OBSERVATORIO DE DERECHO CIVIL. VOLUMEN I "EL CONTRATO" - CAP. 1 CONCEPTO Y FORMACIÓN DEL CONTRATO - MARIO CASTILLO FREYRE

7/23/2019 OBSERVATORIO DE DERECHO CIVIL. VOLUMEN I "EL CONTRATO" - CAP. 1 CONCEPTO Y FORMACIN DEL CONTRAT

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Bcujl Acq}jiil @udzud

QTBCUJL? 3+ ALKADV]L MD ALK]UC]L+ 3+3 DI ALK]UC]L ALBL CA]LOTUMJAL+ 3+5+ I C UDICAJK OTUMJAC VC]UJBLKJCI+ 3+1+ ACUA]DULEIJGCAJLKCI MD ILQ ALK]UC]LQ+ 3+=+ VCU]DQ ALK]UCA]TCIDQ ZQTOD]LQ JK]DUPJKJDK]DQ+ 3+4+ I C AUDCAJK) UDGTICAJK) BLMJ@JACAJK Z D^]JKAJK MD LEIJGCAJLKDQ+ 3+0+ ALK]UC]L ZALKPDKAJK+ 3+7+ I C ALK]UC]CAJK DK]UD AKZTGDQ+ 3+>+ DIALKQDK]JBJDK]L+ ALKQJMDUCAJLKDQ VUDIJBJKCUDQ+ 3+:+ ] DLUCQSTD JK]DK]CK UDQLIPDU DI VULEIDBC MD IC @LUBCAJK MDIALKQDK]JBJDK]L+ 3+:+3 ] DLUC QTEOD]JPC L MD IC PLITK]CM+ 3+:+5+ ] DLUC LEOD]JPC L MD IC MDAICUCAJK+ 3+:+1+ ] DLUC MD ICUDQVLKQCEJIJMCM+ 3+:+=+ ] DLUC MD IC ALK@JCK_C+ 3+36+ MJQDK]JBJDK]L L MJQDKQL+

3+ ALKADV]L MD ALK]UC]L

Md alk`lubjmcm c il dq}ceidajml vlu di cu}atil 3143 mdi Amjgl Ajpji Vdutckl m3:>=) Di alk}uc}l dq di catduml md mlq l bq vcu}dq vcuc audcu) udgticu) blmj`jad~}jkgtju tkc udicajk otumjac vc}ujblkjci+

Md ic md`jkjajk alk}dkjmc dk di ud`dujml atduvl qtq}ck}jpl) mdedblq d~}u

mjpduqcq alkqjmducajlkdq std udqti}c jkmjqvdkqceid celumcu+

Qjk mtmc) ic idz vdutckc nc vcu}jml md dq}ceidadu tk alkadv}l vcuc di alk}u

Bq cii md qj qd }uc}c md ic md`jkjajk bq cadu}cmc l kl) z mdk}ul md icmd vdkqcbjdk}l std vcqc vlu alkqjmducu std ilq Amjglq Ajpjidq) cq albl kjkgtkc


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l}uc idz vtdmdk cqvjucu c ic vdu`daajk) dq}jbcblq std di aj}cml alkadv}l dq pijmdk atck}l c std udqti}c qjdkml ajdu}l) `tduc mdi ndanl md std }lml dq mjqat}jeid dkbej}l md icq ajdkajcq otumjacq+

Ck}dq md jkjajcu dk dq}uja}l ktdq}ul ckijqjq) mdedblq qteuczcu ic dklubdmd}dubjkck}d jkìtdkajc std nc }dkjml di Amjgl Ajpji J}cijckl md 3:=5 udqvda}l Ijeul PJJ mdi Amjgl Ajpji Vdutckl md 3:>=) ud`dudk}d c @tdk}dq md Leijgcajlkdq) z dk `lubc dqvdajci) udqvda}l md ic Qdaajk Vujbduc std pduqc qleilq alk}uc}lq dk gdkduci+

]ci jkìtdkajc nc qjml jkaitql udalklajmc dk ic D~vlqjajk md Bl}jplq zAlbdk}cujlq md ic Albjqjk Ud`lubcmluc c ic Jk}ulmtaajk mdi aj}cml Ijeul) dk icstd qt vlkdk}d) Bc~ Cujcq"Qanudjedu c`jubc il qjgtjdk}d?

Dk di atuql md dq}d }ucecol pdudblq atidq nck qjml icq `tdk}dq mdi Amdk bc}dujc alk}uca}tci+ Cmdick}kmlbd) qdcil std qj ejdk vdubckdajblq `jdidq ktdq}uc }ucmjajk otumjac dk }lml il std }dkc md udqac}ceid) z vlu il std btancqicq mjqvlqjajlkdq mdi ktdpl Amjgl udvj}dk dk di `lkml z) c pdadq) }cbejk dk `lubc) icq klubcq mdi Amjgl Ajpji md 3:10) kl vtdml mdqalkladu ic dklubdjkìtdkajc std nc }dkjml di Amjgl Ajpji j}cijckl md 3:=5) il std kl dq md d~}uccu qd }jdkd dk atdk}c std dq di vulmta}l md tkc cpck cmc ati}tuc z std) dk qt alkotk}l

vudqdk}c mdvtucmc }akjac otumjac+

Dk dqd qdk}jml mdedblq }cbejk mdq}cacu std ic md`jkjajk alk}dkjmc dkcu}atil 3143 dq} }lbcmc md tk blml ecq}ck}d `jmdmjgkl md ic md`jkjajk alk}dkdk di cu}atil 3153 mdi Amjgl Ajpji J}cijckl) vudadv}l std dq}ceidad il qjgtjdk}d?

Cu}atil 3153+" Di alk}uc}l dq di catduml md mlq l bq vcu}dqvcuc alkq}j}tju) udgticu l d~}jkgtju dk}ud q tkc udicajk otumjacvc}ujblkjci+

D~jq}d) kl leq}ck}d) tkc mj`dudkajc std Bcktdi md ic Vtdk}d3 acij`jac alblbkjbc) vtdq bjdk}ucq ktdq}ul Amjgl mjq}jkgtd dk}ud ic udgticajk z i

3 MD IC VTDK]D ZI CPCIID ) Bcktdi+ Jkìtdkajc mdi Amjgl Ajpji J}cijckl dk ilq ijeulq md leijgcajlkdq zalk}uc}lq dk ic almj`jacajk vdutckc) Dk? Dq}tmjlq qleud di alk}uc}l dk gdkduci + Vlu ilq qdqdk}c clq mdiAmjgl Ajpji J}cijckl .3:=5"5665*+ Ijbc? CUC Dmj}ludq) 5661) v+ 06+


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blmj`jacajk md ic udicajk otumjac vc}ujblkjci) qt vcu j}cijckl kl il ncad+ Dqmj`dudkajc qd d~vijac vlustd cigtklq ct}ludq j}cijcklq) dk}ud ilq std qd dkatdk}uBdqqjkdl) vjdkqck std ic d~vudqjkudgticu dq di dstjpcidk}d md ic d~vudqjkblmj`jacu ) bjdk}ucq std l}ulq) albl Qcaal) alkqjmduck stdudgticu dq tk }ubjkl

bq cbvijl std blmj`jacu ) vtdq}l std qd udgtic tkc udicajk kl qil atckml qd icblmj`jac) qjkl }cbejk atckml qd ic cqdgtuc) atckml qd vca}c di }ucqicml md ic acumd ic vutdec) atckml qd dijbjkc ic udajvulajmcm md ic udicajk) d}a+

3+3+ Di alk}uc}l albl ca}l otumjal 5

Qdgk il mjqvtdq}l vlu di cu}atil 3=6 md Amjgl Kcajlkci) di ca}l otumjal dq

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Dk dq}d vtk}l alkqjmducblq alkpdkjdk}d mdocu dk aicul ktdq}uc vlqjajk udqvda}l c icvuleidb}jac std nc qtugjml dk di Mdudanl) alk ic jk}ulmtaajk mdi alkadv}l md kdglajl otumjal+Aljkajmjblq alk Md ic Vtdk}d z Icpciid dk std udcibdk}d kl qd vduajed tkc mj`dudkajc

`tkmcbdk}ci cigtkc dk}ud ic klajk mdi ca}l otumjal qdgk ic }dluc mdi ca}l otumjal z ic mdikdglajl otumjal qdgk ic }dluc mdi kdglajl otumjal+

Dk l}ucq vciceucq) vlmdblq qlq}dkdu std dk cbecq alkadvajlkdq) ilq didbdk}lq jbvlu}ck}dqqlk ic d~jq}dkajc md tkc bckj`dq}cajk l mdaicucajk .d~}dujluj cajk* md tkc l pcujcq plitk}cmdq zdi vulvqj}l md vulmtaju bdmjck}d diic d`da}lq otumjalq stdujmlq vlu di lumdkcbjdk}l otumjal) stdvtdmdk alkqjq}ju dk ic audcajk) blmj`jacajk l d~}jkajk md tk mdudanl+ Ic mj`dudkajc vcudaducucmjacu) bq std dk ilq vulvjlq alkadv}lq md ca}l z kdglajl otumjal) dk ic dicelucajk md icqalkq}utaajlkdq jk}dida}tcidq ndancq vcuc iidgcu c diilq+

Di mjq}jk}l uli std cigtklq ncadk otgcu c ic mdaicucajk alk udicajk c ic plitk}cm dk cbecq}dlucq) ncajdkml vujbcu c cstiic qleud q}c) kl dq vulvjl) vlu il mdbq) md ic }dluc mdi kdglajl

otumjal) zc std d~jq}dk dk di acbvl md diic mdq}cacmlq md`dkqludq md ic }dluc md ic plitk}cm.Qcpjgkz) Jndujkg) Wjkmqandjm) Bdqqjkdl*+ Vlu l}ul icml) ic mjqvcujmcm dk}ud icq d~vudqjlkdqbckj`dq}cajk ) c ic std qd alkadmd tk qdk}jml cbvijl md d~}dujluj cajk) z mdaicucajk ) atzlciackad qd vud}dkmd ijbj}cu vlu uc lkdq `lubcidq) alkq}j}tzd) qjbvidbdk}d tk bc}j std kl ci}duc icaljkajmdkajc `tkmcbdk}ci dk}ud icq klajlkdq md ca}l z kdglajl otumjal+

Albl ejdk jkmjac Md ic Vtdk}d) di `ca}lu std vlmuc audcu tk didbdk}l md alk`tqjk dq std dkic }dluc mdi kdglajl otumjal qd alk}dbvic ic d~jq}dkajc mdi ca}l otumjal .dk qdk}jml udq}ujkgjml*)dk}dkmjkmlil albl cstdi std vulmtad d`da}lq otumjalq vlu ic ca}jpjmcm mdi nlbeud) vduljkmdvdkmjdk}dbdk}d md qt plitk}cm+ Vlu diil) qd mjad) alk uc k) std dk ic }dluc mdi kdglajl

otumjal di ca}l otumjal dq mjq}jk}l mdi kdglajl otumjal+Dbvdul) }cidq ca}lq jkplitk}cujlq kl qlk ilq ca}lq otumjalq md`jkjmlq md catduml c ic }dluc mdi

ca}l otumjal) ic atci alkqjmduc std ic plitk}cujdmcm .bckj`dq}cajk md plitk}cm* dq tk didbdk}ldqdkajci vcuc ic alk`jgtucajk mdi ca}l otumjal+

Il std ic }dluc mdi kdglajl otumjal md`jkd albl ca}l otumjal) pjdkd) dk udcijmcm) c udvudqdk}cu il std ic }dluc mdi ca}l otumjal mdklbjkc albl ndanl otumjal+

Itdgl md il d~vtdq}l) vlmdblq alkaitju dk std ic klajk md ca}l otumjal }jdkd) dk dqdkajc zmdk}ul md qt vulvjc }dluc) di bjqbl alk}dkjml std ic md kdglajl otumjal dk ic }dluc md q}d+

Cnluc ejdk) aced qdcicu std ktdq}ul Amjgl Ajpji md 3:>= alkqdupc ic }ucmjajk md cvijacu ic}dluc mdi ca}l otumjal alk udqti}cmlq qc}jq`ca}lujlq+ Mdk}ul md }ci lumdk md jmdcq) ic klajk md ca}l

otumjal dq}cuc alk}dkjmc dk ic md`jkjajk std eujkmc di cu}atil 3=6 mdi aj}cml atduvl idgci) qdgkdi atci di ca}l otumjal qduc ic bckj`dq}cajk md plitk}cm mdq}jkcmc c audcu) udgticu) blmj`jacu ld~}jkgtju udicajlkdq otumjacq+

Dk pju}tm md il d~vudqcml) mded }dkduqd vudqdk}d std di alk}uc}l qd dkbcuacuc mdk}ul md icmd`jkjajk md ca}l otumjal+


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bckj`dq}cajk md plitk}cm mdq}jkcmc c audcu) udgticu) blmj`jacu l d~}jkudicajlkdq otumjacq+

Dk }ci qdk}jml) dq qcejml std ilq ca}lq otumjalq vtdmdk udpdq}ju acu

tkjic}duci l vitujic}duci+

Qlk ca}lq otumjalq tkjic}ducidq cstiilq vcuc atzc adideucajk qlicbdk}d qdudstjdud md ic bckj`dq}cajk md plitk}cm md tk cgdk}d) pcid mdaju md tkc vcu}d+

Dodbvilq md ca}lq otumjalq tkjic}ducidq }dkdblq pcujlq+ Dq di acql }dq}cbdk}l) di bjqbl std dk di Vdu qil vtdmd adideucuqd tkjic}ducibdk}d) dk bdmjmc md std qd dkatdk}uck vulnjejmlq ilq }dq}cbdk}lq alkotk}lq+

L}ul acql md ca}l otumjal tkjic}duci qduc ic vulbdqc tkjic}duci mudalbvdkqc) dk mlkmd vcuc di kcajbjdk}l md ic ud`dujmc vulbdqc qlicbdk}d kdadqcujc ic alkatuudkajc md ic plitk}cm md csti std ic `lubtic+

Ilq ca}lq otumjalq vitujic}ducidq) qjk dbecugl) qlk dk ic vua}jac btanlbq ktbdulqlq std ilq tkjic}ducidq+ Qlk cstiilq std vcuc qt adideucajk udstjdudkic alkatuudkajc mdi catduml md mlq l bq plitk}cmdq) mdaicucmcq vlu icq udqvdavcu}dq std idq mck kcajbjdk}l+

Ilq ca}lq otumjalq vitujic}ducidq) albl qt klbeud il jkmjac) qlk cstiilq dkatzc adideucajk jk}dupjdkdk mlq l bq vcu}dq) kl leq}ck}d il atci dk ic vua}jaqtdidk mdklbjkcuqd alk `udatdkajcca}lq otumjalq ejic}ducidq ) klbeud std jkmjac md vlu q ic vudqdkajc adideuc}lujc md qil mlq vcu}dq+

Il std latuud dq std) qjk itgcu c mtmcq) dk qt bczluc ilq ca}lq otumjalqvitujic}ducidq qlk adideucmlq kjacbdk}d vlu mlq vcu}dq) vdul diil kl qjgkj`jac smdec gdkducij cuqd ic mdklbjkcajk mdejic}ducidq c }lmlq cstdiilq ca}lq dk ilqatcidq jk}dupdkgck bq md mlq cgdk}dq+

Kl leq}ck}d) qd cadv}c dk ilq ndanlq ic mjpjqjk aicqj`jac}lujc md tkjic}ducidejic}ducidq) qjdkml alkqajdk}dq md std ilq ejic}ducidq dk di idkgtcod albalbvudkmdk c ilq vitujic}ducidq) c vdqcu md std) dk dq}uja}l qdk}jml otumjal) ilqvitujic}ducidq qlk di gkdul z ilq ejic}ducidq ic dqvdajd+


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Ca}lq ejic}ducidq btz albtkdq z alklajmlq vlu }lmlq qlk) vlu dodbvil) di

bc}ujblkjl std) md alk`lubjmcm c il mjqvtdq}l ci cu}atil 51= mdi Amjgl Ajpji) dqic tkjk plitk}cujcbdk}d alkadu}cmc vlu tk pcuk z tkc btodu idgcibdk}d cv}lq vcuc

diic z `lubcij cmc alk qtodajk c icq mjqvlqjajlkdq md mjanl Amjgl) c `jk md ncpjmc albk+

Dq dpjmdk}d std di bc}ujblkjl) bq cii md qdu alkqjmducml albl tkcjkq}j}tajk) dq tk ca}l otumjal ejic}duci+

L}ul acql dq di md ilq alk}uc}lq) bc}dujc md dq}d dq}tmjl) ilq bjqblq stvtdmdk qdu alkqjmducmlq albl ilq ca}lq otumjalq ejic}ducidq l vitujic}ducidq d~adidkajc+

Cnluc ejdk) itdgl md d~vudqcu icq alkqjmducajlkdq ck}dujludq caduac mdca}lq otumjalq z ilq alk}uc}lq) udqti}c kdadqcujl vudajqcu std ilq alk}uc}alkq}j}tzdk tkc dqvdajd md ilq ca}lq otumjalq) dk ic bdmjmc md std) vlu tk icml) qtkjpduql md mjanlq ca}lq jkaitzd }ck}l c cstiilq md acua}du tkjic}duci albl ccstdiilq l}ulq md acua}du vitujic}duci) ilq alk}uc}lq qd tejack kjac zd~aitqjpcbdk}d mdk}ul md ilq ca}lq otumjalq vitujic}ducidq+

Z) vlu l}uc vcu}d) qj }dkdblq dk alkqjmducajk std cigtklq ca}lq otumjalvtdmdk udpdq}ju `tkmcbdk}cibdk}d alk}dkjml vc}ujblkjci z l}ulq acudadu md malk}dkjml) ilq alk}uc}lq `lubck vcu}d md dqd gutvl md ca}lq otumjalq std }jdalk}dkjml vc}ujblkjci+

Dk }ci qdk}jml) ilq alk}uc}lq qlk) mleidbdk}d) dqvdajdq md ca}lq otumjalq+

Dk dq}c ikdc md vdkqcbjdk}l) Md ic Vtdk}d1 bckj`jdq}c std di alk}uc}l dq tkca}l otumjal vitujic}duci z vc}ujblkjci+ Dq vitujic}duci) zc std c mj`dudkajc md ilqca}lq tkjic}ducidq) kdadqj}c di alkatuql md icq bckj`dq}cajlkdq md plitk}cm md pcuvcu}dq vcuc gdkducu ic audcajk) udgticajk) blmj`jacajk l d~}jkajk md udicajlkd otumjacq+

1 MD IC VTDK]D ZI CPCIID ) Bcktdi+ Di Alk}uc}l dk Gdkduci + Ejeijl}dac Vcuc iddu di Amjgl Ajpji+ Ijbc?@lkml Dmj}lujci md ic Vlk}j`jajc Tkjpduqjmcm Ac}ijac mdi Vdu+ 3::>) Vujbduc Vcu}d) pli+ ^J) }+ J) v+


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Cqjbjqbl) di alk}uc}l dq tk ca}l otumjal vc}ujblkjci) zc std ic udicajk otumjac audcmc .udgticmc) blmj`jacmc l d~}jkgtjmc vlu di ca}l* pduqc qleud ejdkjk}dudqdq std vlqdck tkc kc}tucid c dalkbjac) l qdc std vtdmck qdu leod}l mdpcilucajk+ Dq}c pcilucajk albl ejdk il d~vudqc di aj}cml vul`dqlu kl }jdkd

acua}du qteod}jpl) l qdc kl jk}dudqc qj md}dubjkcml ejdk }jdkd pcilu dalkbjal vmd}dubjkcmc vduqlkc) il atci vtdmd dq}cu jk`itdkajcml vlu `ca}ludq qdk}jbdk}cidqlvlu}tkjmcm l md kdadqjmcm) qjkl acua}du leod}jpl) dq}l dq alkqjmduckml qj d}jdkd tk udci pcilu dalkbjal vlu qtq vulvjcq acuca}duq}jacq) vudqajkmjkmlqdalkkl}cajlkdq vduqlkcidq+

Udqti}c jk}dudqck}d) dk dq}d vcu}d) vudgtk}cuklq vlu st qj ilq alk}uc}lq qlca}lq otumjalq vlqddk tkc }dluc gdkduci vulvjc+

Ulbdul _cpcic= nc alk}dq}cml dq}c jk}duulgck}d qdcickml std qj qd alkqjmdc ilq alk}uc}lq dk udcijmcm albl ca}lq otumjalq) qd iidgcu vlu didbdk}ci igjaqlq}dkdu std ic }dluc md ilq ca}lq otumjalq dq jkmjqat}jeidbdk}d cvijaceid calk}uc}lq) il std iidpcuc c c`jubcu ic jkalkpdkjdkajc md vud}dkmdu ic d~jq}dkajtkc }dluc gdkduci md ilq alk}uc}lq+ Vlu alkqjgtjdk}d) icq udgicq klubc}jpcq mdi otumjal udqti}cuck cq qt`jajdk}dq vcuc udqlipdu ic vuleidb}jac md ilq alk}uDk}lkadq alkaitzd di aj}cml ct}lu nceicu md tkc }dluc gdkduci md ilq alk}uc}lqudqti}cuc tkc icbdk}ceid mtvijajmcm alkadv}tci+

Blqqd} J}tuucqvd)4 vlu qt vcu}d) c`jubc std qleud di vcu}jaticu d~jq}dk }udqvlq}tucq? mlq d~}udbcq z tkc jk}dubdmjc?

c+ Ic vujbduc md dq}cq vlqjajlkdq l}lugc oducustc vujluj}cujc c ilq alk}uc}dk gdkduci) md bckduc std }lmcq icq cvudajcajlkdq qleud diilq z icq klubcidgjqic}jpcq albvudkmdk }cbejk c ilq ca}lq otumjalq gdkujacbdk}alkqjmducmlq) dq}l dq) cecuac mjqvlqjajlkdq albtkdq) vdul idgjqickml mblml d~aitqjpl qleud ilq alk}uc}lq+ q}c dq ic alkadvajk }ucmjajlkcialkqcgucmc dk di Amjgl Ajpji @uckaq) qdgtjml vlu di Qtj l z di J}cijckvdqd c ilq acbejlq lvducmlq dk dq}d i}jbl+

= ULBDUL _CPCIC ) Itjq+ Mdudanl md ilq Alk}uc}lq dk di Amjgl Ajpji Vdutckl +]dluc Gdkduci md ilqAlk}uc}lq+ Ijeul PJJ mdi Amjgl Ajpji + Ijbc? Dmj}luc @DAC]) 3:::) qdaajk vujbduc) }+ J) v+ 3:+4 B LQQD]J]TUUCQVD) Olugd+Alk}uc}lq + Etdklq Cjudq? DMJCU Qlajdmcm Ckkjbc Dmj}luc) 3:>>) v+ 10+


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e+ Ic qdgtkmc) lvtdq}c ucmjacibdk}d c ic vujbduc) ud`tdu c ic oducustc mca}l otumjal) tejackml c ilq alk}uc}lq ecol qt acbvl md cvijacajk) vcucdpj}cu di ujdqgl md dq}cbvcu ùbticq pcacq md qdk}jml z qtq}ckajc+ Mic jbvlu}ckajc std }jdkd nlz dk mc di ca}l otumjal) mded jkpdu}juqd

ùbtic vudadmdk}dbdk}d d~vtdq}c+ Ic mla}ujkc pjdkd cmlv}ckml acmcpd alk bq `tdu c mjanc lujdk}cajk+

a+ Ic }duaduc }dluc dq ic jk}dubdmjc) z udalklad vlu jgtci ic jbvlu}ckajc z oducustc md icq mlq vujbducq }dlucq8 vlu il }ck}l) alkpjdkd idgjqicuqdvcucml klubckml icq jkq}j}tajlkdq vulvjcq std icq mjq}jkgtdk+ Kcmmtmc d~vudqc di ct}lu aj}cml zc dk di Mdudanl Blmdukl md stdd~jq}dk jkq}j}tajlkdq dk ilq alk}uc}lq std kl vtdmdk qdu klubcmcq vlu ic

udgicq mdi ca}l otumjal) cq albl alkqjmducu ci acbvl mdi ca}l otumjbtanl bq cbvijl std di md ilq alk}uc}lq+ Mjanl md l}uc bckduc alkaitzd Blqqd} J}tuucqvd icq klubcq mdi ca}l otumjal qd cvijack}cbejk c l}ucq ucbcq mdi Mdudanl mjq}jk}cq md ic alk}uca}tci+

]ucq dq}c eudpd udpjqjk md icq vujkajvcidq }dqjq dicelucmcq qleud ic bcvlmdblq alkaitju dk std d~jq}d tkc }dluc gdkduci md ilq alk}uc}lq std dq}jkmdvdkmj cmc md ic }dluc mdi ca}l otumjal) c vdqcu md std kl qd kjdgc salk}uc}lq qlk tkc dqvdajd mdi ca}l otumjal std) albl }ci) alkq}j}tzd di gkdul+

Cqjbjqbl) albvcu}jdkml di vdkqcbjdk}l md Md ic Vtdk}d z Icpciid)0 alkqjmducblq std di Amjgl Ajpji Vdutckl nc cmlv}cml ic }duaduc vlqjajkdqgujbjmc qleud di vcu}jaticu vlu Blqqd} J}tuucqvd) vtdq dk qt Ijeul JJ }uc}c cadmdi ca}l otumjal) udgtickml icq mjqvlqjajlkdq gdkducidq qleud di bjqbl) qt `lubc) udvudqdk}cajk) ic jk}duvud}cajk mdi ca}l otumjal) qtq blmcijmcmdq) ic qjbticaùctmd mdi ca}l otumjal) ilq pjajlq md ic plitk}cm) ic ktijmcm mdi ca}l otumjalalk`jubcajk) l qdc ilq vujkajvjlq cvijaceidq c }lmlq ilq ca}lq otumjalq) jkaitqjpd ilq

alk}uc}lq+

Ic Qdaajk Vujbduc mdi Ijeul PJJ) vlu l}ul icml) mdqcuuliic ic }dluc gdkdumdi alk}uc}l) std albvudkmd icq mjqvlqjajlkdq gdkducidq md ilq alk}uc}lq)alkqdk}jbjdk}l) di leod}l mdi alk}uc}l) qt `lubc) ilq alk}uc}lq vudvcuc}lujlq) d

0 MD IC VTDK]D ZI CPCIID ) Bcktdi+ Di Alk}uc}l dk gdkduci +Lv+ aj} +) vv+ =0 z =7+


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alk}uc}l alk vudq}cajlkdq udavulacq) ic adqjk md vlqjajk alk}uca}tci) ic d~adlkdulqjmcm md ic vudq}cajk) ic idqjk) di alk}uc}l c `cplu md }duadul) ic vulbdqcleijgcajk l mdi ndanl md tk }duadul) di alk}uc}l vlu vduqlkc c klbeucu) icq cuucalk`jubc}lujcq) icq cuucq md ud}uca}cajk z icq leijgcajlkdq md qckdcbjdk}l+

Dk etdkc atdk}c) vlmdblq qlq}dkdu std tk alk}uc}l vcu}jaticu vlu dodbvil)ic albvucpdk}c dq} qtod}l }ck}l c icq udgicq cvijaceidq c ilq ca}lq otumjalq albc icq cvijaceidq c ilq alk}uc}lq dk gdkduci+

Cnluc ejdk) atckml ndblq ndanl ud`dudkajc c ic vc}ujblkjcijmcm mdi alk}uc}lkl qd vjdkqd std mded jmdk}j`jacuqd mjanc vc}ujblkjcijmcm alk di dpdk}tci aculkdulql mdi alk}uc}l+

Ic vc}ujblkjcijmcm md ilq alk}uc}lq }jdkd mjuda}c udicajk alk vc}ujblkjcijmcm md icq leijgcajlkdq leod}l md ilq alk}uc}lq+

Md catduml ci alkadv}l md alk}uc}l cmlv}cml vlu di cu}atil 3143 mdi AmAjpji Vdutckl) udqti}c dpjmdk}d std di leod}l md }lml alk}uc}l qdu) kdadqcujcbdic audcajk) blmj`jacajk) udgticajk l d~}jkajk md leijgcajlkdq+

Dk }ci qdk}jml) icq leijgcajlkdq) vcuc qdu }cidq) mdedk }dkdu vlu leod}l t

bq vudq}cajlkdq md alk}dkjml kd}cbdk}d vc}ujblkjci+

Ic vc}ujblkjcijmcm md ic leijgcajk qd ud`jdud dqvda`jacbdk}d ci ndanl mstd ic bjqbc qdc qtqadv}jeid md pciluj cuqd dalkbjacbdk}d8 dq mdaju) std icq idzl di lumdkcbjdk}l otumjal md tk vcq) vdubj}ck ctkstd diil qil qd ncgc albl tkdoduajajl bdk}ci cqjgkcu tk pcilu c icq vudq}cajlkdq+

Di std tkc vudq}cajk qdc qtqadv}jeid md pciluj cuqd kl qjgkj`jac std icvcu}dq ic nczck pciluj cml) cq albl }cbvlal std nczck vca}cml ic d~jq}dkajc lvcgl md tkc alk}ucvudq}cajk c acbejl md ic ud`dujmc vudq}cajk+

Ic vc}ujblkjcijmcm md ic leijgcajk qd ud`jdud kjac z d~aitqjpcbdk}d cndanl md vlmdu pciluj cuic) qjk alk}ucpdkju mjqvlqjajk idgci cigtkc) cq alb}cbvlal }uckqgudmju ilq pciludq blucidq) apjalq) vc}uj}jalq) l md l}uc kmlid) jbvdudk dk tk md}dubjkcml blbdk}l+


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Dk }ci qdk}jml) d~jq}juk md}dubjkcmlq mdedudq otumjalq atzl atbvijbjd

dq} vudqauj}l vlu ic idz) vdul std kl udqti}c vlqjeid pciluj cu+ Tk dodbviudvudqdk}c}jpl dq} alkq}j}tjml vlu ilq mdedudq otumjalq md `jmdijmcm

alncej}cajk kcajmlq mdi bc}ujblkjl+

Dq dpjmdk}d std) vlu dq}ceidaduil cq ic idz) ilq akztgdq }jdkdk di mdeduqdu `jdidq udavulacbdk}d) ci jgtci std pjpju otk}lq+ Qjk dbecugl) kl auddblq std cic bczluc md vduqlkcq dk di Vdu md nlz qd id latuuc ic vlqjejijmcm md pciluj cmdedu md `jmdijmcm) pcid mdaju cqjgkcu tk pcilu dalkbjal l vc}ujblkjci c mjmdedu) ctkstd qdc dk di vickl jk}dida}tci l }dujal+

]cbvlal auddblq std qd vtdmc ncadu il bjqbl alk di mdedu md alncej}cajk+

Vdul kl d~jq}d klubc idgci cigtkc std jbvjmc pciluj cu mjanlq mdedudq8 istd latuud dq std ic qlajdmcm dk qt alkotk}l) mcmlq ilq pciludq jbvduck}dq dkktdq}ul }jdbvl) kl vlmuc cadv}cu ic pciluj cajk md tk mdedu otumjal md kc}tucid c8 diil) qjbvidbdk}d) qd alkqjmducuc jkbluci+

Alk dq}l kl dq}cblq mjajdkml std ic udqvtdq}c c dq}d vuleidbc qjdbvud qduic bjqbc) vtdq) qjk itgcu c mtmcq) dq}cu ic}dk}d ic vlqjejijmcm md std dk di `t

acbejdk ilq pciludq }jalq z blucidq md ic vulvjc qlajdmcm) ic bjqbc std vlmuciidgcu c alkqjmducu qtqadv}jeidq md cvudajcajk vc}ujblkjci ilq mdedudq otumstd ndblq ndanl ud`dudkajc+

L}ul dodbvil }dubjkcuc md jitq}ucu ic vc}ujblkjcijmcm qleud ic std pdkjbld~vudqkmlklq+ Qd }uc}c mdi acql md ilq mdedudq otumjalq md lumdk apjal) alacql md gtcumcu di mdejml udqvd}l vlu ilq qbelilq md ic Vc}ujc+ Dq dpjmdk}d stcii md }dkdu std atbviju alk mjanl mdedu) jbvtdq}l vlu bckmc}l idgci) di bjqblktkac qduc qtqadv}jeid md pciluj cajk) vlustd c ic qlajdmcm dk qt alkotk}l udvtgkcuc pciluj cu tk mdedu md }ci kc}tucid c+

3+5+ Ic udicajk otumjac vc}ujblkjci

Atckml qd adideuc tk alk}uc}l qd gdkduc dk}ud icq vcu}dq ic mdklbjkcmcudicajk otumjac vc}ujblkjci +


11/42


12/42

dk}udgcu mjanl ejdk ci vulvjl cauddmlu+ Cq) md alk`lubjmcm c il dq}ceidajml vcu}atil :=7 mdi Amjgl Ajpji) alk ic dk}udgc qd vulmtaju ic }uckq`dudkajc mvulvjdmcm md dqd ejdk+

Dq aicul std dk di acql md icq leijgcajlkdq kcajmcq md alk}uc}lq std jbvijackdi mdedu md dkcodkcu ejdkdq btdeidq) di mdtmlu mdedu udcij cu tkc ca}jpjmcmvulvqj}l md std qd vulmt ac ic bdkajlkcmc }uckq`dudkajc md vulvjdmcm mdi ejdk

Dq cq std) qcipl mjqvlqjajk mjq}jk}c md icq vcu}dq) qdu vlqjeid jmdk}j`leijgcajk md }uckq`duju alk ic }uckq`dudkajc dk q bjqbc+

Acql alk}ucujl dq di md ic leijgcajk md }uckq`duju ic vulvjdmcm md ejjkbtdeidq) qtvtdq}l dk di atci md catduml c il dq}ceidajml vlu di cu}atil :=: mdiAmjgl Ajpji Vdutckl) ic qlic leijgcajk md dkcodkcu tk ejdk jkbtdeid md}dubjkcmncad ci cauddmlu vulvjd}cujl md mjanl ejdk) qcipl mjqvlqjajk idgci mj`dudk}d l vdk alk}ucujl+

Dk dq}lq acqlq) }dujacbdk}d vlmuc alk`tkmjuqd c ic leijgcajk md }uckqic vulvjdmcm dk q bjqbc alk ic dodatajk md mjanc leijgcajk) vlu atck}l qduqtqadv}jeid md qlq}dkduqd std ic leijgcajk }uckq`jdud diic bjqbc ic vulvjdmcmmdi ejdk+

Qjk dbecugl) dq}jbcblq std dq}c jk}duvud}cajk) cqtbjmc vlu tk qda}lu md imla}ujkc) dqvdajcibdk}d ic j}cijckc) kl udqti}c cadu}cmc) dk ic bdmjmc md std qd d`jacajc udci ci alk}uc}l md albvucpdk}c) d`da}tckml tkc jk}duvud}cajk cqjq}dbz acudk}d md ujglu njq}ujal) md icq `tdk}dq lujgjkcujcq md ic klubc) icq bjqbcqkl qd dkatdk}uck dk di Mdudanl J}cijckl) qjkl dk di vulvjl Mdudanl @uckavudajqcbdk}d alk ic dicelucajk mdi Amjgl Kcvlilk) alk qtq cu}atilq 33>5) 34>5z 34>1+

Ic d~vijacajk md ic klubc vdutckc .di cu}atil :=: mdi Amjgl Ajpji* icdkalk}ucblq dk di ndanl md std ic vulvjdmcm jkbtdeid kl qd }uckq`jdud vlu dalk}uc}l bjqbl) qjkl vlustd di vulvjl Amjgl dq}ceidad dk di cu}atil :=: abllvduc mjanc }uckq`dudkajc md vulvjdmcm) qjk std udqti}d kdadqcujc ic vcu}jajvckjkgtkl md ilq alk}uc}ck}dq+


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Dk etdkc atdk}c) ic vulvjdmcm jkbtdeid qd }uckq`jdud md dq}c `lubc) vluscq il mjqvlkd ic idz) alkq}j}tzdkml) otk}l c ic vulbdqc md ic leijgcajk l mdi ndanmd tk }duadul) icq kjacq leijgcajlkdq std di Mdudanl Kcajlkci mc vlu atbvijmcq qjkdadqjmcm md ic jk}dupdkajk mdi mdtmlu+

Alk diil qd uc}j`jac di acua}du bducbdk}d leijgc}lujl md ilq alk}uc}lq+

Dk di Vdu }lmlq ilq alk}uc}lq gdkduck) blmj`jack) udgtick l d~}jkgtdkleijgcajlkdq) vdul vlu q bjqblq kl }uckq`jdudk mdudanlq+

Vlu l}uc vcu}d) udqti}c kdadqcujl ud`dujuklq c il std latuud dk bc}dujc cstdiilq alk}uc}lq dk pju}tm md ilq atcidq tkc vcu}d qd leijgc c alkq}j}tju c `cplu ml}uc tk mdudanl udci md vudkmc) njvl}dac l ck}jaudqjq+

Dk dq}lq acqlq mded }dkduqd dk aicul ic mj`dudkajc d~jq}dk}d dk}ud di avlu di atci cigtjdk qd leijgc c alkq}j}tju atcistjduc md ilq bdkajlkcmlq mdudanlqudcidq md gcuck}c) md il std qjgkj`jac ic alkq}j}tajk dk q bjqbc md ilq ud`dumdudanlq udcidq+

Cq) udqti}c dpjmdk}d std dk pju}tm md il mjqvtdq}l vlu di cu}atil 36:5 Amjgl Ajpji) di alk}uc}l md ck}jaudqjq qd l}lugcu vlu dqauj}tuc veijac) ecol qc

md ktijmcm) d~vudqckml ic udk}c mdi jkbtdeid z di jk}duq std qd vca}d+

Qjk mtmc) di cu}atil bdkajlkcml qd ud`jdud dqvda`jacbdk}d ci alk}uc}l ck}jaudqjq) vdul kl c ic alkq}j}tajk mdi mdudanl udci md ck}jaudqjq) di bjqbl stdqd alkq}j}tzd md ic bckduc dq}ceidajmc vlu di cu}atil 36:5) klubc std mjqvlkd stddi alk}uc}l qd l}lugcu vlu dqauj}tuc veijac ecol qckajk md ktijmcm) d~vudqckmudk}c mdi jkbtdeid z di jk}duq std qd vca}d+

Di mdudanl udci md ck}jaudqjq qd alkq}j}tzd vlu ic dk}udgc mdi jkbtdeidgcuck}c md tkc mdtmc) alkadmjdkml ci cauddmlu di mdudanl md d~vil}cuil z vdqtq `ut}lq+

Dk}lkadq) stdmc aicuc ic mjq}jkajk dk}ud di alk}uc}l vlu di atci mlq vcu}dleijgck c ic alkq}j}tajk md tk mdudanl udci md gcuck}c z ic vulvjc alkq}j}tajk dqd mdudanl udci md gcuck}c+


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Qjbjicu qj}tcajk latuud alk ic njvl}dac) zc std di alk}uc}l dk pju}tm mdi atci

tkc vcu}d qd leijgc `udk}d c l}uc c alkq}j}tju tkc njvl}dac) dk dq}uja}l kl }dkmucst adideucuqd vlu dqauj}tuc veijac) vtdq md il std dq}cblq nceickml dq mdi alk}uc

vcuc adideucu tkc njvl}dac .leijgcuqd c alkq}j}tjuic* z kl mdi mdudanl udci njvl}dac) std mded alkq}j}tjuqd vlu dqauj}tuc veijac) qcipl mjqvlqjajk mj`dudk}ic idz) }ci albl il dq}ceidad di cu}atil 36:> mdi vulvjl Amjgl Ajpji+

3+=+ Vcu}dq alk}uca}tcidq z qtod}lq jk}dupjkjdk}dq

Dk cavj}d ck}dujlu klq ndblq ud`dujml ci ndanl md std ilq alk}uc}lq vtdmdk qejic}ducidq l vitujic}ducidq) dk}dkmjdkml vlu ejic}ducidq c cstdiilq std qlk adideucvlu mlq vcu}dq) z vlu vitujic}ducidq c cstdiilq std qlk adideucmlq vlu tk kbdulbczlu md vcu}dq alk}uc}ck}dq+

Mdk}ul md }ci lumdk md jmdcq) udqti}c kdadqcujl vudajqcu std ic vcu}d mdk}dkmjmc albl di adk}ul md jk}duq) pcid mdaju) albl cstdiic vduqlkc l gutvl mvduqlkcq std jk}duca}ck dk tk alk}uc}l etqackml d~ca}cbdk}d ilq bjqblq jk}dudqdz leod}jplq+

Bdqqjkdl)7 ci udqvda}l qlq}jdkd std }akjacbdk}d qd alkqjmduc vcu}alk}uca}tci tk adk}ul md jk}dudqdq std) vlu udgic gdkduci udqti}c jk}dgucml vluqlic vduqlkc std vduqjgtd di jk}duq md}dubjkcml z `udk}d c ic std d~jq}d l}uc udqvda}l c ic atci nczc tkc udicajk z c ic std qd id mdklbjkc albkbdk}dalk}ucvcu}d +

Dbvdul) albl jkmjac Cujcq"Qanudjedu)> dq kdadqcujl caicucu std ciudmdmlu mdiadk}ul md jk}duq vtdmdk udtkjuqd pcujlq qtod}lq z std dk dq}d acql ic vcu}dqjdbvud tkc) vdul alk acua}du albvidol z kl qjbvid+

Vlmdblq c`jubcu dk}lkadq std ic jmdc md vcu}d kl aljkajmd kdadqcujcbdk}dalk ic jmdc md vduqlkc ) dk }ck}l tkc vcu}d vtdmd dq}cu alkq}j}tjmc vlu tkc vduqlkc

7 B DQQJKDL) @uckadqal+ Mla}ujkc Gdkduci mdi Alk}uc}l + Etdklq Cjudq? Dmjajlkdq Otumjacq Dtulvc"Cbujac) 3:>0) }lbl J) v+ 7=+> CUJCQ"QANUDJEDUVD_D]) Bc~+ D~gdqjq mdi Amjgl Ajpji Vdutckl md 3:>= +Alk}uc}lq? Vcu}d Gdkduci +Ijbc? Dmjajlkdq Q}tmjtb) 3:>0) 3c Dm+) }lbl J) v+ 1:+


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bq+

Qj ncz pcujlq alvulvjd}cujlq) }lmlq diilq qlk }j}ticudq mdi mdudanl mvulvjdmcm) vlu il std qj stjdudk }uckqbj}ju dqd mdudanl) }lmlq diilq alkq}j}tjuk

vcu}d) vtdq albvcu}dk di jk}duq md dkcodkcu mjanl mdudanl udci+

Ic vcu}d dq tk adk}ul md jbvt}cajk md jk}dudqdq8 dk dqd qdk}jml) alkq}j}ttkc tkjmcm) ctk atckml qd dkatdk}ud alk`lubcmc vlu pcujlq qtod}lq+

Dk dq}c ikdc md vdkqcbjdk}l) Md ic Vtdk}d: c`jubc std di cu}atil 3143 mdiAmjgl Ajpji Vdutckl) atckml qd ud`jdud c std di alk}uc}l udqti}c mdi catduml md ml bq vcu}dq) mded dk}dkmduqd std acmc tkc md dq}cq vcu}dq dq} alkq}j}tjmc v

bq vduqlkcq .tkjmcq vlu tk jk}duq albk*+Dk pju}tm md il d~vtdq}l) di aj}cml vul`dqlu vudajqc std vcuc std pcujcq

vduqlkcq vtdmck `lubcu tkc qlic vcu}d qd udstjdud std }lmcq diicq }dkgck di bjqbljk}duq+ Kl dq qt`jajdk}d mjad di ct}lu std di jk}duq qdc jgtci) dq jkmjqvdkqceidstd qdc di bjqbl) vcuc std ic vcu}d vtdmc qdu tk adk}ul md jk}duq+

Ccmd Md ic Vtdk}d std vcuc std d~jq}c alk}uc}l) di adk}ul md jk}duq std mqdk}jml c ic alkadvajk md vcu}d vtdmd qdu lvtdq}l ci adk}ul md jk}duq std nc mcmlitgcu c ic alkq}j}tajk md ic l}uc vcu}d) z gdkducibdk}d il dq) vdul kl }jdkdkdadqcujcbdk}d std qduil) vtdq il kjal std qd udstjdud dq std qdc l}ul .mjq}jk}l*jk}duq) ctkstd qdc jgtci+ Il kjal std kl vtdmd qdu dq di bjqbl jk}duq) vtdqdk}lkadq kl nceuc mlq adk}ulq md jk}dudqdq z) vlu il }ck}l) kl nceuc mlq vcu}dq

Dq vlqjeid) vlu }ck}l) std ilq jk}dudqdq md ic vcu}d z ic alk}ucvcu}d std qdalkajijck qdck lvtdq}lq8 qjk dbecugl) dq}c qj}tcajk kl dq dk blml cigtkl leijgc}lujc z vlu diil qd nc qlq}dkjml alk cajdu}l std }cidq jk}dudqdq dk }lml acql ql

mjq}jk}lq) il std kl dq il bjqbl+36

]dkjdkml dk atdk}c il d~vtdq}l) alkaitzd Md ic Vtdk}d dk std d~jq}ju

alk}uc}l atckml ilq jk}dudqdq std `lubck acmc adk}ul qlk qjbvidbdk}d mjq}jk}.vtmjdkml ctk qdu jgtcidq*) qjdbvud std icq vcu}dq qd vlkgck md catduml vcuc au: MD IC VTDK]D ZI CPCIID ) Bcktdi+ Di Alk}uc}l dk Gdkduci +Lv+ aj} +) vv+ 77 z qq+36 CUJCQ"QANUDJEDUVD_D]) Bc~+Lv+ aj}+)v+ 1:+


16/42

dk}ud q ic udicajk otumjac+

Dq aicul std dk ilq alk}uc}lq alk vudq}cajlkdq udavulacq) icq vcu}dq }dkmjk}dudqdq lvtdq}lq) pcid mdaju std acmc adk}ul md jk}duq etqacu le}

md}dubjkcmlq udqti}cmlq std qd alk}ucvlkdk c cstiilq etqacmlq vlu ic vcu}alk}ucujc+

Vcuc mdqaujeju il mjanl) ecq}cuc alk ud`dujuklq ci alk}uc}l md albvucpdstd dq csti vlu di atci tkc vcu}d l adk}ul md jk}duq) mdklbjkcmc pdkmdmlu) etqle}dkdu tkc ack}jmcm md mjkdul) iicbcmc vudajl) md ic l}uc vcu}d) mdklbjalbvucmlu+

Dq lepjl std ic vcu}d albvucmluc kl }jdkd di bjqbl jk}duq std ic vcu}dpdkmdmluc) vtdq kl vud}dkmd ic le}dkajk mdi vudajl) qjkl ic vulvjdmcm mdi ejdk

Md il d~vtdq}l) stdmc aicul std ilq jk}dudqdq md icq vcu}dq std adideuck alk}uc}l md albvucpdk}c qlk mjq}jk}lq z) dk btanlq acqlq) lvtdq}lq+

Qjk dbecugl) mded stdmcu aicul }cbejk std jkaitql atckml dq}dblq ùdk}d cjk}dudqdq lvtdq}lq) diil kl qjgkj`jac std qd }uc}d md jk}dudqdq dk alkìja}l) vtdqmdedblq vcu}ju mdi ndanl md std ci nceduqd adideucml tk alk}uc}l) icq vcu}dq kl

}jdkdk alkìja}l cigtkl dk}ud q) qjkl std etqack qlitajlkcu c }ucpq md mjanl ca}l)qtq jk}dudqdq z kdadqjmcmdq) qjdkml di alk}uc}l di bdmjl jmkdl vcuc ilgucu icalkqdatajk md }cidq jk}dudqdq+ Di alk}uc}l dq) cq) tk bdmjl md allvducajk vcuacmc tkc md icq vcu}dq jk}dupjkjdk}dq ilgud ic qc}jq`caajk md dqlq jk}dudqdq+

Dk mlkmd kl qd cvudajc ic vudqdkajc md jk}dudqdq lvtdq}lq dq dk di acql mdalk}uc}lq alk vudq}cajlkdq vitujic}ducidq ct}klbcq) ilq bjqblq std nciick qtqdodbvilq bq udvudqdk}c}jplq dk ilq alk}uc}lq qlajd}cujlq+

Dk tk alk}uc}l qlajd}cujl) albl vlmuc qdu di acql md ic alkq}j}tajk md tkcqlajdmcm ckkjbc) icq vcu}dq adideuck}dq kl }jdkdk jk}dudqdq lvtdq}lq8 valk}ucujl) qtq jk}dudqdq qlk aljkajmdk}dq) dk ic bdmjmc md std }lmcq diicq cvtkleod}jpl md ic alkqdatajk mdi leod}l qlajci md ic dbvudqc+ Qd vtdmd mdaju std }licq vcu}dq alk}uc}ck}dq pck c alk}ujetju vcuc ilgucu di `jk albk+


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Il vulvjl latuud dk di acql md tk alk}uc}l md alkq}j}tajk md tkc cqlajcajk

ajpji qjk `jkdq md itaul) qtvtdq}l dk di atci ilq cqlajcmlq) std qlk icq vcu}dq stdadideuck di alk}uc}l) vduqjgtdk ic le}dkajk md ilq `jkdq md ic vulvjc cqlajcajk s

nck `lubcml) kl d~jq}jdkml) }cbvlal) jk}dudqdq lvtdq}lq+

Qjk dbecugl) }ck}l dk ilq acqlq md ic qlajdmcm) md ic cqlajcajk) cq albl matcistjdu l}ul alk}uc}l alk vudq}cajlkdq vitujic}ducidq ct}klbcq .atzl bcualgdkduci qd dkatdk}uc dqel cml vlu di cu}atil 3=1= mdi Amjgl Ajpji*) d~jmjpduqcq vcu}dq) dk}dkmjmcq zc kl albl adk}ul md jk}dudqdq alk}ucvtdq}lq) qjkadk}ul md jk}dudqdq jkmjpjmtcidq z alk`itzdk}dq+

Dq dpjmdk}d std tkc vcu}d vtdmd dq}cu albvtdq}c l jk}dgucmc vlu pcuvduqlkcq) cq albl dk Mdudanl md Leijgcajlkdq ic acijmcm md vcu}d md ic udicleijgc}lujc .cauddmlu l mdtmlu*) vtdmd dq}cu jk}dgucmc vlu bq md tkc vdu.qtvtdq}l dk di atci klq nciicudblq ck}d icq leijgcajlkdq md qtod}l vituci) dq mdajicq mjpjqjeidq) jkmjpjqjeidq) bckalbtkcmcq z qlijmcujcq*+

Dq aicul) qjk dbecugl) std di }dbc md ic vitucijmcm md qtod}lq dk icleijgcajlkdq }cbejk vlmuc dkalk}ucuqd vudqdk}d dk qdmd alk}uca}tci) dk ic bdmd std ilq alk}uc}lq gdkdudk l mdk kcajbjdk}l c leijgcajlkdq md dq}cq

acuca}duq}jacq+

Vcuc std qd alk`jgtud ic jmdc md vcu}d) dk lacqjlkdq dq kdadqcujl tk catdumldk}ud icq vduqlkcq std vudajqcbdk}d pck c alk`lubcu dqc vcu}d+

C mjanl catduml std dq adideucml vlu }lmcq icq vduqlkcq std }jdkdk jk}duqdk alkpdu}juqd dk vcu}d alk}uc}ck}d qd id alklad albl ca}l alida}jpl+

Vtdmd latuuju std di catduml qd ncgc c }ucpq md ic `jgtuc md iudvudqdk}cajk) qtvtdq}l dk di atci nceuc) vlu alkqjgtjdk}d) tkc vcu}d qtq}ckajctkc vcu}d bc}dujci+ Dk dq}d acql vtdmd qtadmdu }cbejk std qd udstjduc mdcatduml vudpjl dk}ud ilq udvudqdk}ck}dq klbeucmlq vlu ic vcu}d vcuc adideucu didi bjqbl std vlu qtq acuca}duq}jacq }jdkd di klbeud mdca}l albvidol +

Vlu i}jbl) udqti}c alkpdkjdk}d cal}cu std) btancq pdadq) ic vduqlkc std pc c


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alk`lubcu ic vcu}d alk}uca}tci dq tkc vduqlkc otumjac z) vlu dkmd) udstjdud vuladmjbjdk}lq dqvdajcidq vcuc `lubcu qt plitk}cm+ Mdeduk udtkjuqd z ca}tcu ugcklq vcuc }lbcu mdajqjlkdq) qjdkml mdklbjkcmlq ilq ca}lq std iidpdk c acelalbl ca}lq alidgjcidq l alidgjcmlq +

Ncq}c cst stdmc aicul std dk }lml alk}uc}l d~jq}dk vcu}dq alk}uc}ck}dq+ gdkducibdk}d qlk mlq) vdul kcmc jbvjmd std nczck }udq) atc}ul l bq vcu}dq) dkbdmjmc md std acmc tkc }dkgc tk adk}ul md jk}dudqdq udicajlkcml alk icq l}ucq+vcu}d) c qt pd ) vtdmd alkq}cu md tkl l pcujlq qtod}lq) vulzda}cmlq qleud di bjqjk}duq+

3+4+ Ic audcajk) udgticajk) blmj`jacajk z d~}jkajk md leijgcajlkdq

Md alk`lubjmcm c il dq}ceidajml vlu di cu}atil 3143 mdi Amjgl Ajpji Vdutckl m3:>=) c }ucpq mdi alk}uc}l qd audck) udgtick) blmj`jack l d~}jkgtdk leijgcajlkdq+

Cnluc klq aluudqvlkmd ckcij cu atidq qlk ilq ciackadq md dq}cq atc}u`tkajlkdq std atbvidk ilq alk}uc}lq+

Dk vujbdu }ubjkl) atckml qd nceic md ic audcajk md leijgcajlkdq) ic idz qdq} ud`jujdkml ci kcajbjdk}l md icq bjqbcq+ Qd qced std ilq alk}uc}lq qlk `tdk}gdkducmlucq vlu d~adidkajc md leijgcajlkdq) alkq}j}tzdkml otk}l alk ic idz ic`tdk}d bq ktbdulqc md icq bjqbcq+

Atckml nceicblq md tk alk}uc}l audcmlu md leijgcajlkdq) dq}cblq ncajdkmlcitqjk c cstdiilq ca}lq std gdkduck leijgcajlkdq std ck}dq kl d~jq}ck8 pcid mdajustd kl pduqck qleud udicajlkdq otumjacq std vudd~jq}ck c ic adideucajk md mca}l+

Dq dpjmdk}d std ic jkbdkqc bczluc md ilq alk}uc}lq }vjalq qlk audcmludqleijgcajlkdq) albl dq di acql md ic albvucpdk}c) ic vdubt}c) di qtbjkjq}ul) icmlkcajk) di bt}tl) di cuudkmcbjdk}l) di nlqvdmcod) di alblmc}l) ic ilacajk mdqdupjajlq) di alk}uc}l md leuc) di bckmc}l) di mdvqj}l) di qdatdq}ul) ic `jck c) ic pj}cijajc) di otdgl z ic cvtdq}c) qil vlu aj}cu ilq alk}uc}lq }vjalq bqudvudqdk}c}jplq std qd dkatdk}uck udgticmlq dk di Amjgl Ajpji md ktdq}ul vcq+


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Vlu l}uc vcu}d) atckml nceicblq md alk}uc}lq udgtic}lujlq) il dq}cblq

ncajdkml udqvda}l md cstdiilq atzcq mjqvlqjajlkdq }jdkmck c iidkcu tk pcal udqvdmd cigk alk}uc}l vudd~jq}dk}d) pcid mdaju md alk}uc}lq dk ilq std qd dqvdaj`

md}ciid cigtklq cqvda}lq kl alk}dbvicmlq dk alk}uc}lq ck}dujludq+

Qjk dbecugl) aceuc `lubticuqd ic jk}duulgck}d dk di qdk}jml md qj tk alk}uudgtic}lujl }cbejk dq csti std dqvdaj`jac cstdiil std vudpjcbdk}d kl `td udgticmlvlu icq vcu}dq) vdul std q `td bc}dujc md cvijacajk qtvid}lujc md klubcq md acumjqvlqj}jpl) md alk`lubjmcm c il mjqvtdq}l vlu di cu}atil 3140 mdi Amjgl Ajpvudadv}l std dq}ceidad std Icq mjqvlqjajlkdq md ic idz qleud alk}uc}lq qlkqtvid}lujcq md ic plitk}cm md icq vcu}dq) qcipl std qdck jbvduc}jpcq+

Alk udqvda}l c dq}c jk}duulgck}d) acedk mlq jk}duvud}cajlkdq+

Tkc vujbduc) dk di qdk}jml md std bjdk}ucq icq vcu}dq kl qd nczcvulktkajcml qleud tk vtk}l) z dq}d vtk}l itdgl qdc bc}dujc md }uc}cbjdk}ldqvda`jal dk tk alk}uc}l vlq}dujlu std diicq bjqbcq adideudk) md }lmcq bckdudq}cuk udgtickml tk alk}uc}l) dk ic bdmjmc md std kl ci}duck kcmc qleud il snczck bckj`dq}cml qt plitk}cm) c vdqcu md std dqc bc}dujc ntejdqd qjml atejdu}c di vujbdu alk}uc}l vlu tkc klubc md acua}du mjqvlqj}jpl+

Tk qdgtkml auj}dujl jk}duvud}c}jpl mdi vuleidbc) qduc csti vlu di atci qalkqjmducuc std qj tkc klubc mjqvlqj}jpc qtvij ic plitk}cm md icq vcu}dq alk}uc}cdk tk cqvda}l md}dubjkcml) z icq vcu}dq alk}uc}ck}dq) c }ucpq md tk ktdpl alk}qd vulktkajck md tkc bckduc mjq}jk}c ci vudadv}l md acua}du mjqvlqjmd`jkj}jpcbdk}d kl dq}cuck udgtickml ic bc}dujc) qjkl std ic dq}cuck blmj`jackvtdq mdk}ul md dq}d lumdk md jmdcq) qil aceuc udgticajk cn mlkmd kl mjqvlqjajk alk}uca}tci cigtkc) zc qdc std q}c nczc dbckcml md ic plitk}cm md ivcu}dq l md ic cvijacajk md tkc klubc md acua}du mjqvlqj}jpl+

Dk il vduqlkci) klq jkaijkcblq vlu dq}d qdgtkml auj}dujl jk}duvud}c}jpl+

Vcuc jitq}ucu il ck}dq bdkajlkcml pcblq c aj}cu tk dodbvil+

Mlq vcu}dq adideuck tk alk}uc}l md albvucpdk}c qleud tk ct}lbpji)


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dq}ceidajdkml }lmlq ilq didbdk}lq dqdkajcidq"dqvdajcidq) vcuc ic adideucajpcijmd md mjanl ca}l+

Qjk dbecugl) icq vcu}dq kl qdcick ati qdu di itgcu mlkmd mdedu q

dk}udgcml di ejdk+ Dk }ci acql) dk ctqdkajc md dq}jvticajk dqvda`jac md icq vqduc md cvijacajk il mjqvtdq}l vlu di cu}atil 3441 mdi Amjgl Ajpji) dk di qdkmd std c `ci}c md dq}jvticajk) di ejdk mded qdu dk}udgcml dk di itgcu dk stddkatdk}ud dk di blbdk}l md adideucuqd di alk}uc}l+

Cq) qd dk}dkmduc std qj ci blbdk}l md ic adideucajk mdi alk}uc}l ct}lbpji qd dkalk}ucec tejacml dk ic ajtmcm md Ijbc) di ejdk mdeduc qdu dk}udgcdk mjanc ajtmcm+ Diil qjgkj`jac std c vdqcu md std icq vcu}dq kl ntejduck bckj`dq}kcmc alk udqvda}l ci itgcu md ic dk}udgc mdi ejdk) ic klubc cvijaceid qduc cststd dq}ceidad qt dk}udgc dk ic acvj}ci md ic Udveijac+

Qj ci mc qjgtjdk}d md ic adideucajk mdi alk}uc}l) icq vcu}dq qd vduac}cklbjqjk z catdumck d~vudqcbdk}d std di ct}lbpji mdedu qdu dk}udgcml dk ajtmcm md Vjtuc) kl vlmuc dk}dkmduqd std dq}k udgtickml di alk}uc}l ck}dujlustd il dq}k blmj`jackml) vtdq zc kl ncz itgcu c vudajqcu cigl ktdpl cn mlkmd icidz mjqvtql ic cvijacajk qtvid}lujc md tkc klubc+

Dk alkaitqjk) vdkqcblq std qil qd vlmuc alkqjmducu c tk alk}uc}l albludgtic}lujl dk ic bdmjmc md std ic lbjqjk dk std jkatuujdulk icq vcu}dq kl ntejducqjml qtvijmc vlu klubc idgci md acua}du mjqvlqj}jpl+ Md ncedu qjml cq) di alkqduc blmj`jac}lujl z kl udgtic}lujl+

Ci udqvda}l aced udalumcu icq vciceucq md Md ic Vtdk}d) atckml c`jubc ilq alk}uc}lq vtdmdk vudajqcu ilq ciackadq md ic udicajk otumjac audcmc vlu`tdk}d md icq leijgcajlkdq) dqvdajcibdk}d vlu tk alk}uc}l vudpjl) ejdk qdcjk}duvud}ckml ic `tdk}d md ic udicajk otumjac .vjdkql std qd jk}duvud}ck ilqgdkducmludq z kl qtq alkqdatdkajcq* l ejdk dq}ceidajdkml udgicq md md}.vuladmjbjdk}lq md dodatajk) blmcijmcmdq mdi doduajajl md ilq mdudanlq) vic ldi atbvijbjdk}l) d}a+*) std qjk alkq}j}tju tkc blmj`jacajk kl dq}ceck vudajqcmlq dkic udicajk otumjac lujgjkci+

Dk }duadu itgcu) }dkdblq c ilq alk}uc}lq blmj`jac}lujlq+


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q}lq qlk cstiilq atzc `tkajk dq ic md blmj`jacu leijgcajlkdq alkpdkjmcq

vlu icq vulvjcq vcu}dq alk ck}dujlujmcm) albvudkmjkmlqd) }ck}l ilq acqlq dk stdvcu}dq alkpjkjdulk d~vudqcbdk}d cigl z cstdiilq l}ulq acqlq dk ilq atcidq ic

ctqdkajc md vca}l d~vudql `td atejdu}l vlu ic cvijacajk qtvid}lujc md tkc klubc mdacua}du mjqvlqj}jpl+

Icudk )33 ci dq}tmjcu dq}d }dbc) vudajqc std qjgkj`jacuc }ulacu mjanc udicavcuajcibdk}d) dq}l dq) mdockml qteqjq}dk}dq md}dubjkcmcq mjqvlqjalk}uca}tcidq+ Dk l}ucq vciceucq) ic udicajk leijgc}lujc) c vdqcu md blmj`jacajlkdq md qt alk}dkjml) vdubckdad ic bjqbc+

@jkcibdk}d) }dkdblq c ilq alk}uc}lq md acua}du d~}jk}jpl) atzc `jkcijmcmvlkdu }ubjkl c leijgcajlkdq vudd~jq}dk}dq z atzl atbvijbjdk}l qd dkalk}ucecvdkmjdk}d+

Md dq}c `lubc) alk udicajk c ilq alk}uc}lq d~}jk}jplq qd mded ckl}cu std qdvulmtad ic d~}jkajk md ic udicajk otumjac albl jkmjac Md ic Vtdk}d 35 atckmlicq vcu}dq mdajmdk vlkduid `jk) ejdk qdc vcuc mdqpjkaticuqd }l}cibdk}d l vcucpjkaticuqd ktdpcbdk}d md bckduc mjq}jk}c+

Cgudgc di otujq}c vdutckl) std ic d~}jkajk dq alklajmc }akjacbdk}d alk diklbeud mdmjq}uca}l) std dq di alk}uc}l atzl leod}l dq udqlipdu tkc udicajk otumjacvc}ujblkjci d~jq}dk}d dk}ud icq vcu}dq) atcistjduc std qdc ic `tdk}d md diic+

Qdcic di vul`dqlu aj}cml std dbvidc ic d~vudqjkudqlipdu ) zc std alkqjmducstd di mjq}uca}l }jdkd vlu `jkcijmcm mdocu qjk d`da}l ic udicajk otumjac vlu tkc qleudpjkjdk}d ci kcajbjdk}l md mjanc udicajk+ Dq}c actqci mjad dq ic plitk}cmmd icq vcu}dq md d~}jkgtju ic udicajk+ Qj ejdk }ci udicajk vtdmd kl }dkdu lujgdalk}uca}tci) vjdkql std dq cvijaceid ci mjq}uca}l) vlu ckcilgc) ic udgic qleud icudqlitajk md icq leijgcajlkdq alk}uca}tcidq alk}dkjmc dk di cu}atil 3173 mdiAmjgl Ajpji+

33 I CUDK_) Hcui+ Mdudanl md Leijgcajlkdq + Bcmujm? Dmj}lujci Udpjq}c md Mdudanl Vujpcml) 3:4>) }lbl J) 313+35 MD IC VTDK]D ZI CPCIID ) Bcktdi+ Di Alk}uc}l dk Gdkduci +Lv+ aaj}+)vv+ >: z :6+


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Vdkqcblq std di acql bq udvudqdk}c}jpl md dq}lq alk}uc}lq qduc di bt}tmjqdkql l udqlitajk alkpdkajlkci) vlu di atci icq vcu}dq std nck adideucml tk ca}l otumjal) catdumck mdocuil qjk d`da}l .cugtbdk}l mdi cu}atil 3131 mdi Amjgl AVdutckl*+

Dq dpjmdk}d std ic }uckqcaajk }cbejk vlmuc alkq}j}tju tk alk}uc}l d~}jk}qj c }ucpq md diic icq vcu}dq qd ijbj}cuck c mcu vlu d~}jkgtjmcq icq leijgcaalk}ucmcq z std alkq}j}tzck bc}dujc mtmlqc l ij}jgjlqc .cugtbdk}l mdi vujbduvuuc`l mdi cu}atil 3165 mdi Amjgl Ajpji*+

Qjk dbecugl) ic }uckqcaajk }cbejk vlmuc qdu tk alk}uc}l audcmlu) udgticml d~}jk}jpl md leijgcajlkdq) dk ic bdmjmc md std c }ucpq md dq}cq pcq qd etqs`jkcij cajk mdi cqtk}l mtmlql l ij}jgjlql .cugtbdk}l mdi qdgtkml vuuc`l mdicu}atil 3165 mdi Amjgl Ajpji Vdutckl*+

3+0+ Alk}uc}l z alkpdkajk

Albl nc qjml d~vudqcml lvlu}tkcbdk}d) md catduml c il mjqvtdq}l vlu di cu}ati3143 mdi Amjgl Ajpji Vdutckl) di alk}uc}l dq di catduml md plitk}cmdq mdq}jkcaudcu) udgticu) blmj`jacu l d~}jkgtju leijgcajlkdq+ Nlz dk mc dq aicul std dalk}uc}l }jdkd dqc `tkajk md acua}du bi}jvid8 vdul kl qjdbvud `td cq) zc std dk

ck}jgtl Mdudanl @uckaq qd alkqjmducec ci alk}uc}l kjac z d~aitqjpcbdk}d albl tkca}l audcmlu md leijgcajlkdq) md bckduc }ci std ic udgticajk) blmj`jacajk ld~}jkajk md icq bjqbcq kl vlmuc vulmtajuqd c }ucpq mdi alk}uc}l) qjkl c }ucptkc `jgtuc mjq}jk}c mdklbjkcmcalkpdkajk +

Aced qdcicu cmdbq std ic alkpdkajk }cbejk vlmc qdu audcmluc mleijgcajlkdq+

Md il std cacecblq md bdkajlkcu qd mdmtad aicucbdk}d std di alk}uc}l ducdk di Mdudanl @uckaq tkc dqvdajd mdi gkdul iicbcml alkpdkajk+

Dq}c mjq}jkajk) pijmc mtuck}d btanqjbl }jdbvl) nc vdumjml }lmc pjgdkdk ic bdmjmc md std dk ic ca}tcijmcm vujbc ic cvijacajk }dujac z vua}jac alkadv}l mdi alk}uc}l+


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Qjk dbecugl) d~jq}d l}ul dk`lstd md ic mjq}jkajk dk}ud alkpdkajk z alk}uc

Qd }uc}c md csti vlu di atci qd alkqjmduc alkpdkajk c }lml ca}l otumjejic}duci l vitujic}duci) }dkgc l kl alk}dkjml vc}ujblkjci+

Mdk}ul md dqd lumdk md jmdcq) di alk}uc}l dq }cbejk tk ca}l otumjal ejicl vitujic}duci) vdul md alk}dkjml kd}cbdk}d vc}ujblkjci+

Cq) ic alkpdkajk qduc di gkdul z di alk}uc}l ic dqvdajd+

Tk }vjal dodbvil md alkpdkajk qduc di bc}ujblkjl) dk }ck}l std tk }vjaldodbvil md alk}uc}l qduc ic albvucpdk}c+

3+7+ Ic alk}uc}cajk dk}ud akztgdq

Di Amjgl Ajpji Vdutckl dq}ceidad dk qt cu}atil 135 std ilq akztgdq kl vtdmdkadideucu alk}uc}lq dk}ud qj udqvda}l md ilq ejdkdq md ic qlajdmcm+

Ic vulnjejajk dq}ceidajmc vlu ic aj}cmc klubc) qd ajuatkqaujed c icalk}uc}cajk dk}ud akztgdq qleud ilq ejdkdq md ic qlajdmcm) il std vcudajduc mcejdu}c tkc qdujd md cujq}cq std vdubj}juck ic alk}uc}cajk dk l}ulq qtvtdq}lq+

Klq aluudqvlkmd ckcij cu dk st qtvtdq}lq qduc `ca}jeid ic alk}uc}cajk dkakztgdq qleud qtq ejdkdq+

Vcuc }ci d`da}l) udqti}cu jkmjqvdkqceid dq}ceidadu ic mjq}jkajk dk di qmd qj diilq nck alk}ucml bc}ujblkjl udatuujdkml ci ugjbdk gdkduci md qlajdmcmgckckajcidq l qj il nck ndanl vca}ckml alk ck}dicajk ci ca}l bc}ujblkjci) diugjbdk md qdvcucajk md vc}ujblkjlq+

Qj ic vcudoc qd ntejduc acqcml ecol di ugjbdk gdkduci md qlajdmcm gckckajcidq) diil qjgkj`jacuc std alk vudqajkmdkajc md ilq ejdkdq vulvjlq std }tpjduacmc akztgd .dktbducmlq dk di cu}jatil 165 mdi Amjgl Ajpji*) di udq}l md ejdkdqvulvjdmcm md ic vcudoc vdu}dkdaduc c ic `jaajk otumjac mdklbjkcmcqlajdmcm mdgckckajcidq l qlajdmcm alkztgci +


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Ic qlajdmcm alkztgci) otumjacbdk}d nceickml) }jdkd vduqlkcijmcm otummjq}jk}c md cstiic md ilq vulvjlq akztgdq8 z ilq udvudqdk}ck}dq md mjanc qlaqlk cbelq akztgdq+

Jkaitql) kl vtdmd mdajuqd std cbelq qdck alvulvjd}cujlq md ilq ejdkdq stdvdu}dkd ack c ic qlajdmcm alkztgci) qjkl std q}c }jdkd ic vulvjdmcm d~aitqjpc mbjqblq+

Mdk}ul md }ci lumdk md jmdcq) kl qduc `ca}jeid vdkqcu dk ic vlqjejijmcmilq akztgdq alk}uc}dk dk}ud q qleud ejdkdq md vulvjdmcm md ic qlajdmcm alkvtdq dk di vickl otumjal diil dstjpcimuc c mdaju std ic qlajdmcm dq}cuc alk}uc}alkqjgl bjqbc udqvda}l md ejdkdq std id vdu}dkdadk+

Il std q qduc `ca}jeid vdkqcu dq dk ic vlqjejijmcm md std ilq akztgdadideudk md}dubjkcmlq alk}uc}lq dk}ud q) alk udqvda}l c ejdkdq std qdckvulvjdmcm d~aitqjpc md acmc tkl) pcid mdaju alk udqvda}l c ejdkdq vulvjlq+

Alkaud}cbdk}d vlmucblq vdkqcu dk std tk akztgd adideud alk di l}ul tkalk}uc}l md mlkcajk) udgcikmlid tk ejdk md qt vulvjdmcm+ Dk dq}d acqldkalk}ucucblq mdk}ul md tk qtvtdq}l vudpjq}l vlu di cu}atil 165 jkajql 1 mAmjgl Ajpji Vdutckl) vudadv}l std alkqjmduc albl vulvjlq ilq ejdkdq std

atcistjduc md ilq akztgdq cmstjduc c }}til md ijeducijmcm+

Dk }ci qdk}jml) qduc vdu`da}cbdk}d vlqjeid std tk akztgd adideud talk}uc}l md mlkcajk alk di l}ul alk udqvda}l c tk ejdk vulvjl mdi vujbdul) dibjqbl std) itdgl md }uckq`dujmc ic vulvjdmcm) vcqcu c qdu tk ejdk md vulvjdmd~aitqjpc mdi akztgd mlkc}cujl+

Vlu l}uc vcu}d) dq aicul std kl qd vlmuc vudqdk}cu mdk}ul mdi ugjbdqlajdmcm md gckckajcidq) di qtvtdq}l dk di atci tkl md ilq akztgdq vtdmc alk}uc}c }}til vduqlkci) qleud tk ejdk md vulvjdmcm md ic qlajdmcm alkztgci) c bdklq sic qlajdmcm qd il mlkcuc) dq mdaju qd il }uckq`jujduc c }}til guc}tj}l8 l qj qd }uctk ejdk md vulvjdmcm d~aitqjpc md tkl md ilq akztgdq) std ic qlajdmcm cmstjujdvlu alk}uc}l adideucml alk dqd akztgd+

Vlu l}uc vcu}d) qj di ugjbdk vc}ujblkjci `tduc di md qdvcucajk m


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vc}ujblkjlq) dk}dkmdblq std kl nceuc kjkgk vuleidbc vcuc std ilq akztgdqadideucuck alk}uc}lq dk}ud q alk udqvda}l c qtq ejdkdq) zc std mdk}ul md ugjbdk acmc tkl md diilq }jdkd ic ijeud mjqvlqjajk md qtq ejdkdq z kl qd vudqdkvuleidbc }dujal z vua}jal md ilq ejdkdq albtkdq+

3+>+ Di alkqdk}jbjdk}l+ Alkqjmducajlkdq vudijbjkcudq

Di alkqdk}jbjdk}l dq) otk}l alk di leod}l z ic actqc) tk didbdk}l dqdkajci mdiqtvtdq}l md ndanl alk}uca}tci) alkq}j}tzdkml) vlu }ck}l) tk didbdk}l jkmjqvdkqceivcuc ic pcijmd z ic d~jq}dkajc mdi alk}uc}l+31

Alk udicajk c dq}d didbdk}l) aced mdq}cacu di vdkqcbjdk}l md Gd}d"CilkqAciduc)3= vul`dqluc dqvclic std bckj`jdq}c std di alk}uc}l dq }akjacbdk}d) tkcdq}uta}tuc alkqdkqtci? ic alkalumckajc md icq mdaicucajlkdq md plitk}cm md icq valk}uc}ck}dq .catduml alkqdkqtci*+

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alkqdk}jbjdk}l qlk ic l`du}c z ic cadv}cajk+

Qjgtjdkml dqd bjqbl auj}dujl cugtbdk}c}jpl) Md Vjac l34 d~vijac std dk dialk}uc}l ncz qjdbvud tk alkqdk}jbjdk}l albk md mlq l bq vduqlkcq+ Di alk}uc}l

31 ]cbejk alkqjmducblq jbvlu}ck}d mdq}cacu icq vciceucq md Acq}cdmc) stjdk udqvda}l c dq}d }dbc vuDi `tkmcbdk}l dqdkajci dk std udvlqc di alk}uc}l dq di alkqdk}jbjdk}l md icq vcu}dq) dq di catduml plitk}cmdq qleud qt leod}l+ Dk ic jk`ucdq}uta}tuc mdi alk}uc}l qd dkatdk}uc di alkqdk}jbjdk}l+ alkqdk}jbjdk}l kl ncz alk}uc}l+ Cstdi std kl nc alkatuujml bckj`dq}ckml qt plitk}cm dk di alk}uc}l udqti}ctk }duadul codkl ci bjqbl+ D~vudqc cmdbq Acq}cdmc std dk cigtkcq njv}dqjq) icq vduqlkcq vtdmdk stdpjkaticmcq c vdqcu md kl ncedu vudq}cml qt alkqdk}jbjdk}l albl latuud alk ilq iicbcmlq alk}uc}lqalida}jplq l cstdiilq mlkmd vujbck ilq jk}dudqdq md lumdk qlajci l uc lkdq md jk}duq veijal) di jk}duq bczluc mded vudpcidadu d jbvlkduqd qleud di md ic bjkluc+ Z dq dk di Mdudanl Iceluci alkaitzd mlkmdqd alkqcguc ic pcijmd md dq}lq alk}uc}lq .ACQ]CDMC) Olugd Dtgdkjl+ ]dluc Gdkduci md ilq Alk}uc}lq+Qdaajk Vujbduc+ Mjqvlqjajlkdq Gdkducidq+ Dk? Udpjq}c md Mdudanl z Ajdkajcq Vli}jacq md ic T+K+B+ md Qck

Bcualq + Cl ^^PJJJ) Qdgtkml z ]duadu Atc}ujbdq}ud md 3:0=) v+ 544+ Aj}cml vlu ULBDUL _CPCIC ) Itjq+Lv+ aj}+)v+ 50*+3= GD]D"CILKQL Z ACIDUC) Bcuc mdi Acubdk+ Di Alk}uc}l+ Dk? IITQVTJG) J+ @duujli+ Bcktci md

Mdudanl Ajpji + Bcmujm? Dmjajlkdq Otumjacq z Qlajcidq Q+C+) 3::>) 5mcdmjajk) pli+ JJ) vv+ 417 z 41>+34 MD_VJAC_L) Itjq+@tkmcbdk}lq md Mdudanl Ajpji Vc}ujblkjci + Bcmujm? Dmj}lujci ]daklq) 3:7:) }lbl J)v+ :1+


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d~jq}d c`jubc mdqmd std pcujcq vduqlkcq alkqjdk}dk+

Di alkqdk}jbjdk}l vtdmd qdu md`jkjml md btancq `lubcq+

Tkc md diicq vlmuc alkqjq}ju dk qdcicu std qd }uc}c md ic mdaicucajk alkmd plitk}cm albk) std dkgilec c ic l`du}c z c ic cadv}cajk) mckml itgcu c icadideucajk mdi alk}uc}l+

L}uc bckduc md mdqaujeju ci alkqdk}jbjdk}l qduc qdcickml std qd }uc}mdujpcajk d}jbligjac md icq pladq gujdgcqatb qdk}jud ) mdi blbdk}l dk atci icqmlq vcu}dq alk}uc}ck}dq) qjdk}dk otk}cq l qjdk}dk il bjqbl) pcid mdaju std iidgckcatduml dk di atci qtq plitk}cmdq aljkajmdk+

Dq dpjmdk}d std kl klq dq}cblq ud`jujdkml c std mjancq vcu}dq }dkgck bjqblq leod}jplq ci blbdk}l md ic adideucajk mdi alk}uc}l) qjkl ci ndanl md icalkajijcajk l alkotkajk md jk}dudqdq lvtdq}lq+

Il ajdu}l dq std) albl ncad kl}cu Md ic Vtdk}d)30 }ck}l di cu}atil 3143 mdktdq}ul ca}tci Amjgl Ajpji albl di cu}atil 3153 mdi Amjgl j}cijckl) md`jkdk dalk}uc}l albl tk catduml md mlq l bq vcu}dq) qjk vudajqcu dk st alkqjq}d dqdcatduml+37

Mjanc jbvudajqjk mc itgcu c ic mtmc udqvda}l md qj qd }uc}c md tkcatduml md plitk}cmdq l md tkcatduml md mdaicucajlkdq ) vtdq ic mla}ujkc qd dkatdk}uc mjpjmjmc)albl mdqcuuliicudblq bq cmdick}d) dk}ud ic }dluc `uckadqc md ic plitk}cm z}dluc cidbckc md ic mdaicucajk) bc}j cmcq vlu icq }dlucq md ic udqvlkqcejijmmd ic alk`jck c+

30 MD IC VTDK]D ZI CPCIID ) Bcktdi+ Jk`itdkajc mdi Amjgl Ajpji J}cijckl dk ilq ijeulq md leijgcajlkdq zalk}uc}lq dk ic almj`jacajk vdutckc+Lv+ aj} +) v+ 03+37 Aced bdkajlkcu std Gd}d"Cilkql mjq}jkgtd dk}ud catduml alk}uca}tci z catduml actqci+ Udqvda}l cvujbdul bckj`jdq}c std dq ic albk plitk}cm .catduml alkqdkqtci* qleud di leod}l d jkmjac std di bdmjl}akjal md bckj`dq}cajk mdi leod}l dq di alkqdk}jbjdk}l) di bjqbl std kl vtdmd udacdu qleud tkc bc}dujc8dk md`jkj}jpc qleud tk leod}l+ Md cn vtk}tcij c ic vul`dqluc std di mdqcatduml qleud i vulplac dimjqdkql z ic `ci}c ceqlit}c md alkqdk}jbjdk}l+

Alk udicajk ci catduml actqci) qdcic std dq ic albk plitk}cm .alkatuudkajc md mdaicucajlkdq* qleud icactqc+ C mj`dudkajc md ic ck}dujlu) c`jubc Gd}d"Cilkql std vtdmd l kl aljkajmju) }dbvlucibdk}d alk dcatduml alkqdkqtci z vtdmd jkaitql) kl d~vudqcuqd+ Dq mdaju bckj`jdq}c ) vtdmd dq}cu qdvcucml md csti zkl bckj`dq}cuqd aicucbdk}d+


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Ulbdul _cpcic)3> ci ckcij cu dq}d }dbc) cqdpduc std di alk}uc}l dq diudqti}cml md tk catduml md plitk}cmdq+ Icq vcu}dq jk}dupjkjdk}dq dk ic udalk}uca}tci mdedk bckj`dq}cu qt plitk}cm) l vcuc mdajuil dk }ubjklq bq vudajqlmdedk vudq}cu qt alkqdk}jbjdk}l+ Dq}d alkqdk}jbjdk}l jkmjac udstjdud qdu

alkalumck}d l aljkajmdk}d8 vlu dql) }uc}kmlqd md ic udicajk alk}uca}tci qd mjadi alkqdk}jbjdk}l mded qdu udavulal+ Di alkqdk}jbjdk}l) cq) dq vujkaj`tkmcbdk}ci md }lmc udicajk alk}uca}tci+

Di aj}cml vul`dqlu bckj`jdq}c std di catduml alk}uca}tci kl vtdmd qdu l}ul stddi md icq plitk}cmdq md ilq alk}uc}ck}dq) vdqd c std qtdid mdajuqd std vtdmd }cbdk}dkmduqd albl catduml md d~vudqjlkdq l mdaicucajlkdq) `lubtikmlqd cq mjq}dk}udplitk}cmdq z mdaicucajlkdq ) citmjdkml qjk mtmc c ic pjdoc vtgkc dk}ud icplitk}cm udci z ic mdaicucajk dbvidcmc) dbvdul lipjmckml std ilq alk}uc}lqstdmcuk adideucmlq atckml qd vulmtad ic vidkc aljkajmdkajc dk}ud icq plitk}cmdqilq alk}uc}ck}dq) pcid mdaju) l`dudk}dq z cadv}ck}dq+ Dk }lml acql) mded cmbjmdk}j`jacajk dk}ud plitk}cmdq z mdaicucajlkdq) gdkujacbdk}d) z qil vlu d~advqt ctqdkajc+ Mjanl dk l}ucq vciceucq) nceu catduml atckml qd iidgc c ic vidkaljkajmdkajc dk}ud l`dudk}d z cadv}ck}d z }cbejk dk}ud ic plitk}cm z ic mdaicucDq}d catduml dq il std mcu ci alkqdk}jbjdk}l albl didbdk}l alk}uca}tcijkmjqvdkqceid) dqdkajci+ Di catduml cq dk}dkmjml dq dk}lkadq tk alkqdkql+

Qvl}c)3:

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3> ULBDUL_CPCIC ) Itjq+ Lv+ aj}+)vv+ 54 z 50+3: QVL]C) Ciedu}l G+ Jkq}j}tajlkdq md Mdudanl Ajpji+ Alk}uc}lq + Etdklq Cjudq? Dmj}lujci Mdvcibc) 3:>=)pli+ J) vv+ 514 z 510+


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alkatuud c `lubcu ic alkpdkajk qleud ic ecqd mdi vujkajvjl md bczluc* d~jgd dalkatuql md mlq l bq vcu}dq std d~vudqck qt plitk}cm otumjac+

Dk`c}j c Qvl}c std dqc plitk}cm otumjac dq di alkqdk}jbjdk}l+ Atckm

udqti}c albk mjad ) jbvijac tkc mdaicucajk md plitk}cm albk md icq vcu}dqalk}uc}ck}dq+ Dq}l ck qd leqdupc dk di alk}uc}l md cmndqjk) kl leq}ck}d dibjkjbj cml md ic plitk}cm) zc std bdmjc lvajk dk}ud cmndujuqd l kl ci dqstdbcalk}uca}tci vud`lubcml vlu tkc md icq vcu}dq .+++* ]cbejk nciicblq dqc mdaicucamd plitk}cm albk dk di ct}lalk}uc}l l alk}uc}l alkqjgl bjqbl) kl leq}ck}d stdqil qd dq} ck}d tkc vduqlkc++++

]dkjdkml dk atdk}c il bckj`dq}cml) mdq}cac Qvl}c std di lumdkcbjdk}l otumjal pciluc di alk}uc}l albl tk vudadv}l md ct}lklbc vujpcmc vlustd dq tkcleuc plitk}cujc z ijeud md icq vduqlkcq+ Dq}l kl qjgkj`jac mdaju jkmjac MjdVjac l std di alk}uc}l qdc tkc vtuc d~vudqjk mdi stdudu ntbckl+ Ilqalk}uc}ck}dq kl qd ijbj}ck c stdudu cigl) qjkl std jbvick}ck dk}ud diilq tkcudgicbdk}cajk md jk}dudqdq+

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alk}uc}cu mdaicuckml vlu il gdkduci jiaj}lq }lmlq cstdiilq qtvtdq}lq dk ilq atcidq plitk}cm md tkc md icq vcu}dq l ic md cbecq nczc qjml mdqalklajmc l pjlicmc+

Qdgk icq dkqdck cq md Bcktdi md ic Vtdk}d) di alkqdk}jbjdk}l dqjk}dgucml kdadqcujcbdk}d vlu mjpduqlq didbdk}lq+

Tkl md diilq dq di md ic plitk}cm jk}dukc md acmc tkl md ilq alk}uc}ck}dkalk}ukmlqd alkq}j}tjmc mjanc plitk}cm jk}dukc vlu }udq didbdk}lq+ Di vujbddiilq dq di mjqadukjbjdk}l l ca}j}tm md cvudajcu8 di qdgtkml dq ic jk}dkajk l stdustd qd qced8 z di }duadul dq ic ijedu}cm) std jbvijac ic ctqdkajc md vudqjk d~}duk

Vdul ic plitk}cm jk}dukc kl jk}dudqc ci Mdudanl qjk qt d~}dujluj cajmdejdkml di bdmjl dbvidcml qdu jmkdl vcuc d~vudqcu mjanc plitk}cm+

Dk }ci qdk}jml) ic qtbc md ic plitk}cm jk}dukc z ic d~}dujluj cajk md ic bj


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klq mc albl udqti}cml tk ndanl plitk}cujl+56

56 Cnluc ejdk) itdgl md il d~vtdq}l) auddblq alkpdkjdk}d udalgdu di vdkqcbjdk}l std vicqbc Md ic Vtdk}dz Icpciid dk di }+ J md qt leuc Dq}tmjlq qleud di alk}uc}l vujpcml + Cii) di bcdq}ul jmdk}j`jac z ckcij c ilq mlqicmlq mdi alkqdk}jbjdk}l? di icml jk}dukl z di icml d~}dukl+

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Cnluc ejdk) vcuc std d~jq}c alkqdk}jbjdk}l dq kdadqcujl) vtdq) std icq plitk}cmdq jk}dukcq) std zc qlaljkajmdk}dq dk}ud q) qd bckj`jdq}dk d~}dukcbdk}d albl md`jkj}jpcbdk}d tkjmcq+

Dk pju}tm md il d~vtdq}l) albl dk`c}j c Md ic Vtdk}d) icq mdaicucajlkdq md plitk}cm alkq}j}tjmcq vl`du}c z ic cadv}cajk }jdkdk albl kjac alkqdatdkajc alk}uca}tci ic md vlkdu md bckj`jdq}l di catduml mplitk}cmdq) vdul kl pck bq cii) dq}l dq kl qd ilguc ck di qdgtkml vcql std dq kdadqcujl vcuc ic d~jq}dkajmdi alk}uc}l) l qdc di vlkdu md bckj`jdq}l std bdmjck}d dqd catduml qd vud}dkmd tkc `jkcijmcm otumjac vlu cbecq vcu}dq z cbvcucmc vlu di Mdudanl+

Mdk}ul md }ci lumdk md jmdcq) di aj}cml vul`dqlu d~vudqc std dq}d qdgtkml vcql dq} alkq}j}tjcqjgkcu c dqc `tqjk md mlq mdaicucajlkdq md plitk}cm tkjic}ducidq) di acua}du md tkc mdaicucajk md albk d~vudqcmc vlu icq mlq vcu}dq alkotk}cbdk}d) dq}l dq ic alkotkajk md mlq plitk}cmdq jkmjpjmtci`lubc }ci std stjdudk il bjqbl) atzc d~vudqjk albl mdaicucajk alkotk}c qtugd alk di ndanl md iccadv}cajk) l qdc atckml di cadv}ck}d) ncad qtzc) albl qj `tduc vulvjc) ic plitk}cm mdi l`dudk}d z il mdaicucq) alk il atci icq mlq mdaicucajlkdq cq tkjmcq }jdkdk di acua}du md tkc mdaicucajk alkotk}c md plialbk+

Aced vtdq mdaju albl il ncad Md ic Vtdk}d ) std dk ic caajk md alk}uc}cu d~jq}dk mlqalkqdk}jbjdk}lq) l bdolu mjanl) di alkqdk}jbjdk}l dk}dkmjml dk mlq qdk}jmlq? c* di alkqdk}jbjdk}l alkq}j}vlu ic aljkajmdkajc md icq plitk}cmdq jk}dukcq) std dq il std md}dubjkc std qd cadv}d ic l`du}c8 z e*alkqdk}jbjdk}l alkadejml albl ic d~}dujluj cajk md dqcq mlq plitk}cmdq aljkajmdk}dq std aleuc di acua}md tkc bckj`dq}cajk alkotk}c md plitk}cm albk) zc std kl mded lipjmcuqd std vcuc std d~jq}c di alk}uc}


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Vdul qdu kdadqcujl ckcij cu qj di ndanl plitk}cujl dq} alkq}j}tjml vlu tk

plitk}cm cv}c vcuc vulmtaju d`da}lq otumjalq+

Mdk}ul md }ci lumdk md jmdcq) ic mdaicucajk md plitk}cm mded dk}dkmmlq qdk}jmlq?

c+ Albl ca}l std udstjdud md ic plitk}cm+e+ Albl mdaicucajk std kdadqj}c) cmdbq md ic plitk}cm) }dkdu

alkajdkajc md std di ca}l }jdkd pcilu mdaicuc}lujl+

Ic plitk}cm dq) dk vujkajvjl) tk `dkbdkl jk}dukl z) vlu dkmd) tk `dkbdkl

std ic ajdkajc otumjac kl vtdmd alkladu8 }lmc pd std dq) cmdbq) di `tkmcbdk}l ilq ca}lq md Mdudanl+ Dk }ubjklq gdkducidq) vtdmd alkadv}tcij cuqd alk udicajic `cati}cm md stdudu+ Kl leq}ck}d) dq vud`dujeid }lbcu albl alkadv}l c ic plitk}c otumjac) dq}l dq) ic plitk}cm qckc z bckj`dq}cmc std gdkduc) blmj`jac) }uckq`lubd~}jkgtd mdudanlq+53

Albl ckl}c Olq Cbcml)55 Vtdmd cmpdu}juqd std ic plitk}cm mdi qdu ntbckldq vcuc di mdudanl tk qtvtdq}l md ndanl) alkqdatdkajc kc}tuci md qt ijedu}cm+

ajdkajc otumjac qd ijbj}c c dq}tmjcu qtq d`da}lq z dq c vcu}ju md q}lq std vjmdk}j`jacu ic d~jq}dkajc md tkc plitk}cm otumjacbdk}d udidpck}d+

Qjgtjdkml c Ckeci ]luudq) vlmdblq c`jubcu std d~jq}d plitk}cm otumjacatckml alkatuudk ilq udstjqj}lq jk}duklq? mjqadukjbjdk}l) jk}dkajk z ijedu}cm) udstjqj}l d~}dukl md ic mdaicucajk+ Vtdq}l std di alk}uc}l dq di udqti}cml mcatduml md plitk}cmdq mdaicucmcq) q}cq mdedk dq}cu qckcbdk}d `lubcmcq) ijduulu l mlil std c`da}d ic jk}dkajk) l md pjlidkajc l jk}jbjmcajk std c`da}d ic

kl dq qt`jajdk}d std ic cadv}cajk aljkajmc alk ic l`du}c) qjkl std dq kdadqcujl) cmdbq) std cbecq vcu}dqstjduck std bdmjck}d ic cadv}cajk qd `lubd di alk}uc}l) dq}l dq std qtuoc dqd dk}d ci atci ic idz id l}lugc vlmdu md vulmtaju d`da}lq otumjalq leijgc}lujlq+53 CBCML P+) Olq Mckjdi+ Icq mdaicucajlkdq md plitk}cm jbvulvjcq dk ic }dluc mdi ca}l otumjal+]nbjq ) Udpjq}c dmj}cmc vlu dq}tmjck}dq md ic @cati}cm md Mdudanl md ic Vlk}j`jajc Tkjpduqjmcm AVdu+ Ijbc? @lkml Dmj}lujci md ic Vlk}j`jajc Tkjpduqjmcm Ac}ijac mdi Vdu) k+ 36) 3:>>) v+ 70+55 MDB+


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ijedu}cm+51

Di duulu) di mlil) ic pjlidkajc z ic jk}jbjmcajk) mdklbjkcmlq}ucmjajlkcibdk}d albl pjajlq md ic plitk}cm) md}dubjkck ic jkpcijmd mdi alk}u

acuca}duj kmlqd) md dq}c bckduc albl actqcidq md ckticejijmcm)5=

vlu atck}lc`da}ck ic dq}uta}tuc mdi alk}uc}l+

Albl ejdk qcedblq) di alk}uc}l std cmlidad md cigtkl md dq}lq pjajlq dqvulpjqjlkcibdk}d d`jac bjdk}ucq kl qd mdaicud otmjajcibdk}d qt ktijmcm+ Md jbckduc) vtdmd alkiidpcu tkc qdujd md mclq z vduotjajlq std) mdvdkmjdkml mdi aqtvlkmu di alkqdatdk}d kcajbjdk}l md tkc leijgcajk md jkmdbkj cu+

Md dq}c `lubc) ic plitk}cm albk kl qlicbdk}d dq ic qtbc md plitk}cmdqaljkajmdk}dq) qjkl }cbejk md mdaicucajlkdq aljkajmdk}dq) zc std }jdkdk std dqdkacbjkcmcq ncajc ic adideucajk mdi alk}uc}l+

Mdk}ul md dq}d lumdk md jmdcq) vlmdblq md`jkju ci alkqdk}jbjdk}l alblplitk}cm albk l ic jk}dkajk albk) dq mdaju) cstdiic lkc mlkmd icq mlqplitk}cmdq) bckj`dq}cmcq c }ucpq md icq mlq mdaicucajlkdq) aljkajmdk+ Dq dstd di alk}uc}l qtvlkd dqc lkc md aljkajmdkajc) std dq vudajqcbdk}d mlkmd }jdkdbq vul`tkmc ecqd) vtdq qj }ck}l icq plitk}cmdq albl icq mdaicucajlkdq klaljkajmjdqdk dk tk vtk}l l lkc) nceuc mjqdkqjk l mdqcatduml) vdul kl alk}uc}l+

Alkqjmducblq kdadqcujl mjq}jkgtju dk di vickl }dujal il std qjgkj`jac dq}`lubcajk mdi alkqdk}jbjdk}l) dk mlkmd mded ncedu aljkajmdkajc dk}ud ic plitk}jk}dukc z qt d~}dujluj cajk) md il std qjgkj`jac ic qjbticajk md ilq ca}lq otumjal

Ic qjbticajk udic}jpc dq ic qj}tcajk vlu ic atci icq vcu}dq std adideuck tkkdglajl otumjal lati}ck ic adideucajk md tk ca}l udci alk tk ca}l cvcudk}d) mckm

itgcu c ic dpdk}tci ckticajk mdi ca}l cvcudk}d) vtmjdkml }dkdu pcijmd l kl di cudci) qj atbvid alk ilq udstjqj}lq md `lubc+

51 ] LUUDQPQSTD_) Ckeci+ Ca}l otumjal + Ijbc? Qck Bcualq) 3::>) v+ 43:+5= Ic ctqdkajc md ic mdaicucajk md plitk}cm md cigtkl md ilq qtod}lq alk}uc}ck}dq md}dubjkc ic ktijmcalk}uc}l8 bjdk}ucq std ic mdaicucajk md tkc plitk}cm pjajcmc md}dubjkc qt ckticejijmcm+

Alk`lubd d~vudqc @dukckml Pjmci) tk ca}l ckticeid dq cstdi std vcmdad md ktijmcm udic}jpc) dq mdajuudkd ilq didbdk}lq dqdkajcidq l udstjqj}lq md pcijmd z) dk alkqdatdkajc) dq jkjajcibdk}d d`jac ) vdul cmlidadu md tk pjajl) c vdmjml md tkc md icq vcu}dq) vtdmd mdpdkju dk ktil+


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Z) md l}ul icml) }dkdblq c ic qjbticajk ceqlit}c) std dq cstdiic qj}tcajk

vlu ic atci icq vcu}dq adideuck tk ca}l otumjal) std md }ci qil }jdkd ic cvcujdkavtdq dk udcijmcm kl nck adideucml kcmc+

Ic qjbticajk ceqlit}c cacuudc ic ktijmcm md ilq ca}lq otumjalq+

Dk ic dpdk}tcijmcm md std ilq ca}lq otumjalq c ilq std dq}cblq ncajdkmud`dudkajc `tdqdk alk}uc}lq) vlmucblq mdaju std qil nceuc alk}uc}l dk di acql ca}l pjajcml vlu qjbticajk udic}jpc+ Dk dq}d qtvtdq}l) dq}jbcblq std dialkqdk}jbjdk}l qd nceuc `lubcml alk udqvda}l ci ca}l lati}l) kl d~jq}jdkml }cialkqdk}jbjdk}l dk udicajk ci ca}l cvcudk}d+

3+:+ ]dlucq std jk}dk}ck udqlipdu di vuleidbc md ic `lubcajk mdi alkqdk}jbjdk}l

Qdgk d~vijac Bcktdi md ic Vtdk}d) d~jq}dk atc}ul }dlucq std jk}dk}ck udqlipdvuleidbc md ic `lubcajk mdi alkqdk}jbjdk}l+ Diicq qlk? ic }dluc md ic plitk}cm)}dluc md ic mdaicucajk) ic }dluc md ic udqvlkqcejijmcm z ic }dluc md ic alk`jc

3+:+3+ ]dluc qteod}jpc l md ic plitk}cm

Dq}c }dqjq vcu}d md ic vudbjqc md std ic plitk}cm ntbckc dq `tdk}d vujbcujc md d`da}l otumjal z) vlu alkqjgtjdk}d) di alk}uc}l qtvlkd tk dkatdk}ul md plitk}cmdq+

Bcqqjbl Ejckac54 mdqaujed di bcual njq}ujal dk di std qd mdqcuulii dq}}dluc) qdcickml std ic jmdc mdi alk}uc}l albl ijeud bckj`dq}cajk md plitk}cm `alkqdatdk}d alk ic vul`tkmc }uckq`lubcajk ati}tuci z dalkbjac ca}jpcmc vlu didpdk}l md ic jkmtq}ujc z mdi acvj}cijqbl blmduklq) dk}ud `jkdq md 3766 z 3>66)mdec alkmtaju c ic c`jubcajk md ic ktdpc qlajdmcm ijeduci z etugtdqc+ Mdk}udq}d alk}d~}l) ic ijedu}cm md alk}uc}cu qjgkj`jacec dqdkajcibdk}d ijedu}cm md bmd }ucecol z ijedu}cm md ilq acbejlq) z dq}cq ijedu}cmdq alkq}j}tck di vudqtvkdadqcujl md ic udplitajk jkmtq}ujci+

Di bjqbl ct}lu c`jubc) ci mdqaujeju di uli dq}c}ci dk dq}c bc}dujc) std D54 EJCKAC) Bcqqjbl+ Mjuj}}l Ajpjid+ "Ji Alk}uc}}l + Bjickl ? Ml}}+ C+ Gjt``ud Dmj}lud) 3:>=) }lbl JJJ) v+ 54+


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lumdkcbjdk}l otumjal mdec ijbj}cuqd c gcuck}j cu ci jkmjpjmtl icq alkmjajkdadqcujcq vcuc di doduajajl md qt ijedu}cm z) dk}ud q}cq) md qt ijedu}cm md dalkbjac+ Di kdglajl duc udalklajml albl c`jubcajk md ic ijeud plitk}cm mdijkmjpjmtl z albl }ci duc di bdmjl otumjal c }ucpq mdi atci qd udcij cec tk

dalklbc ijeduci alk`jcmc d~aitqjpcbdk}d c ic jkjajc}jpc mdi vcu}jaticu+

Ic }dluc qteod}jpc id mc vuddbjkdkajc c ic plitk}cm qleud il mdaicucml+ Daluujdk}d md lujgdk `uckaq z std dkatdk}uc qtq `tkmcbdk}lq dk ilq vudqtvtdq}lq mMdudanl Kc}tuci) vlq}tic std ic plitk}cm jkmjpjmtci dq di adk}ul md udalklajbjdk}lmd pcilucajk mdi lumdkcbjdk}l otumjal) z std md ndanl qd dkatdk}uc ck}dq std std qil qd ijbj}c c udalkladu qt d~jq}dkajc z qt vlmdu+

Ecol dq}c vduqvda}jpc) vlu il }ck}l) di dod qleud di atci gjuc }lml di MdudVujpcml dq ic plitk}cm jkmjpjmtci+ Ic actqc vlu ic std qd id c}ujetzd udidpcka otumjac ci ca}l otumjal dk gdkduci) z ci alk}uc}l dk vcu}jaticu) dq ic plitkjkmjpjmtci+

Dk dqc ikdc md vdkqcbjdk}l) std dkalk}u d~vudql udalklajbjdk}l dk diAmjgl Kcvlilk z dk l}ucq almj`jacajlkdq dtulvdcq) di alk}uc}l qd vudqdk}c albl djkq}utbdk}l vcuc std ilq qtod}lq d~vudqdk icq udgicq std auddk qlk icq cvulvjcmqdgk qt plitk}cm jkmjpjmtci+ Ic pcijmd mdi alk}uc}l) ci qdu tk jkq}utbdk}l) mdv

md ic plitk}cm mdi jkmjpjmtl+

]lml mdvdkmd mdi qtod}l z md il std udcibdk}d stjql+ Qj qd vutdec std tkcudgic kl qd dkatdk}uc udqvcimcmc vlu ic plitk}cm jkmjpjmtci mdi qtod}l) dqc udktic l) ci bdklq) ckticeid+

Albl di alk}uc}l dq ejic}duci) l bdolu mjanl) vitujic}duci) jk}dudqc di catdummd plitk}cmdq md icq vcu}dq alk}uc}ck}dq) jbvlu}ckml distdudu z kl di mdaju +

Kl leq}ck}d) dq}c }dluc) qj ejdk l}lugc bczlu alkqjmducajk c ic plitk}cm) kvudqajkmd md ic mdaicucajk+

Qduc ceqtuml vdkqcu std ilq alk}uc}lq qd ecqdk qil dk tkc plitk}cm jk}dukQ jbvlu}c ic udpdicajk+ Di vuleidbc qd vudqdk}c atckml dqc udpdicajk kl d~vu`jdibdk}d ic plitk}cm jk}dukc+


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Cq) qj kl aljkajmd ic plitk}cm alk ic mdaicucajk) dk}lkadq kl pcimu i

mdaicucajk) z vlu il }ck}l kl nceu alk}uc}l+

Dq}c }dluc jkatuud) vlu alkqjgtjdk}d) dk di duulu md alkqjmducu std di alk}dq qil tk catduml md plitk}cmdq z kl tk catduml md mdaicucajlkdq md plitk}cmqtvtdq}l aluuda}l+

Vcuc ic }dluc md ic plitk}cm) }cbejk alklajmc albl }dluc qteod}jpc) icalkqdatdkajcq mdi alk}uc}l mdedk qdu vdu`da}cbdk}d alkalumck}dq alk udvudqdk}cajlkdq bdk}cidq md icq vcu}dq+ Di Mdudanl) mdk}ul md }ci lumdk mded udcaajlkcu ck}d }lmc jbvdu`daajk l vdu}tuecajk mdi vuladql md `lubcajkic plitk}cm md ilq alk}uc}ck}dq) ackadickml tkc lvducajk ci }dkdu ctqdk}dmd`da}tlql qt vudqtvtdq}l vqjaligjal) }dkmuc tkc `ciic dk qt vulvjl `tkmcbdk}l+50

3+:+5+ ]dluc leod}jpc l md ic mdaicucajk

Di vul`dqlu j}cijckl Pjkadk l Ulvvl57 cal}c std qj ejdk ic }dluc qteod}jpc) }ci atciic ndblq md`jkjml) udqti}cec cmdatcmc vcuc tk qjq}dbc dalkbjal jkmjpjmtcijq}c zdqacqcbdk}d mjkbjal) kl vtdmd qc}jq`cadu icq d~jgdkajcq md ic blmdukc dalklbcmd bcqc) acuca}duj cmc vlu di d~}uclumjkcujl jkaudbdk}l mdi plitbdk md ilq acbez vlu qt audajdk}d dq}ckmcuj cajk djbvduqlkcijmcm +

Di aj}cml ct}lu qdcic) cqjbjqbl) std dk tk qjq}dbc albl di mdqauj}l)bcuacml vlu vulmtaajk) mjq}ujetajk z alkqtbl dk bcqc) di vujbdu jbvduc}jpl dq dimd gcuck}j cu ic adidujmcm md icq alk}uc}cajlkdq) ic qdgtujmcm z ic dq}cejijmudicajlkdq+ Mjanlq leod}jplq d~jgdk std icq }uckqcaajlkdq qdck cqtbjmcq mjqajvijkcmcq dk qt leod}jpjmcm) dk qt mdqcuuliil }vjal) diilq qlk vlu }cjkalbvc}jeidq alk di c}ujetju udidpckajc mdajqjpc c ic plitk}cm jkmjpjmtci) c ivcu}jaticudq z alkaud}cq ca}j}tmdq vqstjacq md ilq qtod}lq jk}dudqcmlq dk di adk md`jkj}jpc) alk ic}dluc md ic plitk}cm +

50 ULVVL) Pjkadk l+ Ji Alk}uc}l+ Elilgkc? Qlajd} Dmj}ujad ji Btijkl) 3:77) v+ 507+57 MDB+


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Md cst std) albl qdgtkmc vlq}tuc) dkalk}udblq c ic }dluc md ic mdaicucajkl }dluc leod}jpc std udvudqdk}c tkc udcaajk alk}uc ic }dluc md ic plitk}cm z qd dk ic mj`jati}cm md alkladu ic plitk}cm jk}dukc md ilq alk}uc}ck}dq+

Vcuc stjdkdq vulvtgkck dq}c }dqjq md lujgdk cidbk) kcmc md dq}l d~jq}d cstd di lumdkcbjdk}l otumjal8 ic uc md }lml dq di lumdkcbjdk}l otumjal) udalklad ic plitk}cm) kl vlustd qdc c}ujet}l mdi qtod}l) qjkl vlustd dq kdadqcujl stdicq vcu}dq vtdmck dq}ceidadu udgicq dk}ud q vcuc std `lubdk vcu}d md ic pjqlajdmcm+

Qd qlq}jdkd) dk}lkadq) std di lumdkcbjdk}l dq di `tkmcbdk}l) }lmc pd std) dic bdmjmc md std di qtod}l `lubc vcu}d md tkc albtkjmcm) dq kdadqcujl std qd

udalkl ac ic `cati}cm md audcu udgicq+C vcu}ju md dq}c pjqjk dbvjd c c vudpcidadu il std dq qlajcibdk}d udalklaje

z vduadv}jeid) dq mdaju) cstdiil std di udq}l vtdmd vduajeju) bq std cstdiil std diqtod}l stjql) vlustd dq}l bjqbl kl qd vlmuc alkladu+ Cmstjdudk udidpckajc otumjaicq d~vudqjlkdq+

Ic pcijmd md icq udgicq udvlqc dk ic alkq}c}cajk md il d~vudqcml vluqtod}l+ Qd id jbvt}c ci qtod}l il mdaicucml qjk jbvlu}cu qj diil aluudqvlkmd l kl c plitk}cm jk}dukc+ Qd vujpjidgjc dimdaju qleud distdudu +

Md dq}c `lubc) di cibc mdi alk}uc}l kl dq ic plitk}cm qjkl ic mdaicucajk+ Iudidpck}d vcuc di Mdudanl dq ic mdaicucajk) }ci albl q}c vtdmd dk}dkmducatduml c icq ajuatkq}ckajcq) kl dq udidpck}d ic plitk}cm vqstjac mdi mdaicucvtdq albl ndanl vqjaligjal bducbdk}d jk}dukl dq cigl md vlu q jk}ckgjeid djkalk}uliceid+

Qjk dbecugl) kl vlmuc mdajuqd std ic }dluc md ic mdaicucajk vudqajkmd plitk}cm+ Qj tk ca}l otumjal kl }jdkd leod}jpcbdk}d di qjgkj`jacml md tkd~}dujluj cajk md ic plitk}cm mdi qtod}l) dk lumdk c qt dq`duc otumjac) kl pcidmdaicucajk+

Dq}c }dluc qcauj`jac ic plitk}cm udci z ic qtq}j}tzd vlu ic plitk}cm std cvcudmd ic mdaicucajk+


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Qt `tkmcbdk}l dq dpj}cu ic jkadu}jmtbeud+ Qjk dbecugl) Plk ]tnu z

Dkkdaadutq lvjkck std ilq alk}uc}lq vtdmdk qdu jbvtgkceidq vlu duulu+

]ck}l ic }dluc qteod}jpc albl ic leod}jpc }jdkdk vlu `jkcijmcm udqlipdu tkalk`ija}l md jk}dudqdq+ Acmc tkc `cpludad std tkl vudpcid ac qleud l}ul udqlipjdkmd bckduc mjq}jk}c+ Dk ic vujbduc vudpcidad stjdk qd dstjpla ctk atckml di duunczc qjml vlu }luvd c vulvjc+) dk ic qdgtkmc qd alkqjmduc albl udidpck}d di jk}md stjdk kl qd dstjpla+

Ic ucmjacijmcm md cbecq }dlucq) std mdqdkacmdkck qj}tcajlkdq alkqdatdkajcq lvtdq}cq) iidp c vlq}ticu ktdpcq }dqjq std `id~jejij ck cbecqvlq}tucq+

3+:+1+ ]dluc md ic udqvlkqcejijmcm

Dk }duadu itgcu) }dkdblq c ic }dluc md ic udqvlkqcejijmcm) ic bjqbc std qtcpj}dluc md ic plitk}cm+ C }ucpq md diic qd alkqjmduc ci mdaicuck}d albl udqvlkqceid md qt mdaicucajk+

Di vujkajvjl md ct}l udqvlkqcejijmcm c}ujetzd ci mdaicuck}d di ujdqgl md

mdaicucajk kl alk`lubd alk ic plitk}cm udci z) cmdbq) md tkc mdaicucajk kstdujmc+ Di qtod}l vtdmd stdmcu cq albvulbd}jml vlu tk ca}l std i udcibdk}d klnc stdujml+

Ic }dluc md ic udqvlkqcejijmcm vudqdk}c mlq udstjqj}lq `tkmcbdk}cidq+

Di vujbdul md diilq alkqjq}d dk std ic mdaicucajk }dkgc pjqlq md d~}dujlutkc plitk}cm8 z di qdgtkml) std qdc jbvt}ceid ci mdaicuck}d ic mjpdugdkajc dk}udplitk}cm udci z ic mdaicucajk .ctkstd di mdaicuck}d kl ic nczc stdujml*+ Cq)mdaicuck}d qil qdu udqvlkqceid qj ca}c alk mlil l ativc8 kl qjkmlil qj il ncad vlduulu+

Dk md`jkj}jpc) }jdkd pcilu di ca}l jbvt}ceid ci qtod}l z leod}jpcbdk}dpciluceid albl ca}l md ct}lklbc vujpcmc) dq mdaju) albl ca}l std jbvijac tkcmdajqjk mdi qtod}l dk lumdk c qt dq`duc otumjac+


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Dk ic }dluc qteod}jpc vudpcidad ic vlqjajk md stjdk qd dstjpla)

vduotmjackml c qt alk}ucvcu}d+ Alk di `jk md kl vul}dgdu ci }luvd) ic }dluc udqvlkqcejijmcm dq}ceidad std dk mjanlq acqlq qd bck}dkmuc di alk}uc}l+

Ic }dluc md ic udqvlkqcejijmcm) vlu dkmd) vud}dkmd cvicacu ic }dluc qteQj qd `td }luvd l juudqvlkqceid l qjbvidbdk}d kl qd `td mjijgdk}d z vlu diil qtplitk}cm z qt mdaicucajk kl aljkajmdk) kl qd bdudad vul}daajk vlu vcu}d mlumdkcbjdk}l otumjal+

3+:+=+ ]dluc md ic alk`jck c

@jkcibdk}d) dk atcu}l itgcu }dkdblq c ic }dluc md ic alk`jck c) ic bjqbc stdqtcpj c ic }dluc md ic mdaicucajk+

Alk ic }dluc leod}jpc qd vul}dgd c ic alk}ucvcu}d md stjdk albd}j di duuctk atckml q}d qtvjduc mdi bjqbl l `tduc `aji vduajejuil+ Vcuc bc}j cu dq}cqj}tcajlkdq qtugd ic }dluc md ic alk`jck c) std vul}dgd ic mdaicucajk qil atckq}c nc gdkducml tkc uc lkceid alk`jck c+

Stjdk dbj}d tkc mdaicucajk l }jdkd tk albvlu}cbjdk}l std }dkgc

qjgkj`jacml kdglajci l qd pcid md l}ul vcuc albtkjacu qt mdaicucajk) qtqaj}c dk dmdq}jkc}cujl ic alk`jck c md std di ca}l qdc qdujl z alk`lubd c qt qjgkj`jacmleod}jpl) qdgk ic klubci d~vijacajk md ic ca}jpjmcm kdglajci+ Ic d~jgdkajc }t}dic md dq}c alk`jck c qtvduc ic d~jgdkajc md }t}dic mdi mdaicuck}d) vluudidpckajc) udqvda}l c ilq }duadulq) md icq mj`dudkajcq lati}cq vlu icq mdaicuckdglajcidq vduotmjacuck ic adu}d c mdi albduajl+5>

Vlu bdmjl md ic }dluc md ic alk`jck c) qil qd vul}dgd ic mdaicucajk atckqt mdq}jkc}cujl nc alk`jcml dk cstiic8 kl qd vul}dgd ci mdq}jkc}cujl qj q}d uc lkdq vcuc mcuqd atdk}c md std ntel tk duulu dk ic mdaicucajk+

Dq}c }dluc qlq}jdkd std ic mdaicucajk mjqaudvck}d md ic plitk}cm }jdkdatckml di mdq}jkc}cujl nc alk`jcml uc lkceidbdk}d dk ic qdujdmcm z dk di qjgkj`ja

5> EJCKAC) Bcqqjbl+Lv+ aj} +) v+ 55+


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leod}jpl md diic+

Dq}c }dluc vujpjidgjc ic alk`jck c z ic etdkc `d+ Qj ic mdaicucajk kl alk`jceid) di ca}l qdu jkd`jac +

Dq alkpdkjdk}d udalumcu std Md ic Vtdk}d dk tk jkjajl vdkqcec std ic }dlumd ic plitk}cm duc ic bdolu md icq atc}ul) il std stdmc dk dpjmdkajc dk qt leu

Dq}tmjlq qleud di Alk}uc}l Vujpcml ) vteijacmc dk 3:>1) vdul vlq}dujlubdk}d acbejmd lvjkjk dk qt leuc Di Alk}uc}l dk Gdkduci ) atzc vujbduc vcu}d `td vteijacmc dk3::3+

Md ic Vtdk}d alkqjmdu vlq}dujlubdk}d std ic }dluc md ic plitk}cm vudqdkqdujl vuleidbc md mdblq}ucu ati dq di qdk}jml md ic plitk}cm albk) mcml acua}du jk}dukl+

Dq cq std qd jkaijk vlu ic }dluc md ic alk`jck c) ecqkmlqd dk mjpducugtbdk}lq) ilq bjqblq std udqti}c alkpdkjdk}d udalumcu+

Di vujbdul md diilq alkqjq}d dk std plitk}cm z mdaicucajk }jdkdk jgtci pciluuc k vlu ic atci kjkgtkc md diicq mded vujbcu qleud ic l}uc+

Di qdgtkml cugtbdk}l dq}ujec dk std vlu kl qdu `aji jk`duju ic plitk}cmalbk) dq kdadqcujl udatuuju c tk bdmjl std uc lkceidbdk}d vdubj}c jk`duju icudcijmcm md tkc plitk}cm albk+

Dk }duadu itgcu) qlq}jdkd std vlu di vujkajvjl md ic kdglajcajk md etdkc `q}c cpcic tkc mdaicucajk z id mc pcilu pjkatic}lujl+

Dk atcu}l itgcu) Md ic Vtdk}d qlq}jdkd std ic }dluc md ic alk`jck c qtq}j}tic adu}d c md plitk}cm albk vlu tkc auddkajc md etdkc `d dk mjanc d~jq}dkajc+

Z) `jkcibdk}d) qdcic std di qcauj`jajl md ic plitk}cm qd ncad dk vul md i`jubd c dk icq }uckqcaajlkdq md tkc qlajdmcm+

Dk il std udqvda}c ci Amjgl Vdutckl md 3:>=) Md ic Vtdk}d udatdumc std cu}atil 30> jbvlkd tkc jk}duvud}cajk md etdkc `d+


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Udatdumc std @dukckml Pjmci Ucbud mjad std icq udicajlkdq dk}ud plitk

z mdaicucajk qd ujgdk vlu il mdaicucml) qjk std ic ud`dudkajc c ic etdkc `d c}dkauj}dujl leod}jpjq}c+

Md l}ul icml) di cu}atil 3103 mdi Amjgl Ajpji Vdutckl qdcic std ilqalk}uc}lq qlk leijgc}lujlq dk atck}l qd nczc d~vudqcml dk diilq) dq}ceidajdkml tkvudqtkajk+

Vlu qt vcu}d) Md ic Vtdk}d vjdkqc otk}l alk Cujcq"Qanudjedu std dicu}atil 3103) vlu qt qdgtkml vuuc`l) vdubj}d vdkqcu std qj qd vutdec ic d~jq}dkmd mjqalumckajc) vujbcu ic plitk}cm) kl pcijdkml ic mdaicucajk+

Stdmc aicul ncq}c cst std bjdk}ucq ic mdaicucajk md plitk}cm dq di didbdkdqdkajci mdi ca}l otumjal) di alkqdk}jbjdk}l dq di didbdk}l `tkmcbdk}ci malk}uc}l+

Ktdq}ul Amjgl Ajpji) qjdkml di alkqdk}jbjdk}l tkl qlil) il dk}jdkmd md mlqbckducq mjq}jk}cq std) dk udcijmcm) qlk di `lkml z ic `lubc md tk bjqbl `dkbdkl+

Ic vujbduc bckduc md dk}dkmdu di alkqdk}jbjdk}l dq mkmlid di acua}dualjkajmdkajc md mlq l bq mdaicucajlkdq md plitk}cm l albl ic mdaicucajk alkotk}md tkc plitk}cm albk) il std udqvlkmd c qt lujgdk d}jbligjal .qdk}jud"atb latb"qdk}jud *+

Ic l}uc bckduc dq alkqjmdukmlil albl ic alk`lubjmcm md ic l`du}c alk iccadv}cajk .md catduml alk di cu}atil 3171 mdi Amjgl Ajpji Vdutckl md 3:>vudadv}l std mjqvlkd std di alk}uc}l stdmc vdu`daajlkcml dk di blbdk}l z itgcu dkstd ic cadv}cajk dq alklajmc vlu di l`dudk}d*+

Ktdq}ul Amjgl Ajpji) cmdbq) mdk}ul md ic }dkmdkajc md ic leod}jpcajalk}uc}l) kl nc calgjml ic }dluc qteod}jpc8 qjk dbecugl) }cbvlal nc calgjml ic}dluc leod}jpc dk qt qdk}jml vtul+ Nc lv}cml bq ejdk albl qd vtdmd cvudajcu}ucq tkc ida}tuc qjq}db}jac md icq klubcq std alk`lubck ic }dluc gdkduci malk}uc}l vlu ic }dluc md ic alk`jck c+


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Vlu i}jbl }ci albl il ncad Acq}k ]ledcq 5: mdedblq jkmjacu std di

alkqdk}jbjdk}l qtvlkd ilq qjgtjdk}dq didbdk}lq?

c+ Vitucijmcm md qtod}lq) mdqmd std di alk}uc}l dq tk ca}l otumvitujic}duci) dq}l dq std di alkqdk}jbjdk}l) std albl qd nc pjq}l dq icacuca}duq}jac mdi alk}uc}l) mded qdu di udqti}cml mdi catduml mplitk}cmdq md mlq l bq vcu}dq+

e+ Acvcajmcm) vtdq}l std di alk}uc}l) albl ca}l otumjal udstjdud vcuc qtpcijmd ic d~jq}dkajc md cgdk}dq acvcadq .cu}atil 3=6 mdi Amjgl AVdutckl md 3:>=*+

a+ Plitk}cm) zc std di alkqdk}jbjdk}l dq) dk dqdkajc) tk catduml mdplitk}cmdq+

m+ Mdaicucajk) vlu atck}l di icml d~}dukl mdi alkqdk}jbjdk}l dq}alkq}j}tjml vlu ic mdaicucajk alkotk}c md plitk}cm albk md icq vcu}dalk}uc}ck}dq+

Ic alkalumckajc dk}ud ic plitk}cm jk}dukc z ic mdaicucmc) dk di qdk}jml md

ic plitk}cm jk}dukc md acmc tkc md icq vcu}dq ci aljkajmju alk ic plitk}cm jk}dukic l}uc vcu}d) mc itgcu c ic mdaicucajk alkotk}c md plitk}cm std mded udvudqkdadqcujcbdk}d di alk}dkjml md icq vcu}dq aljkajmdk}dq+

3+36+ Mjqdk}jbjdk}l l mjqdkql

Bcktdi md ic Vtdk}d mdqcuuliic md bckduc btz vulijoc di }dbc mdi mjqdk}jbjdk}mjqdkql alk}uca}tci+

Vcuc }ci d`da}l) vcu}d md mjq}jkgtju di mjqdk}jbjdk}l mdi duulu+

Udatdumc std di ca}l otumjal dq ckticeid atckml `ci}c ic bckj`dq}cajk m

5: ACQ]K] LEDCQ) Olq+ Mdudanl Ajpji Dqvcli) Albk z @iluci+ Bcmujm? Udtq) 3:=4) }+ JJJ) vv+ 141+ Aj}cml vlu MD IC VTDK]D Z I CPCIID ) Bcktdi+ Dq}tmjlq qleud di alk}uc}l vujpcml+ Ijbc? Ati}tuci At alQ+C+ Dmj}ludq+ 3:>1) }+ J) vv+ 305 z 301+


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plitk}cm mdi cgdk}d) md alk`lubjmcm c il mjqvtdq}l vlu ilq cu}atilq 53: jkajql 3 3=6 jkajql 3 mdi Amjgl Ajpji+

Dk }ci qdk}jml) di duulu pjajl dq di duulu dk di bl}jpl) csti std udacd dk i

`lubcajk md ic plitk}cm8 dk }ck}l di duulu leq}c}jpl dq di std udacd dk mdaicucajk) }dkjdkml cbelq) udgbdkdq otumjalq mjq}jk}lq) albl stdmc dq}ceiddk ilq cu}atilq 563 z 56> mdi Amjgl Ajpji+

Vlu l}uc vcu}d) udatdumc Md ic Vtdk}d std di duulu dk di ca}l otumjal) d`da}lq mjq}jk}lq std dk di acbvl alk}uca}tci+

Cq) vtdmd vudqdk}cuqd tk vujbdu qtvtdq}l dk di atci aljkajmck icmdaicucajlkdq vdul kl icq plitk}cmdq) zc std bdmjd duulu) acql dk di atci nceualkqdk}jbjdk}l d`da}jpl .alk}uc}l*) vdul di ca}l vlmu qdu ckticml vlu duulu mcbecq vcu}dq+

Tk qdgtkml qtvtdq}l qdu csti dk di atci cbecq mdaicucajlkdq md plitk}cmkl aljkajmck+

Dk dq}d acql) albl kl nc ncejml mdaicucajk alkotk}c md plitk}cm albk) klqd nc `lubcml di alk}uc}l) uc k vlu ic atci di ca}l otumjal kl qdu ckticeid) qjk

ktil) vlu acudadu md bckj`dq}cajk md plitk}cm .cugtbdk}l mdi cu}atil 53:) jkajql mdi Amjgl Ajpji Vdutckl*+

Qdgk d~vudqc Md ic Vtdk}d) di mjqdk}jbjdk}l dq ic `ci}c md aljkajmdkajc mmdaicucajlkdq md plitk}cm) il std gdkducibdk}d qd vulmtad vlu duulu+

Qj ic `ci}c md aljkajmdkajc ntejdqd qjml plitk}cujc) kl nceuc mjqdk}jbjdkqjkl mdaicucajlkdq md plitk}cm kl dkacbjkcmcq c ic adideucajk md tk alk}uc}l+

D~vudqc di aj}cml vul`dqlu std di mjqdk}jbjdk}l qd vtdmd vulmtaju zc qdc ncedu jk}duvud}cml bci ic vujbduc mdaicucajk) l vlu nceduic jk}duvud}cml ejdk)ncedu jkatuujml dk duulu leq}c}jpl+

Ic mj`dudkajc dk}ud duulu z mjqdk}jbjdk}l dq}ujec dk std ncz duulu atckudacd dk ic l`du}c8 z nceu mjqdk}jbjdk}l atckml di duulu udacjgc dk ic cadv}ca


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std dq tkc mdaicucajk alkotk}c md plitk}cm albk+

Di vujbdul md mjanlq duuludq mcu itgcu c ic ckticajk mdi ca}l8 dk }ck}l stqdgtkml mcu itgcu c qt ktijmcm+

@jkcibdk}d) d~jq}dk mlq aicqdq md mjqdk}jbjdk}l+

Di vujbdul dq di mjqdk}jbjdk}l bckj`jdq}l) dk mlkmd icq mdaicucajlkdq qudcibdk}d mjqalk`lubdq+

Nceu mjqdkql bckj`jdq}l atckml icq vcu}dq alk}uc}ck}dq qdck alkqajdk}dstd qtq mdaicucajlkdq md plitk}cm kl qlk aljkajmdk}dq dk}ud q+

Di qdgtkml dq di mjqdk}jbjdk}l lati}l) d~jq}jdkml mdaicucajlkdcvcudk}dbdk}d alk`lubdq) vdul std dk udcijmcm qlk mjqalk`lubdq+

Nceu mjqdkql lati}l) vlu alkqjgtjdk}d) atckml icq vcu}dq nck audml std qtqmdaicucajlkdq md plitk}cm aljkajmck) atckml udcibdk}d kl duck aljkajmdk}dq dq+

Ijbc) otijl md 566:

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OBSERVATORIO DE DERECHO CIVIL. VOLUMEN I "EL CONTRATO" - CAP. 1 CONCEPTO Y FORMACIÓN DEL CONTRATO - MARIO CASTILLO FREYRE