rk- eaBk

9604383302

32 >ksy vklkjke l[kkjke eq-jkerhFkZ

iks-ikaxjh ¼cw½ rk- eaBk

9421654365

33 fgokGs olar ukukHkkÅ] eq-jkerhFkZ iks-

ikaxjh ¼cw½ rk- eaBk

9422454811

34 [ko izfni dkjHkkjh]eq-iks- nsoxkao

[kous rk- eaBk

9049378168

35 eksjs xtkuu f‛kokthjko]jk-jkueGk 9158734474



rk-eaBk ft-tkyuk iks-gsyl

36 okjs ‚kjn fttkHkkÅ] jk-jkueGk rk-

eaBk]ft-tkyuk iks-gsyl

9763069299

37 dksYgs dY;k.k ikjkthjko]eq-iks-

xq#fiaijh rk-?kulkoaxh

9763288963





Documents

nqX/ktU; inkFkZ fufeZrh Udgir/Booklet...deh mRiknu{kersph tkLr tukojas ikG.;kis{kk tkLr mRiknu {kersph deh tukojs ikGY;kewGs R;kaP;k ns[kHkkyhpk [kPkZ deh gksmu mRiknu[kpkZr eksBh