NTHU Physics Colloquium

Current Development and Prospect of

New Synchrotron Facilities

張石麟 (Shih-Lin Chang)

March 20, 2013

Outline

•Introduction

•High energy synchrotron sources

•New additions of synchrotron facilities (under

construction or recently completed)

•New synchrotron facilities in planning

•Free electron lasers (FEL’s)

•Prospect & conclusion

• 相對論效應使得電子以接近光速作圓周運動時所發射的電磁波集中在切線方向，而不像大哥大產生的電波向四面八方散去。

同步加速器光源超快速電子在磁場中偏轉所產生的電磁波

Zeroth generation sources1950’s-60’s: Electron synchrotrons (cyclic accelerators)

First generation sources (storage rings)1970’s: e+/e- colliders (Mostly parasitic on high energy physics programs)

Second generation sources1980’s: New rings and fully dedicated use of e+/e- colliders, use of wigglers & undulators

Third generation sources1990’s: Low emittance ring with many straight sections for insertion devices

Fourth generation sources2000’s: Linac-based sources

•Free-electron laser (FEL)•Energy Recovery Linac (ERL)

Diffraction-limited rings; Ultra-short bunches; New ideas

Synchrotron Radiation

• Bending Magnet– White X-rays– Wide horizontal divergence– 1 limited vertical divergence– Moderate power– Moderate power density

• Wiggler– White X-rays– Moderate horizontal divergence– 1 Limited vertical divergence– High power– High power density– Elliptically polarized/linearly polarized

• Undulator– Quasi-monochromatic X-rays– Small vertical and horizontal divergence (Central Cone)– High power– Extremely high power density– Circularly polarized/ linearly polarized

Bending magnet(偏轉磁鐵 ) & insertion device(插件 )

Storing Ring

Undulator / Wiggler

IntroductionThere are now 66 synchrotrons in operation throughout the world. Additional 11 are either under construction or in planning.

In addition to 3 high-energy synchrotrons, ESRF, APS, Spring-8, there are several low- and mid-energy 3rd generation synchrotrons.

Starting 2000, mid-energy rings have been considered as most economic and yet providing high quality beams (low emittance) for SR experiments

Many new 3rd generation synchrotron facilities are now either under construction or in the design process.

Free electron lasers

World Map of Synchrotron Facilities

Hsinchu

臺灣光源 (TLS)現況

加速器儲存環(15億電子伏特 )

增能環(15億電子伏特 )

線型加速器

傳輸線

SW6

W20

U5

EPU5.6

U9

IASW6-R2

IASW

6-R6

超導高頻共振腔

SWLS

IASW6-R4

•’93 年 : 4月完成試車 ;10月開放給用戶實驗

•’96 年 : 儲存環能量由 1.3GeV提升為1.5GeV

•’00 年 : 增能環以全能量注射到儲存環•’02 年 : 6T超導移頻磁鐵 SWLS正式使用•’04 年 : 液氦低溫與超導增頻磁鐵 SW6運

轉•’05 年 : 啟用超導高頻共振腔•’05 年 : 用戶時段施行 300mA恒定電流運

轉•’06 年 : 1st 安裝彎段超導增頻磁鐵 IASW-

R6•’09 年 : 安裝 2nd 彎段超導增頻磁鐵 IASW-

R2•’10 年 : 安裝 3rd 彎段超導增頻磁鐵 IASW-

R4 360 mA恒定電流運轉模式

TPS完成後之同步輻射研究中心俯視圖

•亞洲第一座第三代同步輻射•全球第二座使用超導高頻腔同步輻射•全球第三座全時恆定電流運轉設施•安裝的超導插件磁鐵數量及密度最高

Electron gun produces electrons

How is it Practically Produced and Used for Research?

Beam lines transport radiation into “hutches”, where instrumentation is available for experiments

Wiggler / Undulator insertion devices generate strong x-ray beams

Linear accelerator/ booster accelerate e- which are transported to storage ring

Klystrons generate high power radio wave to sustain electron acceleration, replenishing energy lost to synchrotron radiation

The storage ring circulates electrons, where they are bent, synchrotron radiation is produced

High energy synchrotron sources

Sources:The SSRL Strategic Plan: 2013 - 2018http://www-ssrl.slac.stanford.edu/content/beam-lines/maphttp://www-ssrl.slac.stanford.edu/content/about-ssrl/history-stanford-synchrotron-radiation-lightsource

SLAC Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource (SSRL) – Menlo Park, CA, USA

Aerial View of SSRL. (Courtesy: SLAC)

1973 SSRL began as the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Project (SSRP)1974 First user run1977 SSRP became SSRL 1992 SSRL became fully dedicated synchrotron radiation source2004 Major upgrade of SPEAR completed - SPEAR3

SSRL / SSRP

The first multi-GeV storage ring based synchrotron radiation source in the world

( 2004: 3 GeV, 300-500mA, 234 m.)

6 GeV; = 11800; 884m circumference

European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF)

Advanced Photon Source (APS) – Argonne, IL, USA

Nominal Energy GeV 7.0

Natural Emittance nm-rad 2.514

Effective Emittanceat ID Location nm 3.129

Circumference m 1104.000

Sources: •http://www.aps.anl.gov/•http://www.aps.anl.gov/Beamlines/Beamlines_Map/index.html•APS Upgrade project PDR (December 2012)

Source: http://www.aps.anl.gov/About/Welcome/

Aerial view of the APS

Beamlines Map

The Advanced Photon Source (APS) provides the brightest storage ring-generated X-ray beams in the Western Hemisphere to more than 5,000 scientists

worldwide.

8 GeV; = 15,700; 1.44 km circumference

Spring-8 (Super Photon ring-8 GeV) Japan

New additions of synchrotron facilities(under construction or recently completed)

Year of Commi-

ssionLocation

Accelerator

Energy[GeV]

Emittance

[nm-rad]

Circum-ference

[m]

Straight Sectionsm*section

Unit Status

1993 USA, Berkeley ALS 1.9 6.75 196.8 6m*12 12TBA Operating

1993 Taiwan, Hsinchu TLS 1.5 18 120 6m*6 6 TBA Operating

1993 Italy, Trieste ELETTRA 2.4 7.0 259 6m*12 12 DBA Operating

1995 Korea, Pohang PLS 2.5 12.0 281 6m*12 12 TBA Operating

2001 Switzerland,Villigen SLS 2.4 4.1 28811.76m*3+7m*3+4

m*612 TBA Operating

2003 Canada, Saskatoon CLS 2.9 18.1 171 5.2m*12 12 DBA Operating

2004 USA, Stanford SPEAR3 3.0 10 2343.2m*12+4.8m*4+7.6

m*218 DBA Operating

2006 France, Orsay SOLEIL 2.75 3.7 35112m*4+7m*12+3.6

m*816 DBA Operating

2007 UK, Oxfordshire DIAMOND 3.0 2.7 56211.34m*6+8.34m*1

824 DBA Operating

2007Australia, Melbourne

AS 3.0 6.9 216 5.4m*14 14 DBA Operating

Existing Third Generation Low- & Medium-Energy Synchrotron Facilities

ALS, TLS, ELETTRA, PLS, SLS, CLS, SPEAR3, SOLEIL, Diamond, AS

Year of Operat

-ionLocation Accelerator

Energy

[GeV]

Emittance[nm-rad]

Circum-ference

[m]

Straight Sectionsm*section

UnitBeamline

sStatus

2009 China, Shanghai SSRF 3.5 3.9 432 12m*4+6.5m*16 20 DBA Operating

2010 Spain, Barcelona ALBA 3.0 4.3 268.88m*4+4.3m*12+2.3

m*816 DBA

7 on day 1

(up to 30)

Operating

2012 Korea, Pohang PLS-II 3.0 5.9 281.82 6.86m*10+3.1m*11 Operating

2012 Japan, Nagoya CJSRF 1.2 53 72 5.4m*4Under

construction

2013 China, Hefei HLS-II 0.8 36 66.13 4m*4+2.3m*4Under

construction

2014 Taiwan, Hsinchu TPS 3.0 1.6 518.4 12m*6+7m*18 24 DBA 46Under

construction

2014 USA, Brookhaven NSLS II 3.0 0.55 792 9.3m*15+6.6m*15 30 DBAspace for at least

58

Underconstruction

2015 Sweden, MAX-LabMAX-IV

(storage 1)3.0 0.2 - 0.3 528 4.728m*20+1.3m*40 20 MBA

Underconstruction

2015 Sweden, MAX-LabMAX-IV

(storage 2)1.5 6 96 3.5m*12 12 DBA

Underconstruction

2015 Jordan, Amman SESAME 2.5 26 133.12 4.4m*8+2.4m*8 12 DBAUnder

construction

2016Brazil, Campinas (LNLS)

SIRIUS 3.01.9

(Eff. Emit.)460.5 9.4m*10+5m*10 20 TBA up to 45

Underconstruction

New Additions of Synchrotron Facilities

SSRF, ALBA, PLS-II, CJSRF, HLSL-II, TPS, NSLS-II, MAX-IV, SESAME, SIRIUS

Year of Operat

-ionLocation Accelerator

Energy[GeV]

Emittance

[nm-rad]

Circum-ference

[m]

Straight Sectionsm*section

Unit Beamlines Status

2018 Iran, Tehran ILSF 3.0 3.28 297.68m*4+4m*20+2.82m*

12In planning

Armenia, Yerevan

CANDLE 3.0 8.4 216 4.8m*16 16 DBA In planning

Turkey, Kütahya TAC 4.5 1.28 991.08 8m*18+6m*18 In planning

Japan, Tohoku LSEJ 3.0 1.862 289.2 5m*12 In planning

Japan, Hyogo SPring-8 II 6.0 0.067 1436 6.6m*44+30m*4 In planning

China, Beijing BAPS 5.0 1 1200 6.9m*44+14m*4 In planning

New Additions of Synchrotron Facilities (in planning)

ILSF, CANDLE, TAC, LSEJ, Spring-II, BAPS,……….

Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility (SSRF) – Shanghai, China

7 initial beamlines:

•BL17U1 – Macromolecular Crystallography

•BL14W1 – XAFS

•BL14B1 – Diffraction

•BL15U1 – Hard X-ray Micro-focus

•BL10W1 – X-ray Imaging and Biomedical Application

•BL16B1 – Small Angle X-ray Scattering

•BL08U1-A – Soft X-ray Spectromicroscopy

•BL08U1-B – X-ray Interference Lithography

6 new beamlines under construction:

•Protein Micro-crystallography

•Protein Complex Crystallography

•High-throughput Protein Crystallography

•BioSAXS

•Infrared Spectroscopy and Imaging

•Dreamline (User funded soft X-ray BL)

(Completion expected in 2013)

Accelerator Layout

http://ssrf.sinap.ac.cn/english/2/Layout.htm

Energy

[GeV]

Emittance

[nm-rad]

Circumference

[m]

Straight Sections

m*sectionUnit

3.5 3.9 43212m*4+6.5m*

1620 DBA

2009

Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility (SSRF) – Shanghai, China (continued)

Campus

New programs at SSRF:

•SSRF Phase II project:

Program to build a big bunch of new beamlines

In preparation and will soon be submitted for approval by the government

•Five user funded beamlines:

In design stage

Waiting for approval

•Soft X-ray FEL facility (Shanghai Soft-X-ray Free-Electron Laser Test Facility (SXFEL))

To be built adjacent to SSRF

By 2020, there will be

•About 40 beamlines at SSRF

•FEL facility

http://ssrf.sinap.ac.cn/english/1/Campus.htm

(ALBA) – Barcelona, Spain

Energy[GeV]

Emittance

[nm-rad]

Circumference[m]

Straight Sectionsm*section

UnitBeamline

s

3.0 4.3 268.88m*4+4.3m*12+2.6

m*816

DBA

7 on day 1

(up to 30)

http://www.cells.es/Divisions/Accelerators

Machine Parameters

http://www.cells.es/AboutUs

Seven beamlines for first phase:

•BL04 - MSPD: Materials Science and Powder Diffraction

•BL09 - MISTRAL: X-Ray Microscopy

•BL11 - NCD: Non-Crystalline Diffraction

•BL13 - XALOC: Macromolecular Crystallography

•BL22 - CLÆSS: Core Level Absorption & Emission Spectroscopies

•BL24 - CIRCE: Photoemission Spectroscopy and Microscopy

•BL29 - BOREAS: Resonant Absorption and Scattering (BOREAS - Available to users on May 7, 2012)

2010

Pohang Light Source II (PLS-II) – Pohang, Korea

http://paleng.postech.ac.kr/

Aerial View of PAL

http://paleng.postech.ac.kr/

Energy[GeV]

Emittance[nm-rad]

Circumference[m]

Straight Sectionsm*section

3.0 5.9 281.82 6.86m*10+3.1m*11

http://paleng.postech.ac.kr/

http://aappsbulletin.org/myboard/read.php?id=40&Page=1&Board=featurearticles&FindIt=&FindText=

Future View of PAL with PLS-II and PAL XFEL sites.

• PLS-II project started in January 2009.

• PLS-II was opened to users on March 21, 2012.

2012

Central Japan Synchrotron Radiation Facility (CJSRF) – Nagoya, Japan

Accelerator

Six beamlines are scheduled for service in 2012:

1.Hard X-ray XAFS

2.Soft X-ray XAFS

3.Soft X-ray to ultraviolet spectroscopy

4.Small angle scattering

5.X-ray diffraction

6.X-ray fluorescence analysis

Beamline Layouthttp://www.astf-kha.jp/synchrotron/en/userguide/gaiyou/

http://www.astf-kha.jp/synchrotron/en/userguide/kougen/

Energy[GeV]

Emittance[nm-rad]

Circumference

[m]

Straight Sectionsm*section

1.2 53 72 5.4m*4

2012

National Synchrotron Light Source II (NSLS-II) – Brookhaven, USA

Research focus:

•Clean and Affordable Energy

•Molecular Electronics

•Self-assembly

•High-Temperature Superconductors

Scientific opportunities:

•Biology and Soft Matter Science

•Chemical Science and Catalysis

•Condensed Matter and Materials Physics

•Environmental and Heterogeneous Materials Science

•Materials Science and Engineering

•Nanoscience

http://www.bnl.gov/ps/nsls2/about-NSLS-II.asp

Energy [GeV]

3.0

Emittance [nm-rad]

0.55

Circumference [m]

792

Straight Sections

m*section9.3m*15+6.6m*15

Unit 30 DBA

Beamlines space for at least 58

2014

National Synchrotron Light Source II (NSLS-II) – Brookhaven, USA (continued)

Science at NSLS-II:

•Hard X-ray Nanoprobe

•Coherent X-Ray Scattering

•X-Ray Photon Correlation Spectroscopy (XPCS)

•Small Angle X-Ray Scattering (SAXS)

•Inelastic X-Ray Scattering (IXS)

•Soft X-Ray Resonant Scattering: XRMS and RIXS

•Soft X-Ray Coherent Scattering and Imaging

•Macromolecular Crystallography

•High Energy X-Rays

•Hard X-Ray Imaging

Taiwan Photon Source (TPS) – Hsinchu, Taiwan

Natural emittance: 1.6 nm-radStraight sections: 7 m (x 18); 12 m (x 6)Full capacity: 48 ports

3 GeV, 518.4 m, 500 mA

Taiwan Light Source (TLS)

Administration and Operation Center

Academic Activity Center

3D Aerial View of NSRRC

2014

Outer diameter 210 m ; Inner diameter 129 mBuilding

No. 101, Hsin-Ann Road, Hsinchu, TaiwanLocation

750 kW (3 SRF cavities) RF power

2.8~3.5 MV (3 SRF cavities) RF gap voltage

500 MHz RF frequency

1 % Coupling

1.6 nm·rad at 3 GeV (Distributed dispersion) Emittance

48 Bending magnets

12 m x 6 ( σv = 12 μm, σh = 160 μm) 7 m x 18 ( σv = 5 μm, σh = 120 μm)

Straight sections

24-cell DBA Lattice

496.8 m (h = 828 = 22·32·23, dia.= 158.1 m) BR circumference

518.4 m (h = 864 = 25·33 , dia.= 165.0 m) SR circumference

500 mA at 3 GeV (Top-up injection) Current

3 GeV (maximum 3.3 GeV) Energy

Major Parameters of Taiwan Photon Source

Taiwan Photon Source (TPS) – Hsinchu, Taiwan (continued)

TPS & TLS Lattice Diagram

Taiwan Photon Source (TPS) – Hsinchu, Taiwan (continued)

Brightness Comparison of TLS and TPS

The X-ray spectrum (photon energy 8 keV~70 keV)：

the brilliance of bending magnet increases by >102.

the brilliance of bending IDs increases by 4~6 orders of mag.

TPSTLS

Taiwan Photon Source (TPS) – Hsinchu, Taiwan (continued)

101 102 103 1041012

1013

1014

1015

1016

1017

1018

1019

Bri

llian

ce (P

hoto

n/s/

0.1%

bw/m

m2 /m

r2 /0.3

6A)

Photon Energy (eV)

W200

SWLS

U50

SW60

EPU56

U90

IASW

102 103 104

1019

1020

1021

EPU46 -3.8m

EPU48-3.25m x2

IU22-2m

IU22-3m x2

Bri

llian

ce (

Phot

on/s

/0.1

%bw

/mm

2 /mr2 /0

.5A

)

Photon Energy (eV)

IU22 @ gap=5 mm

Taiwan Photon Source (TPS) – Hsinchu, Taiwan (continued)

µ-focus macromolecular crystallography (2013)(微聚焦巨分子結晶學光束線 )

High resolution inelastic soft-x-ray scattering (2013)(高解析非彈性軟 X光散射學光束線 )

Sub-µ soft x-ray photoelectron & fluorescence emission (2013)(次微米軟 X 光能譜學光束線 )

Coherent x-ray scattering (SAXS/XPCS) (2014)(軟物質小角度散射學光束線 )

Sub-µ x-ray diffraction (2014)(次微米繞射光束線光束線 )

Nano-probe (2014)(奈米探針光束線 )

Temporal coherent x-ray scattering (2014)(時間同調性散射光束線 )

TPS Phase I Beamlines

Taiwan Photon Source (TPS) – Hsinchu, Taiwan (continued)

101年 10月 3日

MAX IV – Sweden 2015

Graphical Overview of MAX IV Project

Initial MAX IV beamline program:

•BioMAX: for macromolecular crystallography

•VERITAS: for soft X-ray Resonant Inelastic X-ray Scattering (RIXS)

•HIPPIE: for electron spectroscopy

•NanoMAX: for micro- and nanobeams

•FemtoMAX: to facilitate studies of the structure and dynamics of materials

•ARPES: for angle resolved photo electron spectroscopy (ARPES)

•XAS: for in-situ hard X-ray spectroscopy

(Start of user operation planned for 2016) Initial MAX IV Beamlines Layout

https://www.maxlab.lu.se/node/647

https://www.maxlab.lu.se/sites/default/files/Oversikt_MIV_100226_eng.pdfEnergy[GeV]

Emittance

[nm-rad]

Circumference

[m]

Straight Sectionsm*section

Unit

3.0 0.2 - 0.3 5284.728m*20+1.3m*4

020 MBA

1.5 6 96 3.5m*12 12 DBA

MAX IV – Sweden (continued)

Overview of MAX IV Facility

The future:

•Multi-bend achromats

•The free electron laser

https://www.maxlab.lu.se/node/206

https://www.maxlab.lu.se/about

Synchrotron-light for Experimental Science and Applications in the Middle East (SESAME) – Amman, Jordan 2015

SESAME Building

Beamline Clock

Phase I beamlines:

1.Protein crystallography

2.X-ray absorption fine structure and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy

3.Infrared

4.Powder diffraction

5.Small and wide angle X-ray scattering

6.Extreme ultraviolet

7.Soft X-ray ultraviolet

Long-term:

Up to 18 further beamlines can be added

http://www.sesame.org.jo/sesame/

http://www.sesame.org.jo/sesame/images/SESAME_Brochures_and_Posters/X_Proof_Brochure_No07_from_CLD_FINAL.pdf

Energy

[GeV]

Emittance[nm-rad]

Circumference[m]

Straight Sections

m*sectionUnit

2.5 26 133.124.4m*8+2.4m*

812

DBA

Dalian Coherent Extreme-Ultraviolet User Facility – Dalian, China 2015

• Location: Dalian BEST City

• Budget: RMB$1.4 billion

• Range: 50 – 150 nm

• Schedule:

Approval of FEL project: 2011

Official launch of project: March 2012

Completion of device: 2015

• After completion, it will be unique in the world of basic science experiment platform.

SIRIUS – Campinas, Brazil 2016

• Up to 45 beamlines

• The conceptual design of the 13 lines of light began at the end of 2011

SIRIUS will replace the current source operated by the Brazilian

Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNLS) in Campinas

CNPEM campus

http://www.lnls.br/

http://www.lnls.br/blog/2011/10/24/sirius-new-brazilian-synchrotron-light-source/

Energy[GeV]

Emittance[nm-rad]

Circumference

[m]

Straight Sectionsm*section

Unit Beamlines

3.01.9

(Eff. Emit.)460.5 9.4m*10+5m*10 20 TBA up to 45