Tarihte Görünürlük

Doç. Dr. Özlem Sert

Hacettepe Üniversitesi

Kent Araştırmaları Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi Kurucu Müdürü

Tarih Bölümü Öğretim Üyesi

Tarihte

Belgelerde

Kentte

Görünürlük Sıradan İnsanınGörünürlüğü

Bir Kentte Görünür Olmak

Yaratıcılık Hakkı, Kent

Hakkı

Varlığımızın Bir Yerde

Anlamlılığı

Tarih Hakkı

Tarihte

Belgelerde

Kentte

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Sıradan İnsanınGörünürlüğü

Kent Tarihinin Kaynakları

1. Kentin Kendisi

2. Görsel Tasvirler

3. Yazılan Eserler

4. Arşiv Belgeleri

Görünürlük

Kent Tarihinin Kaynakları

1. Kentin KendisiKalıcı Malzeme Kullanımı

2. Görsel TasvirlerFotoğraf Teknolojisi Öncesi Sonrası

3. Yazılan EserlerOkurYazarlık-Seçicilik

4. Arşiv BelgeleriDevlet Gibi Görmek/Devlet Gibi Bakmak

Nuruosmaniye 1748-1755

The 19th Century

Görünürlük

İnsan

Hayvan

Bitki

Cansız Varlıklar

Central edicts (Mühimmeler)

• Very important or unusual events recorded at the

center.

• Rules and regulations

• the imperial viewpoint about the town

• The role of the urban structure or its function for the Ottoman capital

Spatial organization of the Ottoman State

SOURCESDEDUCTIONS

The role of the central state in the making of town .If we read it from a state centric point, urban space seems to be under the absolute control of the center. These regulations can also be read from bottom up. If there is a regulation to control there must be some local movements that the center need to control.

Tax registers

(Tahrir Defterleri)

• taxable households are listed quarter by quarter

• Name of the married man (hane) and single man

• the quarter name he lives in

• the lot of land he farms and tax value

• and the market taxes he pays

o Only reaya not askeri

o Between the tax registers there are 10-50 years.

o No women.

• Population estimation = ~4(hane)+singles+ askeri

• Type and scale of agricultural production

• Market taxes can tell about production

(If the market tax is collected it is an urban settlement)

• Quarters and their population

• Change over 10 to 50 years.

The distribution of Ottoman towns and their size. Rivers and roads and important commercial centers

The population in quarters and their change over time & changes in quarter names

-no idea about the location of these quarters

Some historians went one step further than estimating the population and assumed that

the static picture of the quarters and society as seen from the tax registers

reflect the isolation between the quarters.

Waqf documents (Documents of Pious Foundations)

(Vakıf Defterleri)

• Buildings of the waqf

• Belongings of the waqf which support its pious activities with the revenue gained from real estates, land, shops, ect.

• Income=revenues from real estates+ agricultural production

• Expenditures of the waqf for buildings, for salaries of the waqf officials.

• Public architecture (mosqes, mesjids, public baths (hamam), religious schools (medrese))

• Agricultural production

• Artisans

• Waqf officials

• Locations of some quarters can be found if the quarter mosque remains todaysettlement structure based on mosques.

• the appearance of a quarter in the town’s face was understood as a quarter building process stimulated by the building of a quarter mosque waqf,

o but first the settlement appears, then this area takes the name of the waqf which brings also infrastructure to the settllement. It is a quarter naming process.

Since most of the studied

Waqfs are the well documented

larger waqfs of the high state elite

the role of the central

state is overemphasized.

Court records

debts, surety, credit transactions,

estate settlements and claims on

estates, inheritance, slaves, gypsies,

Jews, Christians, Muslims,

arrangements about the market and

economy, pious foundations, marriage,

divorce, proxy, property transfers, rent,

loans, and criminal acts (assault, theft,

murder, rape, cursing, trespassing,

adultery and drinking wine)

After 1980s

1.Rural Adm.

2.Notables

3.everyday lives of common

people

Travel accounts

• Personal impressions of the town

• Descriptions of the town

• descriptions of everyday life

• the geographical conditions like climate, plant cover

European travelers were only impressed by

Istanbul. For them, other towns did not have identitites.

One-storey houses were not impressive for

European travelers.

Evliya Çelebi gives, however, details from many

Ottoman cities and their specific characters.

Ottoman TownEarly Perceptions New Perceptions

Macro studies & state centered explanations

Concentrated on central state

& its agents(waqfs and guilds)

Source of study:

Central edicts

Waqf documents

(esp. belonging to high ranking statesmen)

Agents

playing a role in the decision making process

Waqf founders(high ranking statesmen)

Guild administrators

both as the agents of the central state

The role of the central state in the making of town

&( inhabitants no political power)

Neighborhoods as isolated units

through religio-ethnic & functional differences

The monotype of Ottoman/Islamic City/Town

Micro studies & society centered explanations

Guids & Local Administrative Systems

(Mukataa and Iltizam Systems)

Source of study

Court records

Waqf documents

Agents

playing a role in the decision making process

waqf founders

guild administrators

notables as the agents of the inhabitants

the role of the central state and the notables

Central & local decision making

Not so isolated units

The difference of the Ottoman towns from each other

Static

Changing structures

Transportation

caravans of camels (3.5-5km/hr, 7-14 hr per day & 1 camel can carry 200-300 kg),

mules and horses -high transportation costs

Communication with horseback messengers

regional centerson the

intersection points of trade

routes

interdependency of the rural and urban

settlements

Production technology

Agriculture- oxen as draft animals & ploughs as tilling

tools limited surplus

industry- constant tech.& small scale production

specialized in one or more

types of production

Tımar System & the production unit “çift” & tax “öşür”=1/10 of

the product

a monetary economy was not prevalent İltizam Tımar

Administration of an Empire in Pre-industrial Times

Bir Kenti Anlamak

Osmanlı Tarihçiliğinden

Arkeolojiye

İnsanlardan Coğrafyaya Kenti

Anlamak

Yer

Kentin Kimliği

Bir Kenti Anlamak

Osmanlı Tarihçiliğinden

Arkeolojiye

İnsanlardan Coğrafyaya Kenti

Anlamak

Yer

Kentin Kimliği

Yer

Kentin Kimliği

Bir Kenti Anlamak

Osmanlı Tarihçiliğinden

Arkeolojiye

İnsanlardan Coğrafyaya Kenti

Anlamak

Bir Kentte Görünür Olmak

Yaratıcılık Hakkı, Kent

Hakkı

Varlığımızın Bir Yerde

Anlamlılığı

Tarih Hakkı