OSMOREGULATION AND EXCRETION

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25.4 Animals balance the gain and loss of water and solutes through osmoregulation

Osmoconformers– Have the same internal solute concentration as

seawater – Many marine invertebrates are osmoconformers

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Osmoregulators control their solute concentrations

Freshwater fishes– Gain water by osmosis– Excrete excess water– Pump salt across their gills

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25.4 Animals balance the gain and loss of water and solutes through osmoregulation

Osmotic water gain through gillsand other parts of body surface

Uptake ofsalt bygills

Uptake ofsome ionsin food

Excretion oflarge amounts ofwater in diluteurine from kidneys

Saltwater fish – Lose water by osmosis– Drink seawater– Pump out excess salt

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25.4 Animals balance the gain and loss of water and solutes through osmoregulation

Osmotic water loss through gills and other parts of body surface

Excretion of saltfrom gills

Gain of water andsalt from foodand by drinkingseawater

Excretion of excessions and small amounts of water in scanty urine from kidneys

Land animals– Gain water by drinking and eating– Lose water by evaporation and waste disposal– Conserve water using

– Kidneys– Behavior adaptations– Waterproof skin

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25.4 Animals balance the gain and loss of water and solutes through osmoregulation

25.5 EVOLUTION CONNECTION: A variety of ways to dispose of nitrogenous wastes have evolved in animals

Nitrogenous wastes are toxic breakdown products of protein

Animals dispose of nitrogenous wastes in different ways

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Ammonia (NH3)– Poisonous– Soluble in water– Easily disposed of by aquatic animals

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25.5 EVOLUTION CONNECTION: A variety of ways to dispose of nitrogenous wastes have evolved in animals

Urea– Less toxic– Easier to store – Some land animals save water by excreting uric

acid– A virtually dry waste

– Urea and uric acid take energy to produce

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25.5 EVOLUTION CONNECTION: A variety of ways to dispose of nitrogenous wastes have evolved in animals

Nitrogenous bases

—NH2

Amino groups

Amino acids

Uric acid

Birds and many otherreptiles, insects, landsnails

Nucleic acidsProteins

Ammonia Urea

Mammals, amphibians,sharks, some bonyfishes

Most aquatic animals,including most fishes

25.6 The urinary system plays several major roles in homeostasis

The excretory system – Expels wastes – Regulates water balance– Regulates ion balance

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Flatworms: Excrete via “Flame Cells”

Annelids: Excrete via “Metanephridia”

Excretion in Insects: Malphigian Tubules

Nephrons– Functional units of the kidneys– Extract a filtrate from the blood– Refine the filtrate to produce urine

Urine – Ureters drain the kidneys– Stored in the urinary bladder– Expelled through the urethra

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25.6 Vertebrates have Kidneys

Aorta

Inferiorvena cava

Renal artery and vein

Urinary bladder

KidneyUreter

Urethra

Renal pelvis

Ureter

Renal cortexRenal medulla

Renal cortex

Bowman’scapsule

To renalpelvis

Collectingduct

Renal artery

Renal vein

Tubule

Renal medulla

Bowman’scapsule

Arteriolefrom renalartery

Arteriolefromglomerulus

Glomerulus

Distaltubule

Proximal tubule

Branch ofrenal vein

Capillaries

Fromanothernephron

Loop of Henlewith capillarynetwork

Collectingduct

3

1

2

25.7 Overview: The key processes of the urinary system are filtration, reabsorption, secretion, and excretion

Filtration– Blood pressure forces water and many small

solutes into the nephron Reabsorption

– Valuable solutes are reclaimed from the filtrate

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Secretion– Excess H+ and toxins are added to the filtrate

Excretion – The final product, urine, is excreted

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25.7 Overview: The key processes of the urinary system are filtration, reabsorption, secretion, and excretion

Filtration

H2O, other small molecules

Capillary

Nephron tubuleReabsorption Secretion

Urine

Interstitial fluid

Excretion

Reabsorption in the proximal and distal tubules removes

– Nutrients– Salt– Water

pH is regulated by– Reabsorption of HCO3

–

– Secretion of H+

25.8 Blood filtrate is refined to urine through reabsorption and secretion

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High NaCl concentration in the medulla promotes reabsorption of water

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) regulates the amount of water excreted by the kidneys

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25.8 Blood filtrate is refined to urine through reabsorption and secretion

Blood

Proximal tubule

Somedrugsand poisons

HCO3–

Nutrients

Medulla

Bowman’scapsule

Cortex

H+

NaClH2O

H2ONaClHCO3

–

H+

UreaGlucoseAmino acidsSome drugs

Filtrate composition

NaCl

H2O

NaCl

NaCl H2O

NaClH2O

HCO3–

H+K+

Distal tubule1

2

3

Reabsorption

Secretion

Filtrate movement

Loop ofHenle

Collectingduct

Urea

Urine (to renal pelvis)

Compensating for kidney failure A dialysis machine

– Removes wastes from the blood – Maintains its solute concentration

25.9 CONNECTION: Kidney dialysis can be a lifesaver

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Line from arteryto apparatus

Pump Tubing made of aselectively permeablemembrane

DialyzingsolutionLine from

apparatusto vein

Fresh dialyzingsolution

Used dialyzingsolution(with urea andexcess ions)

FreshwaterFish

Land Animal

Saltwater Fish

Osmosis

Gain water Lose water

Excretion Pump in

Salt

Drinking Osmosis Excrete,pump out

Drinking,eating

Evaporation,urinary system