NUCLEAR WASTES ENVIRONMENTAL …NUCLEAR WASTE AND ENVIRONMENT Estimation of the soilEstimation of the soil-waterwater parameters (theta θ, etc.), etc.) 土の水分移動特性の測定

NUCLEAR WASTES &&

ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES IN

BULGARIABULGARIA

D Di itD Di it A tA t

ブルガリアにおける放射性廃棄物と環境問題

Dr. Dimitar Dr. Dimitar AntonovAntonov

Geological Institute, Bulgaria/Mie University, JapanGeological Institute, Bulgaria/Mie University, Japan

CONTENTCONTENT

Information about Bulgaria

I f b t & h kInfo about me & my research work

Nuclear wastes and Environment 放射性廃棄物と環境Nuclear wastes and Environment 放射性廃棄物と環境

Computer simulations コンピュータシミュレーション

Conclusion

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BULGARIABULGARIA

7 hours time difference9000 km distance11 hours airplane flight

7 hours time difference9000 km distance11 hours airplane flight

Gizan

GeologicalInstitute

Senior High School

BULGARIABULGARIA

Simple FactsSimple FactsSimple FactsSimple Facts

Founded: 681 A.D.

Population: ~7.5 million

Capital: Sofia cityCapital: Sofia city

Language: Bulgarian(Български език)(Български език)

Climate: Continental, ith h t (with hot summers (up

to 380C) and cold winters (up to -200C)winters (up to 20 C)

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BULGARIABULGARIA

Geographic informationGeographic informationGeographic informationGeographic information

Territory: 110 910 km110 910 km2 2 / Japan 377 873 kmJapan 377 873 km22Territory: 110 910 km110 910 km / Japan 377 873 kmJapan 377 873 km

with various landscape:

Five big mountains: Rila, Pirin, the Balkans (Stara

Planina) the Rhodopes and VitoshaPlanina), the Rhodopes and Vitosha

RilaRila 2 925 m 2 925 m / Fuji/ Fuji--san 3 776 msan 3 776 m

Two main lowlands: Moesia and Thrace

M i t b i Bl k S d th D b iMain water basins: Black Sea and the Danube river

BULGARIABULGARIA

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BULGARIABULGARIA

BULGARIABULGARIA

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BULGARIABULGARIA

l l i f il l i f iCultural informationCultural information:

Old Thracian center - 4th century BC ~ 6th century ADOld Thracian center - 4 century BC ~ 6 century AD

Early and mediaeval Christian center - 9th century ~ 1 th A15th century AD

Modern life - 19th century ~ nowadaysModern life 19 century nowadays

Bulgarian Specific Things: TourismTourism and Rose oil Rose oil d tid tiproductionproduction

BULGARIABULGARIA

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BULGARIABULGARIA

BULGARIABULGARIA

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BULGARIABULGARIA

BULGARIABULGARIA

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ME & MY RESEARCH WORKME & MY RESEARCH WORKSimple Factsp

Born: 1972, in Sofia

Ed ti U i it fEducation: University of Mining & Geology “St. Ivan Rilski”, 1991-1997,

Major: Hydrogeology and Engineering g gGeology

PhD: Geological gInstitute, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1999 20011999-2001

ME AND MY RESEARCH WORKME AND MY RESEARCH WORK

W k d h iW k d h iWork and research experienceWork and research experience

From January 2002:From January 2002: a specialist in Environmental yy pGeotechnics Department, Geological Institute

From April 2003:From April 2003: an associate researcher /assistantFrom April 2003:From April 2003: an associate researcher /assistant professor/ in the EGD, GI

From November 2007:From November 2007: a Japan Society for the PromotionFrom November 2007:From November 2007: a Japan Society for the Promotion of Science /JSPSJSPS/ long-term Fellow /2 years/

H t U i itH t U i it Soil Ph sics Laborator MieHost University:Host University: Soil Physics Laboratory, Mie University

ff f OHost Professor: Host Professor: Prof. TORIDE Nobuo

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ME AND MY REASEARCH WORKME AND MY REASEARCH WORK

Main research interestsMain research interests

Nuclear wasteNuclear waste disposaldisposal放射性放射性廃棄物廃棄物処理処理: site selection and site: site selection and siteNuclear waste Nuclear waste disposaldisposal放射性放射性廃棄物廃棄物処理処理: site selection and site : site selection and site investigation procedures investigation procedures 処理場の選定と調査処理場の選定と調査

Contaminant transport in the environmentContaminant transport in the environment 環境中の汚染物質の環境中の汚染物質の

移動移動

Soil based engineered barriersSoil based engineered barriers 土層の土層の人工バリヤー人工バリヤー

R k d il h i i ti tiR k d il h i i ti ti 岩盤と土の物理性調査岩盤と土の物理性調査Rock and soil physics investigationsRock and soil physics investigations 岩盤と土の物理性調査岩盤と土の物理性調査

ME AND MY RESEARCH WORKME AND MY RESEARCH WORK

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NUCLEAR WASTE AND ENVIRONMENTNUCLEAR WASTE AND ENVIRONMENT

NNnuclear power plant/nuclear power plant/NPPNPP//NNnuclear power plant/nuclear power plant/NPPNPP//原子力発電所原子力発電所

The Kozloduy NPPThe Kozloduy NPP

The design of the Belene NPPThe design of the Belene NPP


The necessity of repository for final disposal of the The necessity of repository for final disposal of the nuclearnuclear waste /waste /NNWW//核廃物（核廃物（NWNW）最終処分場の必要性）最終処分場の必要性

Kozloduy NPP is the main producer of Kozloduy NPP is the main producer of NNWW with about with about 80%, the other 20% are from medicene, industry and 80%, the other 20% are from medicene, industry and sciencescience

Three types of Three types of NNWW: low: low--, intermediate /LILW/ and high , intermediate /LILW/ and high level waste /HLWlevel waste /HLW/ / 33種類の核廃物種類の核廃物::低レベル，低レベル，中レベル中レベル，高レベル，高レベル

LowLow-- and intermediate level and intermediate level NNWW from Kozloduy NPP from Kozloduy NPP and the eventual new Belene NPP and the eventual new Belene NPP –– 80 000 m80 000 m33, high level , high level

tt l fl f 33waste waste –– only a few monly a few m33

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JAPANJAPAN

B “R di ti W tBy “Radioactive Waste Management Practice in East Asia and the Pacific, JAPAN”

JAPANJAPAN

In Japan, there are 53 NPPs which give 34% of the In Japan, there are 53 NPPs which give 34% of the total electricity production total electricity production 5353カ所の原子力発電所でカ所の原子力発電所で34%34%の発電量の発電量

JapaneseJapanese NPPNPPss areare the main producer of the main producer of NNWW with with more more thanthan 550%, the 0%, the rest rest are from medicene, industry and are from medicene, industry and sciencescience

Also tAlso three types of hree types of NNWW: low: low--, intermediate /LILW/ and , intermediate /LILW/ and ypyp ,,high level waste /HLWhigh level waste /HLW//

LowLow-- and intermediate level and intermediate level NNWW from from JapaneseJapanese NPPNPPssppare 1are 10 000 m0 000 m33 annually /for 1 year/annually /for 1 year/

By “Radioactive WasteBy Radioactive Waste Management Practice in East Asia and the Pacific, JAPAN”

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Current storage of lowCurrent storage of low and intermediate leveland intermediate level nuclearnuclearCurrent storage of lowCurrent storage of low-- and intermediate level and intermediate level nuclearnuclearwastewaste 現在の低レベル，現在の低レベル，中レベル廃棄物蔵庫中レベル廃棄物蔵庫

aa

Two steps of conditioning of Two steps of conditioning of NNW: /W: /aa/ / solid and liquid solid and liquid NNW are mixtured in 200W are mixtured in 200llbarrels and /barrels and /bb/ compacted barrels are / compacted barrels are put in BB cubesput in BB cubes

bb


Schematic crossSchematic cross section of one disposal modulesection of one disposal moduleSchematic crossSchematic cross--section of one disposal modulesection of one disposal module廃棄場の断面図

BB cubesmultilayermultilayer protective cover

soil-cement mixture

NW chamberNW chamber

concrete gravel or small stones

concrete NW chamber

base ground

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DDesignesign of depository system and transport modelof depository system and transport modelgg p y y pp y y p廃棄埋設場の設計と汚染物質の移動モデル廃棄埋設場の設計と汚染物質の移動モデル

``multibarrier`` safety approach:``multibarrier`` safety approach:多層バリヤーによる安全設計多層バリヤーによる安全設計

waste matrixwaste matrix,, barrelbarrel棄物棄物w s ew s e ,, b eb e 棄物棄物

engineeredengineered barriers,barriers, 人工バリヤー人工バリヤー

soilsoil medium /geosphere/;medium /geosphere/; 土，地殻土，地殻g p ;g p ;

degradation of the waste matrix after 300 years;degradation of the waste matrix after 300 years;300300年後の廃棄物の分解作用年後の廃棄物の分解作用300300年後の廃棄物の分解作用年後の廃棄物の分解作用

the the variable saturated mediumvariable saturated medium model model –– HYDRUS HYDRUS 2D/3D2D/3D..水分不飽和土中の汚染物質移動モデル水分不飽和土中の汚染物質移動モデル水分不飽和土中の汚染物質移動モデル水分不飽和土中の汚染物質移動モデル


Principal scheme of the main processes and Principal scheme of the main processes and pathways of the radionuclide migration in pathways of the radionuclide migration in the soil mediumthe soil medium

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Map of the Potential sites Map of the Potential sites / // /


A i f thA i f th M i hiM i hi V lV l llllA view of the A view of the MarichinMarichin ValogValog valleyvalley

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Borehole investigation of theBorehole investigation of the MarichinMarichin ValogValog sitesiteBorehole investigation of the Borehole investigation of the MarichinMarichin ValogValog sitesite


HydrogeologicalHydrogeological tests tests

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SSoil base conditionsoil base conditions of the of the Marichin Valog Marichin Valog sitesite


Schematic view of the main elements of theSchematic view of the main elements of the Marichin ValogMarichin Valog sitesiteSchematic view of the main elements of the Schematic view of the main elements of the Marichin ValogMarichin Valog sitesite

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Estimation of the soilEstimation of the soil--waterwaterEstimation of the soilEstimation of the soil waterwaterparameters (theta parameters (theta θθ, etc.), etc.)土の水分移動特性の測定土の水分移動特性の測定

COMPUTER SIMULATIONSCOMPUTER SIMULATIONS コンピュータシミュレーション

22total

2

PC C CR D C

tλθ

θ∂ ∂ ∂

= − −∂ ∂ ∂2t x xθ∂ ∂ ∂

TTransport equation for sorbing and decaying chemicalsransport equation for sorbing and decaying chemicalsTTransport equation for sorbing and decaying chemicalsransport equation for sorbing and decaying chemicals

土へ吸着，分解の生じる物質の土中の移動式土へ吸着，分解の生じる物質の土中の移動式

wherewhere RR is retardation factor [is retardation factor [ ]] CC is the solute concentration [M/Lis the solute concentration [M/L33]] tt is the time foris the time forwhere where RR is retardation factor [is retardation factor [--], ], CC is the solute concentration [M/Lis the solute concentration [M/L33], ], tt is the time for is the time for simulation [T], simulation [T], DD is the dispersion coefficient [Lis the dispersion coefficient [L22TT--11], ], xx is the simulation distance [L], is the simulation distance [L], PPtotaltotal is the total rainfall [LTis the total rainfall [LT--11], ], θθ is the soil water content [Lis the soil water content [L33LL--33], ], λλ is firstis first--order decay order decay constant [Tconstant [T--11].].constant [Tconstant [T ].].

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COMPUTER SIMULATIONSCOMPUTER SIMULATIONS

HYDRUSHYDRUSHYDRUS HYDRUS 2D/3D2D/3D

(ŠimůnekŠimůnek et al., et al., 20072007)

ComputerComputerComputer Computer program program for for simulatingsimulatingsimulatingsimulatingwater, heat and water, heat and solute solute movement in movement in two or three two or three dimensionaldimensionaldimensional dimensional variably variably saturated saturated


Preliminary migration analysis Preliminary migration analysis of Csof Cs--137137 in lateral directionin lateral directionセシウムセシウム137137の水平方向の移動の水平方向の移動セシウムセシウム137137の水平方向の移動の水平方向の移動計算計算

Node

Distance from the source

Appearance of Cs-137 Maximum

time concentration time concentration

m year Bq/m3 year Bq/m3

N1 0.5 0.16 2.77 E-29 225 12260

N2 1.0 1.30 1.43 E-30 375 7.19

N3 1.5 6.27 1.53 E-29 524 0.0046

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Preliminary migration analysis Preliminary migration analysis of of AmAm--242411 in lateral directionin lateral directionアメリシウムアメリシウム241241の水平方向の水平方向の移動計算の移動計算の移動計算の移動計算

Node

Distance from the source

Appearance of Am-241 Maximum

time concentration time concentration

m year Bq/m3 year Bq/m3

N1 -0.2 70 1.20 E-28 2700 1.80 E-23

N2 -0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

N3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

CONCLUSIONCONCLUSIONThere is a need to ensure the longThere is a need to ensure the long--term safety of a nuclear term safety of a nuclear

長期間長期間わたる放射性廃棄物わたる放射性廃棄物処理場の安全性処理場の安全性waste repository waste repository 長期間長期間わたる放射性廃棄物わたる放射性廃棄物処理場の安全性処理場の安全性の保証の必要性の保証の必要性

by evaluation of the radionuclide concentrations into the environmentby evaluation of the radionuclide concentrations into the environmentby evaluation of the radionuclide concentrations into the environment by evaluation of the radionuclide concentrations into the environment after some time period after some time period 環境中の放射性物質濃度の変化予測環境中の放射性物質濃度の変化予測

““MultibarrierMultibarrier” safety approach is used ” safety approach is used 多層バリヤーによる安多層バリヤーによる安全設計全設計

three components: waste matrix, engineered barriers and the three components: waste matrix, engineered barriers and the environment)environment) 廃棄物，人工バリヤー，周辺環境の廃棄物，人工バリヤー，周辺環境の33要素要素

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CONCLUSIONCONCLUSIONRainfalls Rainfalls –– the reason of the reason of radionuclide transport into the radionuclide transport into the

降雨が周辺環境の放射性物質の移動の原因降雨が周辺環境の放射性物質の移動の原因environmentenvironment 降雨が周辺環境への放射性物質の移動の原因降雨が周辺環境への放射性物質の移動の原因

The concentration of The concentration of radionuclidesradionuclides into the environment could into the environment could be evaluated with computer programs (HYDRUS, etc.)be evaluated with computer programs (HYDRUS, etc.)

コンピュータプログラムによる周辺環境への放射性物質濃度のコンピュータプログラムによる周辺環境への放射性物質濃度の予測が可能予測が可能

reliable parameter description of water flow and radionuclide transport reliable parameter description of water flow and radionuclide transport in unsaturated/saturated mediain unsaturated/saturated media 水分飽和，不飽和土中の水分移動，放水分飽和，不飽和土中の水分移動，放射性物質移動に関する信頼できる物性値を与えること射性物質移動に関する信頼できる物性値を与えること射性物質移動に関する信頼できる物性値を与えること射性物質移動に関する信頼できる物性値を与えること

БЛАГОДАРЯ МНОГО ЗА ВНИМАНИЕТО!

ご静聴ありがとうございました.ご静聴ありがとうございました.

THANK YOU VERY MUCH FOR YOUR ATTENTION!

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Documents

NUCLEAR WASTES ENVIRONMENTAL …NUCLEAR WASTE AND ENVIRONMENT Estimation of the soilEstimation of the soil-waterwater parameters (theta θ, etc.), etc.) 土の水分移動特性の測定