Nze Abuy, Rafael María. Breves datos históricos del pueblo fań. Spain: s.n., 1984

7/22/2019 Nze Abuy, Rafael María. Breves datos históricos del pueblo fań. Spain: s.n., 1984.

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tjdklj pjrj bi bn8:f`f, jud kujdef bl jspbktf ild`ùlstlkf bdtrb eb

iibdf bd Lj btdfif`lj. Ij kfstungrb y b usf cjd `bdkrjilzjef Lj

vfz Gjdtu bd bi ibdùjmb kfrrlbdtb.

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eb ifs kujibs prfkbeb Lj bspbklb ebrlvjej vbrgji.

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ifs nfefs jiuelefs (3 ).

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eb B`lptf --eb Lj pkdhdsdij eb Gjgr..e.@uji-. [b b=ubdeljff

pfr ijs zffjs kfildejdtks. [k`Rd dutjkl9nbs frjibs eb ifs ?

dfs hj , qub cjgijd eb sus hjnliljs y ` b f b ~ j k l 9 i f k s - u E L [ uådjy efs (`bfbrlA=lffbs i sjcbd kfunbrjr eb LEKLLiFrlj jiùdfs eb kiifs

sld b q u l v f k j r s b - ~ sus jdtbpjstefs df iib`jrfd ji ldtbrlfr eb K

nkdld, gjstj ebspubs eb udfs kujtrfklkdtfs jøfs1 y, ->ukljefs

pfr Lj kbrfnlj eb Lj pijyj y pfr ijs ~ ' R i e j s qub eb Lj nlsnj

iib`jrfd j sus f l e f s ~ df pjdufd gjsi* ~ t r s b sfgrb ifs Ln.

ebrfs effeb gfy rjeljd. Df k=s t u b j li ebtbrnldjr ifs pbdf.

efs eb elkgj njrkgj j ujvbs eb tjdtjs elhlkuitjebs,. gfsqubs yseds kndjrjøjejs1 pfr hubrzj tuvlbrff qub sbr pbrlfefs nuy

ijr`fs< ebsilrldefsk pjui.tldjnbdtb. Jhunjd qub eurntb su ebs

pijzjnlkdrf gjklj ijs kfstjs ee Jejdtlkf sus i*hrbs turlbrff qub

kfd udj rjzj eb jdtrfpF `fs y kff ifs kdnfs pbrelk=E-

ef nukgj `kdtb bd ijs iukgjs qub ffftd eifs tuvlbrjd. BL

eb ifs hj gjklj bi Fkklebftb rbklgl8 lnpuisf n*s eb Lj hukdj

eb nMnbrf qub eb REJ bstdtqR nliltu ? eb elsb8fs eb K=FF.

qulstj. Ijs Ritlnjs hjsbs eb ijs qub ifs gj K FE9Lj.1efgjstj ijs rfsus ebi Jtijdtlkf g3klj e jlf :30?.. tuvlbrfE • ifsbwfpbfs pfr tbs t lp . kIbs hj --elkb bi _ h t C. Urliibt

sfdt p @ ebs Jutfkgtcffbs. Fd iks j vus j p p b r s l ~ su @bgkj.

l i y • qub:qubs k=tlzjldbs e'jdfbs pku dfngrjd e jgfdi pius j..els bdsultb. p`fjdt pbu • pbu eu t j U l d ~ rkhfuijdt edjdt bw==

tfutbs ibs trlgus X Flslfbs. Eu j..nu. v.=L'[ :38?< lbs L R F Z ~ i

:8? nliibs eb Lj k8tb ffre,. sur Lj Y ~ Djrkcb ht

sur ~ eb i...jngubfb,. l i j jfs. Bj :307

pfur Mj prjdlbrb hfls,. RE kgbh hntt ~ Mj nlssljE 9Mb

s.ldt-Njrlb eb L..lgrdliib. Bd : 3 < : ~ pht=s eb Ijngjrbfb ff

i pbldb quequbs-uds eb ikurs vlÖjjbs. _ius jj sue. ejs ~ Cjjt

br ib M;bs.KiWfwb, LE\bs e ~ sudfut w d Mb anjf. j j Gkul,.=..trfuvb bs Ens intbdbur pius :fn w f :b jfk.I

:2



ens kzs hfns - D[ fj EF[ kfdbs Arlvjit slnpibnbn tb.

jinilbs iffp (<).

-. - - - ..I.. LV h L eb -:' * ***: pfpbsju «B jd j tr= i<b[ pbqubffs

M:::_ 2 n .V rqlffbs gjiiluejs pfr ifs gnt?0 ik=s hjkliil8 Lj jsl

nlijå8u y jhjwirmnmdt id pjeuji eb ifs jutFktfffs y Mj jejp-

jålj j ns in,un. \ jsl . nlnld[ bs jlld j pb-j r eb g KL:LEb2 nf ifs t.dnp e prlnltlvf tlpf LFLE3tlrf hj80

su ninr7 . kf jnglfii MMb gj lef jejpinef j Lj eb ifs lfehp

. .V Nue=.M2 er g ..ir rl ' eb sf kui::::; 2?:: gfy KRùlREe j Lj

eb np eb Lj rql8f effek gjgltn.

Ij trlgn tqM'kduldfjc eb Lj hjnlilj ~ u u Bwfdef,

&fj ujdps. Nweb. Bffj i * j•fu kfnf kullf jnb g gn.

tE ee ùnjRj njlelfjji,. elrleNBd = Ig n kg trffkfs. igklje ljjjlw sr knj1uff g jnj f E'zlnj j Lj rlgjj ebrj=cj ee

j..... jElf jMLL Fiiji tMlgjs l EPF le 1 g.klj Lj kfstj, ifs gjafaf

M g t .j, g ejjij g Llngj, pjjeftbs y nnjrljftj n •

g p1ljjelww gjgls eb Hj-WLLvid _ff

V h i i • •d rw 0 i i i ipij

hlN - nrr g . jf hFE njy elhbrjttj eb ijs fujs rjzjsee J&lj fkrmerfkje jjjef Mb elBjjMklbf nueMF eb . . .

Rmjl j l u ifkjibs pfi' • jwud jcj . pfk bi ffifr nj kMj.

n, kjsl nmlzMf f tlpf . . . hljf y N jnhtln1 tjngl

. . . . . . . . . . . nlW e g kfifr eb kcfkfgr.b FLKP'F, elkn ifs biÖ8-

ifp.

i..j Mnjuj &5, nnf ijj ft tN i quN sjul-gjdtR f gjftulzj

kij, pijKFtj LLMLLej bibnbdr?: KFLMLL LZC ??? ijs Mbdpjs LMjtRpkjp•nntt ele., nN gjin ud slstbnj eb prbhlmfs dP qub

eb jjhlmk. (: ?).

(<) ULLL.R2, f. k., pp. d.,M.(:?) ht@Jwr, L. ...... k u. .. t ? .wf :<0,,

ML_. <-LM.

:8

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bstuelf sk ilnltj ji `rupf n gjgltjnb n ifs trbs

lkdtks ee Jhrlkj Fkklekftji d=klbdtknbdtb ldebpbdel-

ckr= Kjnkdld. @jg8f y kspkkljinbdtb. j ifs R [ eb

ntfrljM effeb nfrjd ifs dt::::::: ifs f y pbqukÖfs

. ~ W l b d . BL dfvbnj pfr klbnf eb Mj pfgijkl8d eb @uM

rRM bs hje. Ufefs ifs ~ gjgi7f e nlsnf lelfnj ... ..

kljef E khPbktfs.

ibdtb qub tjdlF e krlstPMlsnf KELEF Mj kf fdlzjk •8d

: bmkrklef `dn ldhMubdklj bf Lj jetini hjrh== n sus :::?:

. :jMùj b ldeusf bf MR . ~ ~ M b ~ M u i l e j e .



KJ_LURP LL

Fr`jdizjklfd sfklfpfiltlkj prbkfifdl i eb ifs hj {

Bd Lj bpfkj prbkfifdlji bi `rupf btdlkf tbdhj udj fr`jdlzj

kl8d sfklf-pfiltlkj y kuiturji prfplj, ij kuji hub jslnlijdef ifs

ebnbdtfs eb ij kuiturj gjdtu y jejptjdefsb j ifs nlsnfs bd i

prfkbsf eb su gjdtulzjkl8d. Eb jch qub vbd`j j kfldklelr elkcj

fr`jdlzjkl8d sfklf-pfCtlkj y kuiturji kfd ij eb ifs gjdtu, kfdsbr

vjdef vjrljdtbs y kjrjktbrhstlkjs prfpljs. Ifs h ~ tbdhjd nfdjr

quljs, y bd Lj bpfkj eb ijs nl`rjklfdbs y eb su bstjgibklnlbdtf

bdtrb ifs gjdtu, mbhjturjs pfpuijrbs, jsjngibjs pfpuijrbs nbeljd

tb ifs kujibs sb bmbrej i pfebr. Ifs usfs y kfstungrbs trjelklf

djibs kfdstltuhjd ibybs fgil`jtfrljs.

Ij fr`jdlzjkl8d sfklf-pfihtlkj hjrh sb kfnpfdhjd bd prlnbr iu-

`jr eb Lj «de b gft±, ebi tbrnldf «dej±, kjsj y «gft±, piurji eb

« n g f t ~ `bdtb, pbrsfdj, ldelvleuf cunjdf vjr8d f cbngrj. Bs-

tjs vfkbs, bdtrjdef bd kfnpfslkl8d y pfr buhfdhj, sb bskrlgbd ysb prfdudkljd «de b gft±, bd vbz eb «dej gft±. [l`dlhlkj `bdtb

eb Lj nlsnj kjsj, hjnlilj bd sbdtlef bstrlktf, `bdtb eb jskbdebdklj

kfnud1 jsl sb elkb «glj nldj glsb de b gft±, vfsftrfs y dfsftrfs

df ebskbdebnfs ebi nlsnf trfdkf jrgfi `bdbji8`lkf1 «dvf` b

gfl±, `bdtb ebi nlsnf pubgif f djkl8d, hjnlilj dukibjr, hjnlilj

`rjdeb prfkbebdtb eb ud trfdkf kfnud= dvf` Fdefd, dvf` Ngj

dvf` Nbybnjd`ø1 bstf bs, ifs ebskbdelbdtbs eb Fdefd, ifs eb

Ngl ifs eb Nbybnjd`ø. «Btudj gft±, bstlrpb, `rupf eb ildjmbs

qub kfdstltuybd udj zfdj f jrbj `bf`rjhaki ebi ejd. «Jr °fn gft±,

ildjmb, `rupf eb hjnlilj-pfgijef. «Jyfd gft±1 sl`dlhlkj efs kfsjs=

: kijd1 7) trlgu tfnjej kfnf kfdmudtf eb kijdbs eb Lj nlsnj

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btdlj. Jsh v. `r. ifs b s b ~ ifs b s ~ t d v u s ifs zfnf ifs f a ~ t s btk. sfd

kijdbs eb Lj «ii MFd / ~ t J ± (eb Lj trlgu hjJ), bs ebklr tfefs biifs sfd

hjd pubs ud knfd bsbd± bs jslnlsnf ud «nfd hju{,.. Ij vfz ~ t y f Mebrlvj ebi tbrnldf «iiMFlt±, vjibdtlj qub ldelkj `bdtb vjilbdtb

ùbrrbrj. BL ejd kfdstltuhj Lj ldstltukl8f sfklf-pfRtlkj gjslkj eb

ifs h ~ BL `rupf btdlkf hjth, kfnpubstf eb `rjdebs `rupfs kij-

dlkfs brj kjpltjdbjef pfr ud Mbhb suprbnf1 pbrf pfr rjzfdbs ebLj kxf`jnlj ki.ldlkj y sfgrb tfef eurjdtb Mj bpfkj eb ijs nl`rj

klffbs eb ifs nlsnfs Lj trlgu hn{ sk hub hrjkklfdjdef bd `rupfs

kinlkfs njs pbqubøfs ùljefs pfr 2?[ rkspbktlvfs mbhbs ? kju

eliifs pbrf kffskrvjfef slknprb Lj udleje btdlkj h j ~ t ji pjr qub

sk lgj p r ~ Lj udleje fjklffji trlgji. kJud kjrbklbfef eb

lustltuklffks pfiltljs supkrlfrbs y gjglbfefsk pbrelef kjsl bi rb

kukref eb ifs mkhbs kffeuktfkbs eki pukgif, qub jkjsf bd j:`Rd nf

nkftf tuvlkrff jtk`frlj udlvbrsji pbreurj ud klbrtf sbdtlefsuprbfjklffji qub pft-\ ' [ ekdfnlfjr kf klkrtf nfef djklf

fji. (::).

HMlkrljd KE Mj kkxmNje hjd R[F[ y kfstungrbs trjelklfdjMks K?E

hubjj eb iky eb jngltf trlgjM y kdrjkPRkf. Rd bmbnpif eb biif

bs Lj jpiljej j tfkg ifs ejfks.

Bf Lj k nifflji ijs jutfrlejeks kfifdPbs ldtrfeumbrfd bd

ifs tkrrlifrlfs cjgltjen pfr ifs :: `rupfs eb ftrjs btdP KFMibi hld eb eht-:lrjr M ejkuwpfubr Mj udleje trlgj:-djklfdji ee`rupf ekglilt. y eCfkljr jslnlsnf ifs ejdks kfd nlrjs j

gji=jr jùd eb pbiiRL J bstb prfp8:ltf elkb KFE njdl8bst.j

grurjilkhje Mjlnb DfstK k i dnj pjnub y ijs jvjn=jejs pjnubsgjE pjelef yj e kddkrptf eb kfddnleje trlgji y LFMi eb ud Md

el\l lbbjimknf jM : jrjcib jM eb kujiqulbr burfpbf (jhunjkl8d eetfef Lj : btff =Rulj) g pukgg cjd eksjpjrkklef y sb gjd

elst V.=dbf uuj pfrkl f eb pbqwwd.,. pfggefs kfd ud mbhbe°LMf j quln .jjelb gjkb ?::?. Bj Lj zfdj Frlbftji pfkf njtbjej

7?



kfdsbrvjd pjrtb eb bsb priniRXisnf, jiùdjs eb kuyjs .njdlhbs

tjklfdbs sfd= Lj jyuej nutuj qub kfdstjdtbnbdtb sb prbstjd1 Lj

bxlstbdklj eb pfgijefs nukcf njyfrbs j pbsjr eb Lj pfihtlkj db

kbsjrlj qub sb lnpusf cjkb quldkb f vbldtb jhlfs, qub tbdelj j

elsfkljr trlgus (ibjsb kijdbs), kfd fgmbtf eb qub, ebgliltjefs, pbr-

elbrjd su jhjd eb ùbrrbjr. Bstjs trlgus hibjsb kijdbs) df bst=7d

hfrnjdef udj udleje tbrrltfrlji. .. ebglef j efs kjusjs= Lj yj kltjej y Lj jrtlhlklji elsfkljkl8d eb ifs pfgijefs, ldtrfeuklbdef bd

ijs tlbrrjs eb udj trlgu (kijd) pfgijefs sb`rb`jefs eb ftrg (:7).

BL pubgif H ~ kfnf cbnfs elkcf cjkb pfkf, hub ud pubgif

ùbrrbrf, `fgbnjef pfr ud mbhb f kjueliif bib`lef bd jsjngibj

pfpuijr. [b bib`lj eb freldjrlf ji njs vjilbdtb bd ;6;lljs ùbrrb-

rjs, judqub sld bskjtlnjr ftrjs k u j i l e j e ~ y vlduebs klvlkjs. Ib

jslstlj ud kfdsbmf eb «gblliigfrf± jdkljdfs), qub °brj ud vbrej-

ebrf 8r`jdf eb kfdtrfi pfiltlkf y muelklji1 y, j Lj vbz qub kfd

trfijgj bi bmbrklklf eb ifs pfebrbs p:Mgilkfs ebi mbhb, `jrjdtlzjgj

tjnglbd bi hudklfdjnlbdtf eb ifs trlgudjibs f murjefs. Brj lfeb-

pbdelbdtb Lj jenldlstrjkl8d eb Lj mustlklj. Bstj sb bmbrej j trjvbs

ebislstbnj eb ifs «gbtb nbezf• y eb : 2 ~ g b t 8 • (murjefs).

BL « J c j ~ (:;) f hfrf bstjgj prbslelef pfr bi mbhb, nlbdtrjs

ij prbslebdklj ebi murjef kfrrbspfdelj j ifs ~ g b t 8 • {murjef, mub-

:7) Dfrd ^. Dft::: ,bfvj/ljii, /lsajs : ~ k : : 8 n a j s s f c r ~ ifs t ~ l t f -rlfs ~ s p j d f a s e ~ i @fi/f Mb @ u l ~ j Njerle, :<50, p. 50.

:;) Jgj bs bi hfrf hj51 bstf bs, d efdeb sb rjuevbd Lfty r fejM w kubstlfdki qub sb prbtbdtjd1 kj bi ~ l t l f efdeb g trlgudjMkj hMMfyn y MRMtjdkljd ijs kjtMMu1 kurlj, y kujdtf kfdklbnb jM bmkrklef eb ij jkuukl8d y ee'bnj y j g prlktlj eb Lft trlgudjij h.LM. Bj uh nl:nf KRJ ebnnM8d, kfnbefr prldklpji eb :n cfngrj ebi pubgif, ifji eb rkjn, btk..

Ij brdej trjeukkl8f Kjtj eb Lj pjggrj• hub cbkcj, df sb ugb pfr qumn,eb g hrub h ~ •de5 n ~ e 8 . - , eb :G vfkbs •de kju) L hiez8 f tiz M hpiurji•nRhz8 ? jxz8•) kubitl8d, uudtf, pibltf, prfgibnj, LMtl`lf btk. Fb Lcr °wiez8• (rkjfivbr udj rubstl8d), y dbR nbez8• 9hfrf). _brf ~ pfk=f KE-

jfkbefr eb g Lbd uj 8, trjeumf •jM=e. pfr piii5grj qub bd hj,{ i l jpfdeb

jM tjnnf ' bhù 1 y eb bstj brrjej ujeukkl8d cj djklef Lj hrub °k.u ebg _ji.jgrj •. Bd Lj prkkfifdw cjghj tljEprb bd • MP • ud kubrpf ebMRRelj elMpujt.f • ldtjXbdlr bd juiqulbr LEFLEbÖiF.

7:



kbs ., qub emkunmdjgjd ij sbdd=dklj, flefs ifs t b s t l ` f s ~ sbdttdklj

qub sb prfnnkljgj ebspubs eb ud jrfpåf eb ejrfs y eb elktånb-

dbs ejefs bd kjsfs pjrbklefs ji ebgjtlef.

Ij prfplbeje, ldstltuklFd murlelkj, ldklelj bd ij rfdkbpkl8d

brfd8nlkj ebi `rupf btdlrf h&{. _brf bd ij bpfkj eb ifs «• tfa•

(ijs `rjdebs nl`rjklfdbs), ij prfplbeje bstjgj bd hudklff eb su

kjdlktbr nl`rjtfrlf. Bd ij bpfkj prbrfifdlji cuff brfdfnlj eb

tllS4 kfnudltjrlf= prfplbeje kfibktlvj eb tlbrrj, elvls.l8d ee trj

gjmf, bkfdfnlj eb tlpf hjnliljr.

J hldbs ebi slìf SXLLL jpjrbkb bdtrb ifs hjd ij bkfffn(j

nfdbtjrlj kfd Lj jkuø.je8d eb ifs « g l a p F i j ~ . Ebspubs ebi sjqubf

y eb ij rbpjrtlkl8d ebi Jhrlkj pfr ijs pftbdkljs rfifdljibs. ij f r`j

dlzjkl8d sfklf-pfiltlkj, kuiturji y hjnliljr h j ~ suhrc.Y udj `rjd

ebskfnpfslkl8d, ud `rjd ebsbqulilgrlf, udj krlsls y qulbgrj eb

lrrbpjrjgibs kfdsbkubdkljs. J pjrtlr eb ijs ldebpbdebdkljs pfi(.

kikjs ifs pubgifs jhrlkjdfs sb bnpbl'ljd bd sbùlr dubX(i[ ebrrf-

tbrfs bd ifs kujibs trjtjd eb kfnpj`ldjr if pjsjef kfd bi prb

sbdtb, kfd bi hld eb kfdstrulr ud huturf njs f nbdfs pr pbrf.

Fr`jdlzjklfd pfiltikj h ~ bd Lj bpfkj. kfifdifi

Bd bstj bpfk Lj fr`jdlzjkl8d pfCta R hjii du bs ytY udlht.irnb

bd if rbhbrbdtb j bstrukturjs y kujerfs pfRtafs e b h l d l e f . . ~ t = n•tt

glbd ji`f nuy kfnpiblf y kfd vjrljdtbs nutlkbs. B.d ij Y.9tinudi°

eje pficlkj kfifdlji h j ~ sb ebsjrrfiijgd ud iirYiKK''t.' k ik= t u = e , ) d b ~ teb ifs kujibs rbsuitugj ud frebd n ~ 9 i nbdf vldi°ucntt- eb ~ ( , d •vlvbdklj. Cjg{j trlgus qub df p r k ~ b d t j g d d \ ud idait 5..i i't 'dit i

eb `fglbrdf, pbrf sb elvlecn bd l r u p k . i ~ bd :.-s qub :5-iti ~ . t l / : : .ifs n auaunj f g dvbt (mbhbs eb j i e ~ s ) . y v ~ ~ ' ~ b t . , i i iiY::

g ~ l l l i g f r f , ifs jdejdfs tfnugjd : . ~ e k ~ e t t l f d k s . Ijtt . t Y i K N ~ r . ~ .Rjnjejs t j n g l ~ d pfgcjefs. dntkttjg&jd M i b d b r • i n t d t ~ et' Mfs clik=

rjs eb kjsjs, bd nbelf. Lj kjiib prldep:i 5ub tbdc' • X« t'ti ht,rn•

eb pijzj1 bd udf eb ruyfs b x t ~ n f s f bd nbeif. rjrjs X t K K [ ~ bd

77



sbhttn R ' j d $ Y ~ , ~ t D :j .,.. (Y ~ ~ Y k Y , u ~ ,.Vglbht K$$: ~ pjijcrt Y .. ).

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~ udlff ek r l . - ~ • i e ~ s ~ ' t i Y Y ' Y ' ,, ~ t ~ t ~ i Yh ' ' ' .. ' ' VV - '"=iYc•d

ub,jr ~ t t i Y t t i c . - ~ ' ' -ctn ' ' ~ ~ ° ( Y ~ ' ~ a ~ t n ~ ' '"' "''''KY' ,. ek elt'i '""s.-s. H ~ ' ~ ' ' ' ~ ' d ' ' ' ' 5 i ~ a t t Y ~ ' ' N • ° ~ , . c ' ' ~ebi ~ r g f i R.-d,.-e,, hih/t.l), ' ' ' ~ ' ' ~ ' ' ' ~ . ~ u t Y i ~ i c Y ~ ' ' ' ' ' Y , ~ ' ':: htsliih (Y Ntltslii t Y ' ~ ' ' ), J ' ' ' ' ~ ' ' ' 9 ' ' ' ~ t.-,( ' ' ~ ' ~ ' , ..

$ R ~ k ' ti t v • r i • ~ ' ~ = ''Y" ' ~ ' ' ' ~ N t + Y ~ l ~ N N ' ' Y ,

kff ~ n k d t ~ ' ° Y'YY? i ~ i r d t , ~ r i ~ ù d Y"-"''''"' n ~ ~ '' ' ' 'Y ' ' ' ~ , ..

h b r l e , ~ ~ ~ ..1,.. I ~ tl ti ( ~ ~ ' D '''ctr-d"- Y' ' ~ Y t 5 W (c,'l"•eb d l ~ tblie•tt) y, ' ' ~ ' ' ~ ,u . l, ' ' ~ ' ''' e' • ,,, ,°cw i'r•t•

r b d t ~ n ~ d t ~ . Fac•ii ~ ' ~ ' ' ' Yh ''' h'' i ,,, .. •' ' ' Ycn°eu ijtt k ~ ' u ~ ~ '-'YYFtttrYY{"" Y'YY? ~ P t t . '' tY Y Y Y i C h . - i ~ d e.-Y'YYii ' ' ' '

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rbjie"tt (Y{''' ' ' ~ ~ m . e / : 5 ,, ~ , . ..,,. ' ''''• ~ ' Y l ' - ' ' ' ' i • t ~ ,,,pugije(i •d :. ' ' - ' ~ f d i . - : c(w ' ''' '' 'inn ' ' ~ ' ' ' ' ° ° ttd '" ,.,,"

~ - f d t r N k i 8 h t ' ' ' v"ri"j '''' ' .-i ' ' ' Y.'YY 'i' '•c' ' ' ' '•"ri.-, C'gu::, cjgtti ' d ' ' ~ m , t ° ~ , ' t i ' ' ' ~ u ° R ~ i h t t ' (i'c ' 'kfdtrjri''-'° ih 'frie '' tsr tit•Y'i' " '"'''' ' '''-' t•t• h5Y ' ' t ' h t i ' h Y ~ .

Y '(Y jjrRLY(i D)R ' , u ~ , , i , Y d ''' i•t'• ''''' ''''' ' '' ' - ' i' ' ' ' ' ~K(uu-.dirj"i•tt. IJ• rit'tui"• ' ' ' ' ''' Y '' '"" ii•v•c. ' ' t•t•, - - ~ ' ' ' 'pfr ' ' •\' ' '' ' ' ''' '''' ''' Y - - ~ , . , , . . V , , , , ''ur ' ' ''' •fiu ' ' ' •u°i '- '° iYu '''''rnc'"tiY'N , ° . - ~ C ~ , .,,c ... ''' '' ' ''''' ith

trNR'D iit' L L * R L Y L ( ~ i't'h•h'Y'LCK'" Y'"""nittCcRi. ' ''' t l i i Y c i ~ t Y ' ' i'ttc'Y K'h e ~ cYit nuittn tlt t'eN'L. rridY'ilYNcRhiYih ett iNli i i t u d ~ L N - t'ti

ntDli \ titt cut Y iRh cNccn t•dieY' u t.-,cn ' ' ' ' ~ 'ciiYRi. I.j YYLR°

nj i':i:cr" '"'ri't'iihYt'iYtit.- L• NRc•ti''' ' '"''''"'"' Jitt"""" u:i ••(,uY '''iicR'l.' "d LN ~ i ' 5 . : i ° • i ' ~ ~ ' i d d i • i t ' t ~ t i • t t u ~ • iY:Yc' ' ' tlRYcllNih

.,



eb ebtbrnldjefs mbhbs f rbybzubifs, if`rjdef cjkbr trlgutjrlfs j

ftrjs trlgus f kijdbs. Hubrfd kbibgrbs bd bstb sbdtlef bi hjnfsf

hbmb MjM-bsbhh iijnjef D`gj Dzb «bi rby Deljdyjyb, qub tbdlj bi

kubrpf tjtujef, ifs kjgbiifs y Lj gjrgj trbdzjefs, iibvjgj ud jdl

iif eb kfgrb bd bi plb ud kfiijr kfnpubstf eb tjilsnjdbs y ud

bskuef eb plbibs1 bi rby Dafngb, kfdvbrtlef pfr ifs db`rbrfs

bd ud etbrb ldtfxlkjef kfd jùjrelbdtbs. [b cjej iijnjr rby sfi,pfrqub iibvjgj ud sfngrbrf jitf bd bi kuji bstjgj `rjgjef ud

sfi eb kfgrb1 elkcf sfngrbrf ib hub rb`jijef pfr ud kfnbrkljdtb

jibnjd± :2).

BL kjr`f eb mbhb eb udj hbebrjkl8d eb pubgif hjd df brj yj

cbrbeltjrlf bd Lj brj kfifdlji dl tjnpfkf bi kjr`f eb mbhb eb

trlgu, eb mbhb eb jiebj f pfgijef. BL mbhb brj ebsl`djef pfr bi

jenldlstrjefr tbrrltfrlji eb Lj zfdj efdeb rjelkjgj Lj jiebj. Bd

jiùdjs trlgus tjibs ju tfrlejebs tbdijd t jnglbd hudklfdbs rbil

`lfsjs bspbkljinbdtb bd if qub sb rbhlbrb j Lj prfspbrleje `bdb

rjt hbrtlileje eb Lj tlbrrj y eb ifs kjnpfs, ldkrbnbdtf ebi `j

djef, btk.

\j cbnfs elkcf qub ifs bibnbdtfs kfdstltutlvfs eb Lj fr`j

dlzjkl8d sfklf-pfiltlkj hjd sfd= deb gft hjnlilj, bstlrpb), y f ~kijd, sug-trlgu y j vbkbs trlgu), zå jiebj, pubgif), ddjn pjhs,

djkl8d). Bstb u ~ r n l d f tfnjef bd sbdtlef ejslkf h j ~ sl`dlhlkj

df s8if Lj hbebrjkl8d eb vjrlfs pubgifs, j Lj kuji cbnfs cbkcf

yj jiusl8d ildkjs jtdls, sldf t n g l ~ d bi kfdmudtf eb jiebjs eb qub

kfdstjgj udj trlgu, sl glbd bxlstlbrj udj jutfdfnhj sug-trlgjt y

ud ifji.

Bd M bpfj kfifdlji kfnbdz8 j ebsnfrfdjdb pfkf j pfkf L.fr`jdlz jkl8d sfklf-pflltlkj kijslkj y trjelklfdji h j ~ pjrj kuinldjr

7 K



bd j kjsl kfnpibtj burfpblzjkl8d eb vjrlfs bstjnbdtfs sfkljibs bd

j bpfkj pfskfifdlji jktuji jud kujdef vjrljs ldstltuklfdbs kfdsbr°

vjd jtld ijs jdtlùjs bstrukturjs pfiitlkf-sfkljibs hjrt Ifs nfvlnlbd°

tfs pfsldebpbdebdtlstjs b rbvjifrlzjkl8d b ijs kucurjs ifkjibs

bstjd rbvlsjdef ifs bnbdtfs eb elkcjs kuiturjs pjrj ldkfrpf

rjrifs bd ijs ib`lsijklfdbs sur`lejs j rj{z eb ijs ldekpbdebdkljs

pfihtlkjs b ifs pubgifs jhrlkjdfs1 cjy tkdebdkljs j vjivbr j ifjut8ktfdf.





KJ_LURIF :::

Kfn::Eleje tjÖ

Jiùdfs bskrltfrbs usjd prfnlskujnbdtb ijs vfkbs FLLLLLLLltMNi

y s f k l ~ M l i i i ejdefibs bi nlsnf sl`dlhlkjef. [ld bngjr`f, kd e ibd-

ùjmb tbkrukf df sb bnpibjd elkgfs tbrnldfs udlvfkjnbdtb. Bd

pb.dlkuijr Lj pijgrj sfklbeje tlbdb udj `rjd vjrlbeje eb sl`dlhlkj-

efs= Cjgijnfs, v. `r eb sfklbeje gunjdj bd `bdbrji y qubrb.

nfs ejr j bdtbdebr Lj tftjiibije eb ijs rejklfdbs eb ifs cfngrbs

bdtrb sl y ifs vldkuifs qub eb biijs djkbd. Bd sbdtlef njs bstrlktf,

Lj bxprbsl8d sfklbeje ebsl`dj tfej udl8f eurjebrj y bhlkjz eb gfn-grbs pjrj Lj rbjilzjkl8f eb ud fgmktlvf f vjifr kfnRd.. Bd bstb

sbdtlef" ijs pjijgrjs sfklbeje y kfnudleje sff sld8flnjs.

BL kfdkkptf eb kfnudleje sb kfftdpffb ji eb sfklbeje kun

ef bstb ilnltj su kfnprbdsl8f j ijs jsfkljklffks jrtlhlkljibs y 8-

fjilstjs, Ejnjdef kfnudlejeks Rdlj M'K )tb j ijs bstruktur&[ gb-

sjejs bd vldkuifs fjturjiks ( :8). Kujdef gjgPdfs rfnjfl-

eje . ejnfs j bdtbdebr klkdj udlFf bdtrb pkrsffjs huEejiis bdud vjifr kfnlld1 jsl kxlstb udj KFLLLRLLleje eb r jE eb jnfk, eb

lEtbrbsks, btk. _ft e gbkgf eb putlklpu- ldelvleujinjub bf klkgf

vjMfr kfnlld,. hfrnjd Mjs pkrsffjs REj KFLLLREle.e. K. wt Mùleje bs,.

pft k=feb . Mj udlFf eb puski?3[ x RE X..Mfr KSilllFf. i..j KFGLLLLLl-

kM.e bs slknprb ud gbkgf ldtbrlfr y fg1ktltf. Bs ud gkkcf flM1b.

nf. M=MFdlRb ifs vjgbs vldkuijnrs [Fii rdlPhbers. gl l lF sl sb

(:8) ~ J K • iw t i @b-«... . Ln. pp.rd :?:.



trjtj eb vjifrbs yj ejefs yj rbjilzjefs kfnf sl sb trjtj eb vj-

ifrbs j rbjilzjr eb «ldtbrbsbs±. Ij kfnudleje bs jebnjs ud cbkcf

ldtbrlfr jud bd ifs kjsfs bd qub bi vjifr kfnudltjrlf kfdslstj bd

ud ldtbrbs bxtbnf1 pubs bi cbkcf eb elrl`lrsb j ud hld kfnud

udb Lftlnjnbdtb bdtrb sl bi pbdsjnlbdtf y Lj vfiudtje eb ifs

ldel vleufs.

Ij kfnudleje cbkcf fgmbtlvf b ldtbrlfr bs kfnpibtjej pfr

hjktfrbs bxtbrlfrbs y sugmbtlvfs qub lnprlnbd j Lj udl8d fgmbtlvj

b ldtbrlfr ud kjrjktbr nfrji sugmbtlvf y eb pugilkleje= BL hjktfr

sugmbtlvf bs b sbdtlnlbdtf eb kfnudleje Mj jhlrnjkl8d kfdsklbdtb

ebi vjifr kfnudltjrlf y eb Lj udl8d gjsjej bd i nlsnf. BL sbd-

tlnlbdtf eb kfnudleje df ebgb kfdhudelrsb kfd Lj kfldklebdklj

eb frlbdtjkl8d bd i pbdsjr y qubrbr ud vjifr kfnud.

fklbeje

L kfdkbptf eb sfklbeje jhljeb ji eb kfnudleje ud dubvf bib-

nbdtf Lj fr`jdlzjkl8d. Kujdef Lj udl8d krbjej pfr ud vjifr kf-

nud bs sfnbtlej j udj ebtbrnldjej fr`jdlzjkl8d qub ib prbstj

hfrnj kfdslstbdtb y ebhldlej Lj kfnudleje sb trjdshfrnj bd sf-

klbeje. Ij sfklbeje df bs pfr if tjdtf njs qub udj kfnudleje

fr`jdlzjej. Jsi pfr bmbnpif Lj sfklbeje bstjtji bs Lj kfnudleje

djklfdji fr`jdlzjej.

Kfnudleje y sfklbeje pfr bdeb df sfd fpubstjs1 sb bdhrbd-

tjd pbrf df sb bxkiuybd sldf qub Lj sfklbeje ldkiuyb Lj kfnu-

dleje1 cjgrj eb bxlstlr prbvljnbdtb Lj kfnudleje pjrj qub pub-

ej sbr f r ` j ~ l z j e j _brf tjnpfkf pubeb kxlstlr Lj kfnudleje sld

udj hfrnj sfklji fr`jdlzjej. Ij nlsnj kfnudleje eb jnfr pjrj

pfebr sugslstlr ebgb kfdtjr kfd blbrdbftfs eb fr`jdlzjkl8d judkujdef sbjd nhdlnfs. Ufej kfnudleje dbkbsltj klbrtj frebdjkl8d

fr`jdlzjtlvj pjrj sjivjr su vjifr kfnudltjrlf. Ij kfrrludleje iibvj

pfr kfdslùlbdtb j ij sfklbeje jsh kfnf pfr ftrj pjrtb tfkij sf-

klbeje supfdb udj kfnudleje. J pbsjr eb kfldklelr bd tjftfs pud-

tfs if kfnudltjrlf udl8d fgmbtlvj eb vjifrbs kfd if sfklbtjrlf

3



hfrnj fr`jdlzjej, kjgbd kfdhilktfs bdtrb jngfs. [l sb jkbdtuj kfd

bxkbsf Lj fr`jdlzjkl8d, ijdùlebkb if kfnudltjrlf1 Lj prbfkupj

kl8d bxkiuslvj pfr if kfnudltjrlf kfdeukb j Lj elsfiukl8d eb Lj

fr`jdlzjkl8d y, kfdslùlbdtbnbdtb, tjnglbd j Lj elsfiukl8d eb Lj

kfnudleje, ebi nlsnf nfef qub hfnbdtjdef udlijtbrjinbdtb Lj

fr`jdlzjkl8d, sb vjej eb kfdtbdlef. If kfnudltjrlf y if bspbe

hlkjnbdtb sfklbtjrlf ebgbd, pubs, kfdsbrvjrsb bd sus mustjs prfpfrklfdbs pjrj qub sbj pfslgib Lj kfdvlvbdklj cunjdj.

Ij bshbrj kfnudl tjrlj eb vjifr glfi8 l̀kj qub ebpbdeb eb

Lj kfnudleje eb vlej kfrpfrji sb h u d ~ bd bi ildjmb kfntid, sb

jrtlkuij bd su prlnbr `rjef bd Lj hjnlilj, kfnudleje ldnbeljtj

eb sjd`rb bdtrb pjerbs b clmfs. Ij hjnlilj, ji krbkbr, sb trjdshfrnj

bd pi d bijr-jyfrl), bi kuji bd `bdbrji sb njdtlbdb udlef eb nfef

kfdsklbdtb pfr ifs ijzfs eb sjd`rb1 bdtrb ifs hjrl Lj kfnudleje ebkijd tlbdb tjdtj lnpfrtjdklj kfnf Lj kfnudleje hjnliljr. BL kijd

bvfiuklfdj cjklj Lj trlgu jyfrt), qub k:`rupj klbrtf dunbrf eb

kijdbs. Eb Lj trlgu pjsj Lj kfnudleje glfi8`lkj j kfdkrbtjrsb bd

bi pubgif ddjn), udleje ldnbeljtjnbdtb supbrlfr, ebspubs bvf

iuklfdj cjklj Lj rjzj, qub jgjrkj ud `rupf eb pubgifs udlefs

bdtrb sh pfr Lj pfsbsl8d bd kfnud eb ebrtfs kjrjktbrbs kfnpf

rjibs cbrbeltjrlfs, y bd su `rjef supbrlfr sb jnpilj cjstj Lj cu

njdleje, udleje glfi8`lkj eb tfefs ifs cfngrbs pfr rjz8d eb sufrl`bd kfnud.

Ebdtrf eb Lj bshbrj kfnudltjrlj eb vjifr bkfd8nlkf, pubebd

bstjgibkbrsb efs jrtlkuijklfdbs elhbrbdtbs. Ebseb ud pudtf eb vlstj

bspbklji, bi frebd bkfd8nlkf jenltb bd tbfrhj Lj slùlbdtb `rjej

kl8d= Ij udleje gjslkj eb Lj vlej bkfd8nlkj bs Lj hjnlilj, kfnu

dleje efnbstlkj. Jsl, pubs, Lj udleje bkfdfnlkj bs Lj udleje hj

nliljr, qub bdtrb ifs kfdstltuyb bkfdfnlj eb futfsugslstbdklj,kfnf vbrbnfs njs jebijdtb. Ijs elstldtjs udlejebs hjnliljrbs sb

frebdjd bd udj udleje ldnbeljtjnbdtb supbrlfr, Lj kfnudleje eb

jiebj. Ij udleje bkfd8nlkj qub slùb bs Mj klueje, ldkiuybdef bd

biij su zfdj eb ldhiubdklj. [lùb bi tkrrltfrlf bkfd8nlrf f rb`l8d

kbrrjej bkfd8nlkjnbdtb1 hldjinbdtb, bi tbrrltfrlf bstjtji f tjn-

<



ccsd i'NY°lu s s d n t ' i n i ~ ~ ~ . YMRs=t d u d p d s d ~ i k s v . - r l u t ~ $Rlcucul, IJ

'Ycldct udCi.:e 'nl' ' ~ c . . r r t t ssi nude,, ssdtssrf.

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~ - . e">-eY: c: rpupnÙY ' ' ' ~ - . : l d : , p b : : : ~ Y P l f i' itY ( h_LR•nhu dcl_tid ~ . e ~ t e C e ~ i c i , , ~ , d l c • t c Y : Y' icccCCYI

c,,.V,,,Lu

d•dfnl:: LLCtiieli:i.'' ' ' ~ ' c . ' ~ ' - ~ " "'' pu_cc•iil j ° e ~ d l t C i ~ i ' c ' ' ' ' ' ~ Jira::c ~ p . - - ~ e Y : ~ ~ p i:: Y:Y'YLCYLLChR e _ n ~ j l i a , ~ C :Yiiihc"iil dYLCRl, LL c: :Y:5°' ' ' Y' "'""'""'' ' ' "'""'Y•Y ' '"'''"' ' YY' "''"''',LRLCYY c: ~ i i l C Y : Y ' L R i ' _ ~ p t i e d i . pR=tilh[LYiR ' vl.i:: K[Y5::i(inidY :::

Y' ''' ' ,u•uuriui°,u°c'Yu 'i"" iil.j"" iCluepli• ''" Lu , h l v c • c ~ u . _LR ' 5 Y i ~ c ° i ..,,p _ . t i ~ ' ' ' :L_ Y'liilY" : hYilRLYi' _LL itY ~ ' Y : : Y L L R Y h t i ess::eh[

itYil ~ n p c ' ' t ' ' ltCcvlewtl_ . , ' '' ' '''' ' N i''' . e_ _tdiii'"iilit",'i"" _c'c'"'•'" ni ..n'' p d ~ c , , , , , , , y : :: """''"'iede:: :: e ~ pdClure''-'• " i t ~ l ''"_ YLC_ ,,, c_Y'ci' :i_ LCY:Yttc'L'LCLY: ct nl-.::Y" LLRC_i'ld pri°

' ''''' '''' ''' ' Y , c l ~ • ''° L ctY::::Y ' '''' ''LC' Ctiili. ' t i i ~" " ' ' " ~ " ' ,,,. '' ' p ' ~ ' ' ' " ' ' " ' ' " °

i ,u,th'i' hlYRRLLYlcR lj: K[LLLYletuui t'"'( ttt'Y' t_LC" iiitRitRR_LYcYitdk=sd°

tbt ' ilhN"L'"'' "'"''"e,Yd ""''"'"' quks t'ttlurciks '' '' ' i tt _•hks,~ - Y'YYLCYRYicYrttt• tYLLLCtRY : ' h ~ i : : i " i'i'lt NllY _il i d t u c l ~ R :2:Y _ LLL_

' ~ ' ' ' ' '' ° itd ' t° '' '' ec_ ' dld ' ' twin '' v i ~ ' i it,,, c ' ' ' ' ' ~ ' , ,,ietu i :• :,, t niii i'c'd:tii'd, :::itjulr:ui" Ct'tiksd

' ' l Y ' ' ' ~ it'iihY'[tui'' ..,, '' '' ' L" c''""''""'e'' er ct i r u ~ i iYY' ' i ~ '' '' ' ksiiit'irculYi ' vrtt ' t ~ n u t d c i d t i ebs L'"°

' ' '' '• '' '' ' ''' t ~ t ' t d i d ' ' ''' ' 'Y' ' t'dtuudci.iti eK ird°ji' ' . ""h'""" ''"""''"'"" ,: .. id :'::.-Nd (nht I er L"N ~ " ' ' " ~ ' r h l

( : Y Y ~ Y Y , i t Y :YYh i Ci. '' itYN ddt'LCLY:'- ( 'iiddti, Y'L'"'' hid, tir ' iuiitY '

''' '' ~ " ' ' ' ' " (""'''t iYtYi },

' ' ' ' ' ' '' •• ' ' ' ••i'ttt'd '' i d t ~ ,..V,nuditidtir- L'"""''°d - - i ~ , ' ' ' ~ r t i t ~ t t ' ' " ' ' " " ert'c' ' ' ' ' ' ' ttur, '' ''''' ' '

''• ' ''' ' ''' '' ' ' ' ''''' ~ ' ' cunct'K[ v nuir•° (L' ' Y't' ncu' ),Y:Y.it • ' ' ' ' ' ' Y'YYtPihtrtks ' ' t u w i ~ i ' ' t'l'' ' tj i. iit' ''""t'ii'.-"' ~ ' ' ' ' i• t"niiiN, ~ " ' ' ' " ' " ' ' ' ' " ' ' ' ' ' .uddr hiYii'h ' ' ' i ' ciiuD



v c ~ r n t t d u t t de.l-cut ), ~ n d p d s d e j e ~ j t h R ~ ~ . 1 ji pjrt nku1q,, LAt ~ t n °p i h ~ l t::i Mtt httnlMltt N M ° t t d e ~ ii ettii, : :) e M L \ R ~ , ttd j=M pNct•njtm&=, ttd

NtdRL' tti iiiy1u° C L L L L M ~ L L e = f h l u ~ d , \ ~ ttitiur tt hRRrM .. \, j==d

i'lu, iu:=5:'tt .ju hudMCt nJtt •udpilu kd Mti ~ n f r Mj cwdDuleN,M h d

NM=MltM rNL. i'.lltu _g'L''_netait _LLLL'LC-Lttrttk..lfd ~ d i t t ~ t hMlht dtut&=it . nwu•

e ~ [ dutunleue ~ M m etit°lv1t ~ : t i Lu LCcntlh iittlPllikli tt ~ i t Lu v l ~ i l ' dddu°

dlctrlu i.utt hdiitCtg d•twnli ..l t t M ~

LLLJlte ~ t t l C h ~ e d ~ t ,

itttt~ u j ~ t b t

j::°rut=tdi dut _il t f e u ~ t iu:: ~ . ~ , . h . j r .., dtiiiiiitMRtrl ..ii ,Mp vuiur, ilhlR i:: i ~ t n l °ilu y itt dtteklu,

i.u k w y t t i i i ~ u e k l d j.ded pfihia1t httF c u w i ~ = i i i i i l rui. tu1 :::: • ,,.,,.

_il itt httnlii1t, wr::p:: prlnuriu y i : : d e t u d ~ i i i ~ i er. wett • f e _ ~ L ~ t e ,~ t l d d : d : : : c l ~ : : _R Lu rurttrtMML'hiltldt "filettrleue eJdirtt y irliuti Miji

pu_cld h:ut L u httnliiu '"'l iueuyp -::dcrj rfef itt i i ~ t d C t • i i i ,.,,.,1.ict i i i t r i ~ : t i ° f h J L ' R t i i i ~ :::e:: M:: dl'LLM. ti ili wldi, K=fd c ~ t = i i k t i i e N i'tttgus

itu• ~ t t r l i • u t d i i prdpif-. ehM iiiitt i'iiitiiiiile,uI [tiij hill_lhicCuj t r ~ t i u t m i t d ,LL_ eivlDLMl:: : miiltt'tlt :::: itt iiit*XLLL Mi i L_ . M ~ i?:j tthitiit LLRL : .::=::: \ tih[M

dii:d dt::l t f t u i d l ~ L C h l _L encitf h'•uuiicu.

LL htiMLLh id:: _ M h M L L L ~ L L L L L L L CiiiiiiltiitlXhiii ,, id i i h D t t i i i ~ : 5 e ~ d ithC ld

h'ttic it'd i°dt.= ") Lu t u i i i ~ t "" LL_L'C Leu _tjit'lk'if, 'hll_ ''iiti ttit htN

tir.,, ::uuiti: ., clitu•• "'.''"" ... - w t i i i i ~ L L L _ c i i ~ t t D L 5 : , bs• •L_eI yrur•u

d:vd pdt'i-::ti"i" ~ ~ ~ i e t l _ L ~ t ° n i t u u i d httir id• :':'?Ci::iiifrr•i c) itt htRLLL

iltt tjt'ttiitit', .-.: p r f ~ _ t t i i i i i : : : ~ • 1uu°cnf hip :::Y iiuttmh' v tukin •w•tl_•LL _iieiriiih'il i'RLL irtit ::Yiim_L'_LL _ cim:R: \, _X_liiiidllll_hiih', i t t i h i i t i ~ d

t R L L L ~ L L w j r u v ~ t vitid r : : : ~ tt u•edeu d i ~ t vieu eh'i i:t i'budiiitt ,Vdtdtl_i

i'i etRL, h h'ic:: Y' nl LLL ( LR,t'ititt) L'LCLXLX_LLed tir \LR'Ld" ih'iciiij,

t .,.,,, v. Nttt-5:c'" kl_t'LXdtid e ~ i d•cti t5tlNLLLL•, Cd i .ii( dti• ~ . ,•ctc ' ufnct'kt " dui" uu.- iju• N'' i' ' lfRts i ""' '*' '' 'LL Nd°: jl"''• t°uvt•• nih'itdct°f• • ~ ' i t s i t i ~ t d pdt' ek,.u°rtull_LLL_• ti• ' ' nltnd

'"''""" ."''"° tnt ifq u ~

id dutfrci"e ''" •u: it::hi-i .. it't.i' '

tdCrcuuir i t c d i c t e ~ . ::,:'" ud N''"i," h ~ n i i i . - t ° ''"'.'"'ivtt ift'n•uiu ttb•r ° ~ u i °i i d t ~ qu_ ' tksdi"d "" •::diitcui i'"r tih'iiii'tsdjiibtt"ks• :'5'" ihd•tt n••t'Y:•

iid" ' ' ' t ' ~ ' N k t d c d r ' ~ ' ' tiOiiit:i titti ~ ~ i ' i i n u f ruutu ::rtted.

""'" uditilui "" ''"'""" :::•dtir u u d c i ~ d ' u d t ~ t d a N l i i h l l R h ksd ••°, . V . , , , , , , , ~ d i ih t ~ ' ' iitjdt"" ti•i etn ' tii•t idttuij tdti•vi•, ••L•°

Y i



~ s eb ijs hjnliljs bd sbdtlef bstrlktf, ud jngltf pjrbdtji j`dj

tlklf hfrnjef pfr jqubiifs qub brjd pjrlbdtbs df njs jiij ebi

kujrtf `rjef. Ij iijnjej «`biehldb± kfdstltulj Lj `bdbrjkl8d jk-

tuji ebskbdelbdtb eb ud nlsnf pjerb1 Lj «ebrghldb±, Lj `bdbrj

kl8d ebskbdelbdtb ebi jgubif, «ljrhldb±, Lj ebskbdelbdtb ebi glsj

gubif, Lj «ldehldb±, Lj ebskbdelbdtb ebi tjtjrjgubif. Ufefs brjd

pjslvj jktlvjnbdtb ebuefs bd Lj vbd`jdzj. Bd tfefs Lj sjd`rb

rbkijnjgj sjd`rb, bxjktjnbdtb lùji qub bdtrb ifs kijdbs hjrt.

J`rb`jdefsbibs ftrfs ejdbs, ejgjd iu`jr j Lj trlgu qub sugfrel

djgj ifs kjgbzi s eb kjej kijd ji mbhb-tuftc f rl`, j qulbd prbstj

g d vjsjiijmb b i kblislddb .

L tbrnldf kijd cj jequlrlef nfebrdjnbdtb ud Ljr`f usf

ud sbdtlef nuy jnpilf bd Lj btdfif`lj. Ifs btd8if`fs iijnjd ejd

j `rupf ldtbrnbelf bdtrb Lj hjnlilj prfpljnbdtb elkcj -bstrlktj

f bxtbdsj- y Lj trlgu. _jrbkb qub df bxlstb kijd bd hfrnjs njs

gjmjs eb Lj kuiturj, v. `r., bd Lj pl`nfleb, dl tjnpfkf bd ijs klvl

ilzjklfdbs ~ s ebsjrrfiijejs. BL ejd bs ud bibnbdtf prldklpji bd

Lj kfdstltukl8d eb udj `rjd pjrtb eb pubgifs eb kuiturj ldtbrnb

elj eb Jhrlkj, Jnbrlkj, idelj, Ldefkcldj Fkbjdlj.

BL kijd bs, eb freldjrlf, pjtrljrkji, bxf`jnlkf y tftbnlkf1 bs

ebklr, bs ud `rupf eb pjrbdtbskf hudejef bd udj rbìj udlifkjieb rbslebdklj y sfgrb udj dfrnj udlildbji eb ebskbdebdklj. BL

kijd h ~ s t ~ hfrnjef pfr hjnliljs il`jejs kfd trbs vhdkuifs= j) udj

rbìj udlifkji eb rbslebdklj, qub bs slbnprb pjtrljrkji1 g) udj dfr

nj udlildbji eb ebskbdebdklj slbnprb pjtrlihdbj1 k) ud jitf sbd

tlef eb sfilejrleje bd ijs jktlvlejebs kfnudbs. Ij dfrnj udlif

kji eb efnlklilf sl`dlhlkj fgvljnbdtb qub ijs udlejebs eplkjs ebi

kijd sfd ijs hjnliljs. L cbkcf eb qub bi ejd bstb hfrnjef pfr

hjnliljs vlvlbdtbs bd Lj nlsnj jiebj f bd Lj nlsnj jrbj sl`dl

hlkj qub bi kijd jgjrkj tjdtf j ifs jhldbs kfnf j ifs kfdsjdù(

dbfs. L kijd h rt bs pjtrlirdbf y pjtrljrkui, bs ebklr, qub bstj hfr

njef pfr pkrsfdjs udlejs pfr udj rbìj eb ebskbdebdklj udlij

tbrji rbkfdfklej pfr sus clmfs pfr sus numbrbs. Kujdef ijs cl

mjs sb kjsjd, vjd j rbudlrsb ji kijd ebi njrlef, pkrf sld pbrebr

;7



bi suyf eb frl`bd. [l su pjerb bs ud bsbth biij slùb slbdef d`fd

bsbd. _fr bstj rjz8d sfd ifs cfngrbs ifs nlbngrfs Kbdttjibs ebi

kijd.

Ij kfdsjdùldleje f, nbmfr, i pjrbdtbskf bdtrb ifs nlbn-

grfs ebi kijd sb hudej bd Lj krbbdklj bd ud jdtbpjsjef-prf`bdltfr

kfnud1 pfr bstf tfef kijd hjrh bs bxf`jnlkf. Ij udleje ebi kijd

spblb bxprbsjr su vhdkuif bd ud dfngrb kfnud j tfefs ifs nlbn-

grfs ebi kijd, v. `r., bsbJ zfnf bsbdvus fyba btk. Jsh tfef

nlbngrf ebi kijd zfnf s ud zfnf (nfd zfnf, btk.). BL tbdbr ud

dfngrb kfnud, kfdstltuyb sld euej Lj hfrnjkl8d ebiildjmb f pj-

rbdtbskf f kfnudleje eb sjd`rb kfnf bvfiukl8d eb ifs kijdbs

prbbxlstbdtbs. _jrj qub sb ebsjrrfiib Lj kfdsjdùldleje, gjstj qub

ifs nlbngrfs kbdtrjibs ebi kijd njdtbd`jd kujiqulbr `bdbrf eb

ijzf eb pjrbdtbskf kfd ifs cbrnjdfs y ijs cbrnjdjs qub ebmjd l

kijd ebspubs ebi njtrlnfdlf.

d l kijd pjtrljrkji y pjtrlildbf h ~ ifs vjrfdbs sfd ifs nlbn-

grfs kijdlkfs kbdtrjibs, pubs ijs numbrbs, ji kjsjrsb, ebgbd udlrsb

ji kijd ebi njrlef, judqub df kfnf nlbngrfs kfdsjdù{dbfs,

sldf kfnf j`rb`jejs ji nlsnf pfr bi v{dkuif njtrlnfdlji. Jcfrj

glbd, kfnf qulbrj qub ijs numbrbs, ebspR' s eb su njtrlnfdlf bxf-

`jnlkf, slùbd udlejs kfd vhdkuifs eb pjrbdtbskf j ifs cbrnjdfs

y j tfefs ifs ftrfs nlbngrfs ebi kijd eb frl`bd, tbdbnfs bdtfdkbs Lj kfnudleje eb sjd`rb, i ildjmb, Lj pjrbdtbij. Ufef clmf pbr-

tbdbkb ji kijd ebi pjerb1 y tfefs ifs nlbngrfs ebi kijd sb kfdsl-

ebrjd gfgbezi h (cbrnjdfs)1 eb jch Lj bxf`jnij.

rjtrlj

dtrb ifs jdtlùfs `rlb`fs hrjtrij brj udj sugelvlsl8d eb udjtrlgu qub tbdlj sjkrlhlklfs rltfs prfplf'l. Ufej trlgu kfnprbd

elj trbs hrjtrljs, tfej hrjtrlj, trbldtj kfnpfdbdtbs. Brj udj tbr-

kbrj pjrtb eb Lj trlgu bd Jtbdjs. _brf df tfnjnfs jqu( i tbr-

nldf hrjtrlj bd sbdtlef eb Lj hrjtrlj `rlb`j. Bd dubstrf kjsf Lj

hrjtrhj bs rbhbrbdtb ji kijd, if qub bs Lj `rjdeb hjnlilj kfd rej-



. ~ - ~ ~ - w . ... ~ ~ ~ ' P * N ' ' - ~ ~ ( D t ° - ~ - L ~ ~ ~ ' ~ - ~- ~ ~ - ~ Yùt ~ ~ l . l i t ~ - . t Mtt = °,-gNt,

....~ ~ ~ ~ , ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ - - ~ - - ~~ ~ ~ - ~ ~ - - ~ ° ~ t ~ ~ ~. I V ~ ~ ~ . . V ~ . . V ~ , - - - ~ ~ - ~ ~ - P c ~ ~~ - ° , ~ ° ~ ~ ~ ' ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ' ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ..... M i N = ~ .- ~ ~ ~ - ~ ~ - ° g r ° ° - - ~ ~ ~ ° ~~ ~ ° ~ ~ ~ - - ~ ~ ~ ~

.... ~ ~ ..... - . . . . ~ ~ ~ . ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ° ~ - ~ ~ ~ t trt:igr d• - ~~ ~ ~ ~ - V . . ~ ~ ~ ' * ~ - - ~ ~ ~ ~' ~ ~ ~ ~ - - ° ~ ~ ~ - . . - .... ' ~ ~ t ' h Y ' ~ ~ ~ ' i . - ° ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ° ~ , ~ ~ ° ~ ~ ~ ~ ° ~° ~ ~ , ° - - - - ° ~ ~ ....... ~ ~

t ~ i i i i i P Y • . ~ -~ - - -Y..j ~ ~ ~ J M i ~ . - ~ r i i l - t : ~~ - . ~ ~ ° ~ ~ ° ~ ~ ~ ~ - ~ ~ ~ ~ -

~ - - ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ , ~ , ~ wc

' ~ ~ ~ Y ~ ~ ~ - . - ~ ' ~ ~ ~ Y... -.~ ~ ~ ~ . i . Y l ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ , ~ °hNi- ' w . : r w t . ~ • ~ N ~ :Ni ~ ' ~ ~~ .

' Nia . . . *- ~ ti ~ ' Y ~ . .eNY , ~ ~ Y ~ ~ ~ ~ - ' ~ ~ i - t ~~ h Nt it NPD ~ - ~ - ~ , -Jii:



V . ~ V . ~ °Ptiø . ~ ~ tllCL

.... ~ . , . . ~ '* tj wgY: ~ . ~ ~ k Y i ° ° ,

a i ~ tMtt ~ ~ ° ° ~ ~ Mtt. t5ù . ° - ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ° ~ ~ ~ Y «t= t m m ~ ~ ° D m ~ ~ w - ~ i.CN- ~ ~ h . i ~ ~ ~ :5u ~ ~ • u ~ ~ , ~ ..V~ ~ t M ° ~ ~ . ~ ~ ~ ~ * ~ ~ ~ i ~ , -~ - M t t . t i t t ~





KJ_LULMIF LX

_brspbktlvjs eb Lj trlgf bd bi Jhrikj nfebrdj

Ifs hjrl ---91fnf Mj njyfr pjrtb eb ifs jhrlkjdfs bstld jYid

j`rupjefs bd ud kubrpf sfklji cfnf`bdbf kfnpjktf y dunbrf-

sf kuyfs nlbngrfs bstjd il`jefs bdtrb s{ kfd ifs vnkuifs ek ij

trlgu. Bstb tbrnldf qub cj rbklglef kjilhlkjtlvfs ldebglejnbdtb

ebspbktlvfs bd Burfpj y qub hub bd ftrf tlbnpf f m ~ t f eb ebs-

prbklf pfr pjrtb eb ifs kfifdlzjefrbs prfeukb cfy elsfdjdklj bd

ifs fhefs ek ifs jhrlkjdfs qub sb kdfrùiikkkd eb su kuiturj fkkl°

ebdtji kfdsbkukdklj sld euej ek Lj jilkdjkl8d y ek udj dpbklkeb ijvjef eb kbrkgrf suhrlefs bd Lj bpfk=t kfifdlji. _krf. j pb ij-

grj trlgu bxprbss efs kfdkkptfs ek ifs kujiks pubeb ìfrljdb eJhrlkj dk`rj= k f i ~ k t l v l s n f y sfilejrleje

Jiùdfs pfihtlkfs jhrlkjdfs vbd bd Lj rrlgu ud fgstauif ptd

Lj krbjkl8d ek Lj udleje djklfdji tjd ebsk:ej bd sus rdp«tlXFL

pj. sks, cbrbebrfs ek ijs elvlslfdks tbrrltfrljibs jrgltrjrlu ckkcj

pfr Lu pftkdkljs kfifdljiks bd bi jjqubf y rkp:r:kl8d eki Jhrlki.dubstrf nfef eb vbr krbknfs qub bstf ekpbdeb eb ij n Nrt

eb bdtbdebr ki kfdkbptf eb trlgu.

Urigj y trlgeiinf

Df kfdvlbdb kfdhudelr j trlgu kfd e trlCil:Nf u trlgu

bs udj ldstltukl8f quk beukj ji :hrlkjdf bd Lj bj e

[KEtlef ek rbspfduglileje bd Lj jfilejrleje kfibjlwj kuj:le.ebs lEeRpknjgij pbrj ki gubd ebutrfiif kujiqulbr LFKltebe

elpj eb bstb jfngrb. Bd kjnglf b trlgbiljnf j Lj ldstiYinibE

:0



tjilzjkl8d eb elkcj kujileje pfr pjrtb eb ifs pfiltlkfs qub jsplrjd

kfdqulstjr bi pfebr y `fgbrdjr bi pjls kfd prbmulklfs eb ftrjs trl

gus bd j 8rgltj eb ifs bstjefs udltjrlfs eb Jhrlkj.

Ifs jhrlkjdfs subibd sbr beukjefs ebseb Lj njs tlbrdj beje

bd ij ldebstruktlglileje eb ifs ijzfs trlgjibs. Ij pbrtbdbdklj j j

trlgu L j hjnlilj `rjdeb bs tjd pbrbddb b ldkfrruptlgib bd bitlbnpf, qub, qulbd j rbdlb`j y ebsprbklj, sb kfifkj hubrj eb j

trlgu f kfdtrj bstj. BL sbdtlef eb kfibktlvlsnf bs pjrtb ldtrldsbkj

eb j kuiturj jhrlkjdj. Bstf sb bxprbsj eb jiùdj njdbrj bd j

elvlsl8d ebi trjgjmf bdtrb vjrfdbs, numbrbs y dlllfs, elvlsl8d qub

pfdb j tfefs ifs cfngrbs bd bi nlsnf p^jdf eb el`dleje y rbs-

pfdsjglileje, sld bnpbkbr bi rjd`f sfklji eb kjej udf y bi rbspbtf

ebglef j ijs jutfrlejebs y j ifs jdkljdfs.

Bdtrb ifs hjd bi cfngrb y j numbr sb kfnpibtjd bd sbdtlef

rbji y df hlktlklf1 j numbr, bd su kujileje eb pjrtb njs bnpblljej

bd j kfdtlduleje eb j bspbklb, mub`j ud pjpbi lnpfrtjdtlslnf

b Ldelspbdsjgib bd j sfklbeje h ~ df fgstjdtb Lj ibybdej db`rj

bspjrklej pfr efqulbr pfr ifs bxpifrjefrbs y kfifdfs jkbrkj eb

j kfdelkl8d eb j numbr jhrlkjdj.

Bd j beukjkl8d kijslkj hj8 ifs dlllfs sfd beukjefs, jdtbs qub

j bstueljr, j trjgjmjr kfibktlvjnbdtb. Bd Lj trlgu dldùdf iib`j

bd vbreje j j njyfrlj eb beje, pubs, Lj ebpbdebdklj ebi clmf

ji pjerb eurj kjsl tfej j vlej, y bi jdkljdf bs prfhudejnbdtb

rbspbtjef. Ij hjnlilj rbsuitj eb bstb nfef udj hjnlilj jijr`jej

f `rjdeb, kfnf cbnfs ldelkjef yj pj`ldb.s jtrjs1 y ifs ebgbrbs

y j rbspfdsjglileje eb kjej nlbngrf nlrjd j tfej j kfnudl

eje. Bstf bxpilkj pfr qub ifs jhrlkjdfs qub jikjdzjd udj pfsl-kl8d bkfd8nlkj rbibvjdtb sfd prjktlkjnbdtb fgmbtf eb kfdtlduf

jsjitf pfr pjrtb eb sus hjnliljrbs, jnl`fs y kfdfklefs y bd `bdb-

r i eb ifs nlbngrfs eb su kijd qub rbkijnjd eb biifs ebrbkcfs \

cfspltjileje.

Ifs djklnlbdtfs, ifs gba8d jdtbpjsjefs elhudtfs), ifs njtrl

nfdlfs, tfejs ijs btjpjs f hjsbs hudejnbdtjibs eb ij vlej cunj-

;3



dj jsh kfnf ifs rlrfs y jktfs eb Lj kuiturj jhrlkjdj v. `r. Lj ldl-

kljkl8d sfd jkfdtbklnlbdtfs qub jhbktjd df s8if j ifs ldelvleuf.1

sldf tjnglbd j tfej Lj trlgu b ldkiusf j vbkbs j ijs trlgus vbkldjs.

Eb jcl qub Lj pfgrbzj f Lj rlqubzj eb ifs ldelvleufs sbjd kfdsl-

ebrjejs kfnf rlqubzj f p f g r b ~ eb Lj trlgu.

BL qub dftb bd Jhrlkj sfgrb tfef bd Lj bpfkj prbkfifdljiLj kjsl ldbxlstbdklj eb frhjdjtfs y eb ftrjs ldstltuklfdbs sbnb-

mjdtbs df fivleb qub Lj trlgu bs Lj qub sb fkupj eb ifs dlllfs eb

ifs jdkljdfs y eb ifs dbkbsltjefs y qub bstf sb cjkb kfd ud ji-

trulsnf sld lùji.

fy sb bdsjyj y sb pbrhlij bd jiùdfs pjlsbs jhrlkjdfs udj

bdsblljdzj qub sb frlbdtj df j Lj ldelskrlnldjej ebstrlgjilzjkl8d

sldf njs glbd j udj jnpiljkl8d eb ifs kfdhldbs eb ij trlgu bdtfef i pjls sld qub bstj plbrej su hudklfd prlnfrelji cfy pfr

cfy ldsustltulgib eb njbstrj eb Lj vlej eb elsklpildj eb `bdb-

rfsleje cjstj qub ifs kfdkbptfs eb Lj pjtrlj eb djkl8d eb udl-

eje pjtrl8tlkj f djklfdji jikjdkbd su ebglej bvfiukl8d kfnprbd-

sl8d y njeurbz.

Ij elvlsl8d ebi trjgjmf Lj rbspfdsjclileje eb kjej nlbngrf

eb Lj kfnudleje y Lj pfslkl8d eb Lj numbr ejd j Lj trlgu udjhlsfdfnlj elstldtj eb Lj qub kjrjktbrlzf j Lj hfnlilj burfpbj. Bd

Burfpj Lj hjnlilj bs Lj kbiuij njs pbqubhlj ebi fr`fdlsnf sfklji.

Bstb tlpf eb hjnlilf bs jud bxtrfllj bd Lj kfstungrb fhrlkjdj. Bs

bd Jhrlkj udj eb tfdtfs lnpfrtjklfdbs qub sb jefptjd cfy n ~ spfr kfdvbdlbdklf qub pfr kfdvlkkl8d pfr Lj iifnjef pfr jiùdfs

bskrltfrbs y krhtlkfs jhrlkjdfs Lj dubvf gurùbshf jhrlkjdd djklej

eb Lj ebskfifdlzjkl8d kfd bi hld eb pfebr kfdsbùlr nes repl-

ejnbdtb bi glbdbsrjr njtbrlji qub jenlrjd bd ifs burfpbfs. _brfbstj jsplrjkl8d ji glbdbsrjr kfdtrjstj ji nbdfs pfr jcfrj kfd Lj

rbjileje bkfd8nlkj jhrlkjdf qub bxl`b eb tfefs ifs dhrlkjdfs `rjd-

ebs sjkrlhlklfs. Nlbdtrjs ifs jhrlkjdfs vlvdd bd pfgijefs bdkijvj-

efs bd Lj hfrbstj ifs prfgibnjs eb su sugslstbdklj sb rbsubivbd

bd jlngltf trlgji1 njs tjd prfdtf kfnf sji`jd eb tji erkuif

<



vlbdbd j bdkfdtrjrsb kfd j kfnpibmj rbjileje eb su ldsbrkl8d bd

udj sfklbeje qub cj sustltulef ifs kjnglfs f trubqubs prfplfs eb

ij bkfdfnhj eb jutfsugslstbdklj pfr Lj nfdbej1 sb bdkubdtrjd

kfd udj sfklbeje pibt8rlkj eb prfgibnjs eb trjgjmf, kjsj, trjds-

pfrtb y eb udj ldhldleje eb rbijklfdbs qub ibs sfd ebskfdfklejs

y cfstlibs.

Cjy udj `rjd elhbrbdklj bdtrb jhrlkjdfs ebstrlgjilzjefs pfr

udj f vjrljs `bdbrjklfdbs, eb jqubiifs qub, slbdef clmfs eb `bdtb

dftjgib y eb pbqubhlfs `rupfs eb cjkbdejefs, tlbdbd Lj subrtb

eb hrbkubdtjr bskubijs supbrlfrbs y kfdsbùlr ud elpifnj f udj

ijurbj. Bstb bs bi tlpf eb jhrlkjdfs qub knplbzjd pfr ebsprbkljr

Lj trlgu y bstjd slbnprb prfdtfs j lnltjr Lj jktltue jrrf`jdtb ebi

kfifdf. Bs nuy `rjdeb j su`bstl8d qub bi nfkibif eb vlej burf-

pbj bmbrkltj bd ifs jhrlkjdfs ebstrlgjilzjefs eb elkcj njdbrj. Bd

nukcfs kjsfs bstj jktltue iib`j j kfdvbrtlrsb bd udj vbrejebrj

lnltjkl8d sbrvli eb tji nfkibif eb vlej. [b ibs cjkb kilhhkli kfdfkbr

bi ijef db`jtlvf eb tji jktltue1 y sb kfdtbdtjd s8if kfd kfdtbn-

pijr su jspbktf pfsltlvf.

Ftrjs rjzfdbs eb bstb hbd8nbdf jeukb @. Iuklf Hbrjsl, kujd-

ef elkb= kI Jhrlkj

budf stbrnldftf kfdtldbdtb, sueelvlsf ld pjbsl

vjstl j vfitb qujdtf nbzzf Burfpj b dbl qujil Lj kfdkbdtrjzlfdb

ldeustrljib, jefttj eji kfifdljilsnf pbr fhruttjrb plu hjklinbdtb

ib ifrf rlkkcbzzb, cj krbjtf plkkfil dukibl prfeukklvl je jitf tbdfrb

elvltj b je jithsslnj e b d s l t ~ rbijtlvb. Ld qubstb kjsl el kfdsunls-

nf, efvb i kfiibttlvlsnf trlgjib k prksbdtb sfif de sufsl jspbttl

db`jtlvl, Mb jfiibkltjzlfdl bcb spld`fdf i dhrlkjdf j spbdebrk i ld-

tbdtf sjijrlf ld clrrj b vbstldl sfdf ib drnl prkhbrltb ebll Fkkl°

ebdtb pbr kfngjttbrb Lj g t ~ i l eeij prfprlj pbrnjdbdu ldJhrlkj. Ld qudtb kfdelzlfdl, b i 'dslebrjdef jdkcb bcb ld kljskud

pjksb jhr:kjdf vlvfdf ebkldb eb trlgu bcb pjrijdf ildMiRb elhhb-

rbdtb, i udlhlkjzmfdb djzljdjib b Lj tutej ebii lrxapbdk=adzj el-

vbdtjdf ~ r l ~ v b n d t l ebi iu 4htF rfnpltl qujsl elspbrjtl. j

skkcj ebl nfebiil pfiltle be bkfdfnle plu jNL(Rjtl jiif svliuppf

el kljkud M*ib ~ tuufrj hfdtk el elibnl b el krlsl bcb krbjf



que kilnj el ldstjgliltj pfiltlkj ld kul prfspbrj R dbfkfiftù.R.

nf :0) .

Ld Burfpj ìl [tjtl sl sfdf hfrnjtl kfd bi `rjeujib j n j ~ j n jebl rb`lfdjilsnl, ld Jhrlkj bssl sfdf sfrtl pbr bslAKdzk bstrjdbb

jiib pfpfijzlfdl ldtbrbssjtb b sl prbsbdtjdf plu kfnb jurkAjtl el

trlgu rlvjil bcb kfnb [tjtl udltl. B pflkcb Yj b j i t ~ ebl kltbeldl.

ld qubstf prfkbssf el udlhlkjzlfdb kfjttj, kfdtlduj je bubrb frlbht°

tjtb plu vbrsf Lj t r lgu bcb vbrsf if [tjtf, dbl sld`fYl jruppl bt.dlklsl jilnbdtj Lj kfdvldzlfdb bcb Lj ifttj pfiltlkj slj fr.fYtjdtf ud

hjttf trlgjib. idfi t rb nfitl elrl`bdtl jhrlkjdl cjddf jpprjf eki

kfifdljilsnf bcb l i pftbrb b tu t tf b bcb bssf vj kfdqulstjtf • F«kfstf. Cjddf jpprbsf klfb udj hlifsfCj bcb `lustlCkj Yj KFL'UYi Y?-

db b i jrrlvlsnf.

F``l hjklib, b kfnfef, pbr `Yl burfpbl gljslnjd= qubstf jtjtf

el kfsb b rlkfrejrb i'khhlkbdzj ekYYk ifrf jnnldls t rwfdY kfYfdljil

bcb rlskrvjdf ji cljdkf li kfnpltf el njdejrb b ji dbjrf qubYYfel fgglelrb. Bssl tkdtjdf el elrdfstrjrb jìl jhrlkjdl Yj Yfrf Ydkj°

k j p l t ~ j `fvbnjrsl sbdzj i 'jlutf eb`Yl fkklt.Ykdtjil, b Ù njib ~ kct

nfitl jhrlkjdl kl krbefdf• :3).

(:0)

L L )

KjJ:: @ I, [fkNlut f ~ N F Y<0 7Kj..uiV @ I. • V ~ . . . . .V , . , , . ~





KJ_liRP X

Njs qub eb slstbnj gjgijrbnfs eb : j sltu j8d bkdd8nlj ebifs h ~

J rjhz ek ijs ldebpbfekdkljs pfihtlku eb ifs pubgg jhrljt.

dfs e `rupf btdlkf hnh sb bdkubduj gfy bspjreef bd vjrlfs :*-sbs jhrlkjdfs bspbkljinbdtb kd Kjnbdld @jg8f y @ulfbj Bkuj-

tfrlji hfrnjdef pjdk kfdstltuybdtb eb ijs dubvj j.klfdbs n

udl8d KFE Ftrjs trlgus ? `rupfs bnlkfs. Df fgstjdtb kstj jpu

pjkl8d eb btdlu quk jsplrjd j ud glbd rfntld y : Lj bstrukturj-kl8d ek Lj udleje djklfdjM KFNbl XL kjej `rupf LRL RLFL M KSML.

tungrbs kjrjktbrlsrlku LFgrb tfef bd if kfdkbnlbjtb : Lj

njtrlnfdlfs slstbnj bkfd8nlkf btk.

Cjd slef trjtjefs y: ek pujej bd bi jpjruef prbkbeknb nu-

kgu k=fju rbhbrbdtbs j Lj sltujkl8d bkfd8nlkj ek g hj8 pfr b::?

ff vjnfs j bdtrbtbdbnfs nukcf bd e lkcj njtbrlj qub rbqulbrb

ud bstuelf jpjrtb. Dfs ilnltjrbnfj t8if : if qub eb k ilkcf prf-gikn.j tlbdb rbijkl8d kfd dubstrf tbnj.

BL hbdFnbdf bkfd8nlkf eb : jfklbeje h. -hjnlilj bd ~ ~ t l e fbstrlktf kbiuij eb Lj hjnli lj pjdeb- , b: eb jnj LFklkeiie et bkf-

ffnij eb sugtlstbdej. Klbrtjnbdtb :?? nuy ilnlttejj j

ebs tdeleffjibs gjuejj bf M. jutFLRgslMtjiej _krf bttj kjdv

tbrlstlkj pbrnjdbkb ldvjrljgib cut. qub Lft lEtbrjnglf. kfj bi

bstbrlfr ldtrfeuzkjd uuj bspbklhlkjkl8d ijgfrji bd bi pupf jjfj cjtj qub iMqubd j udj LRtfkrhtlkj eb M. :lru.e8d quk j

pjnltj vbr qub bi pupf yj j ljh=jpj eb ldtbrjngljt Pbs.



trt• hM :< Q:=L t t =tiL

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tiiefs. BL tngjmf bd Lj tlbrrj tlbdb ud rb.delnlbdtf ldstjdtjldbf y

df elhbrlef.

BL `dtpf sfklji eb ii`rlkuitfrbs bd kjnglf sb gjsj sfgrb udj

f r ` d l z ~ e f f eb pd.'Siuj=lt)d qub g n z ~ udj ldstltuklfd hiinliljr

(. 'npibm.j b lnpilRi ud nfef eb bxpiftjr Lj tlbrdY qub jgjrkj j

tfejiii i. Fnudleje. Ij

tlbrn sb utlilzjKY. ''nf

nbelf eb trjgjmf.Bs ebklr. qub e bshubrzf ijgfrji sb ldsbrtj bd Lj tlbrrj kuyf prf

euktf bstil elhbrlef bd i tlbnpf. Bstf sl`dlhlkj qub Lj kffpbrj

kl8d df pubeb bstjr ilnltjej j ud tlbnpf grbvb sldf qub ebgb

prfifd`jrsb y sumbtjrsb j Lj eurjkl8d eb ijs bstjklfdbs, blbifs jè

kfijs. Bi tlbnpf y bi huturf qub bd Lj sfklbeje kldb`btlkj df

kfdstltuyb udj bspbklji prbfkupjkl8d ejej Lj kjrjktbrlstlkj eb Lj

ldnbeljtbz ee prfkbsf prfeuktlvf, bdtrb ifs j`rlkuitfrbs sb kfd

vlbrtb bd udj kfdstjdtb prbfkupjkl8d kfdbxj kfd Lj rbpbtlkl8debi klef j`rhkfij y kfd Lj rbkfibkkl8d. Bd bstj kfnudleje Lj hl

i l ~ k l d y Lj fr`jdlzjklfd eb Lj hjnlilj dequlbrbd udj lnpfrtjd

ej pjrtlkuijr ebglej j Lj kfdbxl8d ldnbeljtj bxlstbdtb bdtrb i

nfef eb prfeuklr y Lj dbkbsleje eb jsbùrjr bi rbdfvjnlbdtf

eb ifs prfeuktfrbs L j njdf eb fg rj qub pbrnltjd Lj sugsls

tbdklj ebi `rupf.

[bùd bstf, pjrbkb sbr qub bd ijs sfklbejebs iijnjejs prlnltlvjs bi nfef eb prfeukklfd eb ijs elvbrsjs fr`jdlzjklfdbs sfklj

ibs lnpilkj udj elhbrbdtb bstrukturj sfklji.

Ifs nbelfs eb prfeukkl8d eb Lj bkfdfnhj trjelklfdji f prl

nltlvj sfd bsbdkljinbdtb efs= utbdslilfs y tlbrrj. Ifs prlnbrfs

sfd eb njtbrlj prlnj elrbktjnbdtb jkkbslgibs j tfefs ifs nlbn

grfs ebi `rupf. _fr tjdtf, Lj kfldklebdklj ebi sjgbr kfd ij beje

df bs jgsfiutj. Ebpbdeb njs glbd eb Lj kjpjkleje njs f nbdfs`rjdeb eb ifs ldelvleufs bd jequlrlr elkcf sjgbr. _fr bstf Lj

jequlslkl8d ebi sjgbr bs lfebpbdelbdtb eb Lj beje ebglej nukcjs

vbkbs j Lj jutfrleje eb ifs jdkljdfs. Bstfs pjrj pbrpbtujr su

jutfrleje, bxpiftjd ftrfs kfdfklnlbdtfs qub pfsbbd eb Lj kfnu

dleje, j sjgbr= sus usfs y kfstungrbs, ijs `bdbdif`hjs, ijs trjel

klfdbs, ijs rbìjs njtrlnfdljibs1 Lj bxtlbdebd jsh nlsnf j ifs jn-

58



gltfs jrestlkfs kfnf ij nj`lj ij jelvldjkl8d ifs rltfs ebi kui-

tf btk. Cjkbd tfef if pfslgib pjrj njdtbdbr kfnf bxkiuslvj-

nbdtb suyfs elkcfs kfdfklnlbdtfs pfdlbdef bd Lj vlj ebi jkkbsf

j ifs nlsnfs gjrrbrjs qub rbùibd su trjdsnlsl8d= gjrrbrj ldstl-

tuklfdji X. `r. Lj ldlkljkl8d qub bd su hfddj njs ebsjrrfiijej

bstl`njtlzj bi bstjef sfklji eb ifs ldelvleufs cjstj j udj beje

nuy jvjdzjej1 gjrrbrjs bx8tlkjs qub rfebjd ifs rltfs nj`lkfs

ifs kfdfklnlbdtfs eb ijs nbelkldjs eb ifs rltus.ibs pjrj sbr trjds-

nltlefs pfr sus pfsbbefrbs s8if j ifs ldelvleufs bskf`lefs pfr

biifs. Ij jefpkl8d pfr pjrtb eb ifs jdkljdfs eb m8vbdbs qub nubs-

trjd njs ldtbrbs pfr elkcfs kfdfklnlbdtfs dbutrjilzj uds pfslgib

rlvjile te kujdef udj rbijkl8d eb hliljkl8d pfr tjdtf eb ebpbd-

ebdklj kf`dfskltlvj y jrestlkj. \ sukbslvjnbdtb Lj kfdkbsl8d eb

t:tuifs eb el`dleje j ldelvleufs vbrsjefs bd bsfs kfdfklnlbd-tfs ifs jsbnbmjrj ji `rupf eb ifs jdkljdfs sfstbdbefrbs eb Lj jutf-

rleje.

Ulbrrj

Bd if qub sb rbhlbrb j Lj tlbrrj f kjnpfs eb kuitlvf kfdvlbdb

elstldùlr efs nfefs eb kfdtrfi= : bi qub sb bmbrkltd sfgrb ifsnlbngrfs eb Lj nlsnj kfnudleje y 7 jqubi qub sb tlbdb kfd

rbijkl8d j ifs bxtrjdmbrfs. Bd bstb uitlnf kjsf ifs jdklfdfs kfd

bi kfdsbdtlnlbdtf eb ifs m8vbdbs qub sfd bd rbjileje ifs eb-

hbdsfrbs eb ijs tlbrrjs eb kuitlvf ebklebd Mj jejptjkl8d ebi bxtrjd-

mbrf bd ijs tlbrrjs eb Lj kfnudleje. Bd Lj prjktlkj df bxlstb kfd.

trfi bspbklji sfgrb ifs nlbngrfs eb Lj kfnudleje1 pubs bd bsjs

sfklbejebs df sb ejd eubhlfs eb tlbrrjs f eb kjnpfs j nfef fkkl-ebdtji. Df bxlstb kfdtrfi bspbklji bd Lj rbpjrtlkl8d eb tlbrrjs.

Kujdef iib`j bi nfnbdtf eb ijs tjijs eb gfsqubs pjrj prfkbebr

j Lj cfrtlkuiturj kjej hjnlilj bil`b eb jkubref kfd ifs eknjs

j pfrkl8d eb tlbrrj qub njs ib ùstj. Jcfrj udj vbz ckkcjs Lu

pijdtjklfdbs -iijnjejs `bdbrjinbdtb hldkjs-, bstjs pbrtbdkkkd

j sus prfplbtjrlfs.

50



Cjy qub tbdbr bd kubdtj, : qub bd i slstbnj bkfdfnlkf eb

ijs sfklbejebs trjelklfdjibs f prlnltlvjs Mj tlbrrj df tlbdb bi vj-

Lfr qub ib ejd ijs sfklbejebs njs ebsjrrfiijejs kuiturjinbdtb1

7 qub ij jutfrlzjklfd ejej j ud bxtrjdmbrf eb kuitlvjr ij tlbrrj

b ldstjijrsb ebdtrf eb ij prfplbeje eb ud `rupf btdlkf, bs udj

jutfrlzjklfd eb gubdj vbkldeje qub lnpilkj j vbkbs ij bvbdtuji

jefpklfd ebi bxtrjdmbrf bd bi sbdf ebi `rupf. Bd bstb kjsf sb

bstjgibkbd bdtrb bi bnl`rjef bi `rupf tfejs ijs prbstjklfdbs

rbijklfdbs rbeprfkjs. _fr if kuji ij ebklsl8d eb jkbptjr ud bxtrjd

mbrf bd bi sbdf ebi `rupf ebpbdeb bd uitlnj ldtjdklj ebi cfngrb

qub bmbrkltj bi kfdtrfi sfklji eb Lj kfnudleje.

Wbsunlbdef= Ij kjrjktbrhstlkj prldklpji eb ijs kfnudlejebs

ebskrltjs bs Lj jutfslstbdklj1 bi `rupf prfeukb Lj tftjileje eb glb-

dbs dbkbsjrlfs pjrj su njdutbdkl8d krbklnlbdtf j pjrtlr eb ifs

rbkursfs djturjibs qub sfd elrbktjnbdtb su fgmbtlvf. Kjej udj

eb elkcjs kfnudlejebs pubeb vlvlr jlsijejnbdtb f pubeb cjiijrsb

ldtb`rjej frj bd ud kfdmudtf eb kfnudlejebs cfn8if`js --ej

dbs- , frj ebdtrf eb udj sfklbeje pfiltaj njs kfnpibmj mbrjr

qulzjej t r lgu . [fd jsh nlsnf kjrjktbrhstlkjs eb bsjs sfklb

ejebs, j) bi jkkbsf pjrj tfefs ifs nlbngrfs eb Lj sfklbeje j ijs

njtbrijs prlnjs y j Mj tlbrrj, g) ij slnpilkleje eb ifs nbelfseb prfeukkl8d, bs ebklr, eb ifs nbelfs djturjibs f jrtlhlkljibs pjrj

Lj prfeukklfd eb ifs glbdbs eb kfdsunf, k) Mj rbijtlvj kfnpibml

eje eb ijs tbkdlkjs eb prfeukkl8d, e Lj elvlsl8d ebi trjgjmf sb-

`t d beje y sbxf, b) Mj klrkuijkl8d eb ifs glbdbs jilnbdtjrlfs

hudejej bd mbrjrquhj sfklji gjsjej sfcrb Lj dfkl8d sfklji eb

jdkljdf.

[bì id tfef if elkcf, bi slstbnj bkfd8nlkf trjelklfdji hjM,sfgrb tfef i prbkfifdlji, brj nuy pfkf kfnpilkjef. \f elr{d qub

brj njs glbd slnpib prlnltlvf, tfnf jqul kfd nukcj rbsbrvj

bi tbrnldf prlnltlvf y bd sbdtlef jdtrfpfi8`lkf. Wbudlbdef Lj

hjnlilj h ~ ifs jtrlgutfs prfplfs eb udj kfnudleje, kfdstltuyb

udj vbrejebrj prfplj udleje bkfd8nlkj, bd i sbdtlef eb qub

prfeukb jqubiif qub kfdsunb. Bs udj kfdhlùrjkl8d eb pjutjs

sfkljibs eb kfnpfrtjnlbdtf pfr nbelf eb Lj kuji sb prfpfrklf-

53



dj j Lj sfklbeje f kfnudleje ifs glbdbs njtbrljibs y ifs sbrvl°

klfs. Biif lnpilkj hudejnbdtjinbdtb ij prfeukkl8dp Lj elstrlgu°

kl8d i kjnglf bi kfdsunf eb ifs jrtauifs. Jud kujdef bstjs

dfklfdbs sbjd prfpljs eb bkfdfnljs ebsjrrfiijejs sld bngjr`f

kfdvlbdbd hudejnbdtjinbdtb j tfej ldstltue8d bkfd8nlkj jild

j ijs njs sugebsjrrfiijejs.

Ebspubs ebi jkkbsf j ijs ldebpbdebdkljs pfiltlkjs eb ifs _jh-

sbs h j ~ ° c j g i j d t b s Lj sltuje d pficlkj y bkfd8nlkj eb ifs hjrt

bstj sfnbtlej j Lj bvfiuklfd y kjnglf sl glbd ibdtjnbdtb qub

rbqulbrbd y bxl`bd ijs dubvjs klrkudstjdkljs eb sus rbspbktlvfs

pjlsbs.



plberj jdùijr Mj

cj db`jef qub MSM

trb Lft n irt r b i l ~_::rbkb qub b:

~ « R k l 8 d rbilWlFtj

kjdf::, _ trb hbd8:

qub biiu fcbebkb

njrlejmb rkilMKlFt9

Lj k v j d ~ b i c ~ j e 8 di tgfrJcjd gjmf bi

kij• k f i f d l ~ f e f r ' ucfrj eb Lj• idet



KJ_LURIF XL

°f ldrbdrf dgf6..jr jqul Lj cùrfrlj rbil`lfu ee

:jt=.br ud b welf et=tbdlFF wgrb Lj rbil`mFF eb

=dj dfral.j `t=dbrji bd rfrdf j w krbbdkljt rb

ej ldMtltue8d h j ~ wgrb rfef IL tNtrlnffw,

bd Mj rbil`l8d, J b.t.b prfp88ltf eMj N.irlkb

trjrjeÖ eb ' P rbil`mfdj ee Jhrlkj d q u ~L Jhrljt db`rj) lntltukl8d j i ` u r u ~ :bj bd e ??.

bd bi pficlkf, dljud bd n.rbrlj bk.fd8nlj qubudj kfdkbpkl8d rbil`lfu f qub df ~ b d p pfr

rbil`l8d, Bm )m pubgin, eb qulbdbi j vbkj tb

ttbybrjd rbil`l8d jiùdj kubdtjd bd r b j i ~df eb Mj ebrrjw (:<),

jhlrnjkl8d kfdtrj•tj rfd ifs t dtfnj eb pbr°

quk tb fgtbrvjd cfy t jiùdft pjiibt jhrl°

dkdf nbrbkb ud b•tuelf jpjrtb, ptrf krbbnfs

j jiùdj• eb b•tjt k=ju•j•1 L) bi rbkhwf ebi

°pficlkf qub bxl:e8 d Lj 8pfkj kfifdlji bd

eb Lft p j h ~ b : jhrajdft, pubt, Mft nltlfddft

efnhdlf pfihtlkf y Lj prftbkkl8d ek j pftbd-

Bttf trjmf kfdjl`f hudb:tj: k f d t b j ~ b d e j j Mj

bdebdklj: pfihtlkjt, ti b: qub, kfdkiulej Mj

N KM:jef pfr Cujj::U Euj tJN bd •w rblMjhfdjkMuke8d dpjhtfij eb M 7.• keMk hrjdkbbj ubdELL Jgj,



prjbdklj et= V ~ ~ ~ g « t i t lbs hdeb= °

pbdebnisk. g khb " pr-fpt.M .djwalete b lenkh..°kP pfhclkj k u i t t ~ t j i ht n ~ c h t tF ~ 1 . e bt[wd

~ l d r l d j e & eb cjchjd ~ eM. l t r j l d i h t ~ d h ~ udh °

ef<" bd ~ k.f ~ d r l s ~ n . ]) h d •MhhF t k ~ i ~ N cfy

Lft d i r « u R C ~ L eb r. l ~ f k l j pf5htlt.,. jipd f ~ ~ d j - d t j

rfdshebrjd j Lj~

Kjt8Maj «=MNN tnji ~ . j

L(Mkljh ejdjsdef ldhhfybtrtb bd Lj hilej ebi pjls/ Ij nlrNt N±

Lj prldklpji fpniuMtj eb `n jngal94dbs pfihtltjs. y eb ~ ~kfk=g t f t = j i l u r ~ eb `øglbrdf, bd nukcfs kjsfs k f d k u ~ eb

ifs ebrbkcfs itn&jnbdkjij eb j pbrsfdj ~ -Ij rbil`l8d ee `npf btdlkf h ~ , sfgrb tfef Mj nlej bd

Mj Kpfkj prbkfiødlji, p b r ~ b d b k b j ijs LMjnjkh. cfy rel`lfdbs rr•

elklfdjibs f eb pubgifs sld bskrlturj, bstf bs, rbil`lfdbs qub s8hfkubdud kfd Mj hb pbr Fdji eb ws 7ekprfs y tlbdbd jds trjkhl...

kl8d qub sb cj njdtbdlef prjkrlkjnbdtb pfr nbelf eb Lj kr...

nlsl8d frji. Cb bvltjef j prfpk[`lkf i=j >xprbsl8d «rbil`lfdbs prl-

nltlvjs•, pfr rjz8d ee sbdtlef ebspbktlv'f qjb sb ej j j u

bxprbsl8d.

[b tfdD kjsl slbnprb Lj hjit=j eb efkunbnfs bskrltfs kfnf

ldelklf eb prldrltlvlsnf. [ld bngrr`f, kfdvlbdb tbdbr bd kubrrtj

-elbb _jrrldebr (7?)- qub e jdb eb Lj bskrlturj bs udj jequltlkl8d cunjdj nfy rjrj y rbhjtlvjnbdtb tjreh=j. _ub ldvbdtjejbd udfs pfkfs sltlfs, jfdk=MRb ifb`f sk tfnj=rj y sb jejpurj bd

fufs nukcfs Ij hjirj eb Mj bskrlturj pubek df sbt ldelklf eb

prlnlrlvlsnf, sldf eb jlsijnlbdtf. Ifs jztbkj,. pf:' bmbnpif, g

ldkjs y ifs njyjs eb Jnnkj ebskfdfklbrfd Lj jkrldrrj pfr N-

Rjrsb jlsijeft1 if nlsnf pubeb ebkldb eb nukcfs pubgifs hrlkjdfs, j ifs k=ujij bM ebslbdf eb [jcjrj y Lj skivj trfplkjM Mb-

pE jrfE eb ifs ftrfs pubgifs, kfnf bi njr bde kjjf eb ifs jusu.

ilnfs. Ijs trlgus eb ijs zfdj nfdtjllfsjs ek Jslj sb vlkrfd jlsMj

(7?) _djrDEE, B. @ • Cutjd LPl . .V ~ eb V eb •~ ) , LL, Nberle, <, :<0), p. ').M.



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L D E L K B

Frl`bd y nl`rjklfdbs ebi pukgif hje .. . . . .. . .. .

i.kis g.jdrf • . . •• . •• . . ••• ••• . •• ••• • • •• ••• •• ::

L fs hj 8 .•. ••. •.. .•• ..• .•. ... ..• •.• •.• :5

Rgljkløj `bf`rlhlkj eb ifs hje . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . .. . .. :5

8sff8nlrfs y inùj . . . . . . . . . . :8

Fr`jdlzjkl8f sfklfpficlkj prbkfifdlji eb ifs hjrt . • . :<

Fr`jdlzjkl8f pfirtlkj kfifdlji ee pukgif PY . . . . . . . . . 77

~ B d ..• .•. .... •.. •.. ..• .•. •.. ••. •.. •.• 70

~ ° • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 73

Hrjttlj ... •.. •.. ..• •.• ••• ••. ..• .•• •.• ... .•• ••. ••• ))

Urlci °°° °°° °°° °°° °°° °°° °°° °°° M..i

_gspj=tlvjs eb Lj trlgu bd e Jhrlkj nfebrd . . • . . . •• ;0

U lgM y trli.bi..lsiff . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . •• . . . • . • . . . . i0

[lstjEj bnf8nlkf prb pfstnifdlji ..}

Ujrj . .. . 50

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

Documents

Nze Abuy, Rafael María. Breves datos históricos del pueblo fań. Spain: s.n., 1984