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Organizational behavior
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1.1Organisational Structure and Culture:
Organizational structure is basically the hierarchical division according to levels within an
organization. It may be flat or high depending on the size of the organization. Organizational
culture on the other hand is the sum total of an organizations philosophy, expectations,
experiences which is often expressed through its interactions with the outside world
.Organizational culture rests on the attitudes, beliefs, principles as well as the written and
unwritten rules which have been developed through time.
There may be different types of organizational structure Tall, Flat or matrix. The tall structure isone with many different hierarchical levels. These types of structures are complex and are
generally slow to respond to market changes. The flat structure is one where the middle level of
management is almost absent facilitating direct contact between the top level and base level
employees. On the other hand matrix type of structure involves managing via multiple reporting
line .This helps in management of cross business group functions and so on.
1.2Organizational culture and performance
The management of Human resources within the organizations has been a big concern both for
HR managers as well as the organizational policy makers. On order to have a satisfied,
motivated, stress free performing workforce the organization must strive for consistency in its
structure, system, people as well as on the . Cultures within an organization has positive and
negative impact on all aspects such as job satisfaction and employee motivation through the
daily proceedings. It is found that structure, leadership, managerial practices and the decision
processes positively impacts on the employee motivation. On the other hand excess
centralization, no role in decision-making, little or no opportunity for growth, and high degree ofspecialization tends to effect employee motivation negatively. For a decent amount of
satisfaction what is necessary is adequate amount of training , decentralization, kind of an open
encouraging culture, less rigid structure, participative management, autonomy in work welfare
opportunity for personal growth and development, promotion and recognition, supervisory
support, employee empowerment, interesting challenging work , good communication, goal
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congruence, warmth with variety have positive impact on job satisfaction. Formal
communication, lack of information, lack of professional help, job difficulty, lack of adequate
organizational policy and administration, lack of supervisory support are few things which
negatively effects on the employees and has harmful consequences on the performances.
1.3Memo to Managing Director
To,
The Managing director,
Personality traits of different kinds may positively or negatively influence workplace behavior. It
has been often noticed that people who tend to overtly aggressive may not be very suitable for a
work place environment. There are different types of personality types for example extrovert and
introvert. If a team consists of 5 Members of which 2 are introvert in nature it may hamper team
performance. Similarly if all extroverts are put in a team that may lead to a lot of difference of
opinions and delay of project. So it is very important to group people in accordance to their type
of personality. Emotional stability is also required in the personality of employees. If employees
tend to get hysteric then it is not suitable in the work place environment.
2.1 Application
Date:
Name of the person you are writing to: Mr. John smith
Address (create an address)
Dear Sir,
There are different types of leadership that may prove to be effective in organizations depending
upon the nature of the organization and the situation. There are different types of leadership
styles that may be used. One of them is autocratic form of leadership. In autocratic leadership
managers have total control of decisions; they take their own decisions and do not consult
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anyone from his team or subordinates. Another type of leadership that is very popular is laissez
faire style. This is a kind of delegate leadership style, here the group members are free to make
their own decisions .However various researches have suggested that this form of leadership
results in the least amount of productivity.
There are different management theories like scientific management, classical theory of
management which shapes up the culture and structure of the organization. The scientific
management theory was put forward by Taylor and is one of the most popular theories which is
followed by many organizations.
Yours sincerely
3.1 Leadership Style
In autocratic style of leadership the management has the final say and the employees do not have
any say in the decision making process .In Consultancy A where this is being followed along
with downsizing of employees is tremendously negatively affecting the morale of all the
employees. The employees who are still with the organization tend to be insecure and they look
for viable opportunities elsewhere. Moreover the performance of the employees in the given
situation is bound to be very low.
In consultancy B where the organization is large and the organization is using laissez faire style
,where employees are delegated responsibilities and they may make their own decisions. In this
kind of leadership it has been seen that the performance is affected and low. This is the very
reason why they have to recruit more people to sustain the organization which again is large.
Productivity of employees here are not up to the mark which may be a major concern.
3.2Maslows theory and Herzbergs theory
MaslowsHierarchy of needs and Herzbergs two factor theory happens to be two off the most
popular of all motivational theories. Of these two theories Herzbergs theory is more inclined to
job satisfaction. He was of the opinion that the various factors and parameters of any job can be
broadly classified into two distinct categories. One being the motivational factor whiles the other
being hygiene factors. Things such as company policy, supervision or working conditions and
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salary fall under hygiene factors, the absence of which may lead to dissatisfaction in the job. On
the contrary factors such as the work itself, recognition, achievements are termed as motivational
factors which provides with long term satisfactions, where as the hygiene factors provide with
short term satisfaction.
Maslows theory of needs tells us how people in general try to satisfy their needs in context to
their work. He opined that there was a generalist pattern that of needs people follow
hierarchically to quench their need thirst. The idea that the theory conveys is that managers
should supply or provide with the necessary opportunities as a person tends to advance within an
organization ,to the mutual benefit of both the employee and the employer.
3.3Theory X and theory Y
In his theory X and theory Y Mc gregor has put forward two opposite ideas of management
and leadership styles. Mc Gregor Was of the opinion that the managers may use any one of
them based on the need of the situation and the nature of employees, however better results will
be given by theory Y rather than theory X.
Theory X is authoritarian style of management where the management of employees is very
strict since the theory assumes that people have an inherent tendency to dislike work and will try
to avoid it at the least possible opportunity. So in order to bring them in line with the
organizational objectives it is extremely necessary to control, direct and threaten them of
punishment .It also states people have little sense of responsibility and are mostly ambitionless
but they seek security above and al everything,
Contrary to theory, X is theory Y that suggests, the management should aim at the overall
development of an employees key skills and potential and channelize them properly. The theory
thus argues that work is as natural as play and rest. People are not lazy and shall themselves
strive for the organizational goals even if not prodded continuously. People use their imaginative
creativity and genius to solve organizational problems in accordance with their potential.
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4.1Group and team:
When three or more people tend to interact towards achievement of a mutual goal and exercise
individual differences or agreements, they are said to constitute a group. A team is formed of a
group of people who have coordinated their actions over a considerable period of time in order to
accomplish an unified goal. A group doesn't necessarily constitute a team because a team
requires a coordinated effort. A team is a more specialized in that it includes common resources
and collective effort. Characteristics of a group are interdependence, interaction, synergy,
common goals, shared norms, and cohesiveness. A group may also be informal, such as 3-12
people that are in a meeting to discuss any form of business problem. Teams
are structured more formally and are sometimes assigned. Teams have a purpose, specific goals,
and assigned duties. Teams need to have different members with special roles in order to help
achieve a common goal.
On the other hand, groups are often comprised of people with similar abilities and goals and may
not have participating members with different skill sets. Groups come together more casually and
will typically have less structured meetings than teams. A successful business needs both groups
and teams in order to function effectively. Groups may come together to solve less complex
issues in meetings, while teams will be structured and formed in order to solve more difficult
issues that take a longer time to solve.
4.2 Team Performance
One of the most important factors that contribute to team performance is cohesiveness.
Cohesiveness helps to build on the commitment and willingness to achieve results from the team
members. It also helps participation among the team members and helps to solve any and all
team conflicts that are likely to happen while working in at team. Another very important factor
that affects team performance is communications. A team must develop effective communication
techniques among them to work in a coordinated manner. Communications may be in the form o
E- mails, intranet present in office or weekly meetings. Communications is vital to solve the
project related problems and issues.
Effective team performance may be severely affected by team members who are not sincere
enough and perform poorly. It is necessary for the team leader here to intervene and clearly
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explain to him the deliverables that are expected out of him. If there is some sort of technical
problem or knowledge gap it may easily be resolved by a senior team member with necessary
experience to do so. Often teams may underperform due to poor leadership skills exhibited by
the team leader. The team leader plays a pivotal role for the success of the team .If he is
incompetent then chances are the entire team will suffer no matter what.
4.3Impact of technology:
Technology has made it possible to unite teams across distances, assemble them to produce
results which previously could not be dreamt off. There are numerous advantages and
disadvantages that technology brings with it. With the help of technology business
communications have become easier, faster and cheaper. It has helped teams to use advanced
softwares to assist on their projects to give much more accurate and better results. One
disadvantage is that teams are getting more techno logy oriented so if ever technology fails then
the entire project may get hampered. Security and loss of potential information may be regarded
as another threat or disadvantage.
However nowadays technology has also facilitated in creation of virtual teams and organizations
.In virtual teams it is not necessary for the team members to know each other or work with each
other physically. They do so using various forums over the internet, video conferencing. They
may even work with the help of mails and spreadsheets, dissolving the age old concept of a
physical workplace. This also helps businesses in saving considerable amount of capital
expenditure. Virtual teams are thus a latest addition which is being extensively used these days.
It improves performances of the team too.
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