LatinMr. Lovett

Latin IB Vergil Translations

Aeneid 12.614-952:

Interea extremo bellator in aequore Turnus        614palantis sequitur paucos iam segnior atqueiam minus atque minus successu laetus equorum.attulit hunc illi caecis terroribus auracommixtum clamorem, arrectasque impulit aurisconfusae sonus urbis et inlaetabile murmur.'ei mihi! quid tanto turbantur moenia luctu?              620quisve ruit tantus diversa clamor ab urbe?'sic ait, adductisque amens subsistit habenis.atque huic, in faciem soror ut conversa Metisciaurigae currumque et equos et lora regebat,

- interea = meanwhile- extremus, extrema, extremum = farthest- extremō…aequore – ablative singular- bellator, bellatoris, M = warrior- bellator…Turunus – nominative singular- aequor, aequoris, M = plain- palantīs – present active participle of “palor = to wander,” describes “paucos”- sequitur – present indicative of “sequor = to pursue”- paucos = the few remaining Trojans (accusative plural)- iam = now- segnis, segnis, segne = slow- atque = and- minus…laetus = less happy (nominative singular)- secessu – ablative singular of “secessus, secessūs, withdrawal, M”, translate with (at)- equorum – genitive plural of “equus, equi, M = horse” following “secessū”- attulit – perfect active indicative of “affero = to bring to, carry to”- hūc = this way- illī = to him (i.e. to Turnus) (dative singular)- caecus, caeca, caecum = unknown- terror, terroris, M = alarm, fear, terror- caecīs terroribus – ablative plural following “commixtum”, translate with (with)- aura, aurae, F = breeze- commixtum – perfect passive participle of commisceo = to mix together”, describes “clamorem”- clamor, clamoris, M = clamor, shouting, noise- arrectas – perfect passive participle of “arrigo = to raise, tilt upwards”, describes “aurīs”- impulit – perfect active indicative of “impello = to strike against”- auris, auris, F = ear- confusus, confusa, confusum = in disorder, troubled- confusae…urbis – genitive singular following “sonus”- sonus, soni, M = noise, sound- urbs, urbis, F = city- inlaetabilis, inlaetabilis, inlaetabile = joyless- murmur, murmuris, N = sound, rumble, murmur

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LatinMr. Lovett

- ei mihi = woe to me- quid? = why?- tantus, tanta, tantum = such great- tanto…luctū – ablative singular, translate with (with)- turbantur – present passive indicative of “turbo = to disturb, agitate”- moene, moenis, N = wall of a town - luctus, luctūs, M = grief, sorrow, mourning- quis? = what?- -ve = or- quis…clamor – nominative singular- ruit – present active indicative of “ruo = to rush”- tantus, tanta, tantum = such great- diversus, diversa, diversum = distant- diversā…urbe – ablative singular- clamor, clamoris, M = noise, shouting- urbs, urbis, F = city- sic ait = thus he spoke- adductus, adducta, adductum = drawn together, contracted- adductīs…habenīs – ablative absolute- amens, amentis = frantic, crazed- subsistit – perfect active indicative of “subsist = to halt, stand still”- habena, habenae, F = strap, rein- atque = and- huic = this man (i.e. Turnus) (dative singular following “occurrit”)- in faciem…conversa Metisci aurigae = having been turned into the appearance of Metiscus the

chariot-driver (describes “soror”)- soror, sororis, F = sister- ut = as- currus, currūs, M = chariot- equus, equi, M = horse- lorum, lori, N = strap, rein- regebat – imperfect active indicative of “rego = to control”

talibus occurrit dictis: 'hac, Turne, sequamur                625Troiugenas, qua prima viam victoria pandit;sunt alii qui tecta manu defendere possint.ingruit Aeneas Italis et proelia miscet,et nos saeva manu mittamus funera Teucris.nec numero inferior pugnae nec honore recedes.'           630Turnus ad haec:'o soror, et dudum agnovi, cum prima per artemfoedera turbasti teque haec in bella dedisti,et nunc nequiquam fallis dea. sed quis Olympodemissam tantos volvit te ferre labores?                635an fratris miseri letum ut crudele videres?nam quid ago? aut quae iam spondet Fortuna salutem?

- talis, talis, tale = such, the following…- talibus…dictīs – ablative plural, translate with (with)

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LatinMr. Lovett

- occurrit – perfect active indicative of “occurro (+DAT) = to meet”- dictum, dicti, N = (spoken) word- hāc (viā) = on this route (ablative singular)- Turne – vocative singular- sequamur – present subjunctive of “sequor = to pursue, follow”, hortatory subjunctive- Troiugenas = the Trojan-born (men) (accusative plural)- quā primā = where most of all (refers to “hāc viā”)- viam Victoria pandit = victory shows the way- sunt aliī = there are others- quī = who (refers to “aliī”)- quī…possint – relative clause of purpose- tectum, tecti, N = roof, covering (synecdoche for “house/home”)- manū – ablative singular of “manus, manūs, F = hand”, translate with (by)- defendere – present active infinitive of “defendo = to defend”, following “possint”- possint – present subjunctive of “possum = to be able”- ingruit – present active indicative of “ingruo (+DAT) = to make an attack on”- Aeneas – nominative singular- Italīs – dative plural following “ingruit”- proelium, proelii, N = battle- miscet – present active indicative of “misceo = to stir up”- nos = we (nominative plural)- saevus, saeva, saevum = cruel, harsh- saeva…funera – accusative plural- manū – ablative singular of “manus, manūs, F = hand”, translate with (by)- mittamus – present active subjunctive of “mitto = to send”, hortatory subjunctive- funus, funeris, N = burial, funeral; death- Teucrīs – to the Teucrians (the Trojans) (dative plural)- nec…nec… = neither…nor…- numerus, numeri, M = number, amount- numerō (funerum) = in respect to the number of deaths (number killed) (ablative singular following

“inferior”)- inferior = lesser (nominative singular)- pugnae – genitive singular of “pugna, pugnae, F = battle” following “honore”- honore – ablative singular of “honor, honoris, M = honor, regard, reputation”, translate with (in

respect to/in) following “inferior”- recedes – future active indicative of “recedo = to withdraw”- haec = these (words) (accusative plural)- soror…prima…dea – nominatives singular- dudum = little while ago- agnovi – perfect active indicative of “agnosco = to recognize, realize”- cum…turbasti – temporal clause- primus, prima, primum = first- per artem = through your skill/ability (Juturna is able to take on the appearance of others)- foedus, foederis, N = treaty, agreement (the Trojans and Latins had formerly made a truce that

Juturna broke)- turbasti = syncopation of “turbavisti” – perfect active indicative of “turbo = to undo”- te = yourself (i.e. Juturna) (accusative plural)- haec…bella – accusative plural- bellum, belli, N = war, battle

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LatinMr. Lovett

- dedisti – perfect active indicative of “do = to dedicate”- nunc = now- nequiquam = in vain- fallis – present active indicative of “fallo = to deceive”- quis? = who? (nominative singular)- Olympo – ablative singular, translate with (from)- demissam - perfect passive participle of “demitto = to send down”, describes “te”- tantus, tanta, tantum = so great, such great- tantōs…laborēs – accusative plural, direct object of “ferre”- volvit – perfect active indicative of “volvo = to roll/turn over (in mind) (i.e. to decide/wish)”,

introduces an indirect statement- te = you (accusative singular, subject of indirect statement)- ferre – present active infinitive of “ferro = to carry out, bear”- labor, laboris, M = labor, suffering- an…ut…? = could it be so that…?- an…ut…videres – purpose clause- frater, fratris, M = brother- miser, misera, miserum = wretched, pitiable- letum, leti, N = death, ruin, annihilation- letum…crudele – accusative singular- crudelis, crudelis, crudele – cruel, inhumane- videres – imperfect active subjunctive of “video = to see”- nam = for, therefore- quid ago = quid agam? – deliberative subjunctive- ago – present active indicative of “ago = to do”- quae…Fortuna – nominative singular- iam = now- spondet – present active indicative of “spondeo = to promise, pledge”- salus, salutis, F = safety

vidi oculos ante ipse meos me voce vocantemMurranum, quo non superat mihi carior alter,oppetere ingentem atque ingenti vulnere victum.              640occidit infelix ne nostrum dedecus Ufensaspiceret; Teucri potiuntur corpore et armis.exscindine domos (id rebus defuit unum)perpetiar, dextra nec Drancis dicta refellam?terga dabo et Turnum fugientem haec terra videbit?           645usque adeone mori miserum est? vos o mihi, Manes,este boni, quoniam superis aversa voluntas.sancta ad vos anima atque istius inscia culpaedescendam magnorum haud umquam indignus avorum.'

- vidi – perfect active indicative of “video = to see”, introduces an indirect statement- oculus, oculi, M = eye- oculōs…meōs – accusative plural- ante (+ACC) = before, in front of- ipse = myself (nominative singular)- me – accusative singular, direct object of “vocantem”

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LatinMr. Lovett

- voce – ablative singular of “vox, vocis, F = voice”, translate with (with)- vocantem – present active participle of “voco = to call”, describes “Murranum”- Murranum – Murranus (a Rutulian comrade of Turnus who had been killed by Aeneas) (accusative

singular, subject of indirect statement)- quo = than whom (refers to “Murranum”) (ablative singular following “carior”)- non superat…alter = no other (man) survives- mihi = to me (dative singular)- carus, cara, carum = dear- oppetere – present active infinitive of “oppeto = to perish”, first verb of indirect statement- ingens, ingentis = huge- atque = and- ingentī vulnere – ablative singular, translate with (by)- vulnus, vulneris, N = wound, injury- victum (esse) – perfect passive infinitive of “vinco = to defeat”, second verb of indirect statement- occidit – perfect active indicative of “occido = to fall, die”, subject is “Ufens”- infelix, infelicis = unfortunate- ne…aspiceret – negative purpose clause- nostrum = meum- dedecus, dedecoris, N = disgrace, dishonor, shame- aspiceret – imperfect active subjunctive of “aspicio = to see, watch”- Teucri = the Teucrians (the Trojans) (nominative plural)- potiuntur – present indicative of “potior (+ABL) = to gain possession of, acquire”- corpus, corporis, N = body- arma, armorum, N = arms, weapons- exscindi – present passive infinitive of “exscindo = to demolish, destroy, raze”, verb of indirect

statement- domōs – accusative plural of “domus, domūs, F = home”, subject of indirect statement- id…unum = it (i.e. Turnus’s home) alone / the only thing (nominative singular)- rebus = in this situation (i.e. the list of the dead)- defuit – perfect indicative of “desum = to be lacking”- perpetiar – future indicative of “perpetior = to endure, suffer”, introduces an indirect statement- dextrā – ablative singular of “dextra, dextrae, F = right hand”, translate with (with/by)- nec = not- refellam – future active indicative of “refello = to refute, rebut”- Drancis dicta = the words of Drances (who wanted to make peace with Aeneas in the first place

instead of going to war)- tergum, tergi, N = back- dabo – future active indicative of “do = to give”- fugientem – present active participle of “fugio = to flee”, describes “Turnum”- haec terra – nominative singular- terra, terrae, F = land- videbit – future active indicative of “video = to see”- usque adeo = all the way up to this point- mori – present infinitive of “morior = to die”- miserum est = it is pitiable- vos = y’all (nominative plural)- mihi = to me (dative singular)- Manes – the gods of the underworld (vocative plural)- este – plural imperative of “sum = to be”

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LatinMr. Lovett

- quoniam = since- superīs (est)…voluntas = the will of the gods above is- adversus, adversa, adversum = hostile, unfavorable, adverse- sancta…anima = as a pious/righteous spirit/soul (apposition to the subject “I”)- vos = y’all (i.e. the gods below) (accusative plural)- atque = and- iste, ista, istud = that (derogatory)- istius…culpae – genitive singular following “inscia”- inscius, inscia, inscium = ignorant, free of- culpa, culpae, F = blame, fault- descendam – future active indicative of “descend = to descend, go down”- magnōrum…avōrum – genitive plural following “indignus”- haud = not- umquam = ever- indignus, indigna, indignum = unworthy- avus, avi, M = ancestor

Vix ea fatus erat, medios volat ecce per hostis              650vectus equo spumante Saces, adversa sagittasaucius ora, ruitque implorans nomine Turnum:'Turne, in te suprema salus, miserere tuorum.fulminat Aeneas armis summasque minaturdeiecturum arces Italum excidioque daturum,                655iamque faces ad tecta volant. in te ora Latini,in te oculos referunt; mussat rex ipse Latinusquos generos vocet aut quae sese ad foedera flectat.praeterea regina, tui fidissima, dextraoccidit ipsa sua lucemque exterrita fugit.                660

- vix = barely, scarcely- ea = these (words) (accusative plural)- fatus erat – pluperfect indicative of “for = to speak”- medius, media, medium = middle of- mediōs…hostīs – accusative plural- volat – present active indicative of “volo = to rush, fly”- ecce = behold!- per (+ACC) = through- vectus – perfect passive participle of “veho = to carry, transport”- equo spumante – ablative singular, translate with (on/by)- spunante – present active participle of “spumo = to foam, froth”- Saces – one of Turnus’ allies (nominative singular)- adversa…ora = directly on his face (literally: in respect to his direct face) (following “saucius”)- sagittā – ablative singular of “sagitta, sagittae, F = arrow”, translate with (by)- saucius, saucia, saucium = wounded- ruit – present active indicative of “ruo = to rush on, charge”- implorans – present active participle of “imploro = to implore, beg, beseech”- nomine – ablative singular, translate with (by)- Turne – vocative singular- te = you (ablative singular)

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LatinMr. Lovett

- supremus, suprema, supremum = last- salus, salutis, F = safety- (est) – implied verb of “salus”- miserere – singular imperative of “misereor (+GEN) = to pity”- tuorum = your people (genitive plural)- fulminat – present active indicative of “fulmino = to strike like lightning”- armīs – ablative plural of “arma, armorum, N = arms”, translate with (with/by)- summus, summa, summum = the highest- summās…arcēs – accusative plural- minatur – present indicative of “minor = to threaten”, introduces an indirect statement- (se) = he (i.e. Aeneas) (implied subject of indirect statement)- deiecturum (esse) – future active infinitive of “deicio = to bring down, topple”, first verb of indirect

statement- arx, arcis, F = citadel- Italum = Italorum- excidio – dative singular of “excidium, excidii, N = ruin, destruction”- daturum (esse) – future active infinitive of “do = to hand over, deliver”, second verb of indirect

statement- iam = now- fax, facis, F = torch- tectum, tecti, N = roof, covering (synecdoche for “house”)- volant – present active indicative of “volo = to fly”- in (+ACC) = toward- os, oris, N = mouth (synecdoche for “face”)- oculus, oculi, M = eye- referunt – present active indicative of “refero = to turn back toward”- mussat – present active indicative of “musso = to mutter”- ipse = himself (nominative singular)- Latinus – king of the Latins, husband of Amata, father of Lavinia- quōs = whom (accusative plural)- quōs…vocet – indirect question- generōs – accusative plural of “gener, generi, M = son-in-law”, complements “quōs”- vocet – present active subjunctive of “voco = to call”- aut = or- quae…ad foedera = to what alliances- sese = se = himself (i.e. Latinus) (accusative singular)- flectat – present active subjunctive of “flecto = to turn”- praeterea = in addition- regina…ipsa – nominative singular- tui fidissima = most loyal to you- dextrā…suā – ablative singular, translate with (with/by)- dextra, dextrae, F = right hand”- occidit – perfect active indicative of “occido = to fall, die”- lux, lucis, F = light, daylight, the world of the living- exterritus, exterrita, exterritum = struck with terror- fugit – perfect active indicative of “fugio = to flee”

soli pro portis Messapus et acer Atinassustentant acies. circum hos utrimque phalanges

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stant densae strictisque seges mucronibus horretferrea; tu currum deserto in gramine versas.'obstipuit varia confusus imagine rerum                665Turnus et obtutu tacito stetit; aestuat ingensuno in corde pudor mixtoque insania luctuet furiis agitatus amor et conscia virtus.ut primum discussae umbrae et lux reddita menti,ardentis oculorum orbis ad moenia torsit                670turbidus eque rotis magnam respexit ad urbem.

- solus, sola, solum = alone- pro (+ABL) = before, in front of- porta, portae, F = gate- Messapus et Atinas – two of Turnus’ lieutenants- acer, acris, acre = keen, sharp- sustentant – present active indicative of “sustento = to sustain, support”- acies, aciei, F = battle line- circum (+ACC) = around- hōs = them (i.e. Messapus and Atinas) (accusative plural)- utrimque = on all sides- phalanx, phalangis, F = battle formation, battalion- phalangēs…densae – nominative plural- stant – present active indicative of “sto = to stand”- densus, densa, densum = solid- strictīs – perfect passive participle of “stringo = to draw (a weapon)”- strictīs…mucronibus – ablative absolute- mucro, mucronis, M = sword- seges…horret ferrea = a field of iron stands straight- tu = you (nominative singular)- currus, currūs, M = chariot- desertus, deserta, desertum = deserted- desertō…gramine – ablative singular- gramen, graminis, N = field- versas – present active indicative of “verso = to keep turning/steering”- confusus, confusa, confusum = confused, perplexed, troubled- obstipuit – perfect active indicative of “obstipeo = to be stunned”- varius, varia, varium = changed, different- variā…imagine – ablative singular, translate with (by)- imago, imaginis, F = image, vision- rerum = of the situation (that he has just heard) (follows “imagine”)- obtutus, obtutūs, M = gaze- obtutū tacitō – ablative singular, translate with (with)- tacitus, tacita, tacitum = silent- stetit – perfect active indicative of “sto = to stand”- aestuat – present active indicative of “aestuo = to boil, seethe”- ingens, ingentis = huge- uno in corde = in the heart of that individual- pudor, pudoris, M = shame- mixto – perfect passive participle of “misceo = to mix in”, describes “luctū”

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- mixtō…luctū – ablative absolute- luctus, luctūs, M = grief, sorrow- insania, insaniae, F = madness- furiīs – ablative plural of “furis, furiae, F = rage”, translate with (by) following “agitatus”- agitatus – perfect passive participle of “agito = to stir up”, describes “amor”- amor, amoris, M = love- conscia, consciae, F = consciousness- virtus, virtūs, F = virtue- ut primum = as soon as- discussae – perfect passive participle of “discutio = to shake away”, describes “umbrae”- umbra, umbrae, F = shadow- lux, luctis, F = clear vision- reddita (est) – perfect passive indicative of “redo = to restore”- mens, mentis, F = mind- ardentīs oculorum orbīs = the blazing balls of his eyes (accusative plural)- moene, moenis, N = wall (of a town)- torsit – perfect active indicative of “torqueo = to turn”- turbidus, turbida, turbidum = wild, disordered, frantic- e rotīs = from his wheels (synecdoche for “from his chariot”)- magnam…urbem – accusative singular- respexit – perfect active indicative of “respicio = to look back at”

Ecce autem flammis inter tabulata volutusad caelum undabat vertex turrimque tenebat,turrim compactis trabibus quam eduxerat ipsesubdideratque rotas pontisque instraverat altos.                675'iam iam fata, soror, superant, absiste morari;quo deus et quo dura vocat Fortuna sequamur.stat conferre manum Aeneae, stat, quidquid acerbi est,morte pati, neque me indecorem, germana, videbisamplius. hunc, oro, sine me furere ante furorem.'              680dixit, et e curru saltum dedit ocius arvisperque hostis, per tela ruit maestamque sororemdeserit ac rapido cursu media agmina rumpit.

- ecce = behold- autem = however- flammīs – ablative plural of “flamma, flammae, F = flame”, translate with (with) following

“volutus”- inter (+ACC) = between- tabulatum, tabulati, N = floor, story- volutus – perfect passive participle of “volvo = to envelop, wrap up”, describes “vertex”- caelum, caeli, N = sky- undabat – imperfect active indicative of “undo = to rise; billow”- vertex, verticis, M = whirlpool, vortex- turris, turris, F = tower- tenebat – imperfect active indicative of “teneo = to hold”- compactīs…trabibus – ablative absolute- compactus, compacta, compacta = joined, fastened

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- trabes, trabis, F = beam, timber- quam = which (refers to “turrim”) (accusative singular)- eduxerat – pluperfect active indicative of “educo = to build”- ipse = he himself (i.e. Turnus) (nominative singular)- subdiderat – pluperfect active indicative of “subdo = to supply”- rota, rotae, F = wheel- instraverat – pluperfect active indicative of “insterno = to spread over”- pons, pontis, M = bridge- pontīs…altōs – accusative plural- altus, alta, altum = high- iam iam = now- fatum, fati, N = fate- soror – vocative singular- superant – present active indicative of “supero = to have the upper hand”- absiste – singular imperative of “absisto = to cease”- morarī – present infinitive of “moror = to delay” following “absiste”- quo = to where- durus, dura, durum = harsh- dura…Fortuna – nominative singular- vocat – present active indicative of “voco = to call, summon”- sequamur – present subjunctive of “sequor = to follow”, hortatory subjunctive- stat = I have decided (literally: it stands (where “it” is replaced by a nominative infinitive))- conferre – present active infinitive of “confero = to oppose, match against”, following “stat”- manus, manūs, F = hand- quidquid acerbi sit = however grievous it may be (potential subjunctive)- morte – ablative singular of “mors, mortis, F = death”, direct object of “patī”- patī – present infinitive of “patior (+ABL) = to suffer”, following “stat”- neque = and…not- indecoris, indecoris, indecore = inglorious, shameful- germana – vocative singular of “germana, germanae, F = sister”- videbis – future active indicative of “video = to see”- amplius = any more, further, any longer- hunc…furere…furorem = to rage this rage- oro – present active indicative of “oro = to beg”- ante = first (i.e. before Turnus dies)- sine – singular imperative of “sino = to allow”- dixit – perfect active indicative of “dico = to speak”- e / ex (+ABL) = from- currus, currūs, M = chariot- saltum dedit = (he) lept (literally: gave a leap)- ocius – comparative adverb of “ocis, ocis, oce = swift, rapid”- arvīs – ablative plural of “arva, arvae, F = field, plain”, translate with (on)- per (+ACC) = through- hostīs – accusative plural of “hostis, hostis, M = enemy”- telum, teli, N = weapon- ruit - present active indicative of “ruo = to rush on”- maestus, maesta, maestum = sad- deserit – perfect active indicative of “desero = to desert, abandon”- ac = and

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- rapidō cursū – ablative singular, translate with (with)- rapidus, rapida, rapidum = rapid, swift- cursus, cursūs, M = speed; charge- medius, media, medium = middle of- agmen, agminis, N = battle line- rumpit – present active indicative of “rumpo = to break, destroy”

ac veluti montis saxum de vertice praecepscum ruit avulsum vento, seu turbidus imber                685proluit aut annis soluit sublapsa vetustas;fertur in abruptum magno mons improbus actuexsultatque solo, silvas armenta virosqueinvolvens secum: disiecta per agmina Turnussic urbis ruit ad muros, ubi plurima fuso                690sanguine terra madet striduntque hastilibus aurae,significatque manu et magno simul incipit ore:'parcite iam, Rutuli, et vos tela inhibete, Latini.quaecumque est fortuna, mea est; me verius unumpro vobis foedus luere et decernere ferro.'                695discessere omnes medii spatiumque dedere.

- ac = and- veluti = just as- montis – genitive singular of “mons, montis, M = hill” following “vertice”- saxum, saxi, N = stone- de (+ABL) = down from- vertex, verticis, M = top, summit- praeceps, praecipis = headlong- cum ruit – temporal clause- ruit – present active indicative of “ruo = to rush”- avulsum – perfect passive participle of “avello = to separate (with force)”, describes “saxum”- vento – ablative singular of “ventus, venti, M = wind, storm”, translate with (by)- seu…aut… = whether…or…- turbidus, turbida, turbidum = rapid- imber, imbris, M = rain- proluit – perfect active indicative of “proluo = to wash out”- annīs – ablative plural of “annus, anni, M = year”, translate with (in)- vetustas sublapsa = time having slipped by- soluit – perfect active indicative of “solvo = to loosen”- fertur – present passive indicative of “fero = to bring”- abruptum, abrupti, N = steep descent- magnō…actū – ablative plural, translate with (with)- actus, actus, M= action, delivery- mons, montis, M = hill- improbus, improba, improbum = flagrant- exsultat – present active indicative of “exsulto = to jump over”- solo – ablative singular of “solum, soli, N = ground”, translate with (on)- silva, silvae, F = forest- armentum, armenti, N = herd

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- involvens – present active participle of “involvo = to roll along”, describes “mons”- secum = on its own (refers to “mons”)- disiecta…agmina – accusative plural- agmen, agminis, N = battle line- disiecta – perfect passive participle of “disicio = to break up, scatter, drive apart”- sic = thus, in this way- urbis – genitive singular of “urbs, urbis, F = city” following “muros”- ruit – present active indicative of “ruo = to rush on”- murus, muri, N = wall- ubi = where- plurima…terra = most of the land- madet – present active indicative of “madeo = to be wet, be dripping”- fusō sanguine – ablative absolute- fusō – perfect passive participle of “fundo = to pour out, shed”- sanguis, sanguinis, M = blood- stridunt – present active indicative of “strido = to whistle”- aura, aurae, F = breeze- hastilibus – ablative plural of “hastile, hastilis, N = spear shaft”, translate with (with)- significat – present active indicative of “significo = to indicate”- manū – ablative singular of “manus, manūs, F = hand”, translate with (with)- simul = at the same time- magnō…ore – ablative singular, translate with (with)- os, oris, N = mouth (metonymy for “speech”)- incipit – present active indicative of “incipio = to begin”- parcite – plural imperative of “parco = to refrain”- iam = now- Rutulī – the Rutulians (Turnus’ people) (vocative plural)- vōs Latinī = y’all Latins (Latinus’ people) (vocative plural)- telum, teli, N = weapon- inhibete – plural imperative of “inhibeo = to restrain”- quaecumque est fortuna = whatever fortune there is- verius (est) = it is more fitting (introduces an indirect statement)- me…unum = I alone (subject of indirect statement)- pro (+ABL) = on behalf of, for- vobis = y’all (ablative plural)- luere – present active infinitive of “luo = to pay for, atone for”, first verb of indirect statement- foedus, foederis, N = treaty, agreement- ferrō – ablative singular of “ferrum, ferri, N = iron”, translate with “with)- decernere – present active infinitive of “decerno = to decide, settle”, second verb of indirect

statement- discessere – syncopation of “discesserunt” – perfect active indicative of “discedo = to withdraw”- omnēs = all of the Rutulians and Latins (nominative plural)- mediī spatium – the space of the middle- dedere – syncopation of “dederunt” – perfect active indicative of “do = to give”

At pater Aeneas audito nomine Turnideserit et muros et summas deserit arcespraecipitatque moras omnis, opera omnia rumpitlaetitia exsultans horrendumque intonat armis:                700

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LatinMr. Lovett

quantus Athos aut quantus Eryx aut ipse corusciscum fremit ilicibus quantus gaudetque nivalivertice se attollens pater Appenninus ad auras.iam vero et Rutuli certatim et Troes et omnesconvertere oculos Itali, quique alta tenebant                705moenia quique imos pulsabant ariete muros,armaque deposuere umeris. stupet ipse Latinusingentis, genitos diversis partibus orbis,inter se coiisse viros et cernere ferro.atque illi, ut vacuo patuerunt aequore campi,                710procursu rapido coniectis eminus hastisinvadunt Martem clipeis atque aere sonoro.

- at = but- auditō nomine – ablative absolute- auditō – perfect passive participle of “audio = to hear”- nomen, nominis, N = name- deserit – present active indicative of “desero = to leave, depart”- et…et… = both…and…- murus, muri, M = wall- summās…arcēs – accusative plural- summus, summa, summum = highest- arx, arcis, F = citadel- praecipitatque – present active indicative of “praecipito = to throw down/aside”- morās omnīs – accusative plural- mora, morae, F = delay, hesitation- opus, operis, N = task, job- rumpit – present active indicative of “rumpo = to break off”- laetitiā – ablative singular of “laetitia, laetitiae, F = happiness, joy”, translate with (with)- exsultans – present active participle of “exsulto = to rejoice”, describes “Aeneas”- intonat – present active indicative of “intono = to thunder”- horrendum = in a shudder- armīs = with his weapons- quantus = as big as…- Athos – a mountain in Greece, known for its size- Eryx – a legendary large mountain on Sicily- ipse…pater Appenninus = father Apennine himself- coruscīs…ilicibus – ablative plural, translate with (in)- coruscus, corusca, coruscum = flashing, brilliant- ilex, ilicis, F = holm-oak tree- cum fremit – temporal clause- fremit – present active indicative of “fremo = to roar, rage”- gaudet – present active indicative of “gaudeo = to rejoice- nivalī vertice – ablative singular, translate with (with)- nivalis, nivalis, nivale = snowy, snow-covered- vertex, verticis, M = top, summit- se = himself (refers to “Appenninus”) (accusative singular)- attollens – present active participle of “attollo = to lift up”, describes “Appenninus”- aura, aurae, F = heaven

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LatinMr. Lovett

- iam = now- vero = indeed- et…et… = both…and…- certatim = eagerly- omnēs…Itali – nominative plural- convertere = syncopation of “converterunt” – perfect active indicative of “converto = to turn”- oculus, oculi, M = eye- quique…quique… = both those who…and those who… (nominatives plural)- alta…moenia – accusative plural- altus, alta, altum = tall, high- moene, moenis, N = wall- tenebant – imperfect active indicative of “teneo = to hold”- imōs…murōs – accusative plural- imus, ima, imum = deep/thick- murus, muri, M = wall- pulsabant – imperfect active indicative of “pulso – to beat, batter”- ariete – ablative singular of “aries, arietis, M = ram”, translate with (with)- deposuere = syncopation of “deposuerunt” – perfect active indicative of “depono = to remove, take

off”- umerīs – ablative plural of “umerus, umeri, M = shoulder”, translate with (from)- stupet – present active indicative of “stupeo = to be stunned/shocked/stupefied”, introduces an

indirect statement- ingentīs…virōs – accusative plural, subject of indirect statement- ingens, ingentis = huge- genitos – perfect passive participle of “gigno = to give birth to, bear”, describes “viros”- diversīs partibus – ablative plural, translate with (in)- diversus, diversa, diversum = opposite- pars, partis, F = part, region- orbis, orbis, M = world, earth- inter se = among themselves- coiisse – perfect infinitive of “coeo = to gather, meet”, first verb of indirect statement- cernere – present active infinitive of “cerno = to decide (the matter)”- ferro – ablative singular of “ferrum, ferri, N = iron”, translate with (with)- atque = and- illi = they (i.e. Turnus and Aeneas) (nominative plural)- ut…patuerunt – temporal clause- patuerunt – perfect active indicative of “pateo = to lie open, be empty”- campus, campi, M = field- vacuō…aequore = on the level plain- procursū rapidō – ablative singular, translate with (with)- procursus, procursūs, M = outbreak, motion- rapidus, rapida, rapidum = swift, rapid- eminus = from a distance, from long range- coniectīs…hastīs – ablative absolute- coniectīs – perfect passive participle of “conicio = to throw, hurl”- hasta, hastae, F = spear- invadunt – present active indicative of “invado = to enter”- clipeīs – ablative plural of “clipeum, clipei, N = shield”, translate with (with)- aere sonorō – with the sound of bronze

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LatinMr. Lovett

dat gemitum tellus; tum crebros ensibus ictuscongeminant, fors et virtus miscetur in unum.ac velut ingenti Sila summove Taburno                715cum duo conversis inimica in proelia taurifrontibus incurrunt, pavidi cessere magistri,stat pecus omne metu mutum, mussantque iuvencaequis nemori imperitet, quem tota armenta sequantur;illi inter sese multa vi vulnera miscent                720cornuaque obnixi infigunt et sanguine largocolla armosque lavant, gemitu nemus omne remugit:non aliter Tros Aeneas et Daunius herosconcurrunt clipeis, ingens fragor aethera complet.Iuppiter ipse duas aequato examine lances                725sustinet et fata imponit diversa duorum,quem damnet labor et quo vergat pondere letum.

- dat – present active indicative of “do = to give”- gemitus, gemitūs, M = groan, sigh- tellus, telluris, N = earth, ground- tum = then- crebrōs…ictūs – accusative plural- creber, crebra, cerebrum = frequent, repeated- ictus, ictūs, M = blow, stroke- ensibus – ablative plural of “ensis, ensis, M = sword”, translate with (with)- congeminant – present active indicative of “congemino = to increase”- fors, fotis, F = chance- virtus, virtutis, F = courage- miscetur – present passive indicative of “misceo = to mix”- in unum = into one, together- ac = and- velut = just as- ingentī Silā = on huge Sila (a mountain plateau known for herding in southern Italy)- -ve = or- summō Taburnō = on the peak of Taburnus (a mountainous area in southern Italy)- cum…incurrunt – temporal clause- duō…taurī – nominative plural- taurus, tauri, M = bull- conversīs…frontibus – ablative absolute- conversīs – perfect passive participle of “converto = to turn against, face”- frons, frontis, F = head- inimica…proelia – accusative plural- inimicus, inimica, inimicum = hostile- proelium, proelii, N = battle- incurrunt – present active indicative of “incurro = to rush into, charge into”- magistrī = the bulls’ herders (nominative plural)- pavidus, pavida, pavidum = fearful, terrified- cessere – syncopation of “cesserunt” = (they) have withdrawn- stat – present active indicative of “sto = to stand still”

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LatinMr. Lovett

- pecus, pecoris, N = herd- omnis, omnis, omne = entire- metū – ablative singular of “metus, metūs, M = fear”, translate with (with)- mutus, muta, mutum = silent, mute- iuvenca, iuvencae, F = heifer- mussant – present active indicative of “musso = to mutter”, introduces two indirect questions- quis…imperitet – indirect question- quis = who (nominative singular)- imperitet – present active subjunctive of “imperito (+DAT) = to command, rule”- nemus, nemoris, N = forest- quem…sequantur – indirect question- quem = whom (accusative singular)- totus, tota, totum = whole, entire- armentum, armenti, N = herd- sequantur – present subjunctive of “sequor = to follow”- illī = they (i.e. the bulls) (nominative plural)- inter sese = among themselves- multa…vulnera – accusative plural- vulnus, vulneris, N = wound- vī = with force- miscent – present active indicative of “misceo = to stir up”- obnixi – perfect participle of “obnitor = to thrust”, describes “tauri”- cornū, cornūs, N = horn- infigunt – present active indicative of “infigunt = to implant”- sanguine largō – ablative singular, translate with (with)- sanguis, sanguinis, M = blood- largus, larga, largum = plentiful- collum, colli, N = head- armos = their horns- lavant – present active indicative of “lavo = to wash, bathe”- nemus, nemoris, N = forest- omnis, omnis, omne = entire, whole- remugit – present active indicative of “remugio = to bellow back, echo (lowly)”- gemitū – ablative singular of “gemitus, gemitūs, M = groan, sigh”- non aliter = not otherwise, no differently- Troas = Trojan (nominative singular)- Daunius = son of Daunus (i.e. Turnus) (nominative singular)- heros, herois, M = hero- concurrunt – present active indicative of “concurro = to rush together”- clipeīs – ablative plural of “clipeum, clipei, N = shield”, translate with (with)- ingens, ingentis = huge- fragor, fragoris, M = crash, noise- aether, aetheris, N = air, sky- complet – present active indicative of “compleo = to fill up”- duās…lances – accusative plural- lanx, lancis, M = pan/plate of a scale- aequatō examine = with an even balance- sustinet – present active indicative of “sustineo = to hold up”- fata…diversa – accusative plural

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LatinMr. Lovett

- fatum, fati, N = fate- diversus, diversa, diversum = opposing- duorum – genitive plural of “duo, duae, duo = two”, refers to “Aeneas et Daunius”- imponit – present active indicative of “impono = to place upon”- quem damnet – indirect question- quem = whom (accusative singular)- damnet – present active subjunctive of “damno = to condemn; doom”- labor, laboris, M = the struggle, fight- quo…pondere = with whose weight (ablative singular)- letum, leti, N = death- vergat – present active subjunctive of “vergo = to incline/slope downward”

Emicat hic impune putans et corpore totoalte sublatum consurgit Turnus in ensemet ferit; exclamant Troes trepidique Latini,                730arrectaeque amborum acies. at perfidus ensisfrangitur in medioque ardentem deserit ictu,ni fuga subsidio subeat. fugit ocior Eurout capulum ignotum dextramque aspexit inermem.fama est praecipitem, cum prima in proelia iunctos           735conscendebat equos, patrio mucrone relicto,dum trepidat, ferrum aurigae rapuisse Metisci;idque diu, dum terga dabant palantia Teucri,suffecit; postquam arma dei ad Volcania ventum est,mortalis mucro glacies ceu futtilis ictu                740dissiluit, fulva resplendent fragmina harena.ergo amens diversa fuga petit aequora Turnuset nunc huc, inde huc incertos implicat orbis;undique enim densa Teucri inclusere coronaatque hinc vasta palus, hinc ardua moenia cingunt.            745

- hīc = now- emicat – present active indicative of “emico = to leap out, spring forth”- impune putans = thinking that it was safe (describes “Turnus”)- corpore totō – ablative singular, translate with (with)- corpus, corporis, N = body- totus, tota, totum = whole- alte = up high- consurgit – present active indicative of “consurgo = to sprung up, rose”- sublatum…in ensem = onto his raised sword- ferit – present active indicative of “ferio = to hit, strike”- exclamant – present active indicative of “exclamo = to cry out”- Troes = the Trojans (nominative plural)- trepidus, trepida, trepidum = frightened, alarmed- acies, aciei, F = battle line- ambo, ambae, ambo = both- arrectae (erant) = (they) were on-edge- at = but- perfidus, perfida, perfidum = treacherous, deceitful

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LatinMr. Lovett

- ensis, ensis, M = sword- frangitur – present passive indicative of “frango = to break, shatter”- mediō…ictū – ablative singular- medius, media, medium = middle of- ictus, ictūs, M = blow, strike- deserit – present active indicative of “desero = to desert”- ardentem = that raging man (i.e. Turnus)- ni = unless- fuga subsidio subeat = flight were to aid him for protection- fugit – perfect active indicative of “fugio = to flee”- ocis, ocis, oce = swift, rapid, quick- Eurō = than Eurus (the east wind)- ut…aspexit – temporal clause- aspexit – perfect active indicative of “aspicio = to notice”- capulum, capuli, N = hilt of a sword- ignotus, ignota, ignotum = strange- inermis, inermis, inerme = unarmed, defenseless- dextra, dextrae, F = right-hand- fama est = the story (about the sword) is that (introduces indirect statement)- praecipitem = while rushing (describes implied “Turnum” – subject of indirect statement)- cum…conscendebat – temporal clause- prima…proelia – accusative plural- proelium, proelii, N = battle- primus, prima, primum = early, first- conscendebat – imperfect active indicative of “conscendo = to mount, climb onto”- iunctōs…equos – accusative plural- iunctus, iuncta, iunctum = joined, yoked- patrio mucrone relicto – ablative absolute- mucro, mucronis, M = sword- relicto – perfect passive participle of “relinquo = to leave behind”- dum trepidat = while he was wavering- ferrum, ferri, N = iron, sword- aurigae…Metiscī = of his chariot-driver Metiscus (genitive singular)- rapuisse – perfect active infinitive of “rapio = to snatch”, verb of indirect statement- id = it (i.e. the sword) (nominative singular)- diu = for a long time- dum = while- terga dabant = they were retreating (literally: they were giving their backs)- palantia – perfect participle of “palor = to wander astray, scatter”, describes “terga”- Teucri – the Teucrians (Trojans) (nominative plural)- suffecit – perfect active indicative of “sufficio = to suffice, be sufficient”- postquam…ventum est = after it (i.e. the sword) came- arma dei ad Volcania = up against the arms made by the god Vulcan (given to Aeneas by his mother

Venus after Vulcan had made them for him)- mucro, mucronis, M = sword- mortalis, mortalis, mortale = mortal- ceu = just as, in the same way as- glacies, glaciei, F = ice- futtilis, futtilis, futtile = worthless

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LatinMr. Lovett

- ictū – ablative singular of “ictus, ictūs, M = strike, blow”, translate with (from)- dissiluit – perfect active indicative of “dissilio = to bust apart, break apart, split”- fulva…harenā – ablative singular, translate with (on)- fulvus, fulva, fulvum = yellow- harena, harenae, F = sand- resplendent – present active indicative of “resplendeo = to shine”- fragmen, fragminis, N = fragment, piece- ergo = therefore- amens, amentis = mad, frantic- diversā fugā – ablative singular, translate with (in)- diversus, diversa, diversum = diverse- fuga, fugae, F = flight- petit – present active indicative of “peto = to seek, head for”- aequor, aequoris, N = plain, field- nunc = now- hūc = this way- inde = from here, then- implicat – present active indicative of “implico = to interweave”- incertōs..orbīs = varying circles (accusative plural) (Turnus was running in circles)- undique = on all sides- enim = for, because- densā…coronā – ablative singular, translate with (with)- densus, densa, densum = thick, solid- corona, coronae, F = circle of troops- Teucri – the Teucrians (Trojans) (nominative plural)- inclusere = syncopation of “incluserunt” – perfect active indicative of “includo = to enclose,

imprison”- atque = and- hinc…hinc… = from one side…from the other side…- vastus, vasta, vastum = huge, vast- palus, paludis, F = marsh, swamp- arduus, ardua, arduum = steep, high- moene, moenis, N = wall- cingunt – present active indicative of “cingo = to surround, encircle”

Nec minus Aeneas, quamquam tardata sagittainterdum genua impediunt cursumque recusant,insequitur trepidique pedem pede fervidus urget:inclusum veluti si quando flumine nactuscervum aut puniceae saeptum formidine pennae              750venator cursu canis et latratibus instat;ille autem insidiis et ripa territus altamille fugit refugitque vias, at vividus Umberhaeret hians, iam iamque tenet similisque tenentiincrepuit malis morsuque elusus inani est;                755tum vero exoritur clamor ripaeque lacusqueresponsant circa et caelum tonat omne tumultu.ille simul fugiens Rutulos simul increpat omnisnomine quemque vocans notumque efflagitat ensem.

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LatinMr. Lovett

Aeneas mortem contra praesensque minatur                760exitium, si quisquam adeat, terretque trementisexcisurum urbem minitans et saucius instat.

- nec minus = no less- quamquam = although- tardata – perfect passive participle of “tardo = to hinder, retard”, describes “genua”- saggitā – ablative singular of “saggita, saggitae, F = arrow”, translate with (by)- interdum = on and off, intermittently- genū, genūs, N = knee- impediunt – present active indicative of “impedio = to hinder, impede”, subject is “genua”- cursus, cursūs, M = speed- recusant – present active indicative of “recuso = to refuse, deny”- insequitur – present active indicative of “insequor = to pursue”, subject is “Aeneas”- urget – present active indicative of “urgeo = to follow closely”- pedem trepidi – Turnus’ foot- trepidi = of the alarmed/frightened man (i.e. Turnus) (genitive singular)- pede – ablative singular of “pes, pedis, M = foot”, translate with (with), refers to Aeneas’ foot- fervidus, fervida, fervidum = fiery, fervid, hot-blooded- inclusus, inclusa, inclusum = shut in, imprisoned, enclosed- inclusum…cervum – accusative singular- cervus, cervi, M = stag- veluti si quando = just as if when- flumine – ablative singular of “flumen, fluminis, N = river, stream”, translate with (by) following

“inclusum”- nactus – perfect participle of “nanciscor = to find, obtain”, describes “venator canis”- venator…canis = a hunting dog (nominative singular)- aut = or- saeptum – perfect passive participle of “sapio = to surround, envelop”, describes “cervum”- puniceae…formidine pinnae = by a scarecrow of Carthaginian feathers (used by hunters to scare

fleeing game back toward the direction of the hunters)- cursū – ablative singular of “cursus, cursūs, M = running, chasing”, translate with (by)- latratibus – ablative plural of “latratus, latratūs, M = barking”, translate with (by)- instat – present active indicative of “insto = to pursue, threaten”, subject is “vanator canis”- ille = it (i.e the stag) (nominative singular)- autem = however- territus, territa, territum = frightened, terrified- insidiīs – ablative plural of “insidia, insidiae, F = ambush, trap”, translate with (by/from)- ripā…altā – ablative singular, translate with (by)- ripa, ripae, F = bank- altus, alta, altum = high, tall- mille…viās – accusative plural- mille = one thousand- fugit – present active indicative of “fugio = to flee”- via, viae, F = path, direction- at = but- Umber – the dog was bred in Umbria (central Italy) (nominative singular)- vividus, vivida, vividum = vigorous- hians – present active participle of “hio = to be open-mouthed, gape”, describes “Umber”

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LatinMr. Lovett

- haeret – presenta active indicative of “haereo = to adhere, cling to/with”- iam iamque = at every moment, continuously- tenet – present active indicative of “teneo = to hold”- similis tenenti = just as if he (i.e. the dog) has him (literally: similar to one holding him)- increpuit – perfect active indicative of “increpo = to snap, clash”- malīs = with his jaws (ablative plural)- elusus…est – perfect passive indicative of “eludo = to elude, escape from”- morsū…inanī = in a bite of empty air- tum = then- vero = indeed- exoritur – present indicative of “exorior = to come out, arise”- clamor, clamoris, M = shouting, noise, clamor- ripa, ripae, F = bank (of a river)- lacus, lacūs, M = lake- responsant – present active indicative of “responso = to reply, reecho”- circa = in all directions- caelum, caeli, N = sky- tonat – present active indicative of “tono = to thunder, resound”- omne tumultū – ablative singular, translate with (from)- tumultus, tumultūs, M = commotion, uproar- ille = he (i.e. Turnus) (nominative singular)- simul = at the same time- fugiens – present active participle of “fugio = to flee”, describes “ille”- Rutulos…omnīs = all the Rutulians (Turnus’ people) (accusative plural)- increpat – present active indicative of “increpo = to rebuke, reprove, chide, scold”- nomine – ablative singular of “nomen, nominis, N = name”, translate with (by)- quemque = each one (accusative singular)- vocans – present active participle of “voco = to call out”- notum…ensem – accusative singular- notus, nota, notum = familiar, usual- ensis, ensis, M = sword- efflagitat – present active indicative of “efflagito = to request, demand”- mors, mortis, F = death, annihilation- contra = in response- minatur – present indicative of “minitor = to threaten”- praesens…exitium = swift destruction (accusative singular)- si quisquam adeat = if anyone should approach (future less vivid condition)- terret – present active indicative of “terreo = to frighten, terrify”- trementīs (Rutulos) – accusative plural- trementīs – present active participle of “tremo = to tremble”- minitans – present active participle of “minitor = to threaten”, describes “Aeneas”, introduces an

indirect statement- (se) excisurum (esse) = that he would raze/destroy- urbs, urbis, F = city- saucius, saucia, saucium = wounded- instat – present active indicative of “insto = to pursue, close in on”

quinque orbis explent cursu totidemque retexunt

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huc illuc; neque enim levia aut ludicra petunturpraemia, sed Turni de vita et sanguine certant.                765Forte sacer Fauno foliis oleaster amarishic steterat, nautis olim venerabile lignum,servati ex undis ubi figere dona solebantLaurenti divo et votas suspendere vestis;sed stirpem Teucri nullo discrimine sacrum              770sustulerant, puro ut possent concurrere campo.hic hasta Aeneae stabat, huc impetus illamdetulerat fixam et lenta radice tenebat.

- quinque orbīs – accusative plural- qunque = five- orbis, orbis, M = circle, circuit- explent – present active indicative of “expleo = to complete”, subjects are (Aeneas and Turnus)- cursū = in their running/chase- totidem = just as many- retexunt – present active indicative of “retexo = to reverse”- hūc illūc = this way and that- neque = and…not- enim = for, because- levia aut ludicra praemia – nominative plural- levis, levis, leve = trivial- ludicrus, ludicra, ludicrum = of the games, for fun- praemium, praemii, N = reward, prize- petuntur – present passive indicative of “peto = to seek”- de (+ABL) = over, concerning- certant – present active indicative of “certo = to compete, struggle”- vita, vitae, F = life- sanguis, sanguinis, M = blood- forte = by chance- sacer…oleaster – nominative singular- oleaster, oleastri, M = wild olive-tree- sacer, sacra, sacrum = sacred- foliīs…amarīs – ablative plural, translate with (of) to describe “oleaster”- amarus, amara, amarum = bitter, pungent- folium, folii, N = leaf- Fauno = to Faunus (god of agriculture and shepherds) (dative singular following “sacer”)- hīc = here, in this spot- steterat – pluperfect active indicative of “sto = to stand”, subject is “oleaster”- olim = once, at one time- lignum, ligni, N = wood, tree- venerabilis, venerabilis, venerabile = venerable, revered- nautīs – dative plural of “nauta, nautae, M = sailor”, translate with (by)- servati – perfect passive participle of “servo = to save”, describes implied (nautae) (nominative

plural)- unda, undae, F = wave- ubi = where (i.e. at the tree)- figere – present active infinitive of “figo = fasten, affix, attach” following “solebant”

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- donum, doni, N = gift- solebant – imperfect indicative of “soleo = to be accustomed”- Laurentī divō = for the Laurentian god (i.e. for Faunus) (dative singular)- votās…vestīs – the sailors offered their clothes as gifts to the god- votas – perfect passive participle of “voveo = to dedicate”- vestis, vestis, F = clothing, garment- suspendere – present active infinitive of “suspendo = to hang” following “solebant”- stirpem…sacrum – accusative singular- stirps, stirpis, F = plant- Teucri = the Teucrians (Trojans) (nominative plural)- nullō discrimine = with no distinction/attention (the Trojans didn’t know about the tree and cut it

down with all the others)- sustulerant – pluperfect active indicative of “tollo = to destroy, remove, lift up”- ut possent – purpose clause- possent – imperfect subjunctive of “possum = to be able”- purō…campō – ablative singular, translate with (on)- purus, pura, purum = clear; open- campus, campi, M = field, plain- concurrere – present active infinitive of “concurro = to charge, attack”- hīc = here- hasta, hastae, F = spear- stabat – imperfect active indicative of “sto = to stand”- hūc = to this spot- illam = it (i.e. the spear) (accusative singular)- impetus…detulerat = the force (of throwing the spear) had brought (it)- fixam…tenebat = (it, i.e. the force of throwing the spear) was holding it (i.e. the spear) fixed- lentā radice = in a clinging root

incubuit volvitque manu convellere ferrumDardanides, teloque sequi quem prendere cursu                775non poterat. tum vero amens formidine Turnus'Faune, precor, miserere' inquit 'tuque optima ferrumTerra tene, colui vestros si semper honores,quos contra Aeneadae bello fecere profanos.'dixit, opemque dei non cassa in vota vocavit.                780namque diu luctans lentoque in stirpe moratusviribus haud ullis valuit discludere morsusroboris Aeneas. dum nititur acer et instat,rursus in aurigae faciem mutata Metisciprocurrit fratrique ensem dea Daunia reddit.                785quod Venus audaci nymphae indignata licereaccessit telumque alta ab radice revellit.olli sublimes armis animisque refecti,hic gladio fidens, hic acer et arduus hasta,adsistunt contra certamina Martis anheli.                790

- incubuit – perfect active indicative of “incubo = to stop”- volvit – perfect active indicative of “volvo = to determine”- convellere – present active infinitive of “convello = to pull at, uproot, dislodge” following “volvit”

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- ferrum, ferri, N = iron (synecdoche for “sword”)- manū – ablative singular of “manus, manūs, F = hand” translate with (by)- Dardanides = descendant of Dardanus, mythical founder of Troy (i.e. Aeneas) (nominative singular)- telō – ablative singular of “telum, teli, N = spear”, translate with (with) following “sequī”- sequī – present infinitive of “sequor = to pursue” following “volvit”- quem = the one whom (refers to “Turnus”) (accusative singular)- prendere – present active infinitive of “prendo = to catch, capture” following “poterat”- cursū – ablative singular of “cursus, cursūs, M = running”, translate with (by)- poterat – imperfect indicative of “possum = to be able”- tum = then- vero = indeed- amens, amentis = mad, frantic- formidine – ablative singular of “formido, formidinis, F = fear, terror, panic”, translate with (with)

following “amens”- inquit = (he) said- Faune = Faunus (god of forests) (vocative singular)- precor – present indicative of “precor = to beg, beseech”- miserere – singular imperative of “misereor = to pity, show pity”- tu optima terra – vocative singular- ferrum, ferri, N = iron (synecdoche for “sword”)- tene – singular imperative of “teneo = to hold onto”- colui – perfect active indicative of “colo = to honor, worship”, following “si”- vestrōs…honorēs – accusative plural- vester, vestra, vestrum = y’all’s- honor, honoris, M = honor, divinity- semper = always- quos = which (refers to “honores”) (accusative plural)- Aeneadae = the comrades of Aeneas (nominative plural)- fecere = syncopation of “fecerunt” – perfect active indicative of “facio = to make”- profanōs = defiled, profane (describes “quos”)- dixit – perfect active indicative of “dico = to speak”- ops, opis, F = power, might- deus, dei, M = god- cassā…votā – accusative plural- cassus, cassa, cassum = useless, vain- votum, voti, N = vow, pledge, prayer- vocavit – perfect active indicative of “voco = to call upon, summon”- namque = for in fact- diu = for a long time- luctans – present active participle of “luctor = to wrestle, struggle”, describes “Aeneas”- moratus – perfect participle of “moror = to devote attention to”, describes “Aeneas”- lentō…stirpe – ablative singular- lentus, lenta, lentum = clinging, tough- stirps, stirpis, F = plant, stump- viribus…ullīs = with any strength (ablative plural)- haud = not- valuit – perfect active indicative of “valeo = to prevail”- discludere – present active infinitive of “discludo = to divide, pry apart” following “valuit”- morsūs roboris = the jaws/bite of the oak-tree

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- dum = while- nititur – present indicative of “nitor = to struggle, strive, labor”, subject is “Aeneas”- acer, acris, acre = vigorous, keen- instat – present active indicative of “insto = to press hard”- rursus = again- in aurigae faciem…Metisci = into the appearance of the chariot-driver Metiscus- mutata – perfect passive participle of “moto = to change, shift”, describes “dea Daunia”- dea Daunia = the Daunian goddess (Juturna, Turnus’s sister) (nominative singular)- procurrit – present active indicative of “procurro = to run out”- frater, fratris, M = brother- ensis, ensis, M sword- reddit – present active indicative of “reddo = to return, give back”- quod…audacī nymphaea…licere = that (i.e. the interference) was permitted/allowed for the

bold/presumptuous nymph (Juturna)- indignata – perfect participle of “indignor = to be indignant/outraged”, introduces an indirect

statement- accessit – perfect active indicative of “accedo = to approach”- telum, teli, N = spear- altā…radice – ablative singular- altus, alta, altum = deep- radix, radicis, F = root- revellit – perfect active indicative of “revello = to pull back/out, extract”- olli = illi = they (i.e. Aeneas and Turnus) (nominative plural)- olli sublimes…anheli – nominative plural- sublimis, sublimis, sublime = eminent, elevated- armīs, animīs – ablatives plural following “refectī”, translate with (in respect to)- arma, armorum, N = arms, weapons- anima, animae, F = spirit- refecti – perfect passive participle of “reficio = to restore”, describes “olli”- hic…hic… = the one…the other… (nominatives singular)- gladiō – dative singular of “gladius, gladii, M = sword”, translate with (in)- fidens – present active participle of “fido (+DAT) = to trust in”- acer, acris, acre = keen, vigorous- arduus, ardua, arduum = towering, tall- hastā – ablative singular of “hasta, hastae, F = spear”, translate with (with)- adsistunt – present active indicative of “adsisto = to stand before (one another)”- contra certamina Martis = facing the battles of Mars (god of war)- anhelus, anhela, anhelum = panting, gasping

Iunonem interea rex omnipotentis Olympiadloquitur fulva pugnas de nube tuentem:'quae iam finis erit, coniunx? quid denique restat?indigitem Aenean scis ipsa et scire faterisdeberi caelo fatisque ad sidera tolli.                795quid struis? aut qua spe gelidis in nubibus haeres?mortalin decuit violari vulnere divum?aut ensem (quid enim sine te Iuturna valeret?)ereptum reddi Turno et vim crescere victis?desine iam tandem precibusque inflectere nostris,                800

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ne te tantus edat tacitam dolor et mihi curaesaepe tuo dulci tristes ex ore recursent.

- Iuno, Iunonis, F = Juno (Hera, queen of the gods)- intera = meanwhile- rex omnipotentis Olympi = the king of all-powerful Olympus (Jupiter/Zeus) (nominative singular)- adloquitur – present indicative of “adloquor = to speak to, address”- fulvā…nube – ablative singular- de (+ABL) = down from, from- nubes, nubis, F = cloud- fulvus, fulva, fulvum = yellow, golden- pugna, pugnae, F = battle- tuentem – present active participle of “tueor = to watch over, observe”, describes “Iunonem”- quae…finis – nominative singular- finis, finis, F = end- iam = now- erit – future indicative of “sum = to be”- coniunx, coniugis, M/F = spouse- quid = what- denique = at last, finally- restat – present active indicative of “resto = to remain, be left”- indigetem (esse) = (that he) is native (i.e. that Aeneas is destined for Italy)- Aenean – accusative singular, subject of indirect statement- scis – present active indicative of “scio = to know”, introduces an indirect statement- ipsa = (you) yourself (feminine nominative singular)- (te) scire – subject and verb of second indirect statement- fateris – present indicative of “fateor = to admit, confess, acknowledge”, introduces second indirect

statement- scire – present indicative of “scio = to know”, introduces third indirect statement within second

indirect statement- (Aenean) deberi – subject and verb of third indirect statement- deberi – present passive infinitive of “debeo = to owe”- tolli – present passive infinitive of “tollo = to lift, raise”, following “deberi”- sidus, sideris, N = star- caelō fatīsque = in the sky (heavens) and by fate (the fates)- quid? = what? (accusative singular)- struis – present active indicative of “struo = to construct, plan”- quā spē = with what hope- gelidīs…nubibus – ablative plural- gelidus, gelida, gelidum = icy, cold- nubes, nubis, F = cloud- haeres – present active indicative of “haereo = to cling”- mortalin = mortali + -ne- mortalī…vulnere – ablative singular, translate with (by)- mortalis, mortalis, mortale = mortal- vulnus, vulneris, N = wound- decuit = it was right (introduces three indirect statements)- violarī – present passive infinitive of “violo = to violate, dishonor”, verb of first indirect statement

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- divum – accusative singular of “divus, divi, M = god (refers to “Aeneas”)”, subject of first indirect statement

- ensem – accusative singular of “ensis, ensis, M = sword”, subject of second indirect statement- quid…(facere) valeret? = what would she have been strong enough to do- enim = for, because- sine (+ABL) = without- te = you (ablative singular)- ereptum = perfect passive participle of “eripio = to rescue”, describes “ensem”- reddi – present passive infinitive of “reddo = to give back, return”, verb of second indirect statement- Turno – dative singular- vim = strength, power (accusative singular) (subject of third indirect statement)- crescere – present active infinitve of “cresco = to grow, increase”, verb of third indirect statement- victīs = for the defeated (dative plural) (refers to Turnus and the Rutulians)- desine – singular imperative of “desino = stop, cease, desist”- iam = now, already- tandem = finally, at last- precibus…nostrīs = precibus meīs – ablative plural following “inflectere”, translate with (by)- inflectere – singular passive imperative of “inflecto = to bend, change”- prex, precis, F = request- ne…tantus edat…dolor et…curae…tristes…recursent – two purpose clauses- te…tacitam – accusative singular- tacitus, tacita, tacitum = silent- tantus, tanta, tantum = such great- dolor, doloris, M = sorrow, grief- edat – present active subjunctive of “edo = to consume; destroy”- mihi = to me (dative singular)- curae…tristes – nominative plural- cura, curae, F = trouble- tristis, tristis, triste = sorrowful, woeful- tuō dulcī…ore – ablative singular- tuus, tua, tuum = your- dulcis, dulcis, dulce = sweet- os, oris, N = mouth- saepe = often- recursent – present active subjunctive of “recurso = to keep coming back”

ventum ad supremum est. terris agitare vel undisTroianos potuisti, infandum accendere bellum,deformare domum et luctu miscere hymenaeos:                805ulterius temptare veto.' sic Iuppiter orsus;sic dea summisso contra Saturnia vultu:'ista quidem quia nota mihi tua, magne, voluntas,Iuppiter, et Turnum et terras invita reliqui;nec tu me aeria solam nunc sede videres                810digna indigna pati, sed flammis cincta sub ipsastarem acie traheremque inimica in proelia Teucros.Iuturnam misero (fateor) succurrere fratrisuasi et pro vita maiora audere probavi,non ut tela tamen, non ut contenderet arcum;                815

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adiuro Stygii caput implacabile fontis,una superstitio superis quae reddita divis.

- ventum…est = it has come- supremum = end, final part- terrīs, undīs – ablatives plural, translate with (on)- terra, terrae, F = land- unda, undae, F = wave (synecdoche for “sea”)- vel = or- agitare = present active infinitive of “agito = to drive about” following “potuisti”- Troianos – accusative plural- potuisti – perfect indicative of “possum = to be able”- infandum…bellum – accusative singular- infandus, infanda, infandum = unspeakable, abominable- bellum, belli, N = war- accendere – present active infinitive of “accendo = to stir up” following “potuisti”- deformare – present active infinitive of “deformo = ruin, spoil” following “potuisti”- domum – the house of Priam (Troy)- luctū – ablative singular of “luctus, luctūs, M = grief, sorrow”, translate with (with)- hymenaeos = wedding vows (the relationship of Dido and Aeneas) (accusative plural)- miscere – present active infinitive of “misceo = to mix” following “potuisti”- ulterius – comparative degree adverb of “ultra = further”- temptare – present active infinitive of “tempto = to attempt, try” following “veto”- veto – present active indicative of “veto = to forbid”, implied (te = you) is its direct object- sic = thus, in this way- orsus = orsus est – perfect indicative of “ordior = to begin (the conversation)”- sic = in the following way- dea…Saturnia = the goddess daughter of Saturun (Juno) (nominative singular)- contra = in response- summissō…vultū – ablative absolute- summissō – perfect passive participle of “summitto = to lower, submit”- vultus, vultūs, M = face, expression- ista…tua…voluntas – nominative singular of clause introduced by “quia”- iste, ista, istud = that, that very- tuus, tua, tuum = your, of yours- voluntas, voluntatis, F = wish, desire- quidem = certainly- quia = because- magne – adverb of “magnus”- nota (est) – perfect passive indicative of “nosco = to know”- Iuppiter – vocative singular- et…et… = both…and…- terra, terrae, F = land- invita = unwilling(ly), reluctant(ly) (nominative singular with implied subject (I))- reliqui – perfect active indicative of “relinquo = to leave behind, abandon”- nec = and…not- tu = you (nominative singular)- me…solam – accusative singular, subject of indirect statement- solus, sola, solum = alone

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- aeriā…sede – ablative singular, translate with (in/on)- aerius, aeria, aerium = aerial, towering, lofty- sedes, sedis, F= seat, throne- videres – imperfect active subjunctive of “video = to see”, present contrary-to-fact condition,

introduces an indirect statement- patī – present infinitive of “patior = to suffer, endure”, verb of indirect statement- digna indigna = (things) worthy and unworthy (of me, i.e. Juno)- flammīs – ablative plural of “flamma, flammae, F = flame”, translate with (in/with) following

“cincta”- cincta = surrounded, encircled (nominative singular with implied subject (I))- sub (+ABL) = at- ipsā…aciē – ablative singular- ipse, ipsa, ipsum = that very- acies, aciei, F = battle line- starem – imperfect active subjunctive of “sto = to stand”, present contrary-to-fact condition- traherem – imperfect active subjunctive of “traho = to drag, pull, draw”, present contrary-to-fact

condition- inimica…proelia – accusative singular- inimicus, inimica, inimicum = hostile- proelium, proelii, N = battle- Teucros = the Teucrians (Trojans) (accusative plural)- Iuturnam = Juturna (Turnus’ sister) (accusative singular, subject of both indirect statements)- miserō…fratrī – dative singular following “succurrere”- miser, misera, miserum = wretched, pitiable- succurrere – present active infinitive of “succurro (+DAT) = to run to the aid of, help”, verb of first

indirect statement- fateor – present indicative of “fateor = to admit, confess”- suasi – perfect active indicative of “suadeo = to urge”, introduces first indirect statement- probavi – perfect active indicative of “probo = to approve”, introduces second indirect statement- audēre – present infinitive of “audeo = to dare, risk”, verb of second indirect statement- maiora = (even) greater things (accusative plural, direct object of “audere”)- pro vitā = for (his, i.e. Turnus’) life- ut…contenderet – purpose clause- contenderet – imperfect active subjunctive of “contendo = to hurl/shoot; to stretch out/draw tight”,

subject is (he, i.e. Turnus)- telum, teli, N = spear- arcus, arcūs, M = bow- tamen = however- adiuro – present active indicative of “adiuro = to swear by/on”- Stygiī caput…fontis = the source of the spring of the (river) Styx- caput, capitis, N = head/source of a fountain/spring- implacabilis, implacabilis, implacabile = unstoppable- una superstitio – refers to the source of the Styx- unus, una, unum = one, only- superstitio, superstitionis, F = divine law- superīs…divīs = to/for the gods above (dative plural)- quae = that (refers to “superstitio”) (nominative singular)- reddita (est) = has been rendered

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et nunc cedo equidem pugnasque exosa relinquo.illud te, nulla fati quod lege tenetur,pro Latio obtestor, pro maiestate tuorum:                820cum iam conubiis pacem felicibus (esto)component, cum iam leges et foedera iungent,ne vetus indigenas nomen mutare Latinosneu Troas fieri iubeas Teucrosque vocariaut vocem mutare viros aut vertere vestem.                825sit Latium, sint Albani per saecula reges,sit Romana potens Itala virtute propago:occidit, occideritque sinas cum nomine Troia.'olli subridens hominum rerumque repertor:'es germana Iovis Saturnique altera proles,                830irarum tantos volvis sub pectore fluctus.verum age et inceptum frustra summitte furorem:do quod vis, et me victusque volensque remitto.

- nunc = now- cedo – present active indicative of “cedo = to yield”- equidem = truly, indeed- exosa = hating (nominative singular with implied subject (I))- pugnas = battles (accusative plural, direct object of “exosa” and “relinquo”)- relinquo – present active indicative of “relinquo = to leave behind, abandon”- te…obtestor = I implore you (to do/grant)- illud = the following (thing) (accusative singular)- quod = which (refers to “illud”) (nominative singular)- tenetur – present passive indicative of “teneo = to govern/forbid”- nullā…lege – ablative singular, translate with (by) following “tenetur”- nullus, nulla, nullum = no- lex, legis, F = law- fati – genitive singular of “fatum, fati, N = fate” following “lege”- pro Latiō = for Latium (the town where Latinus is king)- pro maiestate turorum = for the dignity of your ancestors (i.e. Saturn, the mythical king of Latium)- cum…component – temporal clause- component – future active indicative of “compono = to arrange, agree on”, subject are (the Latins

and the Trojans)- iam = soon- conubiīs…felicibus – ablative plural, translate with (with/through)- conubium, conubii, N = marriage- felix, felicis = happy- pax, pacis, F = peace- esto = so be it- cum…iungent – temporal clause- ingent – future active indicative of “iungo = to join together through”- lex, legis, F = law- foedus, foederis, N = treaty- ne…iubeas – jussive subjunctive- iubeas – present active subjunctive of “iubeo = to order”

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- indigenas…Latinos = the natives, the Latins (accusative plural, first direct object of “iubeas”)- mutare – present active indicative of “muto = to change” with “Latinos” as subject- vetus…nomen – accusative singular- vetus, veteris = old, ancient- nomen, nominis, N = name- neu = nor- Troas fieri = that a (new) Troy be made- Teucros vocarī = to be called Teucrians (Trojans)- aut…aut… = either…or…- viros = men (accusative plural, second direct object of “iubeas”)- vox, vocis, F = voice (language)- vertere – present active infinitive of “verto = to turn, change”- vestis, vestis, F = clothing- sit, sint – present subjunctives of “sum = to be”, jussive subjunctives- Albanī…reges = the kings of Alba Longa (the Latin city from which Rome’s founders came

generations after Aeneas)- per (+ACC) = throughout- saeculum, saeculi, N = age- potens, potentis = powerful- propago, propaginis, F = race- Italā virtute – ablative singular, translate with (in/with) following “potens”- virtus, virtutis, F = virtue- occidit…Troia = Troy has fallen- occiderit sinas = you should permit that it has fallen- ollī = illī = to her (i.e. to Juno) (dative singular)- subridens – present active participle of “subrideo = to smile”, describes “repertor”- repertor hominum rerumque = the creator of men and events (i.e. Jupiter/Zeus)- es – present indicative of “sum = to be”- germana, germanae, F = sister- alter, altera, alterum = another- proles, prolis, F = offspring, descendant- sub pectore = in pectore- pectus, pectoris, F = chest, heart- volvis – present active indicative of “volvo = to turn over, unravel”- tantōs…fluctūs – accusative plural- tantus, tanta, tantum = such great- fluctus, fluctūs, M = wave- irarum – genitive plural of “ira, irae, F = anger, wrath” following “fluctūs”- verum = but- age = come on- summitte – singular imperative of “summitto = to lower, relieve”- furor, furoris, M = rage- inceptum – perfect passive participle of “incipio = to begin, undertake”- frustra = in vain (modifying “inceptum”)- do – present active indicative of “do = to grant”- quod vis – indirect question- quod = that which- vis – present subjunctive of “volo = to want, wish”- me…remitto = I submit (to your wishes)

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- victus – perfect passive participle of “vinco = to defeat”, describes (I)- volens – present active participle of “volo = be willing”, describes (I)

sermonem Ausonii patrium moresque tenebunt,utque est nomen erit; commixti corpore tantum                835subsident Teucri. morem ritusque sacrorumadiciam faciamque omnis uno ore Latinos.hinc genus Ausonio mixtum quod sanguine surget,supra homines, supra ire deos pietate videbis,nec gens ulla tuos aeque celebrabit honores.'                840adnuit his Iuno et mentem laetata retorsit;interea excedit caelo nubemque relinquit.His actis aliud genitor secum ipse volutatIuturnamque parat fratris dimittere ab armis.dicuntur geminae pestes cognomine Dirae,                845quas et Tartaream Nox intempesta Megaeramuno eodemque tulit partu, paribusque revinxitserpentum spiris ventosasque addidit alas.hae Iovis ad solium saevique in limine regisapparent acuuntque metum mortalibus aegris,                850si quando letum horrificum morbosque deum rexmolitur, meritas aut bello territat urbes.

- Ausonii = the Ausonians (Latins) (nominative plural)- tenebunt – future active indicative of “teneo = to keep”- sermo, sermonis, M = speech, diction- mos, moris, M = custom- pater, patris, M = ancestor- ut est = as (it) is- erit – future indicative of “sum = to be”- commixti – perfect passive participle of “commisceo = to mix together, combine, unite”- corpore – in the body (of the new nation)- tantum = only- subsident – future active indicative of “subsido = to sink, subside”- Teucri = the Teucrians (Trojans) (nominative plural)- mos, moris, M = custom- ritus, ritūs, M = rite, ceremony- sacrum, sacri, N = sacrifice, religious rites- adiciam – future active indicative of “adicio = to add”- faciam – future active indicative of “facio = to make”- omnīs…Latinōs – accusative plural- unō ore – ablative singular, translate with (of)- os, oris, N = mouth, language- hinc = from this- genus, generis, N = race- mixtum - perfect passive participle of “misco = to mix”, describes “genus”- Ausoniō…sanguine = with Ausonian (Latin) blood (ablative singular)- surget – future active indicative of “surgo = to rise”- quod…videbis…ire = which (refers to “genus”) as you will see will go…

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- supra (+ACC) = above, beyond- homo, hominis, M = man, person- deus, dei, M = god- pietate – ablative singular of “pietas, pietatis, F = piety”, translate with (in respect to)- nec = and…not- gens, gentis, F = nation- ullus, ulla, ullum = any- celebrabit – future active indicative of “celebro = to glorify, honor”- tuōs…honorēs – accusative singular- honor, honoris, M = dignity- aeque – adverb of “aequus, aequa, aequum = equal”- adnuit – perfect active indicative of “adnuo = to nod (in agreement to), assent to”- hīs = these terms- Iuno – nominative singular- laetata – perfect passive participle of “laeto = to gladden, cheer up”, describes “Iuno”- retorsit – perfect active indicative of “retorqueo = to turn back/aside”- mens, mentis, F = plan, intention- interea = meanwhile- excedit – present active indicative of “excedo = to depart”- caelō – ablative singular of “caelum, caeli, N = sky”, translate with (from)- nubes, nubis, F = cloud- relinquit – present active indicative of “relinquo = to leave (behind), abandon”- hīs actīs = once this had been done (ablative absolute)- aliud = something else, another thing (accusative singular)- genitor…ipse = that same father/creator (i.e. Jupiter) (nominative singular)- secum = to himself (in his mind)- volutat – present active indicative of “volute = to think over”- parat – present active indicative of “paro = to prepare”- dimittere – present active infinitive of “dimitto = to disband, separate, send away”- fratris…ab armīs = from her brother’s forces- dicuntur = there are said to be- geminus, gemina, geminum = twin- pestis, pestis, F = plague, curse- cognomine = by name, named (ablative singular)- Dirae = the Furies (nominative plural)- quas = whom (refers to “Dirae”) (accusative plural)- et = along with, in addition to - Tartaream Megaeram = Tartarean Megaera (one of the Furies)- Nox intempesta = the dead of the night (nominative singular)- tulit – perfect active indicative of “fero = to bear”- uno eodemque…partu = in one and the same birth- revinxit – perfect active indicative of “revincio = to cover”, subject is “Nox”- paribus…spirīs – ablative plural, translate with (with)- spira, spirae, F = coil- par, paris (+GEN) = equal to, similar to- serpentum – genitive plural of “serpens, serpentis, M/F = snake”- ventosas…alas – accusative plural- ventosus, ventosa, ventosum = swift- ala, alae, F = wing

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LatinMr. Lovett

- addidit – perfect active indicative of “addo = to add”- hae = they (i.e. the Furies) (nominative plural)- Iovis – genitive singular of “Iuppiter, Iovis, M = Jupiter”- ad (+ACC) = at- solium, solii, N = throne, seat- saevī…regis – genitive singular- saevus, saeva, saevum = fierce, harsh- rex, regis, M = king- limen, liminis, N = threshold- apparent – present active indicative of “appareo = to be visibile, be seen”- acuunt – present active indicative of “acuo = provoke, incite”- metus, metūs, M = fear- mortalibus aegrīs – dative plural- aeger, aegra, aegrum = weak- si quando = whenever- deum rex = deorum rex- letum, leti, N = death, ruin- morbus, morbi, M = sickness, disease- molitur – present indicative of “molior = to plan, set in motion”- meritās…urbēs = cities that deserve it- territat – present active indicative of “territo = to frighten, terrify”- bellō – ablative singular of “bellum, belli, N = war”, translate with (with/through)

harum unam celerem demisit ab aethere summoIuppiter inque omen Iuturnae occurrere iussit:illa volat celerique ad terram turbine fertur.                855non secus ac nervo per nubem impulsa sagitta,armatam saevi Parthus quam felle veneni,Parthus sive Cydon, telum immedicabile, torsit,stridens et celeris incognita transilit umbras:talis se sata Nocte tulit terrasque petivit.                860postquam acies videt Iliacas atque agmina Turni,alitis in parvae subitam collecta figuram,quae quondam in bustis aut culminibus desertisnocte sedens serum canit importuna per umbras—hanc versa in faciem Turni se pestis ob ora                865fertque refertque sonans clipeumque everberat alis.illi membra novus soluit formidine torpor,arrectaeque horrore comae et vox faucibus haesit.

- harum unam = one of them (i.e. one of the Furies) (accusative singular)- celer, celeris, celere = swift(ly), rapid(ly)- demisit – perfect active indicative of “dimitto = to send down”- aether, aetheris, M = sky, ether, heaven- summus, summa, summum = top of, highest- Iuppiter – nominative singular- in omen = as an omen- Iuturnae – Juturna (Turnus’ sister) (dative singular following “occurrere”)

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LatinMr. Lovett

- occurrere – present active infinitive of “occurro (+DAT) = to run into, meet, encounter” following “iussit”

- iussit – perfect active indicative of “iubeo = to order”- illa = she (i.e. the Fury) (nominative singular)- volat – present active indicative of “volo = to rush, fly”- celerī…turbine – ablative singular, translate with (by/on)- celer, celeris, celere = swift, rapid- turbo, turbinis, M = whirlwind- fertur – present passive indicative of “fero = to bring, carry, bear”- non secus ac = no differently than- sagitta, sagittae, F = arrow- impulsa – perfect passive participle of “impello = to drive, push, thrust”, describes “sagitta”- nervō – ablative singular of “nervus, nervi, M = string (of a bow)”, translate with (by) following

“impulsa”- per (+ACC) = through- nubes, nubis, F = cloud- quam armatam felle saevī venenī = which, armed with the venom of a fierce poison, … (refers to

“sagitta”)- Parthus sive Cydon = a Parthian or Cydonian (peoples known for their skills with the bow and

arrow) (nominatives singular, subject of relative clause)- torsit – perfect active indicative of “torqueo = to bend/draw (a bow)”, verb of relative clause- telum immedicabile = an incurable weapon (apposition to “sagitta”)- stridens – present active participle of “strido = to whistle, hiss”, describes “sagitta”- incognita – nominative singular of “incognitus, incognita, incognitum = unknown”- transilit – present active indicative of “transilio = to leap through, pierce through”- celerīs…umbrās – accusative plural- celer, celeris, celere = swift, rapid- umbra, umbrae, F = shadow- talis…sata – nominative singular- talis, talis, tale = of such kind- sata, satae, F = daughter- Nocte = from Night (ablative singular modifying “sata”)- se = herself (refers to “sata”) (accusative singular)- tulit – perfect active indicative of “fero = to bring, bear”- petivit – perfect active indicative of “peto = to seek”- postquam = as soon as- videt – present active indicative of “video = to see”, subject is (the Fury)- aciēs…Iliacas = the Ilian (Trojan) battle lines (accusative plural)- agmen, agminis, N = army, line- collecta – perfect passive participle of “colligo = to assemble, transform”, describes (the Fury)- in…subitam figuram = suddenly into the shape- alitis…parvae – genitive singular following “figuram”- ales, alitis, F = bird- parvus, parva, parvum = small- quae = that (refers to “alitis”) (nominative singular)- quondam = formerly, at one time- bustum, busti, N = tomb- culmen, culminis, N = rooftop- desertus, deserta, desertum = deserted

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LatinMr. Lovett

- nocte…serum = late at night- sedens – present active participle of “sedeo = to sit”, describes “quae”- canit – present active indicative of “cano = to sing”- importuna – nominative singular of “importunes, importuna, importunum = mostrous, cruel”- per (+ACC) = throughout- umbra, umbrae, F = shadow- versa – perfect passive participle of “verto = to turn, change”, describes “pestis”- hanc…in faciem = into this shape/appearance (i.e. that of a bird)- pestis, pestis, F = plague, curse (the Fury)- se = herself (refers to “pestis”)- Turnī…ob ora = right in front of Turnus’ face- fertque refertque = keeps bringing- sonans – present active participle of “sono = to screech”, describes “pestis”- clipeum, clipei, N = shield- everberat – present active indicative of “everbero = to strike at”- alīs – ablative plural of “ala, alae, F = wing”, translate with (with)- illī = his (i.e. Turnus’) (dative singular)- membrum, membri, N = limb- novus…torpor – nominative singular- novus, nova, novum = strange, new- torpor, torporis, M = numbness, torpor- solvit – perfect active indicative of “solvo = to loosen”- formidine – ablative singular of “formido, formidinis, F = fear, terror, panic”, translate with (in/with)- arrectae…comae – nominative singular- coma, comae, F = hair- (sunt) arrectae = were raised upright- horrore – ablative singular of “horror, horroris, F = dread”, translate with (in/with)- vox, vocis, F = voice- faucibus = in his throat- haesit – perfect active indicative of “haereo = to cling, stick”

At procul ut Dirae stridorem agnovit et alas,infelix crinis scindit Iuturna solutos                870unguibus ora soror foedans et pectora pugnis:'quid nunc te tua, Turne, potest germana iuvare?aut quid iam durae superat mihi? qua tibi lucemarte morer? talin possum me opponere monstro?iam iam linquo acies. ne me terrete timentem,                875obscenae volucres: alarum verbera noscoletalemque sonum, nec fallunt iussa superbamagnanimi Iovis. haec pro virginitate reponit?quo vitam dedit aeternam? cur mortis adempta estcondicio? possem tantos finire dolores                880nunc certe, et misero fratri comes ire per umbras!immortalis ego? aut quicquam mihi dulce meorumte sine, frater, erit? o quae satis ima dehiscatterra mihi, Manisque deam demittat ad imos?'tantum effata caput glauco contexit amictu                885multa gemens et se fluvio dea condidit alto.

36

LatinMr. Lovett

- at = but- ut = when- procul = from far off, from a distance- Dirae = the Fury’s (genitive singular)- stridor, stridoris, M = hissing- ala, alae, F = wing- agnovit – perfect active indicative of “agnosco = to recognize”, subject is “Iuturna”- infelix…Iuturnua…soror – nominative singular- infelix, infelicis = wretched, unfortunate- crinīs…solutōs – accusative plural- crinis, crinis, M = (lock of) hair- solutus, soluta, solutum = unbound, loosened- scindit – perfect active indicative of “scindo = to tear at”- unguibus – ablative plural of “unguis, unguis, M = nail, claw”, translate with (with)- os, oris, N = face- foedans – present active participle of “foedo = to disfigure”, describes “soror”- pectus, pectoris, N = chest, breast- pugnīs – ablative plural of “pugnus, pugni, M = fist”, translate with (with)- quid (872) = how- nunc = now- te = you (accusative singular)- tua…germana – nominative singular- germana, germanae, F = sister- Turne – vocative singular- potest – present indicative of “possum = to be able”- iuvare – present active infinitive of “iuvo = to help” following “potest”- quid (873) = what- iam = now- durae…mihi = for suffering me (dative singular)- superat – present active indicative of “supero = to remain”- quā…arte – ablative singular, translate with (by/with)- ars, artis, F = skill, ability- tibi = your- lux, lucis, F = light, life- morer – present subjunctive of “moror = to preserve”, deliberative subjunctive- talin = talī + -ne- talī…monstrō – dative singular following “opponere”- talis, talis, tale = such- monstrum, monstri, N = monster, omen- possum – present indicative of “possum = to be able”- me – accusative singular- opponere – present active infinitive of “oppono = to place (ACC) up against (DAT)”- iam = now- linquo – present active indicative of “linquo = to leave behind, abandon”- acies, aciei, F = battle line- ne…terrete – negative plural imperative of “terreo = to frighten”- timentem – present active participle of “timeo = to fear”, describes “me”- obscenae volucres – vocative plural

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LatinMr. Lovett

- obscenus, obscena, obscenum = repulsive, foul, detestable- volucer, volucris, F = bird- alarum verbera = the flapping of wings - nosco – present active indicative of “nosco = to recognize”- letalis, letalis, letale = deadly, fatal- sonus, soni, M = noise- nec = and…not- fallunt – present active indicative of “fallo = to deceive” with (me) implied as direct object- iussum, iussi, N = command, order- superbus, superba, superbum = proud- magnanimī Iovis – genitive singular- magnanimus, magnanima, magnanimum = great-heated- Iuppiter, Iovis, M = Jupiter- reponit – present active indicative of “repono = to return, exchange for”, subject is (Jupiter)- haec = all of this (the whole situation that is happening) (accusative plural)- pro (+ABL) = for, in exchange for- virginitas, virginitatis, F = virginity- quo? = for what reason?- vitam…aeternam – accusative singular- vita, vitae, F = life- aeternus, aeterna, aeternum = eternal- dedit – perfect active indicative of “do = to give, grant” with (me) as implied indirect object- adempta est – perfect passive indicative of “adimo = to take away”- condicio, condicionis, F = option; situation- mortis – genitive singular of “mors, mortis, F = death” following “condicio”- possem = (if I were not immortal) I would be able… (present contrary-to-fact condition)- tantōs…dolorēs – accusative singular- tantus, tanta, tantum = such great- dolor, doloris, M = pain, suffering- finire – present active infinitive of “finio = to end” following “possem”- nunc = now- certe = certainly- miser, misera, miserum = wretched, pitiable- comes = as a companion (apposition to implied subject (I)) (nominative singular)- ire – present infinitive of “eo = to go, walk” following “possem”- per (+ACC) = through, among- umbra, umbrae, F = shadow (of the underworld), spirit (of the dead)- quicquam…meorum = any of my things (nominative singular)- erit – future indicative of “sum = to be”- dulcis, dulcis, dulce = sweet, enjoyable- mihi = to/for me (dative singular following “dulce”)- sine (+ABL) = without- te = you (ablative singular)- quae…ima…terra – nominative singular- quae = what- imus, ima, imum = deep- satis = enough (describes “ima”)- dehiscat – present active subjunctive of “dehisco = to gape/split open; part”, potential subjunctive- Manīs…ad imōs = to the gods below

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LatinMr. Lovett

- deam – apposition to implied (me)- demittat – present active subjunctive of “demitto = to send down”, potential subjunctive- effata – perfect participle of “effor = to speak”, describes “dea”- tantum = so much- caput, capitis, N = head- glaucō…amictū – ablative singular, translate with (with)- glaucus, glauca, glaucum = bluish-gray- amictus, amictūs, M = cloak, mantle- contexit – perfect active indicative of “contego = to cover up, hide”- multa = many things (accusative plural)- gemens – present active participle of “gemo = to groan (about), lament (over)”, describes “dea”- se = herself (accusative singular)- fluviō…altō – ablative singular, translate with (in)- fluvius, fluvii, N = river- altus, alta, altum = deep- condidit – perfect active indicative of “condo = to hide, conceal”

Aeneas instat contra telumque coruscatingens arboreum, et saevo sic pectore fatur:'quae nunc deinde mora est? aut quid iam, Turne, retractas?non cursu, saevis certandum est comminus armis.             890verte omnis tete in facies et contrahe quidquidsive animis sive arte vales; opta ardua pennisastra sequi clausumque cava te condere terra.'ille caput quassans: 'non me tua fervida terrentdicta, ferox; di me terrent et Iuppiter hostis.'                895nec plura effatus saxum circumspicit ingens,saxum antiquum ingens, campo quod forte iacebat,limes agro positus litem ut discerneret arvis.vix illum lecti bis sex cervice subirent,qualia nunc hominum producit corpora tellus;                900ille manu raptum trepida torquebat in hostemaltior insurgens et cursu concitus heros.

- instat – present active indicative of “insto = to press on, keep threatening”- contra = face-to-face- telum…ingens arboreum – accusative singular- telum, teli, N = spear- ingens, ingentis = huge- arboreus, arborea, arboreum = tree-like- coruscat – present active indicative of “corusco = to brandish, shake”- saevō…pectore – ablative singular, translate with (from)- saevus, saeva, saevum = raging, fierce- pectus, pectoris, N = chest, heart- sic = thus, in the following way- fatur – present indicative of “for = to speak”- quae…mora – nominative singular- mora, morae, F = delay- nunc = now

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LatinMr. Lovett

- deinde = from here, henceforth- quid = why- Turne – vocative singular- retractas – present active indicative of “retracto = to draw back, be reluctant”- cursū, saevīs…armīs – ablatives, translate with (by/with)- cursus, cursūs, M = running- saevus, saeva, saevum = fierce- certandum est – passive periphrastic of “certo = to struggle, fight”, subject is implied (this battle)- comminus = hand-to-hand- verte – singular imperative of “verto = to turn, change”- tete = yourself (accusative singular)- omnīs…faciēs – accusative plural- facies, faciei, F = shape, form- contrahe – singular imperative of “contraho = to bring together, assemble”- quidquid…vales = whatever power you have- sive…sive… = whether…or…- animīs, arte – ablatives, translate with (in respect to)- animus, animi, M = mind- ars, artis, F = skill- opta – singular imperative of “opto = to choose (to)”- sequī – present infinitive of “sequor = to pursue” following “opta”- ardua…astra – accusative singular- arduus, ardua, arduum = high, lofty- astrum, astir, N = star, constellation- pennīs – ablative plural of “penna, pennae, F = feather”, translate with (with/by)- condere – present infinitive of “condo = to hide” following “opta”- te = yourself (accusative singular)- clausum – perfect passive participle of “claudo = to shut off, close off, confine”, describes “te”- cavā…terrā – ablative singular, translate with (in)- cavus, cava, cavum = hollow- ille = he (i.e. Turnus) (nominative singular)- caput, capitis, N = head- quassans – present active participle of “quasso = to shake”- tua fervida…dicta – nominative plural- fervidus, fervida, fervidum = fiery, raging- dictum, dicti, N = word- terrent – presenta active indicative of “terreo = to frighten”- ferox = bold (man) (vocative singular)- dī = deī (nominative plural)- hostis, hostis, M = enemy- plura = more (accusative plural)- effatus – perfect participle of “effor = to speak”- saxum…ingens – accusative singular- saxum, saxi, N = stone- ingens, ingentis = huge- circumspicit – present active indicative of “circumspicio = to notice”- antiquus, antiqua, antiquum = ancient- quod = which (refers to “saxum”) (nominative singular)- campō – ablative singular of “campus, campi, M = plain, field”, translate with (on)

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LatinMr. Lovett

- forte = by chance- iacebat – imperfect active indicative of “iaceo = to lie, be lying down”- limes, limitis, M = boundary marker; (apposition to “saxum”)- positus – perfect passive participle of “pono = to place, put”, describes “limes”- agrō – ablative singular of “ager, agri, M = field”, translate with (in)- lis, litis, F = quarrel, dispute- arvīs – ablative plural of “arvum, arvi, N = field”, translate with “as to/over”- ut discerneret = so that it (i.e. the stone) could settle - vix = barely, scarcely- illum = it (i.e. the stone) (accusative singular)- bis sex lecti = twelve choice men (nominative plural)- cervice – ablative singular of “cervix, cervicis, F = neck”, translate with (on)- subirent – imperfect subjunctive of “subeo = to move”, potential subjunctive- qualia…corpora – apposition to “lecti”, accusative plural- qualis, qualis, quale = the sort that- corpus, corporis, N = body- hominum – genitive plural of “homo, hominis, M = man” following “corpora”- nunc = now- producit – present active indicative of “produco = to produce”- tellus, telluris, N = earth- ille…heros – nominative singular- ille = he (i.e. Turnus)- manū…trepidā – ablative singular, translate with (by)- manus, manūs, F = hand- trepidus, trepida, trepidum = agitated, enraged- raptum – perfect passive participle of “rapio = to grab, snatch”, describes “saxum”- torquebat – imperfect active indicative of “torqueo = to hurl”- in (+ACC) = against, toward- hostis, hostis, M = enemy- insurgens – present active participle of “insurgo = to rise up”, describes “ille = Turnus”- conictus – perfect passive participle of “concieo = to set in motion”, describes “ille = Turnus”- cursu – ablative singular of “cursus, cursūs, M = speed”, translate with (with)

sed neque currentem se nec cognoscit euntemtollentemve manu saxumve immane moventem;genua labant, gelidus concrevit frigore sanguis.              905tum lapis ipse viri vacuum per inane volutusnec spatium evasit totum neque pertulit ictum.ac velut in somnis, oculos ubi languida pressitnocte quies, nequiquam avidos extendere cursusvelle videmur et in mediis conatibus aegri                910succidimus; non lingua valet, non corpore notaesufficiunt vires nec vox aut verba sequuntur:sic Turno, quacumque viam virtute petivit,successum dea dira negat. tum pectore sensusvertuntur varii; Rutulos aspectat et urbem                915cunctaturque metu letumque instare tremescit,nec quo se eripiat, nec qua vi tendat in hostem,nec currus usquam videt aurigamve sororem.

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LatinMr. Lovett

- cognoscit – present active indicative of “cognosco = to recognize”, subject is (Turnus)- se = himself (accusative singular)- neque…nec… = neither…nor…- currentem – present active participle of “curro = to run”, describes “se”- euntem – present active participle of “eo = to go, move”, describes “se”- tollentem – present active participle of “tollo = to lift”, describes “se”- manus, manūs, F = hand- saxum, saxi, N = stone- immanis, immanis, immane = huge- moventem – present active participle of “moveo = to move”, describes “se”- genu, genus, N = knee- labant – present active indicative of “labo = to give out, fail”- gelidus…sanguis – nominative singular- gelidus, gelida, gelidum = cold, chilly- sanguis, sanguinis, M = blood- concrevit – perfect active indicative of “concresco = to thicken, coagulate”- frigore – ablative singular of “frigor, frigoris, M = cold, chill”, translate with (with/in)- tum = then, at that moment- lapis ipse – nominative singular- lapis, lapidis, M = stone- volutus – perfect passive participle of “volvo = to roll”- per (+ACC) = through- vacuum…inane – accusative singular- inane, inanis, N = empty space- vacuus, vacua, vacuum = empty, vacant, devoid of- nec…neque… = neither…nor…- spatium…totum – accusative singular- spatium, spatii, N = space, length, distance- totus, tota, totum = whole- evasit – perfect active indicative of “evado = to travel”- pertulit – perfect active indicative of “perfero = to deliver”- ictus, ictūs, M = blow, impact- ac = and- velut = just as- somnus, somni, M = sleep, dream- ubi = when- languida…quies – nominative singular- languidus, languida, languidum = faint, sluggish- quies, quietis, F = rest, sleep- pressit – perfect active indicative of “premo = to overwhelm, overcome”- oculus, oculi, M = eye- nocte = at night- nequiquam = in vain (modifying “extendere”)- videmur = we seem- velle – present infinitive of “volo = to want, wish” following “videmur”- extendere – present active infinitive of “extendo = to stretch out”- avidōs…cursūs – accusative plural- avidus, avida, avidum = eager

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LatinMr. Lovett

- cursus, cursūs, M = path, course- medius, media, medium = middle of- conatus, conatūs, M = attempt, effort- agri = weak (describes implied subject (we))- succidimus – present active indicative of “succido = to fall down”- lingua, linguae, F = tongue, language- valet – present active indicative of “valeo = to be strong, be capable”- notae vires = usual strength (nominative plural)- sufficiunt – present active indicative of “sufficio = to be sufficient, suffice”- corpore – ablative singular of “corpus, corporis, N = body”, translate with (in)- vox, vocis, F = voice- verbum, verbi, N = word- sequuntur – present indicative of “sequor = to follow, come along”- sic = thus, in this way- Turnō – dative singular- quācumque…virtute = with whatever virtue / no matter with how much virtue- via, viae, F = path- petivit – perfect active indicative of “peto = to seek”, subject is (Turnus)- successus, successūs, M = success- dirus, dira, dirum = cruel, awful, harsh- negat – present active indicative of “nego = to deny, refuse”- tum = then- sensūs…variī – nominative plural- sensus, sensūs, M = feeling, emotion- varius, varia, varium = various, changing- pectore – ablative singular of “pectus, pectoris, N = chest”, translate with (in)- vertuntur – present passive indicative of “verto = to cycle, turn about”- Rutulōs = the Rutulians (Turnus’ people ) (accusative singular)- aspectat – present active indicative of “aspecto = to look at, turn toward”- urbs, urbis, F = city- cunctator – present indicative of “cunctor = to hesitate”- metū – ablative singular of “metus, metūs, M = fear”, translate with “in”- telum, teli, N = spear- telum instare tremescit = he trembles at (the fact that) a spear is threatening (him)- nec = and…not- videt – present active indicative of “video = to see”, introduces two indirect questions- quo…eripiat – first indirect question- quo = where- se = himself (accusative singular)- eripiat – present active subjunctive of “eripio = to rescue, save”- quā vī = with what strength- tendat – present active subjunctive of “tendo = to exert oneself, press on”- in (+ACC) = against- hostis, hostis, M = enemy- currus, currūs, M = chariot- usquam = anywhere- auriga, aurigae, M = chariot-driver

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LatinMr. Lovett

Cunctanti telum Aeneas fatale coruscat,sortitus fortunam oculis, et corpore toto                920eminus intorquet. murali concita numquamtormento sic saxa fremunt nec fulmine tantidissultant crepitus. volat atri turbinis instarexitium dirum hasta ferens orasque recluditloricae et clipei extremos septemplicis orbis;                925per medium stridens transit femur. incidit ictusingens ad terram duplicato poplite Turnus.consurgunt gemitu Rutuli totusque remugitmons circum et vocem late nemora alta remittunt.ille humilis supplex oculos dextramque precantem              930protendens 'equidem merui nec deprecor' inquit;'utere sorte tua. miseri te si qua parentistangere cura potest, oro (fuit et tibi talisAnchises genitor) Dauni miserere senectaeet me, seu corpus spoliatum lumine mavis,                935redde meis. vicisti et victum tendere palmasAusonii videre; tua est Lavinia coniunx,

- cunctatī = for him (i.e. Turnus) while he was hesitating- telum…fatale – accusative singular- telum, teli, N = spear- fatalis, fatalis, fatale = fatal, deadly- coruscat – present active indicative of “corusco = to brandish”- sortitus – perfect participle of “sortior = to obtain”, describes “Aeneas”- oculīs – ablative plural of “oculus, oculi, M = eye”, translate with “in/with”- corpore totō – ablative singular, translate with (with)- corpus, corporis, N = body- totus, tota, totum = whole, entire- eminus = from a distance- intorquet – present active indicative of “intorqueo = to hurl, launch”- saxum, saxi, N = stone- concita – perfect passive participle of “concieo = to hurl, shoot”- muralī…tormentō = from/by a catapult on a wall- numquam = never- sic = thus, so, in this way- fremunt – present active indicative of “fremo = to roar, make noise”- tantī…crepitūs – nominative plural- tantus, tanta, tantum = such great, such- crepitus, crepitūs, M = crash of thunder- dissultant – present active indicative of “dissulto = to burst apart”- fulmine = from lightning- volat – present active indicative of “volo = to fly, rush”, subject is “hasta”- instar (+GEN) = having the form of- atrī turbinis – genitive singular- ater, atra, atrum = black, dark- turbo, turbinis, M = whirlwind, tornado- hasta, hastae, F = spear

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LatinMr. Lovett

- ferens – present active participle of “fero = to bear, carry”, describes “hasta”- exitium dirum – accusative singular, direct object of “ferens”- exitium, exitii, N = death, destruction- dirus, dira, dirum = cruel, terrible- ora, orae, F = border, edge- loricae – genitive singular of “lorica, loricae, F = breastplate” following “oras”- recludit – present active indicative of “recludo = to open up, put a hole in, pierce”- clipei…septemplicis = of the seven-layer shield (describes “extremos orbis”)- extremōs…orbīs – accusative singular- extremus, extrema, extremum = outermost- orbis, orbis, M = circle- stridens – present active participle of “strido = to hiss, whistle”, describes “hasta”- per (+ACC) = through- medium…femur – accusative singular- medius, media, medium = middle of- femur, femoris, N = thigh- transit – present active indicative of “transeo = to go through”- incidit – present active indicative of “incido = to fall down”- ictus – perfect passive participle of “icio = to hit, strike”, describes “Turnus”- ingens, ingentis = huge, great- duplicatō poplite – ablative absolute- duplicato – perfect passive participle of “duplico = to bend”- poples, poplitis, M = knee- consurgunt – present active indicative of “consurgo = to rise up”- gemitū – ablative singular of “gemitus, gemitūs, M = groan, sigh, gasp”, translate with (with)- totus…mons – nominative singular- totus, tota, totum = whole, entire- mons, montis, M = hill, hillside- remugit – present active indicative of “remugio = to echo”- circum = all around- late = far and wide- nemus, nemoris, N = forest- altus, alta, altum = tall, deep- remittunt – present active indicative of “remitto = to echo”- vox, vocis, F = voice- ille humilis supplex – nominative singular- humilis, humilis, humile = lowly, humble- supplex, supplicis, M = suppliant- protendens – present active participle of “protendo = to stretch out, extend”, describes “supplex”- oculus, oculi, M = eye- dextra, dextrae, F = right-hand- precantem – present active participle of “recor = to beg, beseech”, describes “dextram”- inquit = (he) says- equidem = truly, indeed- merui – perfect active indicative of “mero = to earn, deserve (this)”- deprecor – present indicative of “deprecor = to beg (for mercy)”- utere – singular imperative of “utor (+ABL) = to use, make use of”- sors, sortis, F = opportunity- tuus, tua, tuum = your, of yours

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LatinMr. Lovett

- si qua cura miseri parentis = if any care for a wretched parent- te = you (accusative singular)- tangere – present active infinitive of “tango = to touch” following “potest”- potest – present active indicative of “possum = to be able”- oro – present active indicative of “oro = to beg, beseech”- fuit…tibi = there has been to you / you used to have- et = too, also- talis, talis, tale = such- genitor, genitoris, M = father- Anchises – Aeneas’ father- miserere – singular imperative of “misereor (+DAT) = to take pity on”- senectae – dative singular of “senecta, senectae, F = old age”- Daunī = Daunus’ (Turnus’ father’s) (genitive singular)- redde – singular imperative of “reddo = to give back, return”- meīs = to my family/people (dative plural)- seu = or if- mavis – present indicative of “malo = to prefer”- corpus spoliatum lumine = (my) body stripped of life- vicisti – perfect active indicative of “vinco = to conquer, win”- Ausonii = the Ausonians (Latins) (nominative plural)- videre – syncopation of “viderunt” – perfect active indicative of “video = to see”, introduces an

indirect statement- (me) – subject of indirect statement- victum – perfect passive participle of “vinco = to defeat”, describes implied (me)- tendere – present active infinitive of “tendo = to stretch out, extend”, verb of indirect statement- palma, palmae, F = palm- est – present indicative of “sum = to be”- Lavinia – daughter of Latinus, courted by Turnus before being promised to Aeneas- coniunx, coniugis, M/F = spouse

ulterius ne tende odiis.' stetit acer in armisAeneas volvens oculos dextramque repressit;et iam iamque magis cunctantem flectere sermo                940coeperat, infelix umero cum apparuit altobalteus et notis fulserunt cingula bullisPallantis pueri, victum quem vulnere Turnusstraverat atque umeris inimicum insigne gerebat.ille, oculis postquam saevi monimenta doloris                945exuviasque hausit, furiis accensus et iraterribilis: 'tune hinc spoliis indute meorumeripiare mihi? Pallas te hoc vulnere, Pallasimmolat et poenam scelerato ex sanguine sumit.'hoc dicens ferrum adverso sub pectore condit                950fervidus; ast illi solvuntur frigore membravitaque cum gemitu fugit indignata sub umbras.

- ne tende – negative singular imperative of “tendo = to extend”- ulterius…odiīs = further in hatred- stetit – perfect active indicative of “sto = to stand”

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LatinMr. Lovett

- acer…Aeneas – nominative singular- acer, acris, acre = fierce- volvens oculos = looking around (in contemplation) (describes “Aeneas)- repressit – perfect active indicative of “reprimo = to restrain, hold back”- dextra, dextrae, F = right-hand- iam = now- magis = more- sermo, sermonis, M = (Turnus’) speech- coeperat – pluperfect active indicative of “coepi = began”- flectere cunctatem = to persuade (him) while he was hesitating- cum apparuit – temporal clause- apparuit – perfect active indicative of “appareo = to appear”- umerō…altō – ablative singular, translate with (on)- umerus, umeri, M = (Turnus’) shoulder- altus, alta, altum = top of- infelix…balteus – nominative singular- infelix, infelicis = unfortunate, fateful- balteus, baltei, M = belt- fulserunt – perfect active indicative of “fulgeo = to shine, gleam”- cingulum, cinguli, N = belt, band- notīs…bullīs = with/from the well-known/easily-recognized amulets- Pallantis pueri = of the boy Pallas (whom Aeneas had agreed to watch over before Turnus killed

him)- quem = whom (refers to “Pallantis”) (accusative singular)- victum – perfect passive participle of “vinco = to defeat”- vulnere Turnus straverat = Turnus had strewn out with a (fatal) blow- atque = and- umerīs = on his (Turnus’) shoulders (ablative plural)- inimicum insigne = his enemy’s emblem (accusative singular)- gerebat – imperfect active indicative of “gero = to wear”- ille = he (i.e. Aeneas) (nominative singular)- postquam = after, when- oculīs…hausit = he has taken in ___ with his eyes- monimentum, monimenti, N = reminder, monument- saevī…doloris – genitive singular following “monimenta”- saevus, saeva, saevum = harsh- dolor, doloris, M = pain, grief- exuvia, exuviae, F = spoils, booty, stolen property- accensus – perfect passive participle of “accendo = to stir up, light up”- furiīs, irā – ablatives translated with (with/in)- furia, furiae, F = rage- terribilis, terribilis, terribile = terrifying- ira, irae, F = anger- hinc = from here- tu…indute – vocative singular- indutus, induta, indutum = clothed in- spoliīs – ablative plural of “spolium, spolii, N = spoils”, translate with (in) following “indute”- meorum = of my people (genitive singular describing “spoliis”, refers to “Pallas”)

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LatinMr. Lovett

- eripiare – syncopation of “eripiaris” – present passive subjunctive of “eripio = to rescue, save”, deliberative subjunctive

- mihi = from me (dative singular)- hoc vulnere = with this wound- immolat – present active indicative of “immolo = to sacrifice”- poena, poenae, F = punishment, retribution- sumit – present active indicative of “sumo = to exact”- scelerato…sanguine – ablative singular- sceleratus, scelerata, sceleratum = wicked, sinful- sanguis, sanguinis, M = blood- hoc = this (accusative singular)- dicens – present active participle of “dico = to say”, describes “Aeneas”- ferrum, ferri, N = iron, sword- sub (+ABL) = beneath, within- adverso…pectore – ablative singular- adversus, adversa, adversum = opposing, opposite- pectus, pectoris, N = chest- condit – present active indicative of “condo = to plunge, put into”- fervidus, fervida, fervidum = enraged- ast = finally- illī = his (i.e. Turnus’) (dative singular)- frigore – ablative singular of “frigor, frigoris, M = chill” translate with (with)- membrum, membri, N = limb- solvuntur – present active indicative of “solvo = to loosen, release”- vita…indignata – nominative singular- vita, vitae, F = life- indignatus, indignata, indignatum = unworthy, scorned- gemitus, gemitūs, M = groan, sigh- fugit – present active indicative of “fugio = to flee, escape”- umbra, umbrae, F = shadow, spirit of the dead

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