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Other Blood Group Systems
Renee Wilkins, PhD, MLS(ASCP)cm
CLS 325/435School of Health Related Professions
University of Mississippi Medical Center
Facts Over 200 blood antigens exist! Unfortunately, we only get to review the
most relevant antigens We will discuss each of these major
antigens, their antibodies, and the clinical significance of each
Major Blood Group Systems Lewis I P MNSs Kell Kidd Duffy
Basic terms to remember Clinical significance: antibodies that are
associated with decreased RBC survival Transfusion reactions HDN
Not clinically significant: antibodies that do not cause red cell destruction
Cold reacting antibodies: agglutination best observed at or below room temp.
Warm reacting antibodies: agglutination best observed at 37°C
Systems that Produce Cold-
Reacting Antibodies
Lewis Antigens Soluble antigens produced by tissues and
found in body fluids (plasma) Adsorbed on the RBC
Le genes
Le substance in plasma
RBC
Lewis substance adheres to RBC
becoming an antigen
Lewis inheritance Lewis system depends on Hh, Se, and Le
genes le, h, and se do not produce products If the Le gene is inherited, Lea substance is
produced Le, H, and Se genes must ALL be inherited
to convert Lea to Leb. Examples:
Le se H Le(a+b-) Le Se H Le(a-b+) le H se Le(a-b-) le hh se Le(a-b-)
Lewis Antibodies Usually occur naturally in those who are Le(a-b-) Other phenotypes RARELY produce the antibody IgM (may fix complement, becoming hemolytic) Enzymes enhance activity May be detected soon after pregnancy because
pregnant women may temporarily become Le(a-b-) No clinical significance…Why?
Le antibodies in a patient can be neutralized by the Lewis antigens in the donor’s plasma (cancel each other out)
do not cause HDN because they do not cross placenta (antigens not developed well in cord blood)
Le(a-b-)
I antigens These antigens may be I or i They form on the precursor chain of RBC Newborns have i antigen Adults have I antigen i antigen (linear) converts to I (branched)
as the child matures (precursor chain is more linear at birth) at about 18 months
I antibodies Most people have autoanti-I (RT or 4°C) Alloanti-I is very rare Cold-reacting (RT or below) IgM antibody Clinically insignificant Can attach complement (no hemolysis unless it
reacts at 37°) Prewarming the tests can eliminate reactivity Enzymes can enhance detection
I antibodies Anti-I often occurs as anti-IH This means it will react at different
strengths with reagent cells (depending on the amount of H antigen on the RBC) O cells would have a strong reaction A cells would have a weaker reaction
Anti-I antibodies Anti-I:
Associated as a cause of Cold Agglutinin Disease (similar to PCH)
May be secondary to Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections
Anti-i: rare and is sometimes associated with
infectious mononucleosis
P Antigen Similar to the ABO system The most common phenotypes are P1 and
P2
P1 – consists of P1 and P antigens
P2 – consists of only P antigens
Like the A2 subgroup, P2 groups can produce anti-P1
75% of adults have P1
P1 Antigen Strength of the antigen decreases upon
storage Found in secretions like plasma and
hydatid cyst fluid Cyst of a dog tapeworm
P antibodies Anti-P1
Naturally occurring IgM Not clinically significant Can be neutralized by hydatid cyst fluid to reveal more
clinically significant antibodies Anti-P
Produced in individuals with paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria (PCH)
PCH – IgG auto-anti-P attaches complement when cold (fingers, toes). As the red cells circulate, they begin to lyse (releasing Hgb)
This PCH antibody is also called the Donath-Landsteiner antibody
MNSs Blood System 4 important antigens (more exist):
M N S s U (ALWAYS present when S & s are inherited)
M & N located on Glycophorin A S & s and U located on Glycophorin B Remember: Glycophorin is a protein that
carries many RBC antigens
MNSs Antigens
RBC
Glycophorin A
Glycophorin B
M
N
SsU
M & N only differ in their amino acid
sequence at positions 1 and 5
S & s only differ in their amino acid
sequence at position 29
….5, 4, 3, 2, 1 (NH2 end)COOH end …..
MNSs antigens all show dosage M & N give a stronger reaction when
homozygous, (M+N-) or (M-N+) Weaker reactions occur when in the
heterozygous state (M+N+) Antigens are destroyed by enzymes (i.e.
ficin, papain)
U (Su) antigen The U antigen is ALWAYS present when S
& s are inherited About 85% of S-s- individuals are U-
negative (RARE) U-negative cells are only found in the
Black population
Frequency of MNSs antigens
Phenotypes Blacks (%) Whites (%)
M+ 74 78
N+ 75 72
S+ 30.5 55
s+ 94 89
U+ 99 99.9
High-incidence antigen
Thought….. Can a person have NO MNSs antigens?
Yes, the Mk allele produces no M, N, S, or s antigens
Frequency of 0.00064 or .064%
Anti-M and anti-N antibodies Demonstrate dosage Anti-M and anti-N
IgM (rarely IgG) Clinically insignificant If IgG, could be implicated in HDN (RARE) Will not react with enzyme treated cells
Anti-S, Anti-s, and Anti-U Clinically significant IgG Can cause RBC destruction and HDN Anti-U
will react with S+ or s+ red cells Usually occurs in S-s- cells Can only give U-negative blood units found in
<1% of Black population Contact rare donor registry
MNSs Antibody Characteristics
Antibody IgG Class Clinically significant
Anti-M IgM (rare IgG) No
Anti-N IgM No
Anti-S IgG Yes
Anti-s IgG Yes
Anti-U IgG Yes
Systems that Produce Warm-Reacting
Antibodies
Kell System Similar to the Rh system 2 major antigens (over 20 exist)
K (Kell), <9% of population k (cellano), >90% of population
The K and k genes are codominant alleles on chromosome 7 that code for the antigens
Well developed at birth The K antigen is very immunogenic (2nd to
the D antigen) in stimulating antibody production
Other Kell antigens Other sets of alleles also exist in the Kell
system: Analogous to the Rh system: C/c and E/e Kp antigens
Kpa is a low frequency antigen (only 2%) Kpb is a high frequency antigen (99.9%)
Js antigens Jsa (20% in Blacks, 0.1% in Whites) Jsb is high frequency (80-100%)
Kell antigens Kell antigens have disulfide-bonded
regions on the glycoproteins This makes them sensitive to sulfhydryl
reagents: 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME) Dithiothreitol (DTT) 2-aminoethylisothiouronium bromide (AET)
Kellnull or K0
No expression of Kell antigens except a related antigen called Kx
As a result of transfusion, K0 individuals can develop anti-Ku (Ku is on RBCs that have Kell antigens)
Rare Kell negative units should be given
Kell antibodies IgG (react well at AHG) Produced as a result of immune stimulation
(transfusion, pregnancy) Clinically significant Anti-K is most common because the K antigen
is extremely immunogenic k, Kpb, and Jsb antibodies are rare (many
individuals have these antigens and won’t develop an antibody)
The other antibodies are also rare since few donors have the antigen
Kx antigen Not a part of the Kell system, but is related
Kx antigens are present in small amounts in individuals with normal Kell antigens
Kx antigens are increased in those who are K0
McLeod Syndrome The XK1 gene (on the X chromosome) codes for
the Kx antigen When the gene is not inherited, Kx is absent
(almost exclusive in White males) Causes abnormal red cell morphologies and
decreased red cell survival: Acanthocytes – spur cells (defected cell membrane) Reticulocytes – immature red cells
Associated with chronic granulomatous disease WBCs engulf microorganisms, but cannot kill (normal
flora)
Kidd Blood Group 2 antigens
Jka and Jkb (codominant alleles) Show dosage
Genotype Phenotype Whites (%) Blacks (%)
JkaJka Jk(a+b-) 26.3 51.1
JkaJkb Jk(a+b+ 50.3 40.8
JkbJkb Jk(a-b+) 23.4 8.1
JkJk Jk(a-b-) rare rare
Kidd Antigens Well developed at birth Enhanced by enzymes Not very acessible on the RBC membrane
Kidd antibodies Anti-Jka and Anti-Jkb
IgG Clinically significant Implicated in HTR and HDN Common cause of delayed HTR Usually appears with other antibodies when
detected
Kidd antibodies Anti-Jk3
Found in some individuals who are Jk(a-b-) Far East and Pacific Islanders (RARE)
Duffy Blood Group Predominant genes (codominant alleles):
Fya and Fyb code for antigens that are well developed at birth
Antigens are destroyed by enzymes Show dosage
Phenotypes Blacks Whites
Fy(a+b-) 9 17
Fy(a+b+) 1 49
Fy(a-b+) 22 34
Fy(a-b-) 68 RARE
Duffy antibodies IgG Do not bind complement Clinically significant Stimulated by transfusion or pregnancy
(but not a common cause of HDN) Do not react with enzyme treated RBCs
The Duffy and Malaria Connection Most African-Americans are Fy(a-b-) Interestingly, certain malarial parasites
(Plasmodium knowlesi and P. vivax) will not invade Fya and Fyb negative cells
It seems either Fya or Fyb are needed for the merozoite to attach to the red cell
The Fy(a-b-) phenotype is found frequently in West and Central Africans, supporting the theory of selective evolution
Other Blood Group Antigens…
Lutheran Blood Group System 2 codominant alleles: Lua and Lub
Weakly expressed on cord blood cells Most individuals (92%) have the Lub
antigen, Lu(a-b+) The Lu(a-b-) phenotype is RARE
Lutheran antibodies Anti-Lua
IgM and IgG Not clinically significant Reacts at room temperature Mild HDN Naturally occurring or immune stimulated
Anti-Lub
Rare because Lub is high incidence antigen IgG Associated with transfusion reactions (rare HDN)
Bg Antigens Three (Bennett-Goodspeed) Bg antigens:
Bga
Bgb
Bgc
Related to human leukocyte antigens (HLA) on RBCs
Antibodies are not clinically significant
Sda Antigens High incidence antigens found in tissues
and body fluids Antibodies are not clinically significant Antibodies characteristically cause mixed
field agglutination with reagent cells
Xg Blood Group Only one exists (Xga) Inheritance occurs only on the X chromosome
89% Xga in women 66% in males (carry only one X)
Men could be genotype Xga or Xg Women could be XgaXga, XgaXg, or XgXg Example: Xg(a+) male with Xg(a-) woman would only pass
Xg(a+) to daughters, but not sons The antigen is not a strong immunogen (not attributed to
transfusion reactions); but antibodies may be of IgG class
HTLA Antigens High Titer Low Avidity (HTLA) Occur with high frequency Antibodies are VERY weak and are not
clinically significant Do not cause HDN or HTR
Review
Cold Antibodies (IgM) Anti-Lea
Anti-Leb
Anti-I Anti-P1 Anti-M Anti-A, -B, -H Anti-N
LIiPMABHNNaturally Occurring
Warm antibodies (IgG)
Rh antibodies Kell Duffy Kidd S,s
Remember enzyme activity:
Enhanced by enzymes
Destroyed by enzymes
KiddRh
LewisIP
Fya and Fyb M, NS, s
Papain, bromelin, ficin, and trypsin
Remembering Dosage: Kidds and Duffy the Monkey (Rh) eat lots
of M&Ns
Jka, Jkb, Fya, Fyb, C, c, E, e (no D), M, N, S, s
M&Ns
adapted from Clinical Laboratory Science Review: A Bottom Line Approach (3rd Edition)
M&Ns
Kidd Duffy Rh MNSs