國家公園與文化景觀

National Parks & Cultural Landscape

10年一期的世界保護區大會最近在2003年9月的

南非德班舉辦，大會主題為「跨越疆界、造福

世代」。所謂疆界，主要指的是空間的人為界線（例如國

界）、以及自然與文化之間的對立觀，本文擬就自然與

文化的融合觀申述文化景觀概念的重要性，並建議以文

化景觀角度重新檢視國家公園資產。

以世界遺產為例，自1972年起，《世界遺產公約》成

為具有世界級之自然和文化遺產之辨識和保護的國際法

律工具，然而在公約的概念中，自然和文化彷彿是分別

而對立的，所以依公約乃分別指定世界自然遺產和文化

遺產，雖然一地區若同時兼有自然和文化資源時可指定

為複合遺產，但所謂「複合」指的是具有自然和文化雙種

型態，並非指由自然與文化經長時間交互作用的融合產

物—即「文化景觀」。隨著時間推移，人們愈來愈認識到

自然與文化融合觀的重要性，於是在1992年將「文化景

觀」列入世界遺產的新類別。經過15年，列名世界遺產

文化景觀之地已達60處，涵蓋39個會員國。綜合其重

要涵義為：「文化景觀為人類與自然交互作用下的各種呈

現，表現人類及其自然環境之間長期而親密的關係，展

現了人類社會在同時受到自然環境的機會與限制、以及

The 10 yearly World Parks Congress was held in Durban in September, 2003. The theme of this congress is

“Bene�ts beyond Boundaries”. What is called “boundary”, which mainly means the man-made separate lines on the space （e.g. national boundaries） as well as the contrast viewpoints on nature and culture. This article emphasizes the importance of the cultural landscape concept and suggests that we can employ the concept to re-evaluage the natural and cultural heritages of the National Parks in Taiwan.

Take World Heritages（WHs）for example, since 1972, the World Heritage Convention has become an international legal instrument for recognizing and protecting the natural and cultural heritages with universal outstanding value. However, based on the concept of the Convention, nature and culture seem to be contrast. Therefore, the Natural WHs and the Cultural WHs were designated separately. If an area posses both natural and cultural outstanding properties, it can be designated as “Mixed WHs”. However, the so called “mixed” is referring to the possession of the multiple types of natural and cultural heritages. It is not referring to the outcome from the interaction and fusion of nature and culture after a long time, that is – Cultural Landscape. With the time passes and changes, nowadays people understand the importance of interaction of nature and culture more and more, as a result, “Cultural Landscape” was inscribed into the new category of World Heritage in 1992. After 15 years passed, there have been 60 World Heritage Cultural Landscape sites, covering 39 States Parties. Accorging to the World Heritage Center's definition, cultural landscapes represent the combined works of nature

092

專欄Expert 's views 

內在與外在的社會、經濟、文化力量影響下的長期演變

過程。文化景觀經常反映著永續土地利用的具體方法，

與自然之間常存在特別的精神性關係」。因此，我們可

以視文化景觀保存為一種永續發展的概念以及永續土地

利用的方法。

我國國家公園法訂定於1972年，恰與世界遺產公約的

誕生同年，當時似乎也比較強調自然與文化的分別性，

而忽略了融合的、生活的文化景觀概念的重要性。以國

家公園法規定的5大分區為例：「生態保護區」是指天然護區」是指天然區」是指天然

地區， 「特別景觀區」是指天然景致， 「史蹟保存區」是指

過往的人文遺跡、遺址和古蹟，「遊憩區」是指供遊客野

外育樂活動的地區，「一般管制區」則是歸屬不了上述

各區但為了國家公園完整性而劃入的地區。這樣的分區

概念似乎過於強調國家公園自然的、史蹟的、育樂的價

值，而忽略了屬於生活層面之人類與土地長期而親密作

用下的文化景觀產物。或許我們可參酌國際間的相關作

法，以文化景觀的角度重新檢視國家公園各分區內或跨

分區間的文化景觀現象或遺跡，並在國家公園相關法規

和計畫中妥善定位文化景觀的意義、價值和規範。

and of man. They are illustrative of the evolution of human society and settlement over time, under the influence of the physical constraints and/or opportunities presented by their natural environment and of successive social, economic and cultural forces, both external and internal. Cultural landscapes often reflect specific techniques of sustainable land-use and a specific spiritual relation to nature. Protection of cultural landscapes can contribute to modern techniques of sustainable land-use.

In Taiwan, the National Park Law was enacted in 1972, coincided with the adoption of World Heritage Convention. People at that time seemed to ignore the importance of these “living” types of cultural landscape. Take the National Park Zoning approach as an example, the “Ecological Protected Area” mainly refers to natural area. The “Special Scenic Area” also refers to natural scene. The “Cultural/ Historical Area,” though referred to cultural, consists of pre-historical and historical relics, remains and ruins.“Recreational Area” is to provide tourists activities and facilities in the wild. “General Management Area”is the area which can't be designated into the above areas but designated for the integraty of a National Park. The concept of the Zoning approach seems too over emphasize the natural, historical, and recreational value, and neglect the cultural landscape outcomes under the long-term and intimate interaction between human and nature. Perhaps we can learn from the international experience about cultural landscape and then re-view and re-evaluate our natural and cultural heritages in every National Park. By doing so, we may discovery new meanings and values for our National Parks and then design new regulations for preservation and conservation.

英國倫敦大學地理學博士

PhD of Geography, University College London, UK現任花蓮教育大學生態與環境教育研究所副教授

Associate Professor, Graduate Institute of Ecology and Environmental Education, National Hualien University of Education

李光中 Kuang-chung Lee

093

Expert 's views 專欄