1) 6fl194g~~ael%fJ4hnalaqu (Suf5cimcy Economy and Happiness)

msds%i~un?iudi6~~~1~6ff~~1~n'ooJ'n3'~&aunis68u~muo~~adini~affs~1$n'~ C I ~ d w -4 d A .# th1;a~rnli!i u1m~iunisds~~r9uii'u1o1n4oauumwa~ui1u~vu"o~~na1uw"~~ol~~1~~uu

.# 944 ~ ~ ~ s ~ u ~ ~ ~ ~ u u ~ n u u d i w f u m o u a u o ~ n a ~ u ~ o ~ n ~ s u o ~ m u ~onuum~un?ia~uizau~u

ms'i~nnz~~qlqlm~arv~~owaiudrznir ~ a u ~ ~ n i s ~ ~ ~ s r u ~ n a ~ u ~ " ~ ~ ~ ~ o ~ u w ~ ~ ~ m ~ ~ i a ~ d

aiuim%oonuii4uoi?WurX k d u nird~isonpi?mu~iu1Aw~onis~~u~m~1~1~1s~1~n"od

i~ein~la~iim~audrzairi3 (GNP) 1~18udQ1uuin

odir?rimiu 6cnqn'a~oda~68~1~a'nnir66~~naiuwod~zui~ 'Iriuinn'u!d iril?ou mh1d ~t~~udi~uiuuo~nisw'8)1uin~iuqu (Happiness) U Q ~ ~ ~ ~ M ~ Q ~ U I U ~ ~ ~ ~ U ;!&tau

na1uwu1uiamawi~a61w1~1~~v~n'odu1nd~~~0i1do~u1n naiu~ana~un'mam%du

hmouo.m?iuynu' ~ ~ ' o ~ f l i ~ l n u m r ~ ~ u 1 ~ 3 ~ 1 ~ ~ ~ s v ~ n ' ~ ~ ~ ~ o 1 o " $ # n a 1 u ~ u u 1 n w f ~w"ou$

1#i 66~~~'~i~~udfa~im%a'uo~nd~s1n~1uw1;1~w'6~~iau1w'~iiun~10~di~~~~~ni~w"981u1

B ~d~un?lu~ulzau (Roper development) E.F. Schumacher ~q1g~<~lff3~1~~m21~1f(11?399~a'~mn An nsirudrz y n~uan'~wi~pyw~~~in"uY~winirw'~uiaasv~n" ~mrjiil#Ian~%di<i

"Buddhist Economics" ~ ~ ~ n u ~ I ~ ~ u m ~ u d ~ n ' ~ u o ~ ~ a u ~ v u " u i n n i ~ ~ a ~ a " m o ~ ~ ~ ~ r ~ ~ ~ u u ~ ~

u y v 6 ~ a ~ w ~ n ~ ~ u o ~ n a ~ w ~ d ~ ~ m n B i ~ ~ n i ~ G o a u u ~ w ~ ~ ~ ~ r v g ~ a m i nil?& n1rua3~m

~ i f ~ ~ ~ d u ~ n u i a ~ r i ~ d ~ ~ a ~ f ~ ~ ~ a n ~ ~ o u " ~ ~ ~ d ~ z ~ ~ a ~ ~ a n a ~ u ~ (Schumacher, 1973) a a' arv~~iamiaia~w~~.n'~u~BionaiuquIu~~~udi~~n'uotii . jan~11~ (muqu aiuqu .

4 t lm:: odiuqu nlulict9uIa?iuqria~Ia~mrqu) mrl?RIuinaiuqu~~uuIa~mrquw?~

3ymflqu (Spiritual happiness) LSUUIU(I'I nirj~u~ui?qi?(ao~~ud~$uI#naiudi~i'qvoq .# naiuqurnq5mlo (rau8~IauGa~~nui~~azIwuGa~awui) ~bunaiuw".rwoIauinuu~~oJ'iio~

Wogiluszriuuo~muqu6miu w a m r i ~ u G u i ~ a o ~ n ~ ~ ~ n " u ~ a u ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ w ~ ibu wuiims

6 ~ ~ ~ a m ~ m s v ~ ~ ~ ~ u ~ a i u d r z 6 w f f ~ ~ ~ ~ i ~ ~ u n a u ~ ~ d n " u s ~ ~ u u o ~ n ~ 1 u q u w ~ ~ n i r o ~ ~ ~ q u

(WeU-beii odiq~~nut#~'hfi~ Q I ~ u & ? I U ~ ~ ~ W O I O ( L ~ I I B ) I U ~ ? ~ ~ ~ Z B I ~ ' U (Life satisfiction) 9 , 2 ~r::~u~6dn~~~riu'b~vo~drz6~ff6~uQ.j~~ 1+1iulu~nrjoau~ni6m%~u wfo!ri~:ulunro4

u o c ~ ~ u u n % d r r c w d a u ~ w ~ ~ u ~ ~ ~ d (9 Easterlin, 1974, Layard, 2005 1 1 % Kahneman ana

fieger, 2006) na1u i~ i~o~t~~sv~n 'o~or~u~~~~~o1o41n"~n1s~rns1z~dn1sa~~Y~n1s i~u"ba

ni.nmugiis 5ui~umsvu1u~auotszuuo1a1~~o1oGna1u~nsu"uinuiuuo~~nu~iuauuin

dzduod 4 l r r n a i u q v i ~ u d o ~ ~ u a n i a z h ~ ~ a ~ u ~ ~ d a ~ 5 u i ~ u ~ u ~ ~ ~ d s ~ ~ n u i l u n i s ~ ~ s ~ 3 5 a v o ~

u y v i Gnaiuqolniwrmzwaiuo~R"dsznou iiinliiaiflurnnsau 7 n a i u q u i o u $ u o d l

iloGuuinuiunmudszni~ i i l i n u l F i o d i t l u a riul8~uoiadiln~~naiuaznanauiu5u

rguo~6d~znounhuotnaio~qv irsim~lhln~ts1u~&i;~1i~uXo~i3uaazna1u~ua!au~u"~

~Xo~i3u%dn"unis i i44~u SalSsidu nis.iiiqiw~Xo\rasinmf iw7oi~ulnl iaunaiui~3uf i rsi a o-rlriliiirdnn1ad~iu~iuda~i~g1u~i~d5zrn wuii.rr~~uocnnuqvSnaiu8uw"uin"usiu~~

1~3:hdilulfl (Easterlin, 2001 lm: Kahneman and Krueger, 2006) & I L ~ P ( R ~ ~ & & ~ U ~ # U H

a i u p ~ i 1 ~t~1ao~n?1u8u~u~r~~nd~ff1ao1iibuuidum59~zwa'1~5z~una1u4ud~azs1u~i

ia~ado~4avs~d~z'111ns

A Two-Stage Least Square ?4% Three-Stage Least Square I U O ~ Q I ~ ~ S U ~ Z U U ~ U ~ I S H ~ I U ~ ~

(Simultaneous F,quations)

TRU H i ~ ~ r ~ ~ u a ? i ~ q u

Y rSurz~uiiu'lk~W"~39tn~u~iow'a 0, dcl

S l6aZ SE ~ ~ U ~ % ~ U O ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ M ~ ~ ~ I R W ~ ~ I ~ W ~ ~ ~ M ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ H J P I ~ ~ " O W ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

x dudi?udsdw 7 do~uiiszgua?iu~u 9 a z t~uK~rtlsss"uiusz6usiu~~tnausiow"a

I I w 4 4 4

2) n l % ~ a ~ l a % ~ ? l m a a ~ ~ a (Index Building) 8 9 d ni r~1~nzwkmuwansznuw~ounu1~uo;1 t~~v~n"o~ot~~~~o~Gn1so"~ i1d1~(11G~

t$ua#~a t4iu {atids H ttas/w?o i a ~ t d s s t ~ 1 s v ~ ~ ~ w o t ~ i u t ~ u ~ ~ " ~ i w ~ n ~ u a a 1 u n u ~ a ~ 1 n n ~ i n i s ~ ~ ~ 8 i i d ~ 1 n d ~ a u o a ~ a t t ~ s

d a 1ai~tdrwu.r o c d u m r i ~ n ~ ~ d ~ u u ~ ~ d a ~ t ? ~ ~ ~ ~ n ~ w ~ ~ n n i i ~ u t ? ~ d ? % ~ ~ r u u n1swa"m

4 a ~ ~ ~ l ~ l ~ t ~ ~ ~ ~ d U 4 ( I I w " R L ~ ~ ? M ~ 0 ~ 0 i ~ % ~ R ~ U ~ ~ ~ 1 ~ ~ 7 R d 8 ~ u " l 9 ~ ~ ~ 8 l ~ ~ l ~ ~ L ~ ~ 1 ~ 1 3 ~ 3 ~ 6 9

'4.4 ~~~i~~i~uuia lnoju intn"u7d tdo1i~~ii~n1swiim3u~iod1.jo.1ain~aiuu~~u~ni~tn~lm3

~ u r z f i m w r a u 6%inmuqvu?ar?u (Gross National Happiness) i m z ~ v ~ q a n i w 1 W d

%mj,dit q (Quality of L* Indices) ~zi jnaiud~~guima~~~~ad~waera"m~~aarau iwrizaz&u

na1~oruqavo~mr61r~~?m!~~n~1n1r~~?qi~u~mni~a"m~w?oqa~181n1~v~~~a~a"mr?u

m r ~ L n r i z ~ i f l r u J ~ ~ ~ ~ l ~ ~ 9 ~ l ~ ~ ~ # ~ 9 w " 0 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 6 ~ ~ 9 ~ ~ ~ ~ 6 9 ~ y ~ u "

luvounminrounqui~#iu~mQiiaz~iufim~o f ~ l r d o a d ~ i h u ~ ' n d ~ ~ ~ 1 ~ 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ 4 o ~ i ~ ~ ~ 9 d4 w w 4 w

~ i i ~ ~ a " R f l l d ~ ~ 6 i d ~ 4 ~ 1 9 ~ ~ 1 ~ i 6 ~ ~ ~ i ~ b d ~ ~ ~ 6 i d ~ 9 ~ ~ 7 nuanuaz&om?au (Subjective)

~~o~1urzuz~~u8iuvo~n1~~nu1~u~a"ini~~nu1fl1a0il~w?6~uw1~na~~u (Objective)

luuazdmrv?atuigvinaiu4v (Gross National Happiness Index W?Q GNHI) 'lI%

o~cillrznouCruXaui1(tide,4iiu n a i m u i u i a ~ $ ~ z f rii~dnaiu~vi;di~~lr"$doeii~Bi86u"8~

~ 2 u ~ a ~ a ~ u d r z m ~ r z n ~ f l i ~ m i ~ u ~ r z G u ( f l ~ ~ d ~ z ~ ~ i ~ ~ v ~ n a ~ u ~ v i ~ u i ~ u ~ ~ n n ~ r ~ ~ m i i ~ 9 1 ~

n u l # d r z n n 8 i(tiu d s z m ~ r g ~ i u l u o i i ~ d nisib~irnnudi~qriuuim~~iunirn~o~~w

tmulawizodi.r~~luhuifiru~~'~ fliamsisiru" M O ~ S David M O ~ S uri.amn?%i&nuinui

u W l ? ~ U l h % l ? u ' ! f i $ u ~ ~ l h ~ ~ s l n l ~ 3 3 ~ 6 3 9 n l ~ f i l l ~ (Physical Quality o f L i fe Index

H?Q PQLI) ~ ~ u n r ~ u n ~ u ~ a n ~ w ~ ~ m m ~ u a ' ~ ~ ~ a z # o u n a ~ u i d u ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ o ~ ~ u ~ d s ~ u ~ ~ i i a z ~ ~ i

o ~ l u ~ d r i u ' l 8 l&ld o a l A n ~ r d ~ u o o n ~ ~ t l u ~ & ~ a z n ~ a z v ~ ~ i i n a u ~ ~ n ~ s Qtl iu i i iSuvuanid

~uiwuuuvot~%dnirou'~uiuo$~ld (Human Development Index M% I-IDI) UQ~IIM~~ZYI%I~

(&briilu4 199 ~ a u m m n o i r d Sen ~ ~ a z n a z ) n i r k d i ~ % ~ n a i u ~ v ~ ~ ~ u ~ ~ ~ i n

66U?Wlt'U€l9 Moms ddiOztdudrz1uvu'luouinm ( ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Q ~ ~ ~ ~ Q J ~ ~ ~ ~ I H ~ ' ~ ~ ' I I ~ PQLI

luoRm q lrtu w.rbuGau'2533)

ilqrndi6gvotmra'ariiA"11i~aiuqv iia nirl&uuii iuurzwii9qnna ~ ~ N i n i s

f i w i I u v u a w i ~ u s ~ MOAS ~ ~ i & ~ ~ t ~ ~ ~ d 1 ~ ( f l ~ 9 ~ ~ ~ 1 9 6 ? ~ 1 ~ i ~ ~ ~ j , d 1 9 n ' ~ " 1 , ~ ~ 6 ~ ~ # ~ 4 ~ ~ 1 ~

oouiuotCidrznouu~9~%idoi~iffufio~n"u!8uin i d h r i l e g i h d n i r l b i i n ? i u ~ i ~ ~ ~ i A ~ d h r z ~ u n u s ~mu~iaari~irdri~a"aFu~ua Daniel Kahneeman fliffmri~ir6 Alan Krueger

s 4 s a , a d uaznaz l#G~91u1i~ms~~n~iuqvlui~~~m~~u1nu1~~~fil~~iaza1u1r~i&u~i~u11sz~i1~

A see ynnalb: (Ordinal) % ~ ~ ~ n i s d z o i ~ m ~ d h ? ~ n ~ i u ~ a 6 f f u v ~ a d s ~ m ~ 8 u ' i ~ ~ 6 ~ n ~ ( ~ a b m m

et al, 2004)

d i ~ ~ u ~ i ? l 6 d r ~ ~ m m ~ n a i u 6 ~ u ~ a ~ p 1 ~ ~ ~ w ~ i ~ u ~ (s) n i r ~ ~ n r i z ~ r z ~ u n m r . l a 41i9u cia ~ o ~ ~ i ~ u n i ~ a ~ i ~ ~ ~ ~ w " ~ l X i l ~ ~ u ~ i n u a 4 o ~ I X r ' u n 1 ~ ~ 1 S ~ ~ ~ ~ d 1 ~ n 4 1 ~ v a 1 ~ ~ i u ~ stii-als

da 9 liiuaru&uqumuuon (externalities) uocmswf m-mstnlr.r Gutfluhr(unrrmoknu

iird Q* ez6io~diu8aud14iu~uniuuontdu

3) nlaa~lsttuu~loesil01%"~1nlaals~t~0d (Planning Models)

fl~tiaitma~'Imn+s~lImu

kf7$4~~87du7w"%e~0

QI 1 In- = a , , InGI + b,,AREA1 + cl,WATERP + dl1WATERG + e l lDS 5 I

Qli In - = a,, In Pli + bli AREA, + c,, WATER, + d l , WATER, + el, DS .. . . .. . . ..(9) Si

&~niumw~dqZmi Q2 1 In- = In Pz1 + bZl AREA2 + c 2 , WATERp + d2,DS P2l

Q2j In- = a z j I n P z j + b2jAREA,+c2jWATERp+d2jDS P2j

Q1 I In- = a , , In61 + PIJNCOME + Y I ~ hPnl Pi 1

Qli In- = a l , h ~ , + P l , ~ C O ~ + y , i l n P , i ......... .(13) Si

I IRU INCOME l$~63i716d111~v ~ 9 l l ~ ~ 9 f i l & ~ ~ " U Q 9 d 1 ~ % 1 % U 66flL Pni i71S~~ifliBuKi

w'a~ad(u?Innrnuirt;ll4~~~1wuw"aeca~ i 18 hw?~lv~dqSmi

Q2 1 In- = a21 lnP21+ P21NCOME + y2, lnPm1 P2l

Q2j In- = In P2] + P2jINCOME + y2, 111 Pmj .......... (15) p2/

d s 4 IRU Pmj 1~~ '11~ l1~~81d~ .a "~ la "d ( f l ?~ f i l n~1111~ t ; l f~~~ i~~~~~d& i1d~8~a%0d j

aurn.lclai.riunitivaaI1wa'aJi

WATER, = 0 , + €),WATER, + B ~ A R E A , ( - ~ ) + AREA,(-^) + 0,DS ..........( 16) ad a &ai?ld~numsorwuiu (-I) wuiulc hadskndialui?.rrrur~aaid~~8a (lagged variables)

a 90, 4 9 ~a~d ic i71~uu61no~4 i~ iu~du i iu~161a~~a0~n i~~a iu~~ nla~vuuoynoyn~uiaai 444 u4 r( 0,

(time-series) ~ ~ n i s ~ ~ ~ t r ~ ~ m ~ i w u i r a u 0 ~ ~ q ~ a % 1 u m ~ ~ ~ a n t r m ~ i 7 1 ~ ~ ~ n ' u n ' u 6 ~ ~ ~ 1 ~ 1 a o ~ s ~ ~ ~ ~

naluqu ( n u m 3 1 ~iaz 2) 1hnfum.mfi'lc~rnu~iao~dI4Go~afil1n~~vai~ (cross-section) 994 oz8i~.ri;m.r~fud~9~a6id~~1~i~ndo~61a~~1o~o9~%~n1r~1~ia~~1~u~1~~i~1n~ii~a8n!d

¶J%%alP$naaJ w 40, imunoc Bunimu' (2550). .waa?miflrvgiiowotiuqrziugqw~R : %nl.rrns yn"a7* brqmr

4 d .# a6nr i zw6u~~ i i f l ~~~n"ow~1~u~~uu~~u1u i i~~~~ a~u~y~F~udifin~iuno~yu~G~~ao$u

n~r?iiu 4

R3a ~Gh~ariPUu' (2533). ~ ~ ~ ~ u ~ T o d " u i ~ r ~ ~ R ~ i ~ a z n a ~ n ~ n ~ r w ' ~ u i l u w ~ a ~ r ~ l ~ ~ i ~ l r a

naduaGwu' (u.n.) n'flni~rnrd~~du~ufliu6flr~l~n"~~~u~uwflarr~l 1990 n2amn :

qu6b ia rv3mad n ~ l s m s v ~ r n a n i gmatnrduw~inu~ciu i r w w t L w r i ~ u u ' (2549). "iplrugn~a~itwdowangnrvv usauriuTu (12 n rnp iau)

% h 9 u i q q a 3 ol oynul(2sso). 6 ~ n r ~ u a u m r d g ' E d n " o n ~ ~ ~ ~ 6 ~ u y a ~ ~ o ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 6 w " ~ ~ b 6 a z ~ ~ d u 4 019 ~~urnsd~u~1~11un~n!~1~n'd~uzp.s?8 Triple Bottom Line i m z r n ~ n l f l r ~ ~ ~ n " o ~ ~ i ~ u q ~ ~

~~srnsutmr~rn"au't% 2 ( w q ~ m n ~ )

Easterlin, Richard A. (1974). "Does Economic Growth Improve the Human Lot ? Some

Empirical Evidence," in Paul A. David and Melvin W. Reder, eds., Nations and

Households in Economic Growth : Essavs in Honor of Moses Abramovitz, New York :

Academic Press, pp. 98-125.

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Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 27 (1) : 35-47.

Easterlin, Richard A. (2001). "Income and Happiness : Towards a Unified Theory," Economic

Journal 11 1 : 465-484.

Dixit, Avinash K., and Jeseph E. Stiglitz (1977). "Monopolistic Competition and Optimum

Product Diversith." Awerican Economic Review 67 : 297-308.

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(2004). "A Survey Method for Characterizing Daily Life Experience : The Day

Reconstruction Method," Science 306(5702) : 1776- 1780.

Kahneman, Daniel and Alan B. h e g e r (2006). "Developments in the Measurement of

Subjective Well-Being," Journal of Economic Perspectives 20 (1) Winter, pp. 3-24.

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of Life Index. New York : Pergamon Press.

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