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Poster Presentation The 9 th VPAT Regional Veterinary Congress 2016 251 Outcome of valvuloplasty in three dogs with pulmonic stenosis Chollada Buranakarl 1* Anusak Kijtawornrat 1 Wasan Udayachalerm 2 Sirilak Disatian Surachetpong 3 Saikaew Sutayatram 1 Pasakorn Briksawan 4 Sumit Durongphongtorn 4 Rampaipat Tungjitpeanpong 5 Nardtiwa Chaivoravitsakul 5 1 Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, ChulalongkornUniversity 2 Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, ChulalongkornUniversity 3 Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, ChulalongkornUniversity 4 Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Science, ChulalongkornUniversity 5 Small Animal Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Science, ChulalongkornUniversity Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand *Corresponding author e-mail address: [email protected] Introduction: Valvuloplasty is the interventional technique for correction of pulmonic stenosis (PS), one of the most common congenital heart disease in dogs. The procedure was less invasive and the results are commonly satisfied (Ewey et al., 1992; Johnson et al., 2004). However, the success may depend on many factors such as the severity of stenosis, type of PS, the presence of aberrant coronary artery and other concurrent cardiac diseases (Kittelson and Kienle, 1998; Schrope, 2005; Locatelli et al., 2013). The procedure includes insertion of special catheter with balloon at the tip and advanced into the area of stenosis. The balloon is inflated under fluoroscopy to the disappearance of the waist of stenotic area. We report the first 3 cases of PS. All dogs had stenosis at valvular area. However, the second dog had additional subvalvular stenosis while the third dog also had ventricular septal defect (VSD). Materials and methods: All dogs were presented at the Small Animal Teaching Hospital for physical checkup after the cardiac murmur was detected. Dog number 3 had exercise intolerance during heavy exercise with occasional cyanosis. Physical examination in all dogs revealed heart murmur. It was more pronounced in the second dog with precordial thrill. The third dog showed normal finding at rest but panting and became mild cyanotic during excitement. The thoracic radiograph, electrocardiography and echocardiography were determined. The computer tomography (CT) was performed in dog no. 1 and 2 but not no. 3 to identify the existence of aberrant coronary artery. The pulmonic stenosis was diagnosed and valvuloplasty procedure was performed in all three dogs using balloon catheters (Figure 1). The echocardiography was re-examined post-valvuloplasty. Figure 1 the balloon catheter for valvuloplasty Results: Characteristic of PS The characteristics of dogs with PS were shown in Table 1. All dogs were less than 2 years of age with both sexes. Dogs no 1 and no 2 had PS type A while the third dog had type A concurrent with VSD. Computer tomography (CT) scanning The CT scanning in dog no 1 and 2 showed no existing of right coronary aberration. However, the CT scanning was not performed in dog no. 3.

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Page 1: Outcome of valvuloplasty in three dogs with …...Poster Presentation The 9th VPAT Regional Veterinary Congress 2016 251 Outcome of valvuloplasty in three dogs with pulmonic stenosis

Poster Presentation

The 9th VPAT Regional Veterinary Congress 2016

251

Outcome of valvuloplasty in three dogs with pulmonic stenosis

Chollada Buranakarl1* Anusak Kijtawornrat1 Wasan Udayachalerm2 Sirilak Disatian Surachetpong3 Saikaew Sutayatram1

Pasakorn Briksawan4 Sumit Durongphongtorn4 Rampaipat Tungjitpeanpong5 Nardtiwa Chaivoravitsakul5

1Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, ChulalongkornUniversity2Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, ChulalongkornUniversity

3Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, ChulalongkornUniversity4Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Science, ChulalongkornUniversity

5Small Animal Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Science, ChulalongkornUniversity

Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand

*Corresponding author e-mail address: [email protected]

Introduction: Valvuloplasty is the interventional

technique for correction of pulmonic stenosis (PS),

one of the most common congenital heart disease in

dogs. The procedure was less invasive and the results

are commonly satisfied (Ewey et al., 1992; Johnson

et al., 2004). However, the success may depend on

many factors such as the severity of stenosis, type

of PS, the presence of aberrant coronary artery and

other concurrent cardiac diseases (Kittelson and

Kienle, 1998; Schrope, 2005; Locatelli et al., 2013).

The procedure includes insertion of special catheter

with balloon at the tip and advanced into the area of

stenosis. The balloon is inflated under fluoroscopy to

the disappearance of the waist of stenotic area. We

report the first 3 cases of PS. All dogs had stenosis at

valvular area. However, the second dog had additional

subvalvular stenosis while the third dog also had

ventricular septal defect (VSD).

Materials and methods: All dogs were presented

at the Small Animal Teaching Hospital for physical

checkup after the cardiac murmur was detected.

Dog number 3 had exercise intolerance during

heavy exercise with occasional cyanosis. Physical

examination in all dogs revealed heart murmur. It was

more pronounced in the second dog with precordial

thrill. The third dog showed normal finding at rest but

panting and became mild cyanotic during excitement.

The thoracic radiograph, electrocardiography

and echocardiography were determined. The

computer tomography (CT) was performed in dog

no. 1 and 2 but not no. 3 to identify the existence

of aberrant coronary artery. The pulmonic stenosis

was diagnosed and valvuloplasty procedure was

performed in all three dogs using balloon catheters

(Figure 1). The echocardiography was re-examined

post-valvuloplasty.

Figure 1 the balloon catheter for valvuloplasty

Results:

Characteristic of PS

The characteristics of dogs with PS were shown

in Table 1. All dogs were less than 2 years of age with

both sexes. Dogs no 1 and no 2 had PS type A while

the third dog had type A concurrent with VSD.

Computer tomography (CT) scanning

The CT scanning in dog no 1 and 2 showed no

existing of right coronary aberration. However, the CT

scanning was not performed in dog no. 3.

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252

Table 1 Characteristics of 3 dogs with PS

Dog No.1 No.2 No.3

Breed Chihuahua Cavalier King Charles Spaniel Westie highland white terrier

Age 1 year 1 year 4 month 1 year 10 month

Sex male male female

Type of PS Type A Type A Type A

Cardiac problems Valvular PS Valvular + subvalvular PS Valvular PS + VSD

Aortic: pulmonary annulus diameter 1.0 1.07 1.08

Severity of stenosis Severe Severe Severe

Coronary artery Normal Normal Undetermined

Electrocardiography and echocardiography

All dogs had sinus rhythm with deep S

wave corresponding to right axis deviation. The

echocardiography revealed that the dog no 1 had

PS only at valvular area (Fig.2A). The pulmonic valve

was mild thickening. Dog no 2 had stenosis at both

valvular and subvalvular area while dog no 3 had

valvular stenosis and VSD (Figure 2B and C).

Figure 2 Echocardiographic images of dog no.1 (A),

2 (B) and 3 (C).

Procedure of balloon valvuloplasty

The balloon catheter was inserted via the right

femoral vein and advanced passing right atrium and

ventricle and stayed across stenotic area. The contrast

was injected into the right ventricle and pulmonary

artery to visualize the right ventricular outflow tract.

The pressures were measured from right ventricle and

pulmonary artery both before and after inflated the

balloon. In dog no 2, the subvalvular stenosis was

also detected by measuring the pressure reduction

inside the ventricle. Thus, the valvuloplasty was

re-performed at the substenosis area. The inflation

was repeated 2 to 4 times in each stenotic point.

Inflation of balloon to eliminate the waist of stenotic

point was demonstrated in dog no.2 (Figure 3).

Figure 3 The stenotic point before (A) and after

inflation of ballon (B) in dog no. 2

The right ventricular pressure gradients

The pressure gradients between right

ventricle and pulmonary artery as accessed by

echocardiography during pre- and post-valvuloplasty

in three dogs were shown (Figure 4). It can be noticed

that the pressure gradient showed dramatic reduction

after valvuloplasty especially in dog no 2 along with

improvement of clinical signs.

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Figure 4 The pressure gradients in dogs before and

after valvuloplasty

Discussion: PS is classified based on the location as

valvular, subvalvular and supravalvular stenosis. It

can also be classified into two types, A and B depend

on the structure of valve and stenotic area. Type A

is characterized by mild thickening of pulmonary

valve with fusion of leaflets and valve doming during

systole. The pulmonic valve (PV) annulus was not

narrow or minimally affected. The ratio of aortic

annulus diameter and pulmonary annulus diameter

is normal (≤1.2). There is post-stenotic dilatation of

pulmonary trunk with no subvalvular obstructive

lesions. The PS type B is characterized by moderate

to severe thickening of valve leaflets. The PV annulus

is hypoplasia without minimal fusion. In this type,

the ratio of aortic to pulmonary annulus diameter

was more than 1.2. All dogs had PS type A although

dog no.2 had additional subvalvular stenosis. The CT

scanning was performed to verify whether animals

had aberrant single right coronary artery which is

commonly seen in some breeds such as Boxer and

Bulldog. The vessel may constrict the right ventricular

outflow tract (RVOT) in a band-like fashion at the level

of pulmonic valve (Buchanan, 2001). Tearing of vessel

during the procedure may cause fatal outcome.

All 3 dogs had high right ventricular pressure

gradient and considered to be severe stenosis.

dog no.1 dog no.2 dog no.3

Pre-valvuloplasty 144 156 128

1 w. post-

valvuloplasty

135 67 103

1 mth. post-

valvuloplasty

135 68 101

Pres

sure

gra

dien

t (m

mHg

)

020406080

100120140160180 Patients with type A stenosis got a better outcome and

had a higher percentage to alive at 1-year follow-up

with good clinical signs more than those of type B

(Bussadori et al., 2001). However, the reduction in

pressure gradient was dramatic in dog no.2. The less

reduction in pressure in dog no.1 may be due to the

structure of pulmonary valve in which the leaflet was

become thickening and may be a factor affecting the

incomplete elimination of waist of stenosis by balloon.

In dog no.3, the increased right ventricular pressure

was not solely due to PS but also with the existing

VSD. The left to right shunt during systole caused

right ventricular overload. Dilated ventricular outflow

tract may not be useful if the VSD has not yet been

corrected. Moreover, the increased left to right shunt

may be more progressive. The clinical signs of dog

no.3 was maintained although it was not worsening.

Conclusion: The balloon valvuloplasty in dogs

was reported for the first time in Thailand using

interventional procedure. The success was high

in dog with PS type A in which the valve was not

thickening or no other existing cardiac diseases such

as VSD was found.

Acknowledgements: This study was performed

under the cooperation between Faculty of Veterinary

Science and Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn

University. The thankful is also extended to Miss

Aonsiri Srecharoen and Miss Siripapat Deema for her

valuable assistances during interventional procedure.

References:(1) Buchanan JW 2001. J Vet Intern Med. 15(2): 101-104.

(2) Bussadori C, DeMadron E, Santilli RA and Borgarelli M 2001.

J Vet Intern Med. 15(6): 553-558.

(3) Ewey DM, Pion PD and Hird DW 1992. J Vet Intern Med. 6:

114.

(4) Johnson MS, Martin M, Edwards D, French A and Henley W

2004. J Vet Intern Med. 18(5): 656-662.

(5) Kittelson MD and Kienle RD 1998. Pulmonic stenosis. In:

Small Animal Cardiovascular Medicine. M. D. Kittleson and

R. D. Kienle (eds). St. Louis: Mosby. 248-259.

(6) Locatelli C, Spalla I, Domenech O, Sala E, Brambilla PG and

Bussadori C 2013. J Small Anim Pract. 54(9): 445-452.

(7) Schrope DP 2005. Clin Tech Small Anim Pract. 20(3): 182-195.

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การตรวจวดการไดยนดวยวธ Brainstem auditory evoked response ในสนขไทยพนธผสม

ชดชนก รกษถาวรวงศ1 ดนลดา ภสวรรณ1 นนทพร เมธยาภรมย1 แพรวบญ ณ เชยงใหม1

นรตต สวรรณา2* ณฐณฏฐ อนทรพทกษ3 บดนทร ตระพฒน3

1นสตชนปท 6 คณะสตวแพทยศาสตร มหาวทยาลยเกษตรศาสตรกรงเทพมหานคร 2ภาควชาเวชศาสตรคลนกสตวเลยง คณะสตวแพทยศาสตร มหาวทยาลยเกษตรศาสตร กรงเทพมหานคร

3โรงพยาบาลสตวมหาวทยาลยเกษตรศาสตรบางเขน กรงเทพมหานคร

*ทอยจดหมายอเลคทรอนกสของผรบผดชอบบทความ: [email protected]

ค�าส�าคญ: brainstem auditory evoked response (BAER) การไดยน ภาวะหหนวก สนขไทยพนธผสม

บทน�า: โรคเกยวกบการไดยนเปนโรคหนงซงส งผลตอ

การใชชวตประจ�าวนของสนข ดงนนเครองมอทช วยใน

การวเคราะหป ญหาการได ยนและประเมนการท�างาน

ของกานสมองจงเปนสงส�าคญ brainstem auditory

evoked response (BAER) เปนเครองมอส�าคญทใชใน

การตรวจทางสรรวทยาไฟฟาในมนษยและสตวเพอประเมน

ความสามารถในการไดยน ซงเปนการบนทกการท�างานของ

ระบบประสาทในสวนของ cochlear nerve และ brain

stem ทตอบสนองตอการกระต นดวยเสยงจากภายนอก

ในปจจบนยงไมมการศกษาในสนขไทยพนธผสมทมการไดยน

ปกต การศกษานจงจดท�าขนเพอพฒนาการตรวจการท�างาน

ของกานสมอง โดยเฉพาะการไดยนในภาวะปกตจากการตรวจ

ดวยวธ Brainstem Auditory Evoked Responses (BAER)

ของสนขทดลองพนธไทยผสมจากคณะเทคนคการสตวแพทย

มหาวทยาลยเกษตรศาสตรและเพอเปน reference หรอ

normal control ในการตรวจสนขไทยพนธผสมทมปญหา

การไดยนตอไปในอนาคต

วสดและวธการ: ศกษาคลนสมอง BAER จากสนขทดลอง

ไทยพนธผสมของคณะเทคนคการสตวแพทย มหาวทยาลย

เกษตรศาสตร จ�านวน 11 ตว ทมสขภาพรางกายแขงแรงและ

การไดยนปกต ตรวจรางกายและการไดยนเบองตนกอนท�าการ

วดคลนสมอง โดยตรวจสอบการไดยนจากการ behavioral

hearing test และวดคลนสมอง BAER ดวยเครอง Medelec

(Synergy software)

วางยาซมดวยยา Dexmedetomidine ขนาด 375

mcg/m2 IV (Plumb, 2008) รวมกบการใหสารน�าเขากระแส

เลอดและปก electrode แตละชนดลงชนใตผวหนงบน

ต�าแหนงตางๆ ดงน 1) Recording electrode ปกต�าแหนง

vertex หรอบรเวณ midline ของกะโหลก 2) Reference

electrode ปกต�าแหนง A1 และ A2 หรอบรเวณดานหนา

ของกกหทงสองขาง (mastoid) 3) Ground electrode ปก

ต�าแหนง nuchal crest (ต�าแหนงทไมมการเคลอนไหวของ

กลามเนอ) วดคลนสมองทระดบความดง 50, 60, 70, 80 และ

90 dB กระตนการไดยนของหทละขางโดยในขณะกระตน

ขางหนงควรเปรยบเทยบกบกราฟคลนสมองทเกดจากอกขาง

ทไมไดรบการกระตนรวมดวยและบนทกผล หลงการบนทก

ผลใหยา Atipamezole (Antisedan®) ขนาด 80-100%

ของปรมาณยาซมเปนยา และท�าการวเคราะหรปแบบกราฟ

รวมทงคา latency และ amplitude โดยค�านวณคาทไดจาก

หทงสองขางรวมกน ท�าการเปรยบเทยบวเคราะหคาทางสถต

ดวยวธ one sample t-test โดยใชโปรแกรม NCSS 2007

ผลและการอภปรายผลการทดลอง: เมอเปรยบเทยบ

คา latency ทไดจากผลการศกษากบคาอางอง พบวาคา

สวนใหญมคามากกวาคาอางองอยางมนยส�าคญทางสถต

สวนคา amplitude ทไดจากผลการศกษาพบวามคานอยกวา

คาอางองอยางมนยส�าคญทางสถต (p<0.05) และสงเกตได

วาเมอทดลองในระดบเสยงทเบาลงคา amplitude จะลดลง

และคา latency จะมากขน ซงอาจเกดจากหลายปจจยดงน

อายของสนขทน�ามาทดลอง ความสะอาดของชองห บรเวณ

ใกลเคยงทสนขทดลองอาศยอยมเสยงดงจากเครองจกรใน

การกอสรางมาเปนเวลานาน ซงอาจสงผล threshold ใน

การไดยน ต�าแหนงการปก reference electrode ดงนน

วธการทดลองทแตกตางกนกไมสามารถน�าคาทวดไดมา

เปรยบเทยบกนได

การศกษาครงนมความส�าคญเพอหาคา normal

control ในการตรวจดวยวธ brainstem auditory

evoked response (BAER) ของสนขไทยพนธ ผสมท

มปญหาการไดยนตอไปในอนาคต ซงมความจ�าเปนใน

แตละหองปฏบตการทจะตองมไว เพอเป นคาปกตของ

หองปฏบตการและเครองมอรนนนๆ ดงนนเพอใหเกดผลทม

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ความถกตองแมนย�าและมความนาเชอถอมากขน การศกษา

ทดลองครงตอไปควรมการเพมจ�านวนสนขตวอยางทใชใน

การทดลองมากขน คดเลอกสนขทดลองทผานเกณฑ รวมทง

ขนตอนในการท�าการทดลองตางๆ ทถกตองและมความเสถยร

ของไฟฟาภายในอาคารทท�าการทดลอง

ก ตต ก รรมประกาศ : คณะผ จ ดท� าขอขอบพระ คณ

อ.น.สพ.ดร.นรตต สวรรณา น.สพ.ณฐณฏฐ อนทรพทกษ

น.สพ.ดร.บดนทร ตระพฒน และ อ.น.สพ.ดร.ชยเทพ พลเขตต

ภาควชาเวชศาสตรคลนกสตวเลยง คณะสตวแพทยศาสตร และ

คณะเทคนคการสตวแพทย มหาวทยาลยเกษตรศาสตร

โรงพยาบาลสตวมหาวทยาลยเกษตรศาสตร บางเขน

เอกสารอางอง:

(1) Chiappa K.H. (1997). Brain stem auditory evoked

potentials: methodology, p.157-197.

(2) Cuddon, P. A. (2000) Electrodiagnosis in veterinary

neurology: electromyography, nerve conduction

studies, and evoked responses. Colorado:

Veterinary Specialists of Northhern Colorado.

(3) Hall III JW. (2007). New handbook of auditory

evoked responses. Boston: Pearson Education Inc.

(4) Haar T., Haagen T.V., Brom V.D., Sluijs V. and

Smoorenburg G.F. (2008). Effects of aging on

brainstem responses to toneburst auditory stimuli:

A cross-sectional and longitudinal study in dogs.

Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 22: 937-945.

(5) Kemper D.L., Scheifele P.M. and Clark J.G. (2012).

Canine brainstem auditory evoked responses are

not clinically impacted by head size or breed.

Physiology & Behavior, 190-197.

(6) Knowles K.E., Cash W.C. and Blauch B.S. (1988).

Auditory-evoked responses of dogs with different

hearing abilities. Canad. Journal of Veterinary

Research 52: 394–397.

(8) Plumb D.C. (2008). Plumb’s Veterinary drug

handbook. 6th ed. Wisconsin:Wiley-Blackwell

(7) Scheifele P.M. and John Greer Clark J.G. (2012).

Electrodiagnostic Evaluation of Auditory Function

in the Dog. Veterinary Clinics of North America:

Small animal practice 40: 1241-1257.

(8) Shimada A., Ebisu M., Morita T., Takeuchi T. and

Umemura T. (1998). Age-related changes in the

cochlea and cochlear nuclei of dogs. Journal of

Veterinary Medical Science 60: 41-48.

(9) Webb A.A. (2009). Brainstem auditory evoked

response (BAER) testing in animals. The Canadian

Veterinary Journal 50: 313-318.

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Evaluation of auditory function by brainstem auditory evoked response (BAER)

in Thai mixed breed dogs

Chidchanok Rakthawornwong1 Nantaporn Maytayapirom1 Danulada Thusuwan1 Praewboon Na Chiengmai1

Bordin Tiraphut2 Nathanat Inpithuk2 Nirut Suwanna 2,3*

16th year student, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University2Neurology center, Kasetsart Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University

3Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University

*Corresponding author e-mail address: [email protected]

Keywords: brainstem auditory evoked response, Thai mixed breed dogs, hearing, deafness

Introduction: Deafness is one of the diseases that

affects the everyday life of the dogs. The diagnostic

tools that can assist in analyzing hearing and brainstem

functions are very important (Cuddon et al, 2000).

Brainstem auditory evoked response (BAER) is a

useful method to measure the brain wave activity

that occurs in response to sound (clicks or certain

tones) for evaluating the hearing ability (Webb, 2009).

Recently, there have been no BAER studies in Thai

mix breed dogs with normal hearing. The purposes of

this study is to determine the normal range of latency

and amplitude of brain wave using BAER test in Thai

mixed breed dogs.

Materials and methods: Eleven healthy dogs

provided by the Faculty of Veterinary Technology,

Kasetsart University, were evaluated for the hearing

ability by observing the behavior response to the

noise prior to doing the experiment. The dogs were

sedated with dexmedetomidine (375 mg/m2 IV) then

subdermal electrodes were placed in 3 positions of

the head: 1) recording electrode at vertex or midline

between mastoid area 2) reference electrodes on

both sides of mastoid area 3) ground electrode at

nuchal crest area. Medelac (Synergy software) was

used to record the BAER brainwave from 90, 80, 70, 60

and 50 dB. The waveforms, latencies and amplitudes

were analyzed using One-sample t-test (NCSS 2007).

Results and discussion: This study demonstrated the

significant difference (p-value<0.05) in both latency

and amplitude compared to the previous study in

normal non-Thai mixed breed dogs (Kemper et al.,

2012). Longer latency and lower amplitude were

found in this study. The difference of our results from

reference data may be affected by: the age over 12

years in two dogs; the inappropriate cleaning of the

ear canal; living in a noisy environment for a long

period or time; and embroidered reference electrode

at different position.

Acknowledgements: This study was supported by

Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University.

We would like to thank Faculty of Veterinary

Technology, Kasetsart University, for providing the

animals.

References:

(1) Cuddon, P. A. 2000 Electrodiagnosis in veterinary

neurology: electromyography, nerve conduction

studies, and evoked responses. Colorado:

Veterinary Specialists of Northhern Colorado.

(2) Kemper, D.L., Scheifele P.M., Clark J.G. 2012.

Canine brainstem auditory evoked responses are

not clinically impacted by head size or breed.

Physiology & Behavior 110-111: 190-197.

(3) Webb A.A. 2009. Brainstem auditory evoked

response (BAER) testing in animals. The Canadian

Veterinary Journal 50: 313-318.

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The use of acupuncture to treatment myasthenia gravis: case report

Onjira Chingchit*

Thonglor Pet Hospital, Sukhumvit 55 North Klongton, Wattana, Bangkok, 10110, Thailand

*Corresponding author e-mail address: [email protected]

Keywords: Myasthenia Gravis, acupuncture, generalize weakness, Acupoint, Pyridostigmine Bromine

Introduction: Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a

neuromuscular disorder that is characterized by

muscle weakness and fatigue. There two forms of

disease: a congenital form which is a developmental

abnormality resulting in a deficiency or abnormality

of acetylcholine receptors on the post synaptic

membrane of the neuromuscular junction. It has been

reported to become apparent at 6-8 weeks old. The

acquired form that is associated with antibody being

produced against the acetylcholine receptors. It has

been seeing in eight weeks to elevens years old.

Acquire MG is an immune mediated disorder which

is auto antibody (typically of the immunoglobulin

G). Some cases were found dysphasia, salivation and

megaesophagus.

Materials and methods: Nine years old male,

Yorkshire terrier was referred to the hospital because

he had myasthenia gravis, then pyridostigmine

bromine 2 mg/kg was taken twice a day for 3 weeks.

He had mild improvement by no regurgitation, mild

hypersalivation and inability to stand of all legs. The

owner decided to apply steroid then acupuncture

instead.

Treatment plan: Continue pyridostigmine bromine

and acupunctured weekly 8 sessions acupoints are

BL-23, BL-40, LI-4, LIV-3, Bai Hui, GB-34, ST-36

Results and Discussion: After the 3rd visit, he had

improvement as walking by himself but ataxia. After

the 8th visit, he turned back to normal lively and

more powerful.

Acupuncture is benefit to simulate blood

flow, nervous system and immune system. It can be

combined with western medicine. It is safe and less

side effect.

Conclusions: In this case, successful results were

achieved by a combine treatment. Eight weeks after

acupuncture the dog back to normal again.

References:

(1) Schoen, A.M., 2001. Veterinary Acupuncture:

Ancient Art to Modern Medicine 2nd edition, Mosby

(2) Roxanna Khorzad, Megan Whelan, Allen Sisson,

DACVIM and G. D. Shelton, 2011. Myasthenia

gravis in dogs with an emphasis on treatment and

critical care management. Journal of Veterinary

Emergency and Critical Care 21(3): 193-208

(3) Nicholas H. Bexfield, Penny J. Watson, and Michael

E. Herrtage, 2006. Management of Myasthenia

Gravis Using Cyclosporine in 2 Dogs. J Vet Intern

Med: 1487-1490

(4) Hasan Batmaz, Fikriye Süzer, Engin Kennerman,

Zeki Yilmaz, 1998. Myasthenia Gravis in a Dog.Tr.

J. of Veterinary and Animal Sciences 22: 427-430

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The risk factor of postoperative ocular hypertension

after phacoemulsification in dogs

A Masuko Y Ito M Hayashi R Kato S Maehara*

Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University,

582 Bunkyodai-Midorimachi, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan

*Corresponding author e-mail address: [email protected]

Keywords: canine, cataract, phacoemulsification, postoperative ocular hypertension

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to discuss

the risk factor of postoperative ocular hypertension

(POH) after phacoemulsification (PEA) in dogs and

relevance of the long-term prognosis of POH and PEA.

Materials and methods: One hundred thirty-nine

eyes of and five 105 dogs that had PEA by same

surgeon and procedure from 2009 to 2014 in Rakuno

Gakuen University were included in this study.

According to whether POH occurred, we divided them

into two groups, POH group and non-POH group.

POH was defined as an IOP >25 mmHg occurring

within 72 hours after surgery. We investigate about

time of occurrence and treatment in POH group. For

study of risk factor of POH, we investigated age at

surgery, gender, operated eye, breed, cataract stage,

intraocular lens (IOL) implantation, IOL type, and IOL

form, operation time. For study of relevance of the

long-term prognosis of POH and PEA, we investigate

the onset of postoperative glaucoma and retinal

detachment was evaluated.

Results and discussion: There were 29 dogs (34 eyes)

in POH group and 81 dogs (105 eyes) in non-POH

group. Most often elevating and lowering time of

intraocular pressure was 3 to 6 hours and 12 to 24

hours after PEA, respectively. Related items of POH

occurrence was breed, IOL implantation. The risk of

postoperative glaucoma occurrence was higher in POH

group. In cases of POH occurrence, since incidence of

postoperative glaucoma was high, it was considered

that it is necessary to observe carefully outcome

after surgery.

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Postoperative corneal ulcer of evisceration with intrascleral prosthesis

implantation in 65 dogs (83 eyes): 2010-2015

R Kato A Masuko M Hayashi Y Ito S Maehara*

Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine,

Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu Hokkaido, Japan

*Corresponding author e-mail address: [email protected]

Keywords: canine, cornal ulcer, intrascleral prosthesis implantation, Schirmer tear test

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to

investigate postoperative corneal ulcer of evisceration

with intrascleral prosthesis implamtation (ISP).

Materials and methods: Eighty three eyes of 63

dogs underwent ISP at Rakuno Gakuen University.

According to whether corneal ulcer occurred after

ISP, we divided them into two groups, ulcer group

and non-ulcer group. We investigate the difference

of the diameter between opposite normal eyes and

surgery eyes and Schirmer tear test (STT) values for

before and after surgery.

Results and discussion: Twenty eyes (24%) were

detected corneal ulcer after ISP. The difference of

the diameter in group C was 2.2 ± 1.1 mm (mean ±

SD) and in ulcer group was 3.0 ± 1.3 mm, there was

no significant difference between two groups. STT

values in ulcer group was 17.7 ± 4.7 mm/min and 11.8

± 6.6 mm/min before and after ISP, respectively. STT

values in non-ulcer group was 19.3 ± 4.8 mm/min and

16.3 ± 7.0 mm/min before and after ISP, respectively.

Significant differences were detected between before

and after ISP in both group. And STT values in ulcer

group after ISP was significantly lower than that of

non-ulcer group. We thought that the reduction of

STT value after surgery was induced by trigeminal

nerve damage caused at incision of sclera. Corneal

ulcer after ISP may involve in neurogenic keratitis.

In conclusion, for prevent corneal ulcer after ISP, it

should be evaluated corneal sensitivity and observe

carefully about case of reduced corneal sensitivity.

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Indocyanine green angiography in Hokkaido dogs with Collie eye anomaly

M Hayashi1 O Yamato2 M Kamiyama2 A Masuko1 Y Ito1 S Maehara1*

1Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine,

Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido, Japan2Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture,

Kagoshima University, Korimoto, Kagoshima, Japan

*Corresponding author e-mail address: [email protected]

Keywords: choroidal hypoplasia, Collie eye anormaly, Hokkaido dog, indocyanine green, ocular angiography

Introduction: This study evaluated Indocyanine green

(ICG) angiography in Hokkaido dogs with Collie eye

anomaly (CEA).

Materials and methods: Two Hokkaido dogs (Case

1: 6 year old, male and case 2: 9 year old, female)

diagnosed CEA based on the Genetic tests were

performed ICG angiography. For ICG angiography, we

used a fundus camera fitted with an infrared-sensitive

CCD, and performed under the sedation. ICG dye

(1.0 mg/kg) was injected through an intravenous

catheter in the cephalic vein.

Results and discussion: In 2 cases, funduscopy

revealed severe choroidal hypoplasia bilaterally and

temporal to the optic disc. No other posterior segment

abnormalities were noted.

The ICG angiograms revealed choroidal vessels

which meandered through in the region coincided

with choroidal hypoplasia. In addition, ICG angiography

could be visualized the abnormality of choroidal

vessels which funduscopy is normal. ICG angiography

provides visualization of abnormality of choroidal

vessels, aroutine ophthalmoscopic examinations

cannot be observed.

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วธในการใชเครองเอกซเรยฟนแบบดจตอลเพอชวยในการวนจฉยความผดปกต

ทเกดขนกบฟนของสนขและแมว

Technique for use digital dental imaging for diagnostic dental abnormality

in dog and cat

อารยา นวลศร ปนดดา อมรรงโรจน*

Araya Nualsri Panadda Amornrungroj*

โรงพยาบาลสตวสตวแพทย4, 5-5/1 ถ.เทศบาลรงสฤษฎเหนอ ประชานเวศน 1 จตจกร กรงเทพ 10900 ประเทศไทย

Vet4 small animal hospital, 5-5/1Tedsabanrungsalit - North Road, Prachanivet 1, Jatujak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand

*อเมลลของผเขยน: [email protected]

*Corresponding author e-mail address: [email protected]

Keywords: digital dental image, dental, parallel technique, bisecting technique

บทคดยอ:

โรคทเกดกบฟนและชองปากในสนขและแมวจะท�าใหสตวเกดการเจบและอกเสบมาก สามารถวนจฉยไดยากเพราะโดย

สวนมากเนอเยอทมการเปลยนแปลงทางพยาธสภาพมกจะเกดขนใตขอบเหงอก ท�าใหไมสามารถมองเหนไดดวยตาเปลา ดงนน

การเอกซเรยทฟนโดยตรงจะเปนวธทงายและส�าคญในการบอกถงภาวะโรค ชวยใหสามารถวางแผน และประเมนผลของการรกษา

ท�าใหการรกษาประสบความส�าเรจได เครองเอกซเรยทใชฟนนยมใชแบบดจตอล ซงเมอถายภาพเอกซเรยแลวจะสงผานขอมลไปยง

ตวคอมพวเตอร แปรผลออกมาเปนภาพทมความคมชดบนจอคอมพวเตอรได จงสามารถขยายต�าแหนงทตองการดไดอยางชดเจน

ปรบความเขมของแสง และความสวาง สามารถวดขนาดวการไดชดเจน ชวยในการท�าการรกษาโพรงรากฟนและสามารถประเมน

ความรนแรงทเกดขนกบฟนไดอยางชดเจน การถายภาพเอกซเรยฟนทงปากในสนขและแมวเพอท�าใหสามารถเหนวการทเกดขน

กบฟนทกซ ชวยในการวนจฉยความผดปกตทเกดขนกบฟนไดงายและส�าคญ เพอท�าใหการรกษาเปนไปอยางมประสทธภาพสงสด

จะประกอบดวย เครองเอกซเรยดจตอล และเทคนคการถายภาพเอกซเรยทถกตอง เชน การจดวางทาของสตวในการถายภาพ

เอกซเรย และสตวแพทยควรจะถายภาพเอกซเรยทงปาก อยางนอย 8 ภาพ ดงน คอ ภาพฟนตดดานหนาและฟนเขยวบน ภาพฟน

เขยวบนดานซาย ภาพฟนเขยวบนดานขวา ภาพฟนกรามบนดานในขางซาย ภาพฟนกรามบนดานในขางขวา ภาพฟนตดดานหนา

และฟนเขยวลาง ภาพฟนกรามลางดานในขางซาย และภาพฟนกรามลางดานในขางขวา

Abstract:

Dental and oral disease, many of which cause discomfort and inflammation, are common in dogs and

cats. These patients present a diagnostic challenge because they often show no outward sign of their discomfort.

Most of the pathology related tissues are below the gingival margin, hidden from direct visualization. Dental

and oral radiographs provide critical information for treatment planning, treatment evaluation, and treatment

success. Digital dental imaging is a technical advancement in dental radiography. Instead of film, an electronic

sensor pad is placed against the teeth, which accepts the image and transfers it to a computer screen where it

can be enhanced, enlarged, printed, or archived. Digital image include adjusting contrast and brightness images,

ability to measure the distance between two points help estimate endodontic working and progress evaluation

dental problem. A radiographic dental survey shown both of normal anatomy and of many of the pathological

in dogs and cats. Able to be diagnostic abnormality to fast, efficacy and important for effective treatment dental

disease. Radiographic dental survey consists of a minimum of eight views are rostral maxilla, lateral left canine,

lateral right canine, rostral mandible, right maxillary cheek (premolar and molar) teeth, left maxillary cheek teeth,

right mandibular cheek teeth and left mandibular cheek teeth.

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รปท 2: เครองลางฟลมเอกซเรยดจตอล แสดงภาพทาง

จอคอมพวเตอร

2. ฟลมเอกซเรยฟน (film)

ขนาดของฟลมเอกซเรยฟนทางสตวแพทยทนยมใช

ทงหมด 3 ขนาด

1) เบอร 0 มขนาด ⅞ x 1⅝ นว นยมใชในแมว exotic

และสนขตวเลก

2) เบอร 2 มขนาด 1¼ x 1⅝ นว นยมใชกนมากทสด

3) เบอร 4 มขนาด 2¼ x 3 นว ใชเอกซเรยฟนทม

ขนาดใหญ ใชส�ารวจวการทเกดขนกบกระดกกราม

เปนขนาดทใชในการดฟนดานบดเคยวทงสนขและ

แมว

รปท 3: ฟลมเอกซเรยดจตอลขนาดตางๆ

3. การจดทาของสตวในการเอกซเรยฟน

ในการถายภาพเอกซเรยฟนทงปาก ควรจะท�าอยาง

นอย 8 ภาพ ดงน

1) Rostral maxilla

2) Lateral left canine

3) Lateral right canine

4) Rostral mandible

5) Right maxillary cheek (premolar and molar)

teeth

6) Left maxillary cheek teeth

7) Right mandibular cheek teeth

8) Left mandibular cheek teeth

ในการจะถายภาพฟนกรามบนใหจบสตวอยในทานอน

คว�า ในการจะถายภาพฟนเขยวลางและฟนหนาของกรามลาง

ใหจบสตวอยในทานอนหงาย สวนในการถายภาพฟนกราม

ดานลางใหจบสตวอยในทานอนตะแคง

บทน�า: โรคทเกดกบฟนและชองปากเปนสาเหตทส�าคญ

ทมผลตอสขภาพสนขและแมว การดแลสขภาพชองปาก

ประจ�าวนในสตวเลยงยงเปนสงท เจ าของมความละเลย

ประกอบกบการเปลยนแปลงพยาธสภาพของเนอเยอ

ภายในช องปากส วนใหญเกดขนใต ขอบเหงอก ท�าให

ไมสามารถวนจฉยจากการมองเหนไดดวยตาเปลา โดย

เฉพาะในรายทไมแสดงอาการปวดเกดขน การตรวจรกษา

ทางดานทนตกรรมในสตวแพทยควรจะมเครองมอทชวยใน

การวนจฉยความผดปกตทเกดขนกบฟนไดงาย เพอวนจฉย

โรคในชองปาก ท�าใหสามารถวางแผนและประเมนผลของ

การรกษา ท�าใหการรกษาประสบความส�าเรจไดในวงการ

ทนตกรรมมการพฒนาวธวนจฉยหาต�าแหนงของวการ เชน

การใชอณหภมรอน/เยน ใชไฟฟากระตนทรากฟนโดยตรง ซง

นยมใชในคน แตไมสามารถน�ามาใชไดกบสตวปวย การเอกซเรย

ทฟนโดยตรงเปนวธวนจฉยทงายในสนขและแมว

วสดและวธการ:

1. เครองเอกซเรยฟนแบบดจตอล (digital dental radiograph

machine)

เปนเครองสงรงสเอกซ ไปยงแผนฟลมทมตวรบ

สญญาณเชอมตอกบคอมพวเตอร โดยเมอถายภาพเอกซเรย

แลวจะสงผานขอมลไปยงตวคอมพวเตอรโดยตรง ขอด

คอสามารถถายภาพเอกซเรยฟนไดอยางรวดเรวท�าใหลด

ระยะเวลาในการวางยาสลบสตว ลดขนตอนในการลางฟลม

เอกซเรย ไดภาพทมความคมชดขนาดใหญ สามารถพมพออก

มาเปนรป หรอเกบเปนเอกสารไวในคอมพวเตอรได สามารถ

ดภาพเอกซเรยผานหนาจอคอมพวเตอรท�าใหสามารถขยาย

ต�าแหนงทตองการดไดอยางชดเจน ปรบความเขมของแสง และ

ความสวางในขณะทดภาพเอกซเรยได สามารถวดความยาว

ระหวางจดสองจดไดเพอชวยในการท�าการรกษาโพรงรากฟน

และสามารถประเมนความรนแรงทเกดกบฟนไดอยางชดเจน

รปท 1: เครองเอกซเรยฟนแบบดจตอล (digital dental

radiograph machine)

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รปท 4: แสดงการจดทาแบบตางๆ พรอมภาพฟลมเอกซเรยท

พบเมอถายเอกซเรยทาตางๆ

4. เทคนคในการเอกซเรยฟน และต�าแหนงของรงสเอกซเรย

1) Parallel technique คอการวางฟลมเอกซเรย

ขนานไปกบฟน และรงสเอกซเรยตงฉากกบฟลม

การเอกซเรยวธนจะไดภาพเอกซเรยทเหมอนจรง

ไมมการผดรปราง ซงใชส�าหรบเอกซเรยต�าแหนง

mandibular cheek teeth โดยวางฟลมไวดานท

ตดกบลน ขนานไปกบตวฟน

2) Bisecting angel technique คอการหาเสนสมมต

ทท�ามมแบงครง ระหวางมมจากเสนทเปนแนว

กงกลางของฟนกบแนวของฟลม โดยรงสเอกซเรย

จะตงฉากกบเสนสมมตนน

ประโยชนของการท�ารงสวนจฉยชองปากสตวมดงน

1) สามารถเหนวการหรอรอยโรคทอยใตเหงอกและภายใน

ตวฟนไดอยางชดเจน

2) สามารถมองเหนต�าแหนงของฟนทไมสามารถมองเหนได

จากภายนอก เชน ฟนคด หรอ ฟนไมงอก

3) สามารถหาสาเหตของการเกดภาวะมน�ามกแบบเรอรงได

4) สามารถบอกถงวการท เกดขนกบตวฟน เพอใช ใน

การสนบสนนการเลอกวธการในการรกษาได

5) ใชในการประเมนสภาพของฟนแตละซ

6) ใชในการประเมนกอนการรกษา ระหวางการรกษา และ

หลงการรกษาโพรงรากฟน

7) สามารถบอกถงความรนแรงทเกดขนกบโพรงรากฟน และ

ภาวะโรคปรทนตได

8) สามารถประเมนไดถงจ�านวนของฟนแททพบในลกสนข

หรอลกแมว กอนทฟนจะงอกครบได

9) สามารถเหนโครงสรางของรากฟนเพอใชในการอางอง

กอนทจะท�าการถอนฟน

10) ใชส�าหรบประเมนหลงการถอนฟน เพอเปนการเชควา

ยงคงมรากฟนคงคางอยรไม เชน รากฟนหก หรอแตก

11) ใชในการประเมนขอบเขตของเนองอก เพอชวยใน

การวางแผนการผาตด

12) สามารถวางแผนการรกษากรณทเกดภาวะโรคปรทนตใน

ฟนแตละซได เพราะการตรวจดวยตาเปลาและอปกรณ

อาจจะท�าใหไมเหนวการความรนแรงของโรคได

13) สามารถประเมนการยอยสลายของรากฟนในแมว (feline

odontoclasticresorptive lesion) ได

14) สามารถวนจฉยการหกของกระดก maxillar และกระดก

mandible ได

15) สามารถประเมนฟนทงกอนและหลงทจะตองมการผาตด

กระดกกราม

16) ชวยในการวนจฉยภาวะปากและหนาบวม

17) สามารถใชเปนประวต ในการเปรยบเทยบการถายภาพ

เอกซเรยฟนในอนาคต

การดแลสขภาพชองปากและการบรการทางดานทนต

กรรมในสตวเลยงเปนสงทสตวแพทยควรมการท�าเปนประจ�า

เชนเดยวกบการท�าวคซนปองกนโรค อยางไรกตามเมอเกด

ปญหาภายในชองปาก การวนจฉยความผดปกตทเกดขนกบฟน

ดวยรงสวนจฉยชวยใหวนจฉยหาสาเหตไดงาย และแมนย�า เพอ

ท�าใหการรกษาเปนไปอยางรวดเรวและมประสทธภาพสงสด

กตตกรรมประกาศ: โรงพยาบาลสตวสตวแพทย4 สนบสนน

ขอมล

เอกสารอางอง:

(1) Bellows J., 2004. Small animal dental equipment,

materials and techniques: 63-103.

(2) Dupont G.A. and Debowes L.J., 2009. Atlas of

dental radiography in dogs and cats: 1-4.

(3) Harvey C.E. and Emily P.P., 1993. Small animal

dentistry: 29-35.

(4) Niemiec B.A., 2010. A color handbook small animal

dental, oral and maxillofacial disease: 63-79.

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The comparison of vertebral score between normal male and female

Thai mixed breed cats in radiograph

Somchin Sutthigran1* Apiradee Intarapuk1 Anchana Katethongma2 Kanlayanee Ngamlhua2

Phatthracharin Buakhao2 Sek Hiranyarajata2

1Department of Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mahanakorn University of Technology,

140 Cheom sampan rd, Bangkok 10530, Thailand2Veterinary Students, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mahanakorn University of Technology,

140 Cheom sampan rd, Bangkok 10530, Thailand

*Corresponding author e-mail address: [email protected]

Keywords: vertebral heart score, Thai mixed breed cats, radiographs, measurement of heart size

Introduction: The vertebral heart score (VHS)

measurement has been described as an objective

method for assessing cardiomegaly in dogs and cats.

The measurement is based on cardiac height and

width and comparison to vertebral body length. The

previous study showed no differentiation of VHS

between sex and breed in dogs and cats but the later

study revealed male dogs had VHS larger than female

dogs. The objective of this study was to compare the

VHS in male and female gender and established a VHS

reference range in Thai mixed breed cats.

Material and methods: 102 Thai mixed breed cats

were used in this study (51 male cats and 51 female

cats), all cats were healthy and ranged in age from 1

to 5 years, no cardiac and respiratory abnormalities

and normal in body condition score. Physical

examination and two-dimensional echocardiograms

were performed to verify that all cats had a normal

heart. All cats were taken thoracic radiographs at full

inspiration in the left lateral view and the ventrodorsal

view. Anesthesia was not used for radiography and

echocardiography. The measurements of the heart

size in the left lateral and ventrodorsal radiographs

were recorded cardiac short axis, long axis, heart sum

in VHS and millimeters and Length of 3 vertebrae

(T4-T6).

Results and discussion: In the lateral radiographs,

the length of 3 vertebrae (T4-T6) in male cats was

significantly greater than female cats (male cats

and female cats were 30.91±2.1 and 28.49±2.4 mm

respectively). There was no significant difference in

mean VHS between male and female cat (P>0.05)

(VHS of male cats and female cats were 7.4±0.5 v

and 7.3±0.5 v respectively) whereas measurements

of the heart size sum in millimeters of male cats was

significantly greater than female cats (P<0.05) (heart

size sum in millimeters of male cats and female cats

were 77.4±5.0 and 69.7±5.5 mm respectively).

In the ventrodorsal radiographs, there was no

significant difference in mean VHS between male

and female cat.. (P>0.05) (VHS of male and female

cats were 8.2±0.7 v and 8.1±1.0 v respectively)

whereas measurement heart size sum in millimeters

of male cats was significantly greater than female

cats (P<0.05) (heart size sum in millimeters of male

and female cats were 85.8±7.2 mm and 79.7±8.3

mm respectively). Mean±SD vertebral heart score in

the lateral radiographs was 7.4±0.5 v and mean±SD

vertebral heart score in the ventrodorsal radiographs

was 8.2±0.9 v.

In conclusion, In lateral view and ventrodorsal

view, the heart size sum in millimeters of male cats

was greater than female cats while The VHS in male

and female cats was no significantly differentiation

due to the vertebral length in male cats was greater

than female cats. The mean VHS on lateral view and

ventrodorsal view in normal Thai mixed breed cats

were 7.4±0.5 v and 8.2±0.9 v respectively.

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Acknowledgements: We gratefully acknowledge The

Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mahanakorn University

of Technology and All cat’s owners.

Reference:

(1) Buchanan, J.W. and Bucheler, J. 1995. Vertebral

scale system to measure canineheart size in

radiographs. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 206:194-199.

(2) Jepsen-Grant, K., Pollard, R.E. and Johnson, L.R.

2013.Vertebral heart scores in eight dog breed.

Vet radiol ultrasound. 54: 3-8.

(3) Lamb, C.R, Wikeley, H.,Boswood, A. and Pfeiffer,

D.U. 2001. Use of breed specific ranges for

the vertebral heart scale as an aid to the

radiographicdiagnosis of cardiac disease in dogs.

Vet. Rec. 148:707-711.

(4) Litster, A.L. and Buchanan, J.W. 2000.Vertebral

scale system to measure heart size in radiographs

of cats. Sci. Rep. ;216.

(5) Litster, A.L. and Buchanan, J.W. 2000.Radiographic

and echocardiographic measurement of the heart

in obese cats. Med. Sci. 41: 420-325.

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Immunity of the Defensor® 3 rabies vaccine in rabbits

Phonpan Orndee1 Raweenipa Tohkwankeaw1 Chaowaphan Yinharnmingmongkol2 Walasinee Moonarmart2*

1Veterinary Students, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Phuttamonthon 4 Rd, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand2Department of Clinical Sciences and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Phuttamonthon 4 Rd,

Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand

*Corresponding author e-mail address: [email protected]

Keywords: antibody, immunity, rabbit, rabies, vaccine

Introduction: Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) can be

infected by rabies. Clinical signs of infected rabbits

included of forelimb weakness, palpable crepitus

sound at subcutaneous, head tremor, ear infection,

and nasal discharge. The paralytic rabid rabbits

showed signs of fever, anorexia, restlessness, weight

loss and have neurological signs, for an example;

grinding, head tremor, hind limb atrophy and paralytic

and dead within 3-4 days after showing clinical signs.

Several vaccines, including inactivated or modified

live-virus vectored products are licensed for use in

for dogs, cats, ferrets, horses, sheep, and cattle, but

not in rabbits. We, therefore, carried out a study of

injection a commercial rabies vaccine in rabbits to

detect its efficacy.

Materials and methods: This study received

ethical approval from the Faculty of Veterinary

Science- Animal Care and Use Committee (FVS-ACUC).

Seventeen rabbits (10 male/7 female), approximately

6 months to 1.5 years were used. All rabbits were

checked their health status before experiment and

must have no clinical abnormality detected. At

the study day (SD) 0, every rabbit was injected a

dose of Defensor® 3 rabies vaccine following blood

collection. Nine rabbits were injected intramuscularly

(IM at the quadriceps muscle) and eight rabbits were

injected subcutaneously (SC at the shoulder area).

After vaccination, all rabbits were observed for

the anaphylactic and adverse reaction for 6 hours.

Blood collection was collected again on the SD 30.

The serum samples were delivered to Kansas State

Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, USA to measure

the ability of rabies specific antibodies to neutralize

rabies virus and prevent the virus from infecting

cells using Rapid Fluorescent Foci Inhibition Test

(RFFIT). These antibodies were called rabies virus

neutralizing antibodies (RVNA). The RVNA titers were

measured from the serum taken from the SD 0 and

SD 30 respectively.

Results and discussion: The RVNA titer of all rabbits

at SD 30 [2.6 (1.2, 3.65) IU/ml] was significantly higher

than the SD 0 (<0.1 IU/ml, P < 0.001). When compared

between the different routes of vaccination, RVNA

titers at the SD 30 of the IM subgroup [2.05 (1.175,

2.95)] were not different from the SC subgroup [3.1

(1.2, 9.5)] (P = 0.289). After vaccination, no clinical signs

of hypersensitivity such as itching, dyspnea, redness

on skin or skin swelling were observed within 6 hours

post vaccination. In conclusion, the Defensor® 3 rabies

vaccine for dogs and cats can be used in rabbits with

the immune response over the protection level (0.5

IU/ml).

Acknowledgements: We gratefully acknowledge the

Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University for

laboratory unit and the rabbits, and a commercial

farm in Karnchanaburi province. This project was fully

funded by the Zoetis (Thailand) Co, Ltd.

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References:

(1) National Association of State Public Health

Veterinarians, 2011. Compendium of animal

rabies prevention and control, 2011. MMWR.

Recommendations and reports/Centers for Disease

Control 60: 1-17

(2) Karp, B. E., N. E. Ball, C. R. Scott, and J. B. Walcoff.

1999. Rabies in two privately owned domestic

rabbits. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical

Association 215: 1824-1827, 1806.

(3) Eidson, M. et al. 2005. Rabies virus infection in a

pet guinea pig and seven pet rabbits. J. Am. Vet.

Med. Assoc. 227: 932-935, 918.

(4) Kansas State University Rabies Laboratory. 2014.

RFFIT-blood serum test for humans and animals

(not for travel). Measures response to rabies

vaccinations. http://www.vet.k-state.edu/depts/

dmp/service/rabies/rffit.htm.

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Correction of gastric antral mucosal hypertrophy by Y-U plasty: case report

Wachirachai Warinlai1* Siram Suvarnavibhaja2

1Surgery Clinic, Thonglor Pet Hospital, Sukhumvit Rd, Wattana, Bangkok, 10110.2Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University

*Corresponding author e-mail address: [email protected]

Keywords: gastric antral mucosal hypertrophy, Y-U plasty, Shih Tzu

Introduction: Gastric antral mucosal hypertrophy is

caused by excessive, non-neoplastic mucosa that

occludes the distal gastric antrum. The etiology is

unknown. Different from benign muscular pyloric

stenosis, the mucosa is thrown up into folds

secondary to the submucosal thickening (Nelson and

Couto, 2003).

The most common symptoms include chronic,

intermittent vomiting and regurgitation, weight loss

and respiratory problems. This condition occurs

most commonly in small breed dog. Diagnosis of the

problem usually relies on radiograph with barium

series, which often shows a thin line of minimal

amounts of this contrast material getting through

the pylorus into the intestines. Ultrasonography

usually reveals pyloric wall thickening. The surgery

is recommended when the medical treatment fails.

History: August is a 15 years old male castrated Shih

Tzu, has been treated with the chronic intermittent

vomiting of undigested food or bile for several

months. Dog has presented of pendulous skin, hairless

and rat-tail. The owner noted PU/PD and polyphagia

were presented for 4-5 years but continuing weight

loss was started last few months since vomiting signs

showed. Dog was no response to antacid, prokinetics,

antibiotic and steroid. The dog was referred for further

investigation and treatment.

Laboratory finding and diagnostic image: The blood

work showed WBC 17,900 cell/ul, albumin 2.7 g/dl,

ALK 539 U/L, SGPT 235 U/dl, creatinine 0.6 mg/dl,

BUN 15 mg/dl, TP 6.7 g/dl, glucose 93 mg/dl, baseline

cortisol 5.5 ug/dl, post-ACTH stimulation cortisol 89

ug/dl. The ultrasonography demonstrated thickening

of the pyloric wall (mucosa) with marked dilatation,

enlargement of both adrenal glands, thickening of

the gall bladder wall. Chronic gastric antral mucosal

hypertrophy is indicated and surgical technique is

suggested.

Surgical treatment: Y-U pyloroplasty was performed

and pyloric mucosa was resected to increase the

luminal diameter by make a longitudinal incision

(limb) in the serosa overlying the ventral pylorus, and

extend it into the stomach by making two incisions

(arm) that run parallel to the lesser and greater

curvature. Make a full thickness incision, the mucosa

was resected, appose the remaining mucosal edges

with a continuous pattern of PDS 4/0, before closing

the Y incision. Suture the base of antral flap to the

distal end of the duodenal incision with PDS 4/0

by simple interrupted suture, creating a U shaped

closure. Close remainder of the incision (limb) with

PDS 4/0 also with simple interrupted sutures. Finally,

suture line was patched with omentum.

Results and discussion: August fully recovered 4

hours after surgery and he started to intake electrolyte

solution 8 hours after surgery and started the

prescription’s diet such i/d 12 hours after surgery.

He was on fazolin IV at 25 mg/kg twice a day,

metoclopramide IV at 0.5 mg/kg twice, ranitidine IV

0.5 mg/kg twice a day and fentanyl patchy 25 mcg.

Trilostain was given regularly. He was doing well

and has presented only one time regurgitation on

the first meal and then he was absolutely good and

very active. The sutures were removed 14 days after

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surgery. The famotidine, antibiotic and sucralfate

were given orally on the third day after surgery and

continued for 2 weeks. Dog was good without any

medicine but still continued the prescription diet

until now.

Gastric antral mucosal hypertrophy is idiopathic.

Surgical biopsy is considerable to be the gold standard

for definite diagnosis. When medical management

fails, surgically increasing the diameter of the pyloric

lumen is indicated. The surgical options for treating

gastric outflow obstruction include gastric antral

mucosal resection combined with Y-U pyloroplasty.

(Y-U plastic is more consistently effective than

pyloromyotomy) (Fossum, 1997)

Acknowledgement: Special thanks for my work place

Thonglor pet hospital and my supervisor Dr Kitika

C.Patatakul to give me a very good chance to work

and harvest all great experiences.

References:

(1) Fossum, T.W. 1997. Surgery of the stomach. In:

Small Animal Surgery. USA: Mosby-year book. 269,

283-285.

(2) Nelson, R.W. and Couto, C.G. 2003. Disorder of

the stomach. In: Small Animal Internal Medicine.

3rd ed. USA: Mosby-year book. 421-423.

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Autologous lamellar corneal graft for the treatment of corneal defects

in three dogs

Sun-young Kim1 Soon-Wuk Jeong1 JoonYoung Kim2*

1Department of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea2Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029 Korea

*Corresponding author e-mail address: [email protected]

Keywords: autologous lamellar corneal graft, corneal perforation, deep corneal ulcer, dog

Introduction: Several surgical techniques have

been described for the repair of corneal defects

including conjunctival graft, transplantation of

collagen-containing tissue, corneoscleral transposition,

penetrating keratoplasty, lamellar corneal graft,

and cyanoacrylate tissue adhesive. Among these,

autologous lamellar keratoplasty (corneal graft) offers

the advantage of fewer graft rejections and eliminates

the need to store or harvest the donor tissue prior

to surgery. The purpose of the study was to describe

the clinical presentation of autologous lamellar

keratoplasty and its successful application in the

management of severe corneal defects in three dogs.

Materials and methods: Three dogs were referred

to the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital of the

Konkuk University with corneal defects. A corneal

perforation was detected in two dogs and a deep

corneal ulcer was observed in one dog. Autologous

lamellar corneal graft was performed on all three

dogs. The donor corneal graft was harvested from

the normal corneal region of the affected eye using

a biopsy punch 1 mm larger than the diameter of the

corneal defect. The donor grafts were secured at 12,

6, 3, and 9 o’clock using simple interrupted suture

patterns and oversewn using a simple continuous

pattern. A partial temporary tarsorrhaphy was

performed for the postoperative protection of the

cornea for 2 weeks.

Results and discussion: All the donor sites

were fluorescein dye-negative within a week.

Neovascularization was observed in one eye, but

was resolved with the use of cyclosporine and a

corticosteroid ophthalmic solution. Focal pigment

formation around the graft margin was detected

in one eye. The graft was usually translucent even

though total transparency was not achieved. Menace

response and dazzle reflex were positive. There was

no evidence of aqueous humor leakage and the

postoperative shape of the globe was well maintained

in all cases. Autologous lamellar corneal graft can

provide rapid healing and sufficient tectonic stability

in the treatment of severe corneal defects such as

corneal perforation and deep corneal ulcer. It could

achieve better vision and cosmetic outcome than

other corneal reconstructive surgery methods such

as a conjunctival flap. Using an autologous lamellar

corneal graft also provides the advantage of reduced

costs and lower average time needed to harvest the

graft for implantation.

References:(1) Brightman, A.H., McLaughlin, S.A. and Brogdon, J.D., 1989.

Autogenous lamellar corneal grafting in dogs. Journal of

the American Veterinary Medical Association 195: 469-475.

(2) Brooks, D.E., Plummer, C.E., Kallberg, M.E., Barrie, K.P.,

Ollivier, F.J., Hendrix, D.V.H., Baker, A., Scotty, N.C., Utter,

M.E., Balckwood, S.E., Nunnery, C.M., Ben-Shlomo, G.,

and Gelattet, K.N. al., 2008. Corneal transplantation for

inflammatory keratopathies in the horse: visual outcome

in 206 cases (1993–2007). Veterinary ophthalmology 11:

123-133.

(3) Kim, S.H., Jeong, M.B., Kang, S.M., Park Y.W., Ahn, J.S., Lee,

E.R., Lee, Y.S., Park, S.W., Seo, K.M., 2012. Autologous

Lamellar Keratoplasty with Corneal Perforation and

Descemetocele in Two Dogs. Journal of Veterinary Clinics

29: 146.

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Patent ductus arteriosus in Pomeranian; a case report

Attakorn Assawabovornnan1* Tanawan Mangklabruks2

1Small animals teaching hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mahanakorn University of Technology,

Cheum-Sampan Rd., Bangkok 10530, Thailand2Department of Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mahanakorn University of Technology,

Cheum-Sampan Rd., Bangkok 10530, Thailand

*Corresponding author e-mail address: [email protected]

Keywords: patent ductus arteriosus, congenital heart disease, Pomeranian

Introduction: Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is the

most common congenital heart disease in dogs. The

ductus normally constricts to become functionally

closed within hours after birth. Structural changes

and permanent closure occur over the ensuing weeks.

The ductal wall in animals with an inherited PDA is

histologically abnormal and contains less smooth

muscle and greater proportion of elastic fiber, similar

to the aortic wall. It is therefore unable to constrict

effectively. When the ductus fails to close, blood

flows through its shunt from the descending aorta

into the pulmonary artery. Because aortic pressure is

normally higher than pulmonic pressure throughout

the cardiac cycle, shunting occurs during both systole

and diastole. This left-to-right shunt causes a volume

overload of the pulmonary circulation, left atrium (LA)

and left ventricle (LV). The shunt volume is directly

related to the pressure difference (gradient) between

the two circulations and the diameter of ductus.

Case description: A 2-month-old female Pomeranian

had come to hospital for her first vaccination. The dog

was bright, alert and responsive. But, from physical

examination, the dog had continuous murmur heart

grade 5/6 point of maximum intensity at heart base,

Heart rate is 186 beats per minute and strong pulse,

respiratory rate is 36 time/minute and other vital

signs were normal

Clinical finding: Initial diagnostic plans were thoracic

radiograph and echocardiogram for find any cause of

abnormal heart sound.

Thoracic radiograph presented marked

cardiomegaly with left atrium (LA) and left ventricle

(LV) enlargement (vertebral heart score (VHS) was

14.5) and diffuse interstitial lung pattern.

From two dimensional echocardiogram found

LA enlargement (LA/Aorta = 1.5, normal = 1), eccentric

LV hypertrophy due to volume overload on the left

side. the PDA was visualized on two-dimensional

echocardiography and on color flow Doppler

echocardiography, diameter of PDA about 0.4 cm.

The echocardiogram was also ruled out others cardiac

abnormality.

From results of diagnosis, this dog had a

left-to-right shunting patent ductus arteriosus (PDA),

type 3 (large PDA). It is subdivided into those with (3a)

and without (3b) congestive heart failure (CHF). Dogs

with type 3a usually have a reduced exercise capacity,

a coarse continuous murmur and thrill over the left

thorax, a systolic murmur of mitral regurgitation,

bounding pulse due to wide pulse pressure, marked

left heart enlargement by six months of age, a medium

to large ductal aneurysm, a significant increase in

pulmonary vascular markings and ECG lead II R waves

possibly exceeding 5mV. Surgery is recommended in

these cases.

Treatment and outcome: Since there was no

clinical signs had occurred to the case, the dog was

not given any medications. The cardiac intervention

or surgery to correct PDA was planning for the long

term therapy.

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Pomeranian is small breed dogs. Recommend

therapy is surgical ligation, according to the study, it

had report 98% success rate. Interventional therapy

has limited condition, for example limited in animal

size and PDA shape. Moreover, it has more expensive

and less success rate than surgery ligation

However, in this case, the dog had the accident

and unexpected dead. We considerated for necropsy

and confirmed for patent ductus arteriosus.

Clinical important: Dog with PDA may remain

asymptomatically for several months since birth.

Carefully physical examination is very important for

early detecting of any heart abnormalities before signs

of CHF would occur. The prognosis of PDA depends on

its size and the level of pulmonary vascular resistance.

Congestive heart failure is the eventual outcome for

most patients that do not undergo ductal closure.

More than 50% of affected dogs die within the first

year. Most dogs that undergo correction of their PDA

have a good to excellent long term prognosis, and

most will lead a completely normal life after surgery.

Some patients that were in congestive heart failure

prior to their procedure may have to remain on some

cardiac drugs long term. This is determined by your

veterinarians on an individual pet basis. Thus, it is

important to try to correct your pet’s PDA prior to

them going into congestive heart failure.

Acknowledgement: I would like to thank Dr.Tanawan

Mangklabruks for giving me opportunity to take her

as my subject for my case study. She has been very

helpful throughout my process of doing this case

study. A special thanks to Small animals teaching

hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mahanakorn

University of Technology and my workmates for their

support toward my case study.

References:

(1) Bill T., 2015. Patent Ductus Arteriosus. ACVIM Fact

Sheet: 2-4.

(2) Heidi E. and Wendy A., 1996. Patent Ductus

Arteriosus in Dogs. Iowa State University

Veterinarian: Volume 58, Issue 2, 83-84.

(3) Kristyn D. and Michael T., 2010. Patent Ductus

Arteriosus in Dogs. Compendium: Continuing

Education for Veterinarians: 5-6, 11.

(4) Richard W. and Guillermo C., 2014. Patent ductus

arteriosus. In: small animal internal medicine, fifth

edition. St. Louis: Linda D. 98-100.

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Acquired Fanconi syndrome with renal failure in Thai mixed breed dog

Somchin Sutthigran1* Kampol Riangpawa2

1Department of Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mahanakorn University of Technology,

140 Cheom sampan rd, Bangkok 10530, Thailand 2Veterinary Internship program, Faculty of veterinary Medicine, Mahanakorn University of Technology,

140 Cheom sampan rd, Bangkok 10530, Thailand

*Corresponding author e-mail address: [email protected]

Keywords: acquired Fanconi syndrome, renal failure, glucosuria, Thai mixed breed dog

Introduction: The Fanconi syndrome is proximal renal

tubular reabsorption defect resulting in excessive

loss of many solute in urine such as glucose, sodium,

potassium, phosphorus, uric acid, bicarbonate,

albumin, and amino acids. As a result, the patient is

lack of necessary nutrition and homeostasis disorder,

which leads to illness. Fanconi syndrome caused by

inherited and acquired from other causes. The most

common of inherited Fanconi syndrome was reported

in the Basenji dog. The recent study showed acquired

Fanconi syndrome in a dog exposed to jerky treats in

Japan. Other causes of acquired Fanconi syndrome

were nephrotoxic drugs, toxin, copper, leptospirosis.

Case description: A one-year-old, Thai mixed breed

stray dog was hit by car and non-weight-bearing of

both hind limbs. The previous history is unknown. The

dog had vomiting, anorexia, polyuria and polydipsia.

Clinical finding: On physical examination found

tachypnea, tachycardia, 7% dehydration. Radiography

revealed closed oblique fracture of diaphysis of right

femur, closed transverse fracture of diaphysis of left

tibia and fibular. Blood results showed moderate

anemia, (30%), E.canis infection, azotemia (creatinine

6.2 mg/dL, BUN 76 mg/dL), hyperphosphatemia

(9.3 mg/dL), hypercalcemia (13.7 mg/dL), normal

serum blood glucose (106 mg/dL) and metabolic

acidosis. Urinalysis results in glucosuria (273

mg/dL), proteinuria (100 mg/dL), urine specific

gravity 1.010, urine output 7.4 ml/kg/hr. Abdominal

ultrasound revealed both kidney were relatively

hyperechoic cortex than spleen, loss corticomedullary

differentiation but normal in size and shape.

Urine and blood sample were measured

sodium, potassium, phosphorus and bicarbonate for

calculation. Urinary fractional excretion/reabsorption

of sodium, potassium, phosphorus and bicarbonate

compare with the healthy dog (show in table 1).

Table 1. Urinary fractional excretion in dog

substanceControl

FE (%)

Control

FR (%)

Patient

FE (%)

Patient

FR (%)

sodium 1.5 98.5 12.3 87.7

potassium 12.8 85.2 88.9 11.1

phosphorus 14.2 85.8 53.6 46.4

bicarbonate 3.2 96.8 4.48 95.5

Abbreviations FE, fractional excretion, FR, fractional reabsorption

Treatment and outcome: The dog was treated with

marbofloxacin 2 mg/kg SID, doxycycline 10 mg/kg SID.

Fluid therapy and electrolyte correction were also

given relate to blood gas analysis, serum blood glucose

and urine output. Bicarbonate supplementation was

given for corrected bicarbonate loss.

After treatment 17 day, the clinical signs were

improve, the BUN and creatinine were decrease to

the normal range limit. Although the dog still had

polyuria,polydipsia and glucosuria, these were less

than pre-treatment. Finally, the dog was got back to

take care at home.

Clinical relevance: Acquired Fanconi syndrome is a

interested case due to there are multifactorial causes

and difficult to diagnosis. In this case, we found

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acquired Fanconi syndrome with renal failure but the

causes were understood and the history was unclear.

The limitations of this case are that we can’t measure

urine amino acid because limitation of laboratory

test and owner’s cost. However, the measurement

of urine amino acid should be performed to confirm

aminoaciduria in Fanconi syndrome.

Acknowledgement: The author gratefully

acknowledge of Small Animal Teaching Hospital

Faculty of veterinary Medicine, Mahanakorn University

of Technology

Reference:

(1) Appleman, E.H., Cianciolo, R., Mosenco, A.S.,

Bounds, M.E. and AI-Ghazlat, S. 2008. Transient

acquired fanconi syndrome associated with copper

storage hepatopathy in 3 dogs. J. Vet. Intern. Med.

22: 1038-1042.

(2) Carmichael, N., Lee, J. and Giger, U. 2014. Fanconi

syndrome in dog in the UK. Vet. Rec. 174: 357-358.

(3) Gonto, S. 2003. Fanconi disease management

protocol for veterinarians [Internet]. [cited: 2016

may 10]. Available from: http:// www.basenji.org/

ClubDocs/fanconiprotocol2003.pdf

(4) Igasei, M., Baba, K., Miyama, T.S., Shunsuke Nogushi,

S., Mizuno, T. and Masaru Okuda, M. 2015. Acquired

fanconi syndrome in a dog exposed to jerky treats

in Japan. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 77(11): 1507-1510.

(5) Mainka, A.S. 1985. Fanconi Syndrome in a Basenji.

Can Vet J. 26: 303-305.

(6) Settle, L.E., Schmidt, D. 1994. Fanconi syndrome in

a Labrador Retriever. Journal of Veterinary Internal

Medicine. 8:390-393.

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Nasal planum resection of mast cell tumor in dog by laser surgery

Wutti Bunjerdsuwan1 Chatvadee kornsuthisopon2 Kiatpichet Komin3* Somporn Techangamsuwan4

1Diploma-Internship Matching program 2nd year, Department of Veterinary Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Science,

Chulalongkorn University, 39 Thanon Henri Dunant, Bangkok 10330, Thailand2Master Student, Department of Veterinary Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University,

39 Thanon Henri Dunant, Bangkok 10330, Thailand3Lecturer, Department of Veterinary Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University,

39 Thanon Henri Dunant, Bangkok 10330, Thailand4Asst. Prof. Dr., Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University,

39 Thanon Henri Dunant, Bangkok 10330, Thailand

Author e-mail address: [email protected]

*Corresponding author e-mail address: [email protected]

Keywords: laser surgery, mast cell tumor, nasal planum resection

Introduction: Mast cell tumor (MCTs) is the most

common malignant cutaneous tumor in dogs arises

from the dermis and subcutaneous layer. Mast cell

tumor is a round cell tumor that contain bioactive

substances in it cytoplasmic granules, such as;

Histamine, Heparin, Proteases, Chemotactic factors,

and Cytokines. Fine-needle aspiration is sufficient to

diagnosis confirm cutaneous MCTs more than 90%

approximately. The cytology shows large round cells

tumor with central nuclei and abundant cytoplasm.

The cytoplasm contains blue to purple granules that

stained by toluidine blue.

The most surgical laser system mechanism for

cutting and ablation of soft tissue is photothermal

that photon energy is absorbed by tissue and

transformed into thermal energy (depend on tissue

ability of photon absorption). It generates 2-3 layers

of tissue after surgery; the first zone is thin layer of

carbonization that tissue temperature is exceeded

than 100°C, the second is zone of tissue necrosis

from tissue temperature elevated more than 60-65°C

(protein denaturation has occurred), and the last

is zone of collateral thermal injury that will retain

viability and will involved in the wound healing

process. This report presents treatment option of

Mast cell tumor by laser surgery.

Figure 1 showed an irregular margin mass at nasal

planum and the patient has both submandibular

lymph nodes enlargement (not show in this picture)

Materials and methods: Case-history: A 13 years old

female-strayed Thai Bangkaew dog arrived at Small

animal teaching hospital, Chulalongkorn University

with chief complaint that the owner has found a

mass covered on her nostril and upper lip several

months ago. The mass had diameter 4x5 cm, irregular

margin, pink color, firm consistency, mild bleeding

and from plain radiography it not involved into nasal

cavity or turbinate bone. The other lesions was found

that both submandibular lymphnodes swelling size

approximately 3x3 cm, firm consistency, movable, no

pain when palpation. The cytology results from Fine

needle aspiration at nostril and both submandibular

lymphnodes showed that Mass cell tumor was

suspected at nostril and metastatic Mass cell tumor

to both submandibular lymphnodes. Radiographic

images on right lateral recumbency showed that

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soft tissue opacity mass at nostril without invading

to nasal cavity and no bone lysis. She was referred

from oncology clinic to Surgery clinic for further

investigation.

saline solution. The passive drain was removed in

post-operative day 4th with mild serosanguneous

exudates.

Figure 4 showed, 4 days after nasal planum

resection a wound has mild serosanguneous

exudates.

10 days past, after remove suture at cervical

wound it still had some serosanguneous exudates

and nostril wound had red granulation tissue healing.

3 weeks later, the patient came back to follow up at

surgery clinic and was found cervical area swelling

at surgical site of both submandibular lymph node

resection. The patient has an ultrasound appointment

to recheck metastatic tumor abdominal organs.

Figure 5 Three weeks ago, after laser surgery a

wound has good red granulation tissue.

Results and discussion: This case had the problem

about mast cell tumor at nasal planum that involved

its respiration and metastasis to both submandibular

lymphnodes The first choice for treatment is a

surgery to remove primary tumor, decrease bioactive

substance from mast cell degranulation and improve

the quality of life of patient. The further treatment

plan is a chemotherapy or radiotherapy by oncology

clinic. The histopathology result is Mast cell tumor

low grade at nasal planum. Unfortunately, both

submandibular lymphnode was involved and 3

Figure 2 showed that soft tissue opacity mass at

nostril without invading to nasal cavity and no

evidence of bone lysis

The surgeon staffs made a conclusion for this

case with nasal planum resection by laser surgery

(Functional continuous wave and functional pulse

wave) and remove both submandibular lymphnodes

with cold steel incision (Approach by ventral midline

of cervical area) to confirm histological metastatic

mass cell tumor. We leaved the nostril wound for

second-intention healing and placed passive drain

(Penrose ½ inch) in cervical wound.

Figure 3 CO2 laser surgery (Smart pulse®)

After surgery, the patient was prescript with

Histamine-blocker drugs (Famotidine 0.88 mg/kg bid &

Diphenhydramine 2.2 mg/kg bid), Carprofen (Rimadyl®

3.3 mg/kg sid) and Amoxy-clavulanic acid (Fleming

syrup® 16.6 mg/kg bid) and make an appointment to

wound dressing at nostril area daily by Sterile normal

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weeks after surgery, we found the surgical site of

submandibular lymph node removal swelled that

was suspected recurrence of tumor.

Figure 6 from histopathology the dermis

and subcutaneous was expanded by a

fairly-circumscribed, highly cellular proliferation of

neoplastic mast cells, which also extended to the

muscle. (40X)

In conclusion, the laser surgery may be the

option for resection soft tissue mass at area that

difficult to use a simple technique by scalpel blade

with adequately wound healing process.

Acknowledgement: We would like to acknowledge

staffs from Surgery and Pathology units: Small

animal teaching hospital, Faculty of Veterinary

Science, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand, for their

assistance.

References:

(1) Bernard S. and Simon S.T., 2012. Mast cell tumor.

In: Veterinary Surgical Oncology. 1st ed. Chichester:

John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 61-69.

(2) Bernard S. and Simon S.T., 2012. Nasal planum

resection. In: Veterinary Surgical Oncology. 1st ed.

Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 88-92.

(3) Frank J.M.V. and Milinda J.L., 2012. Laser surgery.

In: Oral and Maxillofacial surgery in dogs and cats.

1st ed. Europe: Elsevier. 78-87.

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รายงานสตวปวย: การรกษาภาวะ spontaneous chronic corneal epithelial defects

(SCCEDs) ในสนขดวยวธ diamond burr debridement

Treatment of spontaneous chronic corneal epithelial defects (SCCEDs) in dogs

with diamond burr debridement: case report

กตภทรา กลยาณกล* สภทรา ยงศร

โรงพยาบาลสตวสวรรณชาด สะพานสง โครงการพฒนาสวนพระองค แขวงสะพานสง เขตสะพานสง กรงเทพมหานคร

*Corresponding author e-mail address: [email protected]

Keywords: diamond burr debridement, spontaneous chronic corneal epithelial defects, SCCEDs, cornea, dogs

Abstract:

Spontaneous chronic corneal epithelial defects (SCCEDs) are the most common form of canine recurrent

corneal ulcers. Clinical signs include superficial corneal erosion with redundant, non-adherent epithelial margins

associated with corneal vascularization and ocular pain. The golds of surgical treatment are to remove the

irregular and unstable epithelium, the abnormal basement membrane and to promote regeneration of a new

smooth epithelial surface. The surgical treatments include debridement, grid keratectomy, multiple punctate

keratectomy and superficial keratectomy. The diamond burr has been successfully used in treatment of SCCEDs

in dogs. Sixteen eyes of 11 dogs were treated with diamond burr debridement. At 7 and 14 days after first

debridement, 9/16 (56.25%) and 14/16 (87.5%) of cases healed, respectively. However, a second diamond burr

debridement was performed at day 7 in 5/16 (31.25%) of cases. The diamond burr is a safe method of corneal

epithelial debridement and does not create defects beyond the epithelial basement membrane in SCCEDs dogs.

บทน�า: กระจกตาปกตจะใสและโปรงแสง มสวนประกอบ

ทงหมด 5 ชน ไดแก epithelium, sub-epithelial basement

membrane, stroma, descemet membrane และ

endothelium ชนของกระจกตาเหลานจะคงความใสและ

โปรงแสงไวดวยการควบคมไมใหน�าเขา และมการเรยงตว

กนของเยอใยคอลลาเจนทเปนระเบยบ epithelium และ

sub-epithelial basement membrane จะยดตดกนดวย

hemidesmosome เมอเกดแผลทกระจกตา epithelium

ของกระจกตาจะแบงตวเพมจ�านวน และมาเรยงตวกนจนเกด

การหายของแผล ซงใชเวลาประมาณ 7 วน (Janssens, 2007)

Spontaneous chronic corneal epithelial

defects (SCCEDs) เปนความผดปกตของ epithelial

basement membrane กระจกตาจะเกดแผลทรกษา

ไมหายภายในระยะเวลา 1-2 สปดาห โดยทไมมสาเหตรวม

เชน ความผดปกตของหนงตา สงแปลกปลอม ขนตาขนผด

ต�าแหนง การตดเชอทกระจกตา ความผดปกตของน�าตา หรอ

กระจกตาบวมน�าจากการอกเสบ เปนตน โดยภาวะนมชอ

เรยกไดหลายอยาง ไดแก boxer erosion, indolent ulcer,

recurrence epithelial erosion และ persistent corneal

erosion โดยสวนใหญ SCCEDs พบในสนขอายระหวาง 7-9

ป เกดไดทกต�าแหนงของกระจกตาและมกจะเปนแผลตนๆ

จากการลอกหลดของ epithelium ของกระจกตาทเกดจาก

ความผดปกตของการยดตดของ basement membrane

ท�าใหแผลไมหาย ไมมการตดเชอรวม จะตรวจพบกระจกตา

เปนแผลทมขอบไมเรยบ แผลไมลกถงชน stroma และเมอยอม

กระจกตาดวย fluorescein stain สจะสามารถซมผานไปใต

epithelium ของกระจกตาทลอกหลดได สนขจะแสดงอาการ

เจบตา น�าตาไหล ตาแดง หรตา กระจกตาขน (Bentley, 2005)

ส�าหรบหลกการรกษา SCCEDs คอการน�า epithelium ทม

การลอกหลดและ basement membrane ทผดปกตออกเพอ

ใหเกดการสรางเนอเยอใหมทสามารถยดเกาะไดดขน มวธรกษา

หลายอยาง เชน cotton epithelial debridement, diamond

burr epithelial debridement, grid keratectomy

และ superficial keratectomy เปนตน แตวธทนยมใชใน

การรกษาคอ epithelial debridement ซงในรายงานนเลอก

ใชวธ diamond burr epithelial debridement ซงมรายงาน

การใชในคนตงแตครสตศกราช 1983

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วสดและวธการ: ท�าการศกษาในสนข 11 ตวทมารบ

การรกษาทโรงพยาบาลสตวสวรรณชาดจ�านวน 16 ตา และ

ไดรบการวนจฉยวาเปน SCCEDs ดวยการตรวจพบแผล

ทกระจกตารวมกบมการลอกหลดของ epithelium โดย

ระยะเวลาในการเปนแผลนานกวา 1 สปดาห หรอเปนแผลทได

รบการรกษาทางยามาแลวมากกวา 1 สปดาหและไมหาย โดย

ตรวจไมพบสาเหตโนมน�าตางๆ ท�าการรกษาดวย diamond

burr debridement โดยใชอปกรณขนาดมอจบทมมอเตอร

ภายในเรยกวา Algerbrush II (The Alger company, USA)

สนขทกตวจะไดรบยาชาเฉพาะทหยดบนดวงตา จากนนจบ

บงคบเพอท�า debridement โดยใช diamond burr ท

ปราศจากเชอขนาด 3.5 มลลเมตร กรอเอาชน epithelium

ของกระจกตาทลอกหลดออก (รปท 1)

รปท 1 การท�า diamond burr debridement

หลงการท�า debridement สนขจะไดรบยา neomycin

sulphate, polymycin B sulphate and gramicidin

(Polyoph® eye drop) หยอดตาวนละ 2-4 ครง และ 0.02%

tacrolimus eye suspension หยอดตาวนละ 2 ครง ในกรณท

มภาวะกระจกตาบวมน�าสนขจะไดรบ 5% sodium chloride

หยอดตาวนละ 4 ครง รายทมอาการเจบตามากจะใหกนยา

แกปวดกลมทไมใชสเตยรอยดรวมดวย ท�าการตดตามผล

การรกษาทก 1 สปดาหจนกวาจะแผลทกระจกตาจะหายด โดย

ประเมนจากอาการ เชน การหรตา ปรมาณขตา และการยอม

ตดส fluorescein ของกระจกตา

ผลการศกษา: หลงการรกษาด วย diamond burr

debridement 7 วน กระจกตาสนข 9/16 ตา (56.25%)

ไมพบแผล (รปท 2) หลงการรกษา 14 วน 14/16 ตา (87.5%)

ไมพบแผลทกระจกตา โดยมการ debridement เปนครง

ทสองจ�านวน 5/16 ตา (31.25%) และพบวา 2/5 ตาหลง

ไดรบการท�า debridement ครงทสองยงพบ epithelium

ลอกหลดอก จงท�าการวางยาสลบสนขทงตว และแกไขดวยวธ

grid keratectomy รวมกบการท�า third eyelid flap พบวา

หลงการผาตด 2 สปดาหตอมา แผลทกระจกตาหายดทง 2 ตา

แตยงพบแผลเปนทกระจกตา

รปท 2 กระจกตากอนการรกษาดวย diamond burr

debridement (ซาย) และหลงการรกษา 7 วน (ขวา)

วจารณ: วธการรกษา SCCEDs ในสนขดวย diamond burr

debridement จากรายงานครงน พบการหายของแผลท

กระจกตาในวนท 7 และ 14 เทากบรอยละ 56.25 และ

87.5 ตามล�าดบ โดยมการท�า debridement ครงทสอง

รอยละ 31.25 ซงแตกตางจากรายงานของ Gosling และคณะ

(2013) ซงท�าการรกษา SCCEDs ในสนขดวย diamond burr

debridement รวมกบการใส contact lens พบการหายของ

แผลทกระจกตาในการตรวจครงท 1 (เฉลย 7 วน) และครงท 2

(เฉลย 15.5 วน) เทากบรอยละ 70 และ 92.5 ตามล�าดบ และ

มการท�า debridement ครงทสองเพยงรอยละ 12.5 อตรา

การหายของแผลกระจกตาโดยรวมของวธ diamond burr

debridement ใกลเคยงกบวธ grid keratectomy ซง

Bentley (2005) รายงานผลส�าเรจประมาณ 80% แตอยางไร

กตามผลส�าเรจนยงนอยกวาการท�า superficial keratectomy

รวมกบการใส contact lens หรอ third eyelid flap ซง

Silva และคณะ (2011) รายงานความส�าเรจในการรกษาสง

ถง 100% แตการใช diamond burr debridement มขอด

คอสามารถท�าไดรวดเรว ไมยงยาก สตวแพทยไมตองอาศย

การฝกฝนมาก คาใชจายนอยเพราะสวนมากไมตองวางยา

สลบทงตวเชนวธ grid keratectomy หรอ superficial

keratectomy จงมความปลอดภยสง ลดความเสยงใน

การเกดกระจกตาทะล และสามารถท�าซ�าไดโดยไมท�าใหแผล

ลกมากขน นอกจากนจากการศกษาครงน ยงพบวาการเกด

แผลเปนหลงท�าจะนอย และแผลเปนจางหายไปเรวกวารายท

รกษาดวยวธ grid keratectomy ซงสอดคลองกบ Gosling

และคณะ (2013) ทพบวา การใช diamond burr ในการท�า

corneal debridement ลดโอกาสการกลบมาเปนใหม และ

จะหายภายใน 1-3 สปดาหหลงท�า ซงเรวกวาเมอเทยบกบ

วธ grid keratectomy และหากท�ารวมกบการใส contact

lens กจะเพมโอกาสการประสบความส�าเรจในการรกษา

ตงแตครงแรกมากขน ภาวะแทรกซอนหลงการรกษาทอาจจะ

พบได เชน การตดเชอทกระจกตา หรอการกลบมาเปนซ�า ซง

ในการศกษาครงนไมพบการตดเชอหลงการรกษาเลย

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สรป: การรกษา SCCEDs ในสนข ดวยวธ diamond burr

debridement ใหผลการรกษาทคอนขางด และท�าไดงาย

ใชเพยงยาระงบความร สกเฉพาะท ลดความเสยงจากการ

วางยาสลบ ไมท�าใหกระจกตาเสยหาย และเกดแผลเปนหลง

จากท�านอย แมวาการศกษาครงนจะมอตราการหายของแผล

จากการรกษาครงเดยวนอยกวาการศกษาทท�ารวมกบการใส

contact lens แตเมอท�าการรกษาซ�าแผลทกระจกตาสามารถ

หายไดภายใน 7 วน ดงนนจงควรพจารณาใช diamond burr

debridement เปนทางเลอกแรก ในการรกษา SCCEDs ใน

สนข

กตตกรรมประกาศ: ขอขอบพระคณเจาของสนข สตวแพทย

และบคลากรโรงพยาบาลสตวสวรรณชาดทกทาน

เอกสารอางอง:

(1) Bentley, E., 2005. Spontaneous chronic corneal

epithelial defect in dogs: a review. Journal of

American Animal Hospital Association 41(3):

158-165.

(2) Gosling, A.A., Labelle, A.L. and Breaux, C.B., 2013.

Management of spontaneous chronic corneal

epithelial defects (SCCEDs) in dogs with diamond

burr debridement and placement of a bandage

contact lens. Veterinary Ophthalmology 16(2):

83-88.

(3) Janssens, G., 2007. Indolent ulcer in dog’s eyes.

European Journal of Companion Animal Practice

17(3): 280-284.

(4) Morgan, R.V. and Abrams, K.L., 1994. A comparison

of six different therapies for persistent corneal

erosion in dogs and cats. Veterinary and

Comparative Ophthalmology 4: 38-43.

(5) Silva, E.G., Powell, C.C., Gionfriddo, J.R., Ehrhart,

E.J. and Hill, A.E., 2011. Histologic evaluation of the

immediate effects of diamond burr debridement in

experimental superficial corneal wounds in dogs.

Veterinary Ophthalmology 14(5): 285-291.

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Rehabilitation protocols and improvement after femoral head and

neck excision in Pomeranian dog: a case study

P. Jumnongpipat*

Rehabilitation center, Thonglor pet hospital, Wattana, Bangkok, Thailand

*Corresponding author e-mail address: [email protected]

keywords: rehabilitation, FHNE, therapeutic exercise, passive ROM

Introduction: Post-operation of femoral head and

neck excision (FHNE) rehabilitation may be necessary

for every operated dog. The goals for these cases

are to maximise weight bearing, gain ROM or muscle

extensibility, strengthen the affected limb, stimulate

soft tissue healing, provide pain relief, and address

proprioception deficits. There are two-part of division

of physiotherapy goals has been documented, Phase

one: Immediately following surgery and in the initial

inflammatory stage of tissue healing through to

the end of the reparative stage, approximately 3-4

weeks. Goals in this stage are to resolve pain and

inflammation, stimulate tissue healing, gain ROM and

preserve muscle mass. Phase two: Targets challenging

the healing tissues during remodelling and maturation

stages of healing to improve strength and mobility,

and enhance functional return.

Materials and methods: A twelve-year old dog,

male non-neutered, 4.4 kg, Pomeranian had fallen

from the table and left coxofemoral joint luxation.

The operation of femoral head and neck excision

was performed after 4 day of accident. Cryotherapy

was performed immediately after operation by q8h

and passive ROM to maintain normal joint ROM, and

may also improve circulation. 1 week after surgery:

the dog abled to toe-touching on the ground, warm

compression was perform for 15 min twice a day,

therapeutic ultrasound (frequency 1 MHz, continuous

mode, intensity 1 W/cm2) and transcutaneous

electrical nerve stimulation (TENS: premode current,

frequency 7-8 Hz) were used to reduce inflammation

to surrounding soft tissues around the hip joint. 2 week

after surgery: the painful at hip joint was reduced,

assessed by lameness score, the dog abled to walk

just 2-3 steps then fallen down, we started therapeutic

exercise, assisted standing (soft towel was supported

under his belly) 5 minute twice a day, weight shifting

30-60 sec/time twice a day (lift up unaffected leg

allow affected leg to maintain weight bearing) aid in

return to normal function and early strengthening

muscle as well as proprioception. Warm compression

and passive ROM still performed before therapeutic

exercise. 3 week after surgery, ROM of coxofemoral

joint was improved (regained angle of flexion and

extension), assessed by goniometer, the dog abled

to walk and his thigh muscle got more stronger, land

treadmill was used to perform a normal gait pattern

and muscle strengthening for 7 minute at the first

time and gradually increase duration time in every

week and standing on exercise ball was used to

strengthening thigh muscle and also proprioceptive

training. 4 week after surgery, he could walked slowly

up and down on slope hill, he started swimming on

day 35 use 5 minute on first day and gradually increase

duration time once a week. Week 5-10 after surgery,

the dog was routinely performed therapeutic exercise:

land treadmill, exercise ball, walking up and down on

sloping hill, and swimming. Week 12 after surgery, he

abled to use affected limb nearly normal function.

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Picture 1. ROM of hip extension was improved

after rehabilitation. left: 5 day after surgery, 120

degree. right: 3 weeks after surgery, 145 degree.

Results and discussion: Post-FHNE operation

rehabilitation was important protocol to recover the

patients to have a good quality of life. The goals are

to reduce pain, promote healing, maintain muscle

mass and promote muscular development and joint

stability, and facilitate early return to normal function.

Routinely assessment after every rehabilitation

session was important to decide a properly exercise to

the patient. Although, rehabilitation protocol should

plan by individual conditions of the patients to gained

a good benefits.

Acknowledgement: Dr. Chumpol Chitrakorn, DVM,

neurosurgery unit, Thonglor pet hospital.

References:

(1) Catherine M. McGowan et al., 2007. Chapter

13.5: post-operative rehabilitation. In: Animal

physiotherapy: assessment, treatment and

rehabilitation of animals. Blackwell publishing.

216-218.

(2) Samantha Lindley, Penny Watson. 2010. Part 2:

rehabilitation, supportive and palliative care in

practice : case studies. In: BSAVA manual of canine

and feline rehabilitation, supportive and palliative

care: case studies in patient management. British

small animal veterinary association. 200-204.

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A case report: feline cryptococcosis treatment with fluconazole

Peeratas Chitvivatn1 Wilawan Srinak2*

1Veterinary Clinical for Small Domestic Animals and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary medicine,

Mahanakorn University of Technology2Veterinary Internship program Small Animal Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary medicine,

Mahanakorn University of Technology, Bangkok 10530, Thailand

*Corresponding author e-mail address: [email protected]

Keywords: cryptococcosis, fluconazole, multiple papules

Introduction: Cryptococcosis, caused by Cryptococcus

neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, is saprophytic,

yeast-like fungus that can be found worldwide.

Cryptococcosis is the most common deep mycosis

in cats. The route of infections are via inhaled and

penetrating wound. Clinical signs were presenting

of abnormalities of upper respiratory, cutaneous,

central nervous and ocular system. Mandibular

lymphadenopathy is often present. The common

skin lesions are usually multiple papules to nodules,

abscesses, ulcers and draining tracts, which commonly

involve the face, pinnae and paws.

Case description: A one-year-old castrated male

domestic short haired was present to Small Animal

Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary medicine,

Mahanakorn University of Technology with multiple

nonpainful papules on the head, neck, back and paw

as well as some ulceration. Left mandibular lymph

node was found enlargement and sometimes cat

showed sign of ataxia.

Clinical finding: Fine needle aspiration (FNA) at

mandibular lymph node and cutaneous papule

were performed. The cytology of lymph node and

cutaneous papule showed numerous oval-shape

organisms, measuring 5-15 microns, with thick clear

capsule. There were fewer numbers of neutrophils

and macrophages. Cytological diagnosis was

cryptococcosis with pyogranulomatous inflammation.

Treatment and Outcome: The cat was give systemic

antifungal with fluconazole dose 10 mg/kg PO with

food once a day. The treatment was continued for

2 weeks. After 2 weeks treatment, the lesions were

decrease in size of papules, some papule became

scaling and central crust, no found new lesion and

the cat didn’t have sign of ataxia. The treatment was

needed continuously until no lesion found on patient.

The future plan will check serum antigen titers.

Clinical important: Cryptococcosis cutaneous lesion

is rare case, usually found upper respiratory lesions.

Cryptococcosis can cause disease in people and

variety of animals. Although cryptococcosis is zoonosis

but spread of infection are highly dependent on host

immunity.

Acknowledgements: I am grateful for Dr. Peeratas

Chitvivatn and Dr. Tanawan Mangklabruks for

suggestions and invaluation help throughtout the

course of this case study.

Reference:

(1) Foster, A. P. and Foli, C. S. (Eds.). 2003. BSAVA

Manual of small animal dermatology. (2nd ed.).

Barcelona, Spain: British Small Animal Veterinary

Association. 182-183.

(2) Hnilica, K. A. 2011. Small animal dermatology: a

color atlas and therapeutic guide. (3rd ed.). Canada:

Elsevier Inc. 116-117.

(3) Miller, K. L., Griffin, C. E. and Campbell, K. L. 2013.

Mulleer & Kirk’s small animal dermatology. (7th

ed.). China: Elsevier Inc. 262-265.

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The combination therapy of oral ivermectin and allergen-specific immunotherapy

for adult-onset generalized demodicosis with atopic dermatitis in dog: a case report

Vichuda Khwanjai*

Skin and Allergy clinic, Thonglor Pet Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand

*Corresponding author: e-mail address: [email protected]

Keywords: demodicosis, ivermectin, atopic dermatitis, allergen-specific immunothepary

Introduction: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common

pruritic skin disease in dogs which requires drugs

such as oral corticosteroids to control the symptoms.

However, long term use of corticosteroids may

cause several health problems, especially induce

adult-onset demodicosis. Therefore, for the case

of an atopic dog with a complicated adult-onset

demodicosis, corticosteroids should no longer be

used. There are many different treatment options

for adult-onset demodicosis including oral ivermectin

which is a very effective treatment Nevertheless, oral

ivermectin is still unlicensed in many countries.

Allergen-specific immunotherapy (ASIT) is

a specific treatment for AD which has been used

for years in both human and veterinary medicine.

ASIT is arguably the best treatment option for AD,

because it is the only therapy that leads to remission

of signs without the need for any other additional

medications. Currently, there are no standardized

ASIT regimens in veterinary medicine. Treatment

protocol recommendations are usually provided by

a laboratory that manufactures immunotherapeutic

vaccines.

Materials and methods: A three years old male

Doberman pinscher dog was referred to Skin and

Allergy Clinic with a pruritic-allergic skin disease and

a history of long-term use of oral prednisolone to

control itchiness. Results of elimination diet trial with

hydrolyzed protein diets and intensive flea control

trial were inconclusive, while intradermal skin test

(IDST) has never been performed. He presented

deep folliculitis and pododermatitis with secondary

bacterial/malassezia infection, and generalized

demodicosis. The microscopic examination from

skin scraping and cytology test revealed 1) various

stages of active Demodex canis and 2) markedly

polymorphonuclear cells with intracellular cocci,

3) malassezia organisms. The animal was then

treated with antibiotic (cephalexin 30 mg/kg twice

a day), antihistamine (hydroxyzine 2.2 mg/kg twice

a day, chlorpheniramine 4 mg/dog twice a day,

eicosapentaenoic fatty acid 40 mg/kg once a day

orally, oral ivermectin 600 microgram/kg daily for 9

weeks, and fed with skin support formula feed. The

animal were also protected with flea spot-on product

(fipronil) every month and bathed with medicated

shampoo containing 2% chlorhexidine/2% miconazole

twice a week. The 3 week intervals of microscopic

examination from skin scraping and cytology test

were performed. While the clinical signs of folliculitis

and secondary bacterial/malassezia dermatitis were

improved, mild itchiness with erythematous papules

still persisted and active demodex mites can still

be found from deep skin scraping at old lesion and

hair plucking from all feet. Thus, the next diagnosis

plan was to take an IDST which required a 4-week

withdrawal of oral antihistamine, eicosapentaenoic

fatty acid and antibiotic treatment prior to the test.

The IDST was then performed, without anaesthesia,

by using 9 types of both indoor and outdoor

allergens commonly found in Thailand. The list of

tested allergens included Dermatophagoides farinae,

Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, Blomia tropicalis,

Brachiaria mutica, Paspalum notatum, Periplaneta

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americana, Felis catus (epithelium), Ctenocephalides

ssp. and Acarus siro. Results of IDST were used to

identify and select allergens for inclusion in ASIT

medicament. ASIT is the practice of administering

gradually increasing quantities of an allergen extract

given by subcutaneous injection in increasing doses

up to the maintenance dose. Start at the week 0, 1,

2, 4, 6, 9, 12, 16 and 20. Volume of treatment: 0.1,

0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0 and after week 20

the interval and volume of treatment will become

longer-dependent upon the effect of the therapy. If

secondary bacterial/yeast infection and pruritic sign

were developed, during the ASIT treatment, the dog

will be treated with medicated shampoo and oral

antibiotic/antihistamines respectively.

Results and discussion: During a month-long

withdrawal of antibiotic, antihistamine, and any

supplements, the dog still received spot-on flea

control product, shampoo therapy and continuing

oral ivermectin daily. The IDST was then performed

using the standard protocol. The intensity of positive

immediate reactions obtained from intradermal skin

test are presented in ++++, +++, ++ and + reactions.

The results of this dog are strong positive immediate

reaction (++++) to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus

(mite allergen) and Brachiaria mutica (pollen allergen).

Slightly strong positive immediate reaction (+++) to

flea and Acarus siro (flour mite). Later on, the dog was

treated with ASIT using a hyposensitization vaccine

program prepared from (strong positive ++++ reaction)

Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and Brachiaria

mutica allergens as shown in materials and methods.

After received immunotherapy ASIT for 12 weeks with

continuing oral ivermectin, the clinical skin lesions

were markedly improved and the previous lesions

are no longer noticed. Although the adult stage of

demodex mites were found from scraping technique.

Once the maintenance dose of ASIT was reached

(week 20), the dog was treated by subcutaneous

injection 1.0 ml every 4 week and oral ivermectin

once a day. At the week 32, the clinical signs were

improved. The demodex mite was not found from

the same site sampled. After 2 consecutive negative

of skin scrape, ivermectin discontinued. The follow

up plan is to re-evaluate the dog every 4 weeks for

deep skin scrapings and ASIT treatment. After week 40,

although the dog still itchy sometimes, mild degree

of skin erythema presented at axilla area but not

clinically significant. The demodex mite was not found

as week 32 and 36 then stop using ivermectin orally.

Generally, adult-onset demodicosis is an

inflammatory parasitic disease of dogs characterized

by the presence of larger than normal numbers

of demodectic mites. The pathogenesis of canine

demodicosis remains poorly understood, although

the initial proliferation of mites may be due to genetic

and/or immunologic disorder. Adult dogs diagnosed

with demodicosis should be screened for certain

other systemic diseases. Minimum data base should

include a complete blood count and biochemical

profile, depending upon the presentation of the

dog but in this case, veterinarian is not allowed

to do more diagnosis. The other tests such as

abdominal ultrasound, thoracic radiographs, thyroid

hormone panel (T4, free T4, TSH level) and ACTH

stimulation test are recommended, if an underlying

disease was not found. Nutritional history and any

history of treatment with corticosteroids or other

immunosuppressive drugs in food allergic and atopic

dogs should be noted. Generalized demodicosis is

more difficult to treat and carries a more guarded

prognosis. The disease should be treated, with

appropriate miticidal treatment and cured underlying

disease together.

Conclusion, the combination therapy of oral

ivermectin and allergen-specific immunotherapy for

atopic dog are effective to control the allergic skin

problems concurrent with generalized demodicosis.

In addition, the patient will require lifelong monitoring

for skin problems and cannot be used more

corticosteroids. It is also important to understand

these generalized demodicosis and atopic dermatitis

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are hereditary disease. The patient should be

neutered as soon as no clinical evidence of skin

infection at the surgical site. The castration before first

negative of skin scrape is strongly advised, but the

owner does not accept the risk of general anesthetic

protocol. In this case, veterinarian is not allowed to

do more diagnosis and castrate. For the long term

monitoring, if the clinical sign cannot be control or

worsen, further diagnosis to find other underlying

disease and identify more allergen by serology should

be performed.

Acknowledgement: This work was supported by

Thonglor Pet Hospital. I would like to express the

deepest appreciation to staffs of the Pinklao branch

and laboratory unit.

References:

(1) Miller W., Griffin C., Campbell K. 2013. Muller W.

& Kirk’s Small Animal Dermatology. 7th ed. WB

Saunders: Hypersensitivity disorder and parasitic

skin disease, 284-342, 363-431

(2) Mueller RS1, Bensignor E, Ferrer L et al., 2012.

Treatment of demodicosis in dogs: clinical practice

guidelines. Vet Dermatol. Apr;23(2):86-96

(3) Olivry T, DeBoer DJ, Favrot C. et al. 2010.

Treatment of canine atopic dermatitis: 2010

clinical practice guidelines from the International

Task Force on Canine Atopic Dermatitis. Vet

Dermatol. Jun;21(3):233-48

(4) Loewenstein C1, Mueller RS. 2009. A review of

allergen-specific immunotherapy in human and

veterinary medicine. Vet Dermatol. Apr;20(2):84-98

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Dental radiographic finding root tooth abscess leading to chronic rhinitis in a dog

Araya Nualsri Panadda Amornrungroj*

Vet4 small animal hospital, 5-5/1Tedsabanrungsalit-North Road, Prachanivet 1, Jatujak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand

*Corresponding author e-mail address: [email protected]

Keywords: chronic rhinitis, dental radiograph, oronasal fistular tract, periodontitis, dog

Case description: An eighteen-year-old female

Poodle weight 4.5 kg was presented at Vet4 Small

Animal Hospital with a two-month history of chronic

purulent nasal discharge, dyspnea, open mouth

breathing, sneezing, heavy dental tartar, periodontitis,

anorexia and unresponsive to medical interventions.

Clinical findings: Radiographic finding: lateral and

ventrodorsal plain thoracic radiographs were obtained.

The radiographs showed cardiomegaly especially right

ventricle, slightly elevation of the caudal venacava,

normal lung pattern without pulmonary nodule.

Dental radiographic finding: root tooth abscess at

both third incisor tooth of maxillar, periodontitis

at all left premolar and molar of maxillary teeth,

periodontitis at four premolar of mandibular teeth,

periodontitis at first molar of mandibular teeth. The

blood samples were collected for hematology and

clinical biochemical parameter at veterinary diagnostic

laboratory. Hematology found anemia, anisocytosis,

hypochromia, monocytosis, thrombocytosis.

Treatment and outcome: dental treatment was

performed after medical treatment about one week.

Dental treatment were teeth scaling, teeth polishing,

open extraction both third incisor of maxillary teeth

and periodontal flap for treatment oronasal fistular

tract. All teeth were periodontitis take extraction

and periodontal flap, and cleaning mouth with

chlorhexidine diluted. Take bacterial culture from

nasal canal and use antibiotic followed drug sensitivity

test for two weeks. The dog recovered with no sign

of nasal discharge, sneezing, dyspnea after dental

treatment.

Clinical relevant: nasal discharge is commonly

found in dog with periodontitis and dental tartar at

maxillary canine teeth because bacteria from tartar

below gingival margin predisposing to alveolar bone

loss and prenetrated to nasal canal. Most of clinical

sign hidden from direct visualization. Then almost that

diagnostic to rhinitis, pneumonitis and bronchitis more

than dental problem. The technique for diagnostic

in the chronic rhinitis is dental radiograph. Dental

extraction and periodontal flap necessary in root

tooth abscess penetrated to nasal canal.

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A new surgical technique for lumbar vertebral fracture with

canine vertebral screw and rod fixation system; a case report

Pakthorn Lewchalermwong1* Nathanat Inpithuk1 Nirut suwonna2

1Neurology Center, KUVTH, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University

50 Ngam Wong Wan Road, Bangkok 10900, Thailand2Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University,

Kamphaeng Saen, Nakhonpathom 73170, Thailand

*Corresponding author e-mail address: [email protected]

Keywords: surgical technique, lumbar, vertebral fracture, canine, screw and rod fixation

Introduction: Recently, many surgical techniques

were assorted for vertebral column fixation in dogs

including; modified segmental, lubra plate and

screw/pin combine with polymethylmetacrylate

(PMMA). Screw/pin and PMMA are widely used as

the current gold standards. However, those surgical

techniques have almost failed in treatment of

paralyzed canine patients because the size of some

devices are inappropriate, difficult to reoperation

or realignment, poor advance imaging resolution

and large number of postoperative complications

(Jeffery, 2010). In human, the best standard surgical

technique for spinal fixation is Pedicle screw and

rod fixation system (PSRF), which is widely used

more than 30 years (Gaines, 2000). Nevertheless,

this system could not be applied directly to the

dog because of the anatomy of vertebral column in

the dog was significantly different, especially at the

level of pedicle. So, canine vertebral screw and rod

fixation system (CVSRFs) was developed for canine

vertebral column especially based on system of

PRSF in human. However, surgical technique and

postoperative complication are still unknown.

Materials and methods: A 6 years old, intact male

Shih tzu was refer to neurology center, Kasetsart

University Veterinary Teaching Hospital with road

traffic accident. From neurological examination,

both hind limbs were paralysis without spinal reflex

and loss of deep pain perception (grade 5). A plain

radiography was revealed vertebral fracture and

luxation of fifth lumbar vertebrae (L5). Neurosurgical

was performed to realignment and stabilization with

CVSRF system. Approaching vertebral column from

L3 to L7 with conventional technique was started

in the first surgical step. Next step was mark the

position of CVSRF screw with awl. The awl is used

to perforate the outer cortex at the entry point of

the body. The entry point was between lower edge

of accessory process and upper edge of transverse

process. Screw trajectory was done with pedicle finder

from the middle cortex to the inner cortex with range

30o-60o from vertical. The sounding probe was used to

verify the screw direction and position before screw

insertion. Measure the depth of each screw hole

with depth gauge. The CVSRF screws (diameter of 3.5

mm. and length of 16 mm.) were inserted with screw

inserter on the left side of L3, L4, L6 and L7 vertebral

column. The vertebral fracture was realigned into the

normal alignment with lamina spreader, and then the

rod (diameter 3.0 mm with length 90 mm.) was put on

side of each screw head. The inner screw was inserted

on the top of screw head to mount each CVSRF screw

and the rod together for permanent stabilization.

Closure the muscle fascia, subcutaneous and skin with

conventional suturing materials and techniques. The

plain radiography was performed immediately after

surgery to confirm the vertebral alignment. The spinal

construction and postoperative wound complication

were recorded in each appointment at 0, 3, 12, 18

and 24 weeks after operation.

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Results and discussion: The radiographic finding after

surgery showed that the vertebral columns were in

alignment both lateral and ventrodorsal position

with thin radiolucent line and shift fragment bone

on L5. Three weeks later, the sutures had already

removed without complication postoperative wound.

Moreover, the radiograph revealed the CSVRF system

on same position and bone healing at the fracture

of L5. The plain radiography was performed again on

12 and 18 weeks after operation, the result showed

that the fracture vertebral column had already

healing completely with normal alignment and the

CVSRF system did not failure. Postoperative for 24

weeks, there was no wound complication and the

CVSRF system was still same. From the neurological

examination, the dog could be able to walk with

right hindlimb and deep pain perception was intact

on both hindlimbs.

In conclusion, the surgical technique with

a unilateral and monocortical screw of the CVSRF

system may be used in the canine vertebral

fracture and luxation with less postoperative wound

complication. However, the biomechanical testing of

this system should be experimentation.

References:

(1) Gaines, R.W., Jr., 2000. The use of pedicle-screw

internal fixation for the operative treatment of

spinal disorders. J Bone Joint Surg Am 82-A, 1458-

1476.

(2) Jeffery, N.D., 2010. Vertebral fracture and luxation

in small animals. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim

Pract 40, 809-828.

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Retrobulbar tumors in dogs: a retrospective study of 34 cases

Natthanet Sritrakoon1 Winyu Karntip1 Phudit Maneesaay2 Aree Thayananuphat3*

1Ophthalmology Unit, Kasetsart University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand2Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand

3Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand

*Corresponding author e-mail address: [email protected]

Keywords: dog, retrobulbar, tumor

Introduction: Retrobulbar tumor was uncommon in

dogs. More than ninety percent of retrobulbar tumor

was malignancy and more than seventy percent was

primary tumor. Common ophthalmic examnination

in retrobalbar tumor was exophthalmos, conjunctival

hyperemia, third eyelid protrusion and exposure

keratitis.

Material and method: Thirty-four canine retrobulbar

tumors from out-patient and ophthalmology unit,

Kasetsart University Veterinary Teaching Hospital,

Bangkok, Thailand from 2005 to 2015 were reviewed.

Signalment, histopathological or cytological finding

and area of mass extension were reviewed. Computed

tomography was performed to evaluated area of the

mass in twenty-nine dogs which only ultrasonography

was performed in the rest (five dogs). Histopathological

examination was performed to definitive diagnosis

with hematoxylin and eosin stained in thirty-one dogs

while cytological examination was performed in three

lymphoma dogs.

Results and discussion: In this study, the results

of histopathologic finding of lymphoma (15),

meningioma (2), osteosarcoma (2), melanoma (1),

lacrimal adenocarcinoma (1), modified apocrine

gland adenocarcinoma (1), adenocarcinoma of

unidentified cell origin (1), lacrimal adenoma (1)

and myxosarcoma (1) were presented at the orbital

area. While unidentified sarcoma (2), lymphoma (1),

fibrosarcoma (1), fibroma (1), sebaceous carcinoma

(1), melanoma (1), squamous cell carcinoma (1) and

nasal transitional cell carcinoma (1) were presented

at the orbital area and extended to nearby area such

as nasal cavity, frontal sinus, oral cavity, brain and

masseter muscle. Crossbred was presented 41% in

this study. The average age was 9.1 years at the time

of diagnosis. There were 18 males and 16 females.

Thirty-three cases were unilateral and one case was

bilateral. In conclusion, most common of retrobulbar

tumor in this study was lymphoma.

References:

(1) Attali-Soussay, K., Jeqou, J. and Clerc, B. 2001.

Retrobulbar tumors in dogs and cats: 25 cases.

Vet Ophthalmol. 4: 19-27.

(2) Kern, T.J. 1985. Orbital neoplasia in 23 dogs. J Am

Vet Med Assoc. 186: 489-491.

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รายงานสตวปวย: cryptococcal meningoencephalitis ในสนข

Case report: cryptococcal meningoencephalitis in dog

กนกวรรณ คมรมย1* ภดท มณสาย2

1โรงพยาบาลสตวมหาวทยาลยเกษตรศาสตร 2ภาควชาพยาธวทยา คณะสตวแพทยศาสตร มหาวทยาลยเกษตรศาสตร

*Corresponding author e-mail address: [email protected]

ค�าส�าคญ: cryptococcus, meningoencephalitis

Abstract:

Cryptococcosis is systemic fungal disease found worldwide in human and animal populations. The causative

agent is Cryptococcus spp., which is considered infectious only as a desiccated yeast cell or basidiospore as

found in the environment. Cryptococcosis is caused primary by Cryptococcus neoformans, saprophytic, round,

yeast-like organisms. Several sources of this yeast exist, including pigeon guano and soil enriched with avian

excreta. The infection does not spread via direct contact but instead is transmitted by inhalation of the organism

from the feces or soil. It can then disseminate, most commonly to the skin, lymph nodes, central nervous

system (CNS) and eyes. Although the reported incidence of cryptococcosis is lower in dogs than cats, CNS

involvement may be more common in dogs. Pathologic findings suggesting extension of nasal disease through

the cribriform plate with subsequent cryptococcal meningoencephalitis. Clinical signs of neurologic dysfunction

may be acute in onset and rapidly progressive. Focal and multifocal encephalopathy are possible, affecting

the forebrain and/or brain stem. Clinical evidence of extraneural fungal infection is common in cases of fungal

meningoencephalitis. Identifying the organism in a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) sample is the strongest evidence to

support the diagnosis. Cryptococcosis is a challenging disease to treat that typically requires protracted therapy

and long-term follow up. The treatment and prognosis for cryptococcal meningoencephalitis are poorly defined.

The prognosis is much worse if the patient has the neurological form of disease. Few antifungal drugs are able

to cross the blood brain barrier effectively, even when it is inflamed. However, flucytosine (5-fluorocytosine)

and the triazole drug fluconazole are two antifungal drugs that readily cross the blood brain barrier. There are

several reports of sustained remissions or cures in CNS cryptococcosis patients treat with drug combinations that

included flucytosine and/or fluconazole. Flucytosine use alone may lead to the development of drug resistance.

A five years old yorkshire terrier neutered male dog was presented acutely with a change in mental status,

head pressing, disoriented and seizure. Two weeks ago, he had been history to treat blood parasite infection. The

dog was becoming progressively weakness, was sleeping most of the time and anorexia. History taking found, he had

been living in pigeon droppings area. CSF examination finding of several foamy cells and numerous cryptococcal

organisms daughter cells were also seen. Cytological defined mononuclear pleocytosis with elevation of protein

on CSF. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) found a peripherally enhancing form like small cysts at cribriform plate

adjacent to forebrain, similar to gelatinous pseudocysts or soap bubble appearance in MRI finding of cerebral

cryptococcosis in human. This case MRI showed perilesional T2W hyperintensity suggesting the presence of

perilesional edma, that extended beyond regions of contrast enhancement on gadolinium-enhanced T1W images

and there is diffuse meningeal enhancement. The treatment decided to administer the combination of fluconazole

(20 mg/kg twice daily), amphotericin B (0.25 mg/kg; intravenous three times per week) and flucytosine (40 mg/kg

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three times per day) for 2 weeks. The neurological signs was improved but found acute respiratory distress.

Finally the dog had respiratory failure from aspiration pneumonia and cardiopulmonary arrest. The objectives of

this case report were to describe the clinical presentation, diagnosis, therapeutic options, neuroimaging finding

in dog with cryptococcal meningoencephalitis.

บทน�า: Central nervous system cryptococcosis ใน

สนขและแมวเปนโรคทมกเกดจากเชอ Cryptococcus

neoformans เปนเชอราประเภทยสต รปรางกลม มแคปซล

ลอมรอบ พบไดทวโลกในดน มลนกพราบและนกชนดอนๆ

สตวพาหะจะไมแสดงอาการปวย โดยใหเหตผลวารางกายของ

นกมอณหภมสงถง 42 องศาเซลเซยส และในอณหภมขนาดน

เชอไมสามารถแบงตวและกอโรคได เปนเพยงแตอาศยอยใน

ล�าไสเทานน โดยเชอสามารถกอโรคทงในมนษยและสตวเลยง

ลกดวยนมทมระบบภมคมกนออนแอ เชน เจบปวย ตดเชอ

หรอไดรบยากดภม การตดตอสวนใหญเกดจากการสมผส

เชอราในสงแวดลอม จากการสดหายใจเอาสปอรทอยในละออง

ดนหรอฝนผงเขาไป เชอมขนาดเลกมากเพยง 1 ไมโครเมตร

จงสามารถตดเขาไปยงปอดสวนลกได (Kahn et al., 2005)

และกอใหเกดอาการแตกตางกน ขนอยกบอวยวะทเกยวของ

ทงระบบทางเดนหายใจ ผวหนง ระบบประสาทและตา โรคน

มกพบในแมวมากกวาสนข เนองจากแมวมพฤตกรรมชอบเลน

กบนก ชอบไลจบนก มากกวาสนข โดยในแมวมกพบอาการ

ทางระบบทางเดนหายใจ พบกอนทจมก ประกอบกบแมวม

โรคในกลมไวรสซงโนมน�าใหรางกายออนแอ และกอใหเกด

การตดเชอไดงาย สวนในสนขพบโรคนไดนอย และมกกอให

เกดอาการทางระบบประสาทและตา การเกด cryptococcal

meningoencephalitis นนสามารถตดไดจากทงทาง

ระบบไหลเวยนโลหต (haematogenous) หรอการตดเชอ

ทางการหายใจผานทาง cribriform plate โดยสตวปวยจะ

แสดงอาการ ไอ จาม มความผดปกตทดวงตา ตาบอด พบ

อาการของเยอหมสมองอกเสบ คอพฤตกรรมเปลยนแปลง

ซม คลนไส อาเจยน ปวดศรษะ มไข มปญหาการเดน ทรงตว

ไมได เดนวน และมอาการชกได เชอ cryptococcus ชอบ

เจรญอย ในน�าไขสนหลง เนองจากมเซลลเมดเลอดขาว

นอยและยงเปนแหลงอาหารชนด การวนจฉยยนยนโรค

cryptococcal meningoencephalitis ท�าไดจากการเพาะเชอ

น�าไขสนหลง เสมหะ เลอด หรอชนเนอตวอยางทตดมา จงควร

ท�าการตรวจเชอในน�าไขสนหลง โดยการยอมสดวยเทคนคตางๆ

เชน wright’ stain, india ink, new methylene blue หรอ

gram’ stain เปนตน ซงจะพบลกษณะการยอมตดสทแตกตาง

กนไป และถาในกรณทไมสามารถเหนตวเชอไดจากผลการตรวจ

เซลล สามารถตรวจสอบดวยการเพาะเชอหรอตรวจหาระดบ

cryptococcal capsular antigen ทงจากในน�าไขสนหลง

หรอซรม และผลการวเคราะหน�าไขสนหลงอาจพบลกษณะ

neutrophilic pleocytosis mononuclear pleocytosis

หรอ mixed pleocytosis สวนการตรวจทางรงสวนจฉยดวย

การตรวจคลนแมเหลกไฟฟา (magnetic resonance imaging

หรอ MRI) จะมลกษณะทไมจ�าเพาะอาจพบวการเดยวๆ

(solitary lesion) หรอกระจายหลายต�าแหนงได (multifocal

lesion) และพบลกษณะ meningeal enhancement

ภายหลงการฉดสใน T1-weighted ได (T1W post-contrast)

(Platt et al., 2013) โดยสตวปวยทเปนเยอหมสมองอกเสบ

จากเชอ cryptococcus มกมความดนของน�าไขสนหลง

สงมาก เพยงการเจาะน�าไขสนหลงอาจท�าใหอาการดขน ซงถอ

เปนการระบายความดนในสมอง และสามารถสงตรวจตวอยาง

เพอตดตามอาการไดอยางตอเนอง รวมกบการรกษาดวย

การใหยาตานเชอรา ซงขอจ�ากดในการรกษา cryptococcosis

ในระบบประสาทสวนกลางนน คอความสามารถของยาใน

การผานเยอเลอกผานทสมอง (blood brain barrier) ซง

มไมมากนกในประเทศไทย คอ fluconazole (10 ถง 20

มลลกรมตอกโลกรมตอวน วนละ 2 เวลา) และ flucytosine

หรอ 5-fluorocytosine (25 ถง 50 มลลกรมตอกโลกรมทก 6

ถง 8 ชวโมง) สวน amphotericin B มขอจ�ากดคอไมสามารถ

ผาน blood brain barrier ได แตสามารถเลอกใชรวมกบยา

อนๆ ได ปรมาณ amphotericin B ทใชอยระหวาง 0.25 ถง

0.75 มลลกรมตอกโลกรม ฉดเขาเสนเลอดด�า 3 ครงตอสปดาห

ใหไดปรมาณยารวม 4 ถง 8 มลลกรมตอกโลกรม (Kahn et al.,

2005) การพยากรณโรคและผลการรกษา cryptococcosis

ในระบบประสาทสวนกลางนนไมดนก เนองจากระยะเวลาใน

การรกษาใชเวลานานและเปนการยากทจะก�าจดเชอออกจาก

รางกาย และยงมแนวโนมกลบมาเปนซ�าไดอก สนขควรรบ

การรกษาอยางตอเนองจนกวาการตรวจระดบเชอในเลอด จะ

ใหผลเปนลบ หรอพบวาอาการดขนเปนระยะเวลา 2 เดอน

ขนไปและคอยหยดยา เพอปองกนการกลบมาเปนซ�าอกครง

(Platt et al., 2013) สวนการปองกนโรคนท�าไดยาก เนองจาก

มกพบเชอปนเปอนอยในสงแวดลอม จงควรหลกเลยงและ

ควบคมไมใหมอจจาระของนกตกคางอยในบรเวณทอยอาศย

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วสดและวธการ: สนขพนธยอรคเชยรเทอเรย เพศผท�าหมน

แลว อาย 5 ป ท�าวคซนครบ และไมเคยมประวตลมชก

มากอน มารกษาดวยอาการชก ลกษณะการด�าเนนของ

โรคเกดขนทนทและมแนวโนมรนแรงเพมขน ค าเลอด

พบภาวะโปรตนอลบมนต�า (hypoalbuminemia) และ

โปรตนโกลบลนสง (hyperglobulinemia) จากการตรวจ

รางกายพบเสยงหวใจและอตราการเตนหวใจปกต เสยง

ปอดปกต เยอเมอกสชมพ ไมพบภาวะขาดน�า คล�าตรวจ

ชองทองไมพบความผดปกต ผลการตรวจระบบประสาท

พบการรบร ลดลง disoriented ขนาดรมานตาไมเทากน

โดยดานขวามขนาดใหญกวาดานซาย การตอบสนองของ

รมานตาทงสองขางชากวาปกต หวเอยงไปทางขวา มอาการ

ลมขวา head pressing พบตากระตกจากซายไปขวา แสดง

ถงรอยโรคทมการกระจายตวหลายต�าแหนง (multifocal

localization) ตอมาท�าการตรวจรงสวนจฉยดวยวธการท�า

MRI ใน T2-weighted (T2W) พบลกษณะ perilesional

hyperintensity ทบรเวณ forebrain บงชวาเกดการบวม

ทบรเวณรอบๆ วการ ดงภาพท 1 และภายหลงการฉดส

gadolinium พบ hyperintense ทเยอหมสมอง (meningeal

enhancement) บงชวามการอกเสบทบรเวณเยอหมสมอง

ในการท�า T1-weighted pre-contrast (T1W) เปรยบเทยบ

กบ T1W post-contrast ดงภาพท 2 นอกจากนแลวยงพบ

ลกษณะคลาย gelatinous pseudocysts หรอ soap bubble

appearance ทต�าแหนง ethmoid terbinates เขาไปยงสมอง

สวนหนาบรเวณ olfactory region ซงคลายกบภาพ MRI ท

พบในคนทปวยเปน cryptococcal meningoencephalitis

ดงภาพท 3 นอกจากนยงพบการสะสมของน�าไขสนหลงท

บรเวณไขสนหลงสวนคอ (syringomyelia) ดงภาพท 4 และจาก

ผลการวเคราะหน�าไขสนหลงพบวามลกษณะ mononuclear

pleocytosis โดยพบ numerous cryptococcal organisms

เซลลทก�าลงแบงตว และ foamy เซลล ดงภาพท 5 จาก

การซกประวตเพมเตมพบวา เมอประมาณ 2 สปดาหทผานมา

สนขมประวตไปรกษาพยาธเมดเลอดทคลนก และบรเวณบาน

ทสนขปวยอาศยอยมนกพราบอาศยอยจ�านวนมาก ซงสนข

ชอบไปเลนบรเวณทมมลนกพราบ การรกษา cryptococcal

meningoencephalitis ในสตวปวยรายน สตวแพทยเลอก

ใชยา fluconazole 20 มลลกรมตอกโลกรมวนละ 2 เวลา

รวมกบ flucytosine 40 มลลกรมตอกโลกรม ทก 8 ชวโมง และ

amphotericin B 0.25 มลลกรมตอกโลกรมเขาทางเสนเลอดด�า

วนเวนวน เนองจากภาพ MRI มความเปนไปไดวาเชออาจตด

มาจากการสดดมผานทาง cribriform plate เขาสสมองและ

อาจมเชอบางสวนในชองจมก ทางสตวแพทยจงเลอกใชยาตาน

เชอราทง 3 ตว รวมกบเจาะระบายน�าไขสนหลงวนเวนวน เพอ

ลดแรงดนน�าในสมอง นอกจากนยงมการใหยาปฏชวนะ ยาลด

อาเจยนและยาระงบชกรวมดวย

ภาพท 3: Sagittal T2W ทต�าแหนง ethmoid terbinates

เขาไปยงสมองสวนหนาบรเวณ olfactory region ในสนข

ทเปน cryptococcal meningoencephalitis (ซาย) และ

ภาพ MRI axial T2W (ขวา) ทมลกษณะ gelatinous

pseudocyst หรอ soap bubble appearance ในคนท

เปน cryptococcal meningoencephalitis

ภาพท 2: Transverse T1W per-contrast (ซาย) และ

T1W post-contrast (ขวา) หลงฉดสพบลกษณะ diffuse

meningeal enhancement

ภาพท 1: Axial T2W (ซาย), Sagittal T2W (กลาง)

และ Transverse T2W (ขวา) พบลกษณะ perilesional

hyperintensity ตามทลกศรช บงชวาเกดการบวมท

บรเวณรอบๆ วการ

ภาพท 4: Sagittal T2W พบการสะสมของน�าไขสนหลง

สวนคอ (syringomyelia) ตามลกศรทช

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ผลและการอภปรายผลการทดลอง: ตอมา 2 สปดาห

พบวาอาการทางระบบประสาทดขน สนขทรงตวไดดขน ภาวะ

ตากระตกลดลง แตสนขมอาการคลนไสและอาเจยน การหายใจ

ของสนขเรมแยลง พบภาวะหอบหายใจ เสยงปอด crackle

รวมกบมน�ามก ตอมาสนขเสยชวตดวยการตดเชอแทรกซอน

ดวยภาวะปอดตดเชอจากการส�าลกอาหาร ดงภาพท 6 จาก

กรณเคสศกษานท�าใหทราบวา การซกประวต การตรวจ

รางกาย การเกบน�าไขสนหลง รวมกบการท�า MRI ในทกๆ

เคสทมปญหาระบบประสาท มความส�าคญอยางยง เนองจาก

เคสนในชวงแรกทมารกษาไมไดมาดวยปญหาของระบบ

ทางเดนหายใจและไมทราบประวตการสมผสเชอกอโรค ท�าให

สตวแพทยทท�าการตรวจรกษาไมไดสงสยโรค cryptococcosis

ในสนข เนองจากเปนโรคทมโอกาสเกดในสนขไดนอย และ

จากประวตเปนสนขทเลยงอยในบาน โดยมชวงเวลาการปลอย

ออกมาท�าธระนอกบาน ซงอย ในบรเวณทมความเสยงตอ

การตดเชอ Cryptococcus spp. ประกอบกบสนขสายพนธ

ยอรคเชยรเทอเรย มโรคทางระบบประสาททเปนโรคประจ�า

สายพนธ ในกลมโรคการอกเสบในสมอง (Inflammatory

brain disease) โดยอาจท�าใหเกดความผดพลาดในการรกษา

ไดหากไมไดท�าการตรวจวเคราะหน�าไขสนหลง ประกอบกบ

การตรวจทางรงสวนจฉยดวยการตรวจคลนแมเหลกไฟฟา

รายงานสตวปวย

‘Cryptococcal meningoencephalitis ในสนข’

มจดประสงค เพออธบายลกษณะการตดเชอ อาการท

แสดงออกมา ภาวะแทรกซอนทเกดขนได แนวทางการวนจฉย

โรค ทงจากการวเคราะหน�าไขสนหลง และจากภาพ MRI

เปรยบเทยบกบในคน ซงอาจเปนประโยชนในการวนจฉยโรค

จากภาพรงสในอนาคต รวมไปถงแนวทางการรกษาทเปน

ประโยชนตอไป

ภาพท 5: CSF examination finding of several foamy

cells and numerous cryptococcal organisms daughter

cells were also seen (Modified wright’s stain)

ภาพท 6: ลกษณะปอดชวงแรกของการรกษา normal lung

pattern (ซาย) และลกษณะปอดกอนทสนขจะเสยชวต

alveolar lung pattern (ขวา)

กตตกรรมประกาศ: ขอขอบคณหนวยสตว ป วยวกฤต

สตวแพทยหญงภทรวด ธรรมสถต สตวแพทยหญงทกษอร

จ�านาญศลป สตวแพทยหญงนาถปรยา เพมเจรญ ทรวมดแล

สนขปวยดวยด ขอขอบคณคณหมออายรกรรม สตวแพทยหญง

ลลตา สวรรณธนะ และนายสตวแพทยพลวต จรยรงสรตนา

รวมถงอาจารยนายสตวแพทยวฒวงศ ธระพนธ ในความกรณา

ดานการท�ารงสวนจฉยดวยการตรวจคลนแมเหลกไฟฟา และ

ขอขอบคณศนยระบบประสาทโรงพยาบาลสตวมหาวทยาลย

เกษตรศาสตรทใหค�าแนะน�าทดเสมอมา

เอกสารอางอง:

(1) Dewey C.W. 2008. A practical guide to canine and

feline neurology; 176-178.

(2) Kahn C.M., BA.,MA.2005. The merck veterinary

manual; 514-515.

(3) Ko rnegayJ .N .1986 .Neu ro log i cd i so rde r s :

Cryptococcosis; 68-70.

(4) Platt S, Olby N. 2013. BSAVA manual of canine and

feline neurology; 210.

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Assessment of electrocardiographic markers for arrhythmic risks

in client-own dogs

Vudhiporn Limprasutr1 Prapawadee Pirintr1 Pakit Boonpala3 Anusak Kijtawornrat2,4*

1Graduate student in the program of animal physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science,2Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science,

3Research clusters: research study and testing of drug’s effect related to cardiovascular system in laboratory animal,

Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand

*Corresponding author e-mail address: [email protected]

Keywords: arrhythmias, dogs, electrocardiogram, markers, QTc

Introduction: Several electrocardiographic

biomarkers for prediction of arrhythmias have been

used worldwide to predict arrhythmia risks from

proarrhythmic drugs in experimental animals and

from congenital and acquired heart diseases in

human patients (Armahizer, M.J. et al., 2013; Lu, H.R.

et al., 2013; Sarusi, A. et al., 2014; Minchole, A. et al.,

2015). Beat-to-beat variability of repolarization (BVR),

duration of the Tpeak to Tend (TpTe), TpTe/QT, index

of cardiac electrophysiological balance (iCEB), and

TQ intervals are the frequently used biomarkers and

have been validated previously (Nollo, G. et al., 1992;

Berger, R.D. et al., 1997; Antzelevitch, C. et al., 2007;

Fossa, A.A. et al., 2007; Barbhaiya, C. et al., 2013; Lu,

H.R. et al., 2013). However, the clinical information

of these parameters in client-owned dogs is missing.

This study aimed to investigate arrhythmic biomarkers

obtained from 30 cardiac cycles of ambulatory

electrocardiogram in client-owned dogs.

Materials and methods: Lead II ECGs were

obtained from 16 male and female, normal, awake

client-owned dogs with different body weight and

age. Recordings were obtained for 24 seconds of

a 2-min period of surveillance and displayed at 1

cm/mV at 25 mm/s paper speed. RR, PQ, QRS, QT,

and TpTe were measured using a Fowler Digimatic

caliper (Fowler High Precision, Massachusetts, USA)

by an experienced electrocardiographer. This was

done for 30 consecutive cardiac cycles, and QTc

was calculated according to the method of Van de

Water (Van de Water et al., 1989). The interobserver

differences in measurement of RR, PQ, QRS, QT, QTc,

and BVR were measured by plotting each parameter

against each other. The agreement between the two

measures was expressed as the R2 for the regression

line and the mean and maximal differences for each

parameter were calculated.

Results and discussion: The range of age in these 16

dogs is varied from 0.34 to 18 years and weighing is

between 2.2 to 33.2 kg. High-quality ECG recordings

of adequate duration were obtained from all 16 dogs

(Fig.1). Cardiac arrhythmia was observed in four out

of sixteen dogs; therefore, the data were divided

into two groups: dogs presented with arrhythmia

(n=4) and dogs without arrhythmias (n=12). The

interobserver variability was performed only in dogs

without arrhythmias. The averages of each parameter

measured by both electrocardiographers together

with R2 were showed in table 1.

Figure 1 shows representative electrocardiogram

(ECG) of two dogs. Notice that the top tracing has

several ventricular premature complexes.

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The average BVR was 7.07±3.57 ms with a

range of 2.7-14.8 ms. The average TpTe was 31.2±6.91

ms ranging from 18.7 to 42.2 ms. The range of the

TpTe/QT was 0.097 to 0.217 with an average of 0.165.

The iCEB values were within between 3.4-7.1 ms with

an average of 4.53 ms.

Table 1 shows an average of each parameter, the R2 and

% differences measured by two electrocardiographers

RR PQ QRS QT QTcV STV

Mean #1 513.5 83.6 43.95 189.4 189.5 7.07

Mean #2 521.4 96.8 55.81 192.5 192.6 8.79

R2 0.99 0.82 0.71 0.39 0.39 0.16

%differences 1.51 13.70 21.24 1.62 1.62 19.56

Acknowledgements: This study was supported by

Ratchadaphisek Sompot endowment fund from

Chulalongkorn University (Special task Force for

Activating Research (GSTAR 59-002-31-002)).

References:

(1) Antzelevitch, C., Sicouri, S., Di Diego, J.M.,

Burashnikov, A., Viskin, S., Shimizu, W., Yan, G.X.,

Kowey, P. and Zhang, L. 2007. Does Tpeak-Tend

provide an index of transmural dispersion of

repolarization? Heart Rhythm. 4(8): 1114-1116;

author reply 1116-1119.

(2) Armahizer, M.J., Seybert, A.L., Smithburger, P.L.

and Kane-Gill, S.L. 2013. Drug-drug interactions

contributing to QT prolongation in cardiac

intensive care units. J Crit Care. 28(3): 243-249.

(3) Barbhaiya, C., Po, J.R., Hanon, S. and Schweitzer,

P. 2013. Tpeak - Tend and Tpeak - Tend /QT ratio

as markers of ventricular arrhythmia risk in cardiac

resynchronization therapy patients. Pacing Clin

Electrophysiol. 36(1): 103-108.

(4) Berger, R.D., Kasper, E.K., Baughman, K.L.,

Marban, E., Calkins, H. and Tomaselli, G.F.

1997. Beat-to-beat QT interval variability: novel

evidence for repolarization lability in ischemic

and nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy.

Circulation. 96(5): 1557-1565.

(5) Fossa, A.A., Wisialowski, T., Crimin, K., Wolfgang,

E., Couderc, J.P., Hinterseer, M., Kaab, S., Zareba,

W., Badilini, F. and Sarapa, N. 2007. Analyses

of dynamic beat-to-beat QT-TQ interval (ECG

restitution) changes in humans under normal

sinus rhythm and prior to an event of torsades

de pointes during QT prolongation caused by

sotalol. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol. 12(4):

338-348.

(6) Lu, H.R., Yan, G.X. and Gallacher, D.J. 2013. A new

biomarker--index of cardiac electrophysiological

balance (iCEB)--plays an important role in

drug-induced cardiac arrhythmias: beyond

QT-prolongation and Torsades de Pointes (TdPs).

J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods. 68(2): 250-259.

(7) Minchole, A., Bueno-Orovio, A., Laguna, P., Pueyo,

E. and Rodriguez, B. 2015. ECG-based estimation

of dispersion of APD restitution as a tool to stratify

sotalol-induced arrhythmic risk. J Electrocardiol.

48(5): 867-873.

(8) Nollo, G., Speranza, G., Grasso, R., Bonamini, R.,

Mangiardi, L. and Antolini, R. 1992. Spontaneous

beat-to-beat variability of the ventricular

repolarization duration. J Electrocardiol. 25(1):

9-17.

(9) Sarusi, A., Rarosi, F., Szucs, M., Csik, N., Farkas, A.S.,

Papp, J.G., Varro, A., Forster, T., Curtis, M.J. and

Farkas, A. 2014. Absolute beat-to-beat variability

and instability parameters of ECG intervals:

biomarkers for predicting ischaemia-induced

ventricular fibrillation. Br J Pharmacol. 171(7):

1772-1782.

(10) Van de Water, A., Verheyen, J., Xhonneux, R. and

Reneman, R.S. 1989. An improved method to

correct the QT interval of the electrocardiogram

for changes in heart rate. J. Pharmacol. Methods

22:207-217.

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Comparison of the rhythm and interval obtained from alivecor® ECG device

for the iPhone and a standard ECG in client-own dogs

Prapawadee Pirintr1 Vudhiporn Limprasutr1 Anusak Kijtawornrat2,3*

1Graduate student in the program of animal physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, 2Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science,

3Research clusters: research study and testing of drug’s effect related to cardiovascular system in laboratory animal,

Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand

*Corresponding author e-mail address: [email protected]

Keywords: AliveCor®, dogs, electrocardiogram, iPhone, rhythm

Introduction: The veterinary iPhone electrocardiogram

(ECG) monitor has been invented recently. It may be

attached to the iPhone cage or directly attached

to the iPhone. It communicates wirelessly with the

AliveECG Vet app which is free to download from the

Apple App Store. Basically, it functions as a single,

bipolar lead ECG recorder. Recently, the device has

been used to identify the cardiac rhythm in horses,

cats and dogs (Kraus et al., 2013). However, there is

no information about ECG duration obtained from the

device in comparison with a standard ECG. This study

aimed to investigate the ECG interval and rhythm

by using the AliveCor® ECG device in comparison

with those parameters obtained from standard ECG.

We hypothesized that the AliveCor® would permit

accurate both ECG intervals and rhythms in dogs with

normal sinus rhythm and arrhythmia from sinus origin.

Materials and methods: This study was performed

in 20 male and female client-own dogs. Consent was

obtained from all owners involved with the study

and the study was approved by the Institutional

Animal Care and Use Committee, Faculty of Veterinary

Science, Chulalongkorn University (Protocol no.

1431009). Lead II ECGs were obtained from all

conscious dogs with different body weight and age

while they were placed on right lateral recumbence.

Acquisition of the standard limb lead ECG (FX-7102,

Fukuda Denshi, Japan) and AliveCor® (AliveCor®,

Inc., USA) was performed simultaneously in all dogs

as much as possible. The AliveCor® recording was

performed according to manufacturer instruction by

placing it on the left chest of the dog (Fig. 1). In order

to get a good signal, alcohol or gel was applied on the

left side of the dog’s chest and the built-in electrodes

on the iPhone case (no need to clip or shave the dog’s

hair). Recordings were obtained for 2-min period of

surveillance and displayed at 1 cm/mV at 25 mm/s

paper speed. The AliveECG Vet app version was 2.1.3

(Build 1) on iOS version 9.2 (13C75). RR, PQ, QSR, and

QT were measured using a Fowler Digimatic caliper

(Fowler High Precision, Massachusetts, USA) by an

experienced electrocardiographer. The measurement

was done for 6 consecutive cardiac cycles of the

similar ECG pattern between both recrodings. QTc

was calculated according to the method of Van de

Water (Van de Water et al., 1989). The differences in

measurement of those parameters obtained between

AliveCor® ECG device and standard ECG were sought

by plotting each parameter against each other. The

agreement between the two methods was expressed

as the R2 for the regression line, and the mean

and maximal differences for each parameter were

calculated. Averages of the averages (6 cardiac cycles)

for all 20 dogs were calculated and of the differences

were sought by paired t-test. If an average did not

differ significantly, the hypothesis was accepted that

information gained from both devices is accurate.

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Fig.1 showed the measurement of

electrocardiogram (ECG) by the AliveECG Vet app

on an iPhone in one dog. Notice that the ECG

signal is clear and easy to measure.

Results and discussion: The range of age in these

20 dogs is varied from 4 months to 18 years and

weighing is between 2.2 to 45 kg. There are 10 male

(7Mc and 3M) and 10 female (6F and 4Fs) in this

population. High-quality ECG recordings of adequate

duration were obtained from all 20 dogs. Notice that

the amplitude and waveform of ECGs recorded from

the AliveCor® are more clear and easy to measure

than those obtained from standard limb leads (Lead

II) since the AliveCor® device was placed on the thorax

which is closer to the heart (Fig.2). In addition, the

AliveECG Vet app allows post-recording adjustment

for amplitude calibration and paper speed making it

more user-friendly. Moreover, the ECG tracing can be

converted to PDF file and shared with other veterinary

practitioners or friends.

Fig. 2 showed the representative ECG tracing

obtained from the AliveCor® device (top tracing)

and the standard 6-lead ECG (bottom tracing).

The average heart rate from 6 cardiac cycles

were not exactly equal between each device since

the exact matches QRS complexes could not be

found for all dogs. The R2 of RR and PQ were high

(0.91 and 0.75, respectively); however, the R2 for

QRS complex and QT were extremely low (0.04 and

0.36, respectively) (Table 1). This could be due to

the difficulty of finding end of QRS complex and QT

waveforms. Interestingly, the rhythm diagnosis was

consistent between the Alivecor® and standard ECG.

Table 1 showed the absolute differences between

standard limb leads and the AliveECG Vet App on an

iPhone for RR, PQ, QRS, QT and QTcV for all 20 dogs

Differences

RR PQ QRS QT QTcV

Mean 38.1 7.8 10.2 22.2 22.2

SD 35.29 10.05 9.39 11.45 11.45

SEM 7.89 2.25 2.10 2.56 2.56

Min 0.16 0.09 0.37 5.34 5.34

Max 147.19 46.44 32.75 43.60 43.60

R2 0.91 0.75 0.04 0.36 0.36

Acknowledgements: This study was supported by

Ratchadaphisek Sompot endowment fund from

Chulalongkorn University (Special task Force for

Activating Research (GSTAR 59-002-31-002))

References:

(1) Kraus, M.S., Rishniw, M.R., Gelzer, A.R. and Brewer,

F. 2013. Comparison of the AliveCor® ECG

device for the iphone with a reference standard

electrocardiogram. 2013 ACVIM Forum Research

Abstract Program. Seattle, Washington, June 12-15,

2013. P.21.

(2) Van de Water, A., Verheyen, J., Xhonneux, R. and

Reneman, R.S. 1989. An improved method to

correct the QT interval of the electrocardiogram

for changes in heart rate. J. Pharmacol. Methods

22:207-217.

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Protein hydroperoxide levels in canine mast cell tumors:

a preliminary study

Ekkachai Pattarapanwichien1 Arayaporn Macotpet2*

1Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen University 40002, Thailand2Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen University 40002, Thailand

*Corresponding author e-mail address: [email protected]

Keywords: protein hydroperoxide, mast cell tumor, dog

Introduction: Mast cell tumors are among the

most common canine cutaneous neoplasms and

the biologic behavior is extremely variable, leading

to frequent failure in treatment. The cause of the

tumor is unknown. The cancer damages their body

and the reaction severity between free radicals

and biomolecules in the body which destruct to

structure and function, its call oxidative stress. The

outcome of damaged biomolecules will produce an

increase in protein hydrogen peroxide levels. Protein

hydroperoxide is the main link when the biomolecules

were damaged from some free radical in the body. By

the way, it has not still any researches about protein

hydroperoxide levels between dogs with mast cell

tumors and healthy dogs.

Materials and methods: Blood samples were

obtained from 32 healthy dogs and 25 dogs suffering

from spontaneous mast cell tumors at Veterinary

Teaching Hospital. The owner consent was obtained

for all participated dogs and this study protocol

was approved by The Research Ethics Committee,

faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen University.

These samples were measured in sera of dogs aged

between two to five years of both genders. The

final diagnosis of mast cell tumor was made from

histopathological findings. Serum was separated by

centrifugation of the clotted blood at 3000 rpm for 10

minutes. Serum samples were determined by xylenol

orange method and incubated in dark room for 30

minutes and then measured absorbance by using

spectrophotometer at wavelength 560 nanometers.

Next, recording quantitative data and statistical

analysis by Mann-Whitney test were performed. A

value of p<0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results and discussion:

GroupN

(cases)

µM mean protein hydroperoxide

levels (95% CI)

Healthy 3214.86

(11.20-18.50)

Mast cell

tumor25

43.29*

(20.90-65.68)

Table 1 Comparison of the serum protein

hydroperoxide levels between healthy group and

mast cell tumor group. *p<0.05 with compared to

healthy group.

This study provided significant increase in

serum protein hydroperoxides in dogs with mast cell

tumor. It could indicate these dogs have been some

evidence of oxidative stress. Generally, oxidative

stress can alter all proteins. Hydroperoxides are major

product of hydroxyl and singlet oxygen attack on the

body protein during the burden of oxidative stress.

Next, these hydroperoxides can bring about some

secondary oxidative damage until it may contribute

to changed cellular redox signaling and reduced

antioxidants in the body. Therefore, these dogs with

the tumors may be altered some protein damage

and function.

Acknowledgements: We thank the faculty of

veterinary medicine, Khon Kaen University for research

laboratory and funding.

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References:

(1) Davies, M.J. 2005. The oxidative environment

and protein damage. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1703:

93-109.

(2) Gracanin, M. and Davies, M.J. 2007. Inhibition

of protein tyrosine phosphatase by amino acid,

peptide and protein hydroperoxides: potential

modulation of cell signaling by protein oxidation

products. Free Radical Biology and Medicine. 42:

1543-1551.

(3) Headlam, H.A., Gracanin, M., Rodgers, K.J.,

et al. 2006. Inhibition of cathepsins and related

proteases by amino acid, peptide and protein

hydroperoxides. Free Radical Biology and

Medicine. 40: 1539-1548.

(4) Mehdi, M.M. and Rizvi, S.I. 2012. Human plasma

paraoxonase 1 (PON1) arylesterase activity

during aging: correlation with susceptibility of

LDL oxidation. Archives of Medical Research. 43:

438-443.

(5) Mehdi, M.M. and Rizvi, S.I. 2013. Plasma protein

hydroperoxides during aging in humans: correlation

with paraoxonase 1 (PON1) arylesterase activity

and plasma total thiols. Archives of Medical

Research. 44: 136-141.

(6) Ronsein, G.E., Bof de Oliveira, M.C., gennari de

Medeiros, M.H., et al. 2008. Characterization

of O2 (1Deltag)-derived oxidation products of

tryptophan: a combination of tandem mass

spectrometry analyses and isotopic labeling

studies. Journal of the American Society for Mass

Spectrometry. 20: 188-197.

(7) Strefezzi, R.F., Kleeb, S.R., Xavier, J.G. and

Catao-Dias, J.L. 2009. Prognostic indicators for

mast cell tumors. Brazillian Journal of Veterinary

Pathology. 2: 110-121.

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Sudden acquired retinal degeneration syndrome in dogs:

a retrospective study (2005-2016)

Taekjin Nam Seonmi Kang Sangwan Park Eunjin Park Jaegook Lim Seowoo Jeong Kangmoon Seo*

Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science,

Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea

*Corresponding author e-mail address: [email protected]

Keywords: blindness, dogs, sudden acquired retinal degeneration syndrome

Introduction: To investigate the incidence rate,

breed, age, gender and clinical signs distribution of

sudden acquired retinal degeneration syndrome

(SARDS) in dogs presented with acute blindness.

Materials and methods: Three thousand eight hundred

and ninety-eight dogs were presented with ophthalmic

disorders to the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital

of Seoul National University (VMTH-SNU) between

January 2005 and February 2016. There were 119

dogs with chief complaint of acute blindness. Among

them, 93 dogs were diagnosed with SARDS confirmed

by an electroretinogram. Medical records including

breed, age, gender and clinical signs were reviewed.

Results and discussion The incidence rate of SARDS

was 2.39% (93/3898). Eleven breeds were included

in SARDS-affected dogs. Among them, Maltese was

the most common breed (34/93, 36.6%), followed

by Schnauzer (22/93, 23.7%), Cocker Spaniel (10/93,

10.8%), Shih-Tzu (9/93, 9.7%). However, when

calculated against the entire population of dogs

examined at the VMTH-SNU, Schnauzer was the

most common (22/235, 9.4%), followed by the

Maltese (34/577, 5.9%), Cocker Spaniel (10/341,

2.9%), Mixed-breed (5/194, 2.6%). The median age

of SARDS patient dogs was 8.15 years (range = 1-14

years). The gender of SARDS-affected dogs comprise

52 male and 41 female with no statistical significance

between both genders. Of the dogs diagnosed with

SARDS, clinical signs including polyuria, polydipsia,

polyphagia and weight gain appeared in 32.6% (30/93).

Immunosuppressive dose of systemic steroids was

prescribed to thirty-nine dogs. Three of them regained

some vision in the range of 2 to 8 months.

Acknowledgements: This study was supported

through BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary

Science Research and the Research Institute for

Veterinary Science (RIVS) of Seoul National University,

Korea.

References:

(1) Heller AR, van der Woerdt A, Gaarder JE, Sapienza

JS, Hernandez-Merino E, Abrams K, et al. Sudden

acquired retinal degeneration in dogs: breed

distribution of 495 canines. Vet Ophthalmol. 2016.

(2) Komaromy AM, Abrams KL, Heckenlively JR, Lundy

SK, Maggs DJ, Leeth CM, et al. Sudden acquired

retinal degeneration syndrome (SARDS) - a

review and proposed strategies toward a better

understanding of pathogenesis, early diagnosis,

and therapy. Vet Ophthalmol. 2015.

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Introduction: Urethral rupture in dogs is commonly

caused by vehicle trauma. The most affected dogs are

male because of their temperament and anatomy (1).

The preferred treatment for pelvic urethral rupture

is debridement and anastomosis (2). However, the

loss of long urethral tissue makes it a difficult repair

by direct end to end anastomosis. Tissue engineering

brings new hope for urethral reconstruction. In

recent studies, peritoneum has been used as a

bioreactor to produce fibroblast-rich tissue (3) and

has been successfully used in the reconstruction of

various organs such as artery, uterus and bladder.

Tunica vaginalis is derived from peritoneum which is

composed of mesothelium and connective tissue (4).

The success of using tunica vaginalis for reconstruction

urethra was reported in experimental rabbit (5). Both

of peritoneum and tunica vaginalis are suitable for

reconstruction of the urethral plate and make a

neourethra. This is the first report of using peritoneum

in combination with tunica vaginalis for repairing the

urethra in urethral rupture dog.

Case report: A 1-year-old mixed breed dog was

referred to Chulalongkorn University Small Animal

Teaching Hospital for correction of urethral injury.

Positive-contrast radiography showed pelvic urethral

rupture (Figure 1). Correction of fluid, electrolyte,

acid-base distubances, and drainage of intraabdominal

urine were done presurgically.

Peritoneal and tunica vaginalis free graft urethroplasty:

a case report of severe pelvic urethral rupture in the dog

P. Brikshavana V. Tisayangkul C. Kornsuthisopon S. Luckanahasaporn*

Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand

*Corresponding author e-mail address: [email protected]

Keywords: dog, graft, peritoneum, tunica vaginalis, urethra

Figure 1 The urethral rupture was diagnosed by

positive-contrast retrograde urethrography

The surgical procedure was performed

under general anesthesia. Morphine, midazolam,

and subanesthetic doses of ketamine were usedfor

induction of anesthesia. The anesthesia was

maintained with isoflurane in oxygen. Following pelvic

symphysiotomy, loss of 80% circumference and 3

cm in length was found of the prostate and pelvic

urethra. Peritoneum was cut into a round sheet of

3.5 cm in diameter from left frank of the abdominal

cavity. After orchidectomy, the tunica vaginalis was

dissected from the testicle and cut into the round

shape 3.5 cm in diameter (Figure 2). The peritoneum

and tunica vaginalis were transferred a septically into

a petri dish containing lactated Ringer’s solution until

used for grafting.

Figure 2 The tunica vaginalis was dissected from its

testicle

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A urethral catheter was inserted. Peritoneum

free graft was placed in the gap between the remained

urethral edgesand folded over the catheter to

form neourethra and sutured using 5-0 gluconate

absorbable material (Mononsyn®, B Braun Melsungen

AG Inc., Germany) with the urethral edges. The

prepared tunica was sutured covering the neourethra

in the same way as suturing peritoneum graft. The

routine abdominal closure was done. The dog was

hospitalized after the operation to observe clinical

sign and urine output and run laboratory examination.

Results and discussion: After the operation, the dog

hadnormal vital signs. Serum potassium, acid-base,

and other laboratory results returned to the normal

ranges. No any complications developed during

hospitalization. On day 5, the dog was sent home with

instructions of cage rest and urethral catheter care. The

catheter was removed on day 14. The dog voluntarily

urinated and had no signs of stanguria, during follow-up

64 days (Figure 3). In present study, peritoneal and

tunica vaginalis free graft was successfully used for

urethral reconstruction. Peritoneum graft has been

demonstrated its adaptability with the urinary tract

in several experimental models because it can act

as a scaffolding for ingrowth of the urothelium from

the surrounding urethra and neovascularity (6,7,8).

Figure 3 64 days after surgery, the dog was doing

well, urinated normally and had no signs of

stanguria

Moreover, the peritoneal free graft is technically

easy to harvest. Regarding the use of the tunica

vaginalis, there are many experimental studies

and few clinical studies. The mesothelial lining of

the tunica was replaced by transitional epithelium

that was indistinguishable from the native urethra

(9). Although the tunica vaginalis graft is easy to

prepare, it is not available in all animals such as

those previously underwent orchidectomy and in

females. Macelo and Srougi (2004) used buccal

mucosa graft to reconstruct the urethral plate and

used the preputial island flap onlay the plate to

make a one-stage procedure, so-called three in one

approach (10). The advantage of the technique is

its one-stage repair using the peritoneum instead of

the buccal mucosa, therefore the working places are

only in abdominal cavity and genital areas. Urethral

stricture is the common complication that should be

monitored postoperatively.

Conclusion: This study was reported the success of

using peritoneum free graft and onlay tunica vaginalis

clinically for urethral substitution. Peritoneum and

tunica vaginalis are similar to the buccal mucosa in

creating a neourethra.

Acknowledgement: We are gratefully acknowledge

Prof. Dr. Marissak Kalpravidh for grammatically correct.

Reference:

(1) Anderson RB, Aronson LR, Drobatz KJ and Atilla

A 2006. Prognostic factor for successful outcome

following urethral rupture in dogs and cats. J Am

Anim Hosp Assoc. 42: 136-142.

(2) Boothe HW 2000. Managing traumatic urethral

injuries.Clin Tech Small An P. 15(1): 35-39.

(3) Shaul DB, Xie HW, Diaz F, Mahnovski V and Hardy

BE 1996. Use of tubularized peritoneal free grafts

as urethral substitutes in the rabbit. J Pediatr Surg.

31(2): 225-228.

(4) Whobel KH 1998. Male reproductive system. In:

Textbook of veterinary histology 5th ed. Dellman

HD and Eurell JA (eds.)Williams and Wilkins: Phil-

adelphia. 226-227.

(5) Calado AA, Macedo AJr, Delcelo R, de Figueiredo

LP, Ortiz V and Srougi M 2005. The tunica vaginalis

dorsal graft urethroplasty: experimental study in

rabbits. J Urology. 174: 765-770.

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(6) Lebert T, Gobet F and Dallaserra M 1995. Use of

digestive mucosal graft in urethroplasty. Eur Urol.

27: 58.

(7) Sarac TP, Carvevale K, Smediraa N, Tranquilut E,

Augustinos P, Pates A, Naska T, Clair D and Oureil

K 2005. In vivo and mechanical properties of

peritoneum/fascia as a novel arterial substitute.

J vasc Surg. 41(3):490-497.

(8) Wongsetthachai P, Pramatwinai C, Bunlunara W

and Kalpravidh M 2011. Urinary bladder wall

substitution using autologous tunica vaginalis in

male dogs. Res Vet Sci. 90: 156-159.

(9) Leslie B, Barboza LL, Souza PO, Silva PS, Delcelo

R, Ortiz V and Mecelo JrA 2009. Dorsal tunica

vaginalis graft plus onlay prepubitial island flap

urethroplasty: experimental study in rabbits. J

Pediatr Urol. 5: 93-99.

(10) Macelo JrA and Srougi M 2004. Onlay urethroplasty

after sectioning of the urethral plate: early clinical

experience with a new approach - the three - in

- one technique. BJU Int. 93: 1107-1109.

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รายงานสตวปวย: splenic torsion in dog

Case study: splenic torsion in dog

เทพสรนทร มากบญศร* สมตร ดรงคพงษธร ครรชต พงษเพชร

Thepsirin Makbunsri* Sumit Durongphongtorn Kunchit Pongpet

โรงพยาบาลสตวทองหลอ

Thonglor Pet Hospital

*Corresponding author e-mail address: [email protected]

ค�าส�าคญ: splenic tortion marked splenomegaly splenic congestion

Keywords: splenic tortion, marked splenomegaly, splenic congestion

บทคดยอ:

สนขเพศผ พนธ bull dog ยงไมท�าหมนอาย 5 ปมาดวยอาการซม ปสสาวะปนเลอด และพบวามอาการถายเหลวเรมม

เลอดปนท�าการตรวจรางกายพบวาในอจจาระมเชอแบคทเรย ท�าการ x-ray ชองทองพบวามกอน mass อยในชวงตรงกลาง จงท�าการสง

ultrasound พบมน�าในชองทอง (ascites) มามโต (marked splenomegaly) และมเลอดคง (splenic congestion) รวมกบม

ปสสาวะปนเลอด (hemoglubunuria) ผลการตรวจเลอดพบมเมดเลอดขาวสง leukocytosis และมภาวะเลอดจาก (regenerative

anemia) มอาการปวดทอง หลงจากตดตามอาการได 2 วนพบวาคาเลอดมการเปลยนแปลงชดเจน โดยพบ leukocytosis มากขน

และ anemia เรมเหนความแตกตาง จงท�าการเปดผาส�ารวจชองทองพบวาม splenic torsion และเกด internal bleeding ผลเลอด

กอนการผาตดพบวา non prolong bleeding (PTT/APTT ปกต) แตพบ D-dimor สงกวาระดบปกตมาก หลงท�าการผาตดตดตาม

คาเลอด พบวา leukocytosis anemia hemoglobinuria กลบสสภาวะปกต ในเวลา 7 วนหลงจากท�าการผาตด และคา D-dimor

ลดลงอยในระดบเกอบปกต ในวนท 11 หลงจากท�าการผาตด

Abstract:

5 years old, uncastrated male Bull dog, presented with hematuria, bloody stool. Blood profile showed

stress leukogram with the regenerative anemia. X-ray reviewd mass at middle suspected spleen and confirm

with ultrasound found marked splenomegaly, splenic congestion with ascites sign. The patient was explore found

splenic torsion with internal bleeding. The patient to treat in 7 days. The appeared to improve in clinical signs.

Stress leukogram was resoved. From clinical signs and blood chemistry showed that the dog was response to

treatment and D-dimor will back to nearly normal in 11 days.

ประวตสตวปวย: สนขพนธ Bull dog เพศผ ยงไมท�าหมน

อาย 5 ป

อาการทมาพบวามปญหาเรองปสสาวะปนเลอด

กอนหนาทจะปวยดวยปญหานพบวามอาการถายเหลวมา

กอนพบวาไดรบการตรวจอจจาระและพบแบคทเรย ไดรบ

ยาปฏชวนะอาการดขนแตวนทมาพบมอาการเพมคอปสสาวะ

ปนเลอด

ตรวจรางกาย พบวามอาการซม แตยงคงมแรงเดน

ไปมา พบปสสาวะใหเหนเรมมเลอดปนและมสปสสาวะสน�าตาล

เขม มภาวะแหงน�า ไมมอาการหอบเสยงปอดอยในเกณฑปกต

คล�าทองพบวามการเกรงเลกนอย เนองจากสนขอวนไมสามารถ

คล�าเจอกอน

Materials and methods:

1) ท�าการ x-ray ชองทองพบ (ดงรปท 1)

รปท 1 แสดงการ x-ray ชองทองทา VD และ lateral

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ผลการ X-ray: Space occupying mass at right

cranial abdomen (ลกศรดาน lateral view)

Ground grass appearance in abdomen, gas in

stomach, small intestine and colon

2) ท�าการเจาะเลอดตรวจรางกาย พบเมดเลอดขาวขนสง

เลอดจางกวาระดบปกต (ตารางท1)

ท�าการรกษาโดยการใหยาปฏชวนะรวมกน 2 ชนด

ร วมกบยาลดปวดซงสามารถคมการปวดไดเป นอยางด

หลงจาก admit ไดท�าการปอนอาหารเขมขน ไมพบอาการ

อาเจยน มไขเลกนอย ปสสาวะยงคงมสเขมแตลดลงหลงจาก

ทใหน�าเกลอตลอด 24 ชม. ท�าการเกบปสสาวะสงตรวจ พบ

hemoglobinuria, bilirubinuria และไมมการตดเชอใน

ปสสาวะ (ตารางท 2) ท�าการตรวจเลอดเปรยบเทยบใน 2 วน

พบวาเมดเลอดขาวลดลงแตพบวาเรมม band cell เกดขน ผล

buffy coat พบวาไมพบ tumor cell หรอ lymphoblast

cell รวมทงผลของ blood picture พบ anisocytosis,

polychromasia, spherocyte 0-5cells/HPF และ no

schistocyte

ผลการตรวจปสสาวะ

Combur test Result

urine color orange

urine turbidity slightly turbid

leuko negative

nitrite negative

urine pH 7

protein 3+

glucose normal

ketone negative

urobilinogen normal

bilirubin 3+

blood negative

hemoglobin 4+

ผลการตรวจเลอดเปรยบเทยบใน 2 วน ระหวางท�าการ

ตดตามอาการ

lab report Day 1 Day 2 normal range

WBC 54.3 51.2 6-17x103

RBC 3.38 3.24 5.5-8x106

HCT 27.4 26.4 37-55%

Platelet 202 196 100-400x103

ALK 189 0-140 U/L

SGPT 52 21-102 U/L

BUN 13 10-28 mg/dL

Creat 0.7 0.5-1.5 mg/dL

Total protein 6 7 5.4-8 g/dL

Albumin 2.6

Snap 4DX negative alls

หลงจากทพบวาผลปสสาวะและผลเลอดเรมมแนวโนม

ไมคอยดนกจงท�าการคยกบเจาของเพอท�าการ ultrasound

และวางแผนเรองการเปดส�ารวจชองทองหลงจากทคยกบ

ทางเจาของ ทางเจาของยนดทจะท�าการสง ultrasound

ชองทองเพอวางแผนการรกษา และขอท�าการเจาะเลอด

ตรวจ PTT/APTT ซงเรมมความกงวลมากขนเกยวผลเลอดท

มแนวโนมผดปกตจากผลการตรวจพบวาผล PTT/APTT ยง

อยในเกณฑปกต แตพบวาผลเลอดยงคงมเมดเลอดขาวขน

สงอย รวมทงท�าการหาเลอดโดยท�า cross match กบนอง

หมาทมน�าหนกมากกวา 20 kg เพอวางแผนการเปดส�ารวจ

ชองทองตอไป เนองจากเจาของกงวลเรองการวางยาสลบเพราะ

มปจจยเสยงสงส�าหรบพนธ bull dog จงท�าการ x-ray ชองอก

และตรวจคลนไฟฟาหวใจพบวาอยในเกณฑปกต

ภาพ ultrasound สวนของมาม

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ผล ultrasound ชองทองพบ: Marked splenomegaly,

splenic congestion, ascietis, prostage gland hypoplasia

หลงจากไดผลการตรวจ ultrasound พบวาเจาของ

ยนดทจะท�าการผาตดโดยกอนการผาตดไดท�าการเชคเลอด

อกครง เพอความแนใจเรองการถายเลอดกอนการผาตด

ผลเลอดดงตารางท 1

ตารางท 1 ผลเลอดเปรยบเทยบกอนการผาตด

lab report Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 normal range

WBC 54.3 51.2 52 .6 6-17x103

RBC 3.38 3.24 3.32 5.5-8x106

HCT 27.4 26.4 27 37-55%

Platelet 202 196 237 100-400x103

ALK 189 0-140 U/L

SGPT 52 21-102 U/L

BUN 13 10-28 mg/dL

Creat 0.7 0.5-1.5 mg/dL

Total protein 6 7 7.2 5.4-8 g/dL

Albumin 2.6

Snap 4DXnegative

alls

Reticulocyte

Prothrombin

time 8 5-11 sec

Activated partial

thromboplastin

time

14.9 8-18 sec

ท�าการผาตด (explore) โดยการเปดผาชองทอง

และไมตองท�าการถายเลอดแตยงคงตดตามผลเลอดหลงผาตด

ผลการผาตดตรวจพบวามามมการบด (splenic torsion) โดย

ขวยดตดกบต�าแหนงเยอภายในชองทองเรมมการปรและม

เลอดออกในชองทอง ท�าการผาตดโดยการตดมามออก ลาง

ชองทองท�าการเยบปดตามขนตอนการผาตด และท�าการสง

เนอเยอตรวจ จากการส�ารวจพบวาไมพบความผดปกตของ

พนผวของมาม

ภาพการผาตดส�ารวจชองทอง (explore)

จากภาพบงชต�าแหนงของการบดอยตรงต�าแหนงของมาม

ภาพแสดงเยอยดชองทองทมการบดและหดตว

ตรงต�าแหนงขว

หลงจากการผาตด ท�าการใชยาฆาเชอและตดตาม

อาการปวดหลงจากผาตด พบวานองเมยแฟรฟนตวดหลงจาก

การผาตด ท�าการเจาะเลอดหลงจากผาตดและการเกบปสสาวะ

ตรวจหลงจากทผาตดในวนท 3 พบวาผลเลอดคาเมดเลอดขาว

เรมลดระดบลงและผลการตรวจปสสาวะเรมกลบสสภาวะปกต

และตดไหมวนท 10 ของการผาตด ท�าการตรวจเลอดตดตาม

อาการตอเนอง (ผลดงตารางท 2 และ 3 ตามล�าดบ)

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ตารางท 2 แสดงผลเปรยบเทยบผลการตรวจปสสาวะ

Combur test Result D1 Result D4

urine color orange deep yellow

urine turbidity slightly turbid clear

leuko negative negative

nitrite negative positive

urine pH 7 7

protein 3+ negative

glucose normal normal

ketone negative negative

urobilinogen normal normal

bilirubin 3+ negative

blood negative negative

hemoglobin 4+ negative

Result and discussion: จากการตดตามผลเลอดพบวา

อาการโดยรวมดขนตามล�าดบ สามารถกนอาหารไดตามปกต

โดยทานยาบ�ารงเลอดหลงจากผาตดตลอด รวมกบการให

ยาสลายลมเลอดตอเนองหลงจากผาตดตดตอกนเปนเวลา 2

สปดาห splenic torsion เปนความผดปกตทไมทราบสาเหต

ทแนชดทงนอาการอาจจะมความคลายคลงกบการเกดโรคใน

ระบบเลอดไดแก IMHA ซงพบไดดงนนการวนจฉยทดทสดคอ

การเปดผาส�ารวจชองทอง ทตองระวงคอการเกดภาวะ DIC ท

จะสงผลใหเกดอตราการเสยชวตไดสงมากขน

Reference:

(1) Balch A, Mackin A. Canine immune-mediated

hemolytic anemia: Pathophysiology, clinical signs,

and diagnosis. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet.

2007;29:217-224.

(2) What is your diagnosis? J Small Anim Pract.

1999;40:294-296.

(3) King R, Pack LA. Splenic torsion in a dog. J Am Vet

Med Assoc. 2002;220:973-974.

ตารางท 3 เปรยบเทยบผลเลอดกอนและการตดตามการเปลยนแปลงผลเลอดตอเนองหลงผาตด

Lab report กอนผาตด หลงผาตด: D1 D3 D4 D7 D11 normal range

WBC 52 .6 45.6 39 .4 36 .8 15.9 14.6 6-17x103

RBC 3.32 3.22 3.01 3.19 3.61 4.49 5.5-8x106

HCT 27 26.4 25.1 27.1 30.1 36.7 37-55%

Platelet 237 305 384 563 759 903 100-400x103

ALK 0-140 U/L

SGPT 21-102 U/L

BUN 10-28 mg/dL

Creat 0.5-1.5 mg/dL

Total protein 7.2 6.9 6.4 6.7 5.4-8 g/dL

Albumin 2.7 2.4 2.6

Snap 4DX

Reticulocyte

Prothrombin time 5-11 sec

Activated partial thromboplastin time 8-18 sec

D-dimor 12,377 941 886 200-500 ng/ml

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Leibovitz medium (L15) prolonged viability of preantral follicles

during ovarian transportation in domestic cat

Keerati Skuna Krittaya Skuna Grisnarong Wongbandue*

Department of Clinical Sciences and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University,

999 Phuttamonthon 4 Road, Salaya, Phuttamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand

*Corresponding author e-mail address: [email protected]

Keywords: felidae, preantral follicles, transportation, viability

Introduction: Transportation of ovaries from fields

to laboratory is a primary step for female gamete

rescue in endangered species, including felids. Those

ovaries which excised from animals post-mortem or

underwent spaying, would be stored immediately

in an appropriated liquid media to prevent follicle

and oocytes degeneration before conducting to

cryopreservation. To date, normal saline solution

(NSS) is a common ovarian transport medium in which

reported using in several species [1-4]. By contrast,

Leibovitz medium (L15) containing components for

supporting cell growth has been applied in some

laboratory animals [5-6] but not felids.

The objectives of this study was to evaluate

viability and histological characteristics of preantral

follicles retrieved from L15-preserved ovaries relative

to NSS during <4h, 24h and 48h storages by using

domestic cat as a model.

Materials and methods: After underwent

ovariohysterectomy, a pair of cat ovaries (n=7) were

separated and randomly preserved in NSS or L15 at

4°C. In each treatment, an ovary was excised into

6 pieces and at <4h, 24h and 48 h, two pieces of

an ovary were picked up. One of them was finely

sliced by a needle to isolate preantral follicles which

examined viability using neutral red staining, whereas

another one was preserved in 10% formalin until

histological process.

Results and discussion: Viability rates of isolated

preantral follicles retrieved from ovaries stored in

NSS and L15 were 92.17 ± 7.83% vs 95.80 ± 4.20%

at <4 h (P>0.05), 88.64 ± 11.36% vs 90.86 ± 9.14% at

24h (P>0.05), respectively. By contrast, percentages

of follicle viability in L15 (96.65 ± 4.35) was higher

than NSS (86.84 ± 13.16) at 48h (P<0.05). By using a

single slide represented for all treatments, histological

analysis showed high proportion of invisible oocyte

nucleus, leading to unpredictable health of those

follicles within ovarian tissues in both NSS and L15

at all storage stages. According to these findings, it

may be postulated that energy sources, minerals

and other compositions in L15 encourage follicular

viability during long-term storage. In addition, we

propose to apply histological serial sections of ovary

to determine follicle morphology in further studies

In conclusion, both NSS and L15 capable to preserve

survival of domestic cat preantral follicles in ovaries

during <4h and 24h transportation, whereas only L15

maintains high survival rate up to 48h.

Acknowledgements: This study was supported by

student research project grant, Faculty of Veterinary

Sciences, Mahidol University. The authors thank Assist.

Prof. Panida Chanapiwat for statistical analyses. We

are deeply appreciated Dr. Ajjima Chanseanroj, Dr. Nae

Tanpradit and Dr. Paweena Thuwanut, Department of

Obstetrics Gynecology, and Reproduction, Faculty of

veterinary science, Chulalongkorn University for kindly

provide chemical agents and equipment.

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References:

(1) Matos MH, Andrade ER, Lucci CM, Bao SN, Silva JR,

Santos RR, et al. Morphological and ultrastructural

analysis of sheep primordial follicles preserved in

0.9% saline solution and TCM 199. Theriogenology.

2004;62 (1-2):65-80.

(2) Lucci CM, Kacinskis MA, Rumpf R, Bao SN. Effects

of lowered temperatures and media on short-term

preservation of zebu (Bos indicus) preantral ovarian

follicles. Theriogenology. 2004;61 (2-3):461-72.

(3) Costa SHF, Andrade ER, Silva JRV, Rodrigues APR,

Amorim CA, Lôbo RNB, et al. Preservation of goat

preantral follicles enclosed in ovarian tissue in

saline or TCM 199 solutions. Small Ruminant

Research. 2005;58(2):189-93.

(4) Lopes CA, dos Santos RR, Celestino JJ, Melo

MA, Chaves RN, Campello CC, et al. Short-term

preservation of canine preantral follicles: Effects

of temperature, medium and time. Animal

reproduction science. 2009;115(1-4):201-14.

(5) Barngrover D, Thomas J, Thilly WG. High

density mammalian cell growth in Leibovitz

bicarbonate-free medium: effects of fructose and

galactose on culture biochemistry. Journal of cell

science. 1985;78:173-89.

(6) K reege r PK , Fe rnandes NN , Woodru f f

TK, Shea LD. Regulation of Mouse Follicle

Development by Follicle-Stimulating Hormone

in a Three-Dimensional In Vitro Culture System Is

Dependent on Follicle Stage and Dose. Biology of

reproduction. 2005;73(5):942-50.

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Surgical technique and rehabilitation of triceps tendon avulsion in a cat:

a case report.

Dharadhip Piamuang1 Nathiti Wilairat1 Parichart Chuenlerdsakul1 Thanarat Boonpragob1

Phitchaya Phongwirat2 Monchanok Vijarnsorn3*

1Internship staff, Kasetsart University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand2Clinician, Kasetsart University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand

3Assistant professor, Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,

Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand

*Corresponding author e-mail address: [email protected]

Keywords: triceps tendon avulsion, Bunnell-Meyer tendon suture, spica splint immobilization, laser therapy, a cat

Abstract:

A one-year-old intact male Persian cat presented at Kasetsart University Veterinary Teaching Hospital

Bangkaen with crawling and inability to extend both elbow joints. The cat had a history of falling from the 5th

floor and been diagnosed as triceps tendon complete rupture of both forelimbs. The diagnoses were affirmed

the triceps tendon avulsion by physical examination with palpation of transverse groove between olecranon

and triceps brachii and by radiography revealing opacity detail of small bone at both forelimbs with none of any

bone fracture. The pathologic condition was surgically solved by re-attachment of the ends of triceps tendon

and olecranon with the Bunnell-Meyer tendon suture and horizontal mattress sutures. Postoperatively, the

elbows flexion had been limited for five weeks with spica splint and Laser therapy had been applied for three

times. The patient’s elbows could flex and extend freely after splint removal. In summary, the Bunnell-Meyer

tendon suture pattern, spica splint immobilization and Laser therapy result in positive outcome of the avulsed

triceps tendon cat.

Introduction: In small animals, tendon injuries

are usually caused by trauma. The most common

tendon injured is the Achilles tendon apparatus,

in particular the gastrocnemius and the long digital

flexor muscle that has function of extending hocks

[14]. Likewise, triceps brachii tendon is a main unit

being the important roles of extending the elbow,

standing, and locomotion. The muscle tendon or its

insertion avulsion results in limb collapses, inability

to stand or extend of the elbow. Disruption of the

triceps tendon avulsion is rare in dogs and cats. As

to date, only few cases describing avulsion of triceps

tendon in cats has been published in the veterinary

literature [2, 5, 9]. Additionally, triceps tendon avulsion

after local corticosteroid injection has been described

in two dogs [7]. In human, triceps tendon rupture

representing less than 1% of all upper extremity

tendon injuries most commonly occurs at the tendon

osseous insertion [12].

Surgical treatment of the tendon avulsion is

attempted to restore the normal function of the

supporting joint by re-attachment of both primary

apposition of the tendon ends or osseous interface

with the immobilization of the joint in order to

prevent gap formation and increase healing process

in an initial phase.

The light amplification by stimulated emission

of radiation; Laser has been applied in therapeutic

purposes for years, by helps in ameliorating wound

healing, promoting muscle regeneration and pain

management. The Laser therapy also has benefits in

tendon injuries patients, improved tensile strength

and biomechanical properties of healing tendons [10]

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This case report describes the surgical

treatment and postoperative care of both triceps

tendon avulsion in a cat falling from height.

Materials and methods: A one-year-old male Persian

cat referred to Kasetsart University Veterinary Teaching

Hospital; KUVTH with a history of falling from 5th floor

on 24 March 2016. The cat had erosive wound at left

lower eyelid and broken left upper canine tooth.

The patient was non-weight bearing and unable to

extend both elbows. On physical examination, the

patient showed normal vital signs. The transverse

groove between olecranon and triceps brachii of

both thoracic limbs had been found and no evidence

of bone crepitation by palpation. The neurological

examination was unremarkable without any signs of

pain.

Routine blood examination included complete

blood count; CBC and blood chemistry. This

examination indicated marked elevation of alanine

aminotransferase; ALT, and mild elevation of total

protein and albumin but all others were within

normal ranges.

Radiography was performed that revealed

small bone opacity proximally to the olecranon

without evidence of bone fracture suspected

enthesiophyte formation. The triceps brachii tendon

avulsions were diagnosed.

Conservative treatment was performed for the

patient with administration of anti-inflammatory drugs

i.e. Tolfenamic acid (4 mg/kg) sid per oral for 3 days

and analgesic drugs i.e. Tramadol (4 mg/kg) bid per

oral during the dates before the scheduled surgery.

The patient had been prepared to withhold oral food

and water for 8-12 hours before the surgery.

The patient was anaesthetised by Xylazine

(0.5 mg/kg i.m.), Ketamine (2 mg/kg i.m.), Propofol

(4 mg/kg i.v.) and Isofurane. (2-4% inhale). Both

thoracic limbs were aseptically prepared for surgery

in standard procedures. Skin and subcutaneous tissues

were incised on caudolateral side of the brachium

with careful incision to avulsed tendinous insertion

from the olecranon. The tendons were carefully

dissected, and then the olecranon was drilled with

1.5 mm. drill bit. Bunnell-Meyer tendon suture using

polypropylene, 1 was placed through the triceps

tendon and proximal drilled olecranon for re-apposing

both tendon ends. Several horizontal mattress sutures

using monofilament absorbable; polydioxanone, 3-0

were added between tendon ends. Subcutaneous and

skin were closed in a routine fashion with horizontal

mattress.

Postoperatively, the elbow flexion had been

limited with spica splint for five weeks. The stitches

were removed in the second week after the surgery.

And the splints were changed weekly. In addition,

the Class 3B Laser therapy with the dose of 200

joules for 10 minutes had been applied for 3 times

to ameliorate healing process.

After splint removal, although, the cat showed

mild muscle atrophy of both forelimbs, the elbows

regained normal function and weight bearing.

Results and discussion: In this case, presumptive

diagnosis was affirmed triceps tendon avulsion by

physical examination, namely, the transvers groove

was found between proximal olecranon and triceps

brachii muscle, and the cat was inability to bear the

weight with proper posture. The radiography showed

small bone opacity proximally to olecranon of both

thoracic limbs, suspected enthesiophyte formation.

Enthesiophyte formation is the mineralization of

injured tendon [6]. The triceps tendon avulsion

could be diagnosed by palpation and radiography,

furthermore, there are several ways for definitive

diagnosis including ultrasonography [8] and magnetic

resonance imaging; MRI [15].

The linear arrangement of collagen fiber in

tendon provides little strength for simple suture

pattern to hold modified suture pattern has

been applied for tendon repair. Bunnell-Meyer

suture pattern with non-absorbable monofilament

polypropylene had been used in this case with

enough strength to hold the tendon ends together

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at least in observation period for 5 weeks. However,

there are several surgical techniques can be used

to solve tendon rupture in difference conditions

including Far-Near-Near-Far, Locking loop, Krackow

and Three-loop pulley suture pattern etc. [4, 13].

Nevertheless, suture technique is dependent on the

surgeon experience and preference.

After surgical repair, the elbows had been not

allowed to flex for 5 weeks to ensure those sutures

and tendons were secured because the tendon

would restore 56% of its original tensile strength in 6

weeks after the surgery and 79% of its original tensile

strength in 1 year [3].

In this case, the Laser machine, photonic 500

Class 3B had been used with total dosage of 200

Joules, 810 nm. wavelength for 10 minutes that was

appropriate for increasing healing process by activating

cells proliferation and reducing pain perception.

Another study evaluated the effect of Laser therapy

in an anti-inflammatory action by reducing PGE2

after Laser therapy [1]. In rat models, Laser therapy

was effective and improvement of collagen fiber

organisation [11]. Due to the advantages of the Laser

therapy, the authors chose the Laser to apply for this

case. Even though, there were no sample controls

to compare with the case. On the other hands, this

study had spent less observation period just 5 weeks

after the surgery and further monitoring should be

done for longer period of study.

In summary, the surgical techniques being

used for the avulsed triceps tendon patient

were Bunnell-Meyer tendon suture pattern and

horizontal mattress sutures. Additionally, spica splint

immobilization and Laser therapy had been applied

after the surgery that result in positive outcome of

this case.

Acknowledgements: The authors would like to

acknowledge with appreciation and gratitude the help

of Ass. Prof. Dr. Monchanok Vijarnsorn.

References:(1) Bjordal, J.M., Lopes-Martins, R.A. and Iversen, V.V.,

2006. A randomized, placebo controlled trial of low

level laser therapy for activated Achilles tendinitis with

microdialysis measurement of peritendinous prostaglandin

E2 concentrations. Br J Sports Med. 40: 76-80.

(2) Clarke, S.P., Jermyn, K.., Carmichael, S., 2007. Avulsion

of the triceps tendon insertion in a cat. Vet Comp

Orthoptraumatol. 20(3): 245-247.

(3) Due l and , R . and Quen t i n , J . , 1 980 Tr i c ep s

tenotomy: biomechanical assessment of healing strength.

J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 16: 507.

(4) Fossum, T.W., 2013. Management of muscle and tendon

injury or disease Small Animal Surgery. 4th ed. St Louis:

Elsevier Mosby. 1377-1382.

(5) Gilmore, D.R., 1984. Triceps avulsion in the dog and cat.

Journal of the Amarican Animal Hospital Association. 20:

239-242.

(6) Hardcastle, S.A., et al., 2014. Osteophytes, Enthesophytes,

and High Bone Mass. ARTHRITIS & RHEUMATOLOGY. 66(9):

2429-2439.

(7) Kleinman, M., Gross, A.E., 1983. Achilles tendon rupture

following steroid injection. Report of three cases. J Bone

Joint Surg. 65: 1345-1347.

(8) Lamb, C.R., Wong, K., 2005. Ultrasonographic anatomy

of the canine elbow. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound.

46(4) 319–325.

(9) Liehmann, L., Lorinson, D., 2006. Traumatic triceps tendon

avulsion in a cat. Journal of small animal practice. 47:

94-97.

(10) Millis, D.L., Saunders, D.G., 2014. Laser therapy in canine

rehabilitation. Canine rehabilitation and physical therapy.

2nd edition. Philadelphia: Elsevier. 359-377.

(11) Oliveira, F.S., et al., 2009. Effect of low level laser therapy

(830 nm) with different therapy regimes on the process of

tissue repair in partial lesion calcaneous tendon. Lasers

Surg Med. 41: 271-276.

(12) Sharma, S.C., Singh, R. Goel, T. Singh, H., 2005. Missed

diagnosis of triceps tendon rupture: a case report and

review of literature. Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery. 13(3):

307-309.

(13) Tobias, K.M., et al., 2012. Muscle and tendon disorder.

Veterinary surgery small animal. St Louis: Saunders.

1127-1134.

(14) Vaughan, L.C., 1979. Muscle and tendon injuries in dogs.

Journal of Small Animal Practice. 20: 711-736.

(15) Yoon H-Y., Jeong S-W., 2013. Traumatic triceps tendon

avulsion in a dog: Magnetic resonance imaging and surgical

management evaluation. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 75(10): 1375-1377.

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In vitro antibacterial efficacy of the commercial antiseptics against common

bacteria associated with skin infection in dogs

Pattrarat Chanchaithong* Nattharee Thanawan Waree Niyomtham Nuvee Prapasarakul

Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University,

Henri-Dunant Road, Bangkok 10330, Thailand

*Corresponding author e-mail address: [email protected]

Keywords: bacteria, chlorhexidine, nanosilver, povidone iodine, skin infection

Introduction: Topical therapy is a choice for treatment

of skin infection. Due to emergence of multidrug

resistance (MDR) bacteria, systemic antimicrobial

treatment is limited for control of infection. Antiseptic

is an alternative tool against MDR bacteria that reduce

over use antimicrobials. Povidone iodine (PI) and

chlorhexidine (CHL) are effective for treatment and

prevention of skin infection in humans and have broad

spectrum (1). Topical antiseptic products of silver

nanoparticles (nanosilver) have been introduced in

veterinary medicine. The Ag+ ions are released from

aqueous nanosilver suspension that are the active

form causing toxicity to bacteria by damaging cellular

structure, proteins and DNA. Thus, this study aimed

to evaluate antibacterial efficacy of commercial

antiseptic products having PI, CHL or nanosilver as

the active ingredient.

Materials and methods: Five commercial antiseptic

products were tested including 1) 10% PI ointment;

2) 0.5% CHL dihydrochloride cream; 3) Nanosilver

product 1 or NP-1 (liquid); 4) Nanosilver product

2 containing 24 ppm of NP or NP-2 (gel) and 5)

Nanosilver product 3 or NP-3 (liquid). Concentration

of NP was not indicated for NP-1 and NP-3. 106 CFU

of five strains of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius,

S. aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia

coli were inoculated in 10% of each product in tryptic

soy broth in total 1 mL (2). Numbers of bacteria were

counted by spread plate method at 30 min, 2, 4, 6,

8, 24 and 48h after incubation at 37°C with 220 rpm

agitation, and the incubation was terminated when

visual turbidity was inspected, presenting bacterial

growth. Reduction of cell number was compared

using general linear model adjusted by repeat

measurement. Statistical difference was considered

when P was less than 0.05.

Results and discussion: Figure 1 presents the number

of bacteria during exposure of the antiseptics at the

time points. The 0.5% CHL dihydrochloride cream

showed the highest efficacy against all species

presenting great bactericidal effect within 30 min to 6h

and prolonged the effect until 48h. P. aeruginosa and

E. coli were gradually killed by the 10% PI ointment

within 4h, but S. aureus and S. pseudintermedius

were not eliminated within 24h but were completely

killed at 48h. Numbers of bacterial cells incubated

with CHL decreased significantly during 0 to 6h

(P<0.05). In general, gram-positive bacteria are more

tolerant to antiseptic than gram-negative because

of difference of cell wall property (3). In human

medicine, topical PI and CHL are effectively used

for treatment and prevention of wound infection,

especially burn wound. All species were diminished

by all nanosilver products only within 4h. Then,

the bacterial numbers regrew at 6h and presenting

turbidity at 8h. NP products have been developed

in various preparations to apply for wound infection.

In vitro standardized method is still lack for NP

efficacy evaluation. An assay with incubating NPs

with liquid media might decrease its efficacy (4).

However, NP-coated wound dressings show their

good antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activity

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Figure 1 Numbers of bacterial cell exposed to five antiseptic products at 30 min, 2h, 4h, 6h, 8h, 24h and 48h

in many clinical and in vivo study (5). The further

in vitro and in vivo clinical evaluation is needed for

approval of NP products. This study recommended

the high bactericidal efficacy of topical PI and CHL

products that may be the first line appliances for

wound dressing for veterinary practitioners.

Acknowledgement: This study was supported by

Chulalongkorn University-Veterinary Research Fund

2015 (RG 7/2558). The authors would like to thank Dr

Saritvich Panyaboriban and Dr Em-on Olarnratmanee

for the statistical analysis.

References:

(1) Lachapelle, J.M., Castel, O., Casado, A,J., Leroy,

B., Micali, G., Tennstedt, D. and Lambert, J. 2013.

Antiseptics in the era of bacterial resistance: a

focus on povidone iodine. Clinical Practice 10(5):

579-592.

(2) Fraser, J.F., Bodman, J., Sturgess, R., Faoagali, J.

and Kimble, R.M. 2004. An in vitro study of the

anti-microbial efficacy of a 1% silver sulphadiazine

and 0.2% chlorhexidine digluconate cream, 1%

silver sulphadiazine cream and a silver coated

dressing. Burns 30: 35-41.

(3) McDonnell, G. and Russell, A.V. 1999. Antiseptics

and disinfectants: activity, action and resistance.

Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 12(1): 147-149.

(4) Sondi, I. and Salopek-Sondi, B. 2004. Silver

nanoparticles as antimicrobial agent: a case study

on E. coli as a model for Gram-negative bacteria.

Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 275:

177-182.

(5) Prabhu, S. and Poulose, E.K., 2012. Silver

nanoparticles: mechanism of antimicrobial action,

synthesis, medical applications and toxicity effects.

International Nano Letters 2: 32.

Staphylococcus pseudintermedius

Escherichia coli Staphylococcus aureus

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

CFU

(log 10

)

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

CFU

(log 10

)

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

CFU

(log 10

)

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

CFU

(log 10

)

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

00 30 min 2 h 4 h 6 h 8 h 24 h 48 h

0 30 min 2 h 4 h 6 h 8 h 24 h 48 h

0 30 min 2 h 4 h 6 h 8 h 24 h 48 h

0 30 min 2 h 4 h 6 h 8 h 24 h 48 h

Povidone-iodine

Chlorhexidine

Nanosilver product 1

Nanosilver product 2

Nanosilver product 3

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Electrophoresis separation of serum protein in Thoroughbred horse

with gastric ulcer syndrome

Parichart Tesena1 Yordying Yingchutrakul2 Teumpong Wongtawan3 Kris Angkanaporn4*

1Graduate Program in Animal Physiology, Department of Veterinary Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science,

Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand2Proteomics Research Laboratory, Genome Technology Research Unit, National Center for

Genetics Engineering and Biotechnology, Pathum Thani 12120,Thailand 3Department of Preclinic and Applied Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University,

Phuttamonthon 4 Rd, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand4Department of Veterinary Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand

*Corresponding author e-mail address: [email protected]

Keywords: electrophoresis, gastric ulcer syndrome, Thoroughbred horse

Introduction: Equine gastric ulcer syndrome (EGUS)

is a clinical disorder that affects several status of

the horse life such as health status, economic

benefits and athletic performance. The clinical signs

for EGUS are difficult to differentiate from other

unpleasant signs for instance colic. The diagnosis

and monitoring of this condition are analyzed by

endoscopic gastroscopy. However, the equipment is

expensive, difficult to use in the field and not suitable

in large scale population. Thus, there is a need for

a simple, cost-effective, non-invasive and accurate

method for detecting gastric ulcer. Therefore, the

objectives of this study was to examine the incidence

and clinical status in relation to profiles of serum

proteins on one-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate

polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (1D SDS-PAGE) of

EGUS in Thoroughbred horses from the natural field.

Materials and methods: The experiment was

performed in 30 Thoroughbred horses between 7-20

years old with all sexes (stallion, mare, and gelding).

Firstly, these horses were starved from feed for 15-18

hours and water supply for 3-5 hours (Murray, 1994).

Physical examination involving bodyweight, body

condition score was recorded. They were sedated

with xylazine hydrochloride at a dosage of 0.5-1

mg/kg. Subsequently, gastric mucosa of all horses

were investigated by 3 m flexible video gastroscope

Huger AGVE 2100A2 China. The lesion of gastric ulcer

was examined and graded according to the system of

MacAlliter et al, (1997) (Table 1). Later, blood samples

were collected from jugular vein of all horses after

gastroscopic exam. Serum samples were separated

and kept refrigerated at -80OC before analyses.

Serum samples were drawn into micro

container tubes and kept in the ice box. They

were diluted with acetone to 2:1 (v:v) ratio, mixed

and incubated at -20OC. The diluted samples were

centrifuged at 10,000 g for 10 minutes. The pellet

precipitates were resuspended in lysis buffer

(0.25% SDS, 50 mM Tris-HCl pH 9.0). Total protein

concentration was determined according to the

method of Lowry (Lowry et al., 1951), with bovine

serum albumin (BSA) used as standard. Approximately

50 µg protein concentrations were pooled in the same

group. Then, the protein samples were brought to a

total volume of 0.5% SDS solution and loading dye.

Later the denaturation of protein was performed by

heating at 95OC in water bath for 10 minutes.

Fifty micrograms of total serum proteins

from all samples were resolved on 12.5% SDS-PAGE

according to Laemmli (1970). The protein molecular

weight was determined using Thermo ScientificTM

SpectraTM Multicolor Broad Rang Protein Ladders

with coomassie staining method (Steinberg, 2009).

All samples and markers were loaded and the

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electrophoresis was connected to the power supply

and the cell at 10 mA to begin extracting the sample.

After the markers were noticeable at the bottom, the

gel was stained with coomassie brilliant blue.

Results and discussion: After grading the stomach,

three veterinarian investigators independently

examined the gastric lesions of 30 horses that had been

previously recorded in the VDO. The grading scores

of each investigator scores were analyzed. Among 30

horses, we discovered that 17 horses (56.67%) were

found to have normal lining gastric mucosa, 10 horses

(33.33%) with mild gastric ulcer. The characteristic of

this were determined by the few localized lesions and

the severity appears only mucosa surface. While, 3

horses (10%) showed severe gastric ulcer by the fact

that there were large and diffused lesions as these

areas were deeper than the mucosa layer. In addition,

both hyperemia and blood clot were found in these

cases. Therefore, the occurrence of EGUS in this

experiment was approximately 43.33% (Figure 1). All

horses in mild group were found to have ulcer around

margo plicatus area, while the characteristic of ulcer

in severe group including hyperemia and darkened

lesion crater features were spotted in all area of the

non-glandular part.

SDS-PAGE analysis of equine serum is shown in

Figure 2. Electrophoresis portion of the horse serum

protein in 12.5% polyacrylamide gel containing 0.5%

SDS yielded a pattern in 3 wells according to grading

of gastric mucosa. There are a difference on the

pattern in the molecular weight of 72 kDa, 52 kDa and

32 kDa were compared between normal and severe

group. Besides, the intensity of each band is diverse

as the difference decreases from the normal group

to the severe ulcer group respectively. According to

the 1D SDS PAGE procedure and figure 2, the fraction

and portion of each band is different in each well,

while the same concentration of serum protein were

presented. As the fraction and portion of the first well

is greater than the second and the third, it suggests

that there is a higher concentration of hydrophobic

proteins presented in the first well (David RC, 2005).

In conclusion, electrophoretic comparisons and

analysis of the equine serum proteins in all groups

proves that the difference between the bands is

adequately variant. This study revealed that the

1D SDS-PAGE can be used to assist the diagnosis in

both chronic and severe stage of EGUS.

Acknowledgement: We gratefully acknowledge the

facility supported by Dr.Sittiruk Roytrakul.

Occurrence of gastric ulcer syndrome

Normal gastric lining

Mild gastric ulcer

Sever gastric ulcer

Figure 1 Occurrence of gastric ulcer syndrome

Table 1: Gastric lesion scoring system (MacAllister

et al., 1997)

Lesion

number

score

Description

0 No lesion

1 1-2 localized lesions

2 3-5 localized lesions

3 6-10 lesions

4 >10 lesions or diffuse (or very large) lesions

Lesion

severity

score

Description

0 No lesion

1 Appears superficial (only mucosa missing)

2 Deeper structure involved (greater depth than

No.1)

3 Multiple lesions and variable severity (1,2 and/

or 4)

4 Same as 2 and has active appearance (active =

hyperemia and/or darkened lesion crater)

5 Same as 4 plus active hemorrhage or adherent

blood clot

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MW (kDa) S L1 L2 L3

140-----

72-------

52-------

42-------

34-------

26-------

17-------

Figure 2: 12.5% SDS-PAGE of equine serum, S =

standard markers, Lane (L)1 = normal gastric lining,

L2 = mild gastric ulcer, L3 = severe gastric ulcer

References:

(1) David R. C., 2005. Experimental Bioscience.

Analysis of Protein Gels (SDS PAGE). http://www.

ruf.rice.edu/~bioslabs/ studies/sds-page/gellab3.

html, May 29, 2016.

(2) Laemmli, U.K., 1970. Cleavage of Structural

Proteins during the Assembly of the Head of

bacteriophage T4. Nature; 227: 680-685

(3) Lowry, O.H., Roserough, N.J., Farr, A.L. and Randall

R.J., 1951. Protein measurement with the folin

phenol reagent. J Biol Chem. 193(1): 265-275.

(4) MacAllister, C.G., Andrew, F.M. and Deegan, E.,

1997. A scoring system for gastric ulcers in horses.

Equine Vet J. 29: 430-433.

(5) Murray, M.J., 1994. Equine model of inducing

ulceration in alimentary squamous epithelium

mucosa. Dig Dis Sci.39 (12): 2530-2533

(6) Steinberg, T.H., 2009. Protein gel staining methods:

an introduction and overview. Methods in

enzymology. 463: 541-563.

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รายงานสตวปวย: extramedullary plasmacytomas ในสนข

Case report: extramedullary plasmacytomas in dog

สรภทรา เนตรมย เดชกลยา

โรงพยาบาลสตวมหาวทยาลยเกษตรศาสตร บางเขน

*Corresponding author e-mail address: [email protected]

Keywords: dog, plasmacytomas, chemotherapy

บทคดยอ:

สนขพนธผสม เพศเมย อาย 14 ป เขารบการรกษาทโรงพยาบาลสตวมหาวทยาลยเกษตรศาสตร บางเขน เนองจากพบกอนเนอท

เยอบชองปาก สนขไดรบการรกษาโดยการศลยกรรมน�ากอนเนอออก ผลการตรวจชนเนอทางพยาธวทยา คอ plasmacytomas

ภายหลงการศลยกรรม 2 สปดาห พบการเกดใหมของกอนเนอในชองปากและผวหนงตามล�าตวจ�านวนมาก สนขไดรบการรกษาดวย

ยาเคมบ�าบด ภายหลงการรกษาดวยยาเคมบ�าบดเปนเวลา 45 วน พบการยบหายของกอนเนอโดยสมบรณ

Abstract:

A 14-year-old female mixed breed dog was presented at Veterinary teaching hospital, Kasetsart University,

Bang Khen Campus with a history of a mass in the oral mucosa. The mass was surgically resected, results of the

histopathology is plasmacytomas. Two weeks after operation, the incidence of tumors in the mouth and the

skin are numerous. The dog was treated with chemotherapy. After treatment with chemotherapy for 45 days,

the tumor disappeared completely

บทน�า: Extramedullary plasmacytomas (EMP)

จดเปนเนองอกทผวหนงและเยอบทมรายงานการพบใน

สนขจ�านวนมาก โดยต�าแหนงทมรายงานการพบ EMP

คอ ผวหนง 86% (พบมากทรยางค หว และใบห) เยอบ

ชองปาก และรมฝปาก (9%) rectum และ colon (4%)

ต�าแหนงอนๆ เชน กระเพาะอาหาร มาม (1%) โดยสนข

สายพนธทมความเสยงสงในการเกดโรคน ไดแก American

cocker spaniel English cocker spaniel และ West

highland white terrier พบการเกดในสนขทมอายเฉลย

9-10 ป โดยทวไป EMP ทผวหนงและเยอบจดเปนเนองอก

ชนดไมรนแรงและสามารถรกษาใหหายไดโดยการศลยกรรม

ตดกอนเนอออก พบไดนอยทจะมการเกด EMP จ�านวนมาก

บนผวหนงและมความรนแรงคลายมะเรง การรกษาและวนจฉย

โรค EMP คอ การศลยกรรมตดกอนเนอออกและการสงตรวจ

ชนเนอทางพยาธวทยาเพอระบโรค ซงการศลยกรรมมกใหผลใน

การก�าจดโรคไดโดยสมบรณ พบรายงานการเกดเนองอกขนซ�า

เพยง 5% และ 2% ทมการกระจายสพนทหางไกล (Baer et al.,

1989; Cangul et al., 2002; Lucke. 1987; Rakick et al.,

1989; Wright et al., 2008) มรายงานการใชยาเคมบ�าบด

ชนด Melphalan (Alkeran) รวมกบยา Prednisolone ใน

สนขทมการเกดซ�าหรอไมสามารถศลยกรรมตดออกไดทงหมด

ซงใหผลส�าเรจในการรกษาไมดนก (Withrow et al., 2013)

รายงานนมวตถประสงคเพอรายงานผลการใชยาเคมบ�าบดใน

การรกษา EMP ในสนขทท�าการศลยกรรมตดกอนเนอออก

และพบการเกดซ�า

ประวตสตว ป วยและการตรวจรกษา: สนขพนธ ผสม

เพศเมย อาย 14 ป น�าหนก 11 กก. เขารบการรกษาท

โรงพยาบาลสตวมหาวทยาลยเกษตรศาสตร บางเขน ดวย

อาการพบกอนเนอขนาดเสนผานศนยกลาง 1 ซม. ใน

ชองปากมานาน 1 สปดาห การซกประวตพบวา สนขม

ประวตการรกษาผวหนงทมลกษณะหนาตวเปนวงกลมขนาด

เสนผานศนยกลาง 1 และ 2 ซม. ทบรเวณหลงดวยยาลด

อกเสบชนดสเตยรอยดและไมใชสเตยรอยดมานาน 2 เดอน

โดยในระหวางการรกษาไมพบการเปลยนแปลงของขนาด

รอยโรคทหลง เจาของจงตดสนใจหยดการรกษาทางยาและ

เฝาสงเกตอาการมาระยะเวลาหนงซงในปจจบนยงไมพบการ

เปลยนแปลงของรอยโรคแตอยางใด ภายหลงการตรวจรางกาย

พบกอนเนอทรงกลม สชมพออนขนาดเสนผานศนยกลาง

1 ซม. ทเยอบชองปากดานบนขวาและดานลางซาย รวม 2

กอน ไมพบตอมน�าเหลองใกลเคยงใบหนาบวมโต สนขยง

สามารถทานอาหารและน�าไดเปนปกต การตรวจสขภาพทวไป

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การตรวจทางโลหตวทยาและเคมในเลอดอยในเกณฑปกต

เจาของสนขประสงคศลยกรรมตดกอนเนอในชองปากออกและ

สงชนเนอตรวจทางพยาธวทยา

ผลการวนจฉย: Plasmacytomas

การรกษาและผลการรกษา:

วนท 1: 2 สปดาหภายหลงการศลยกรรม สนขมารบการตรวจ

เนองจากพบความผดปกตในชองปากและกอนเนอตามรางกาย

หลายต�าแหนง

การตรวจรางกาย: สนขม BCS 5/5 เสยงและอตราการเตนของ

หวใจรวมถงเสยงปอดปกต พบเยอบชองปากอกเสบหนาตวเปน

บรเวณกวางและมกลนเหมน กอนเนอทหลงขนาดใหญ พบ

กอนเนอขนใหมตามองเทา หนาทองและตามล�าตวจ�านวนมาก

องเทามการอกเสบจากการเลยแทะของสนข (รปท 1)

การวนจฉย:

- X-ray ชองอก พบปอดและกระดกบรเวณชองอกมลกษณะปกต

- Ultrasound ชองทอง พบอวยวะในชองทอง ไดแก ตบ มาม

และไตมลกษณะปกต ไมพบการขยายขนาดของตอมน�าเหลอง

ในชองทอง

- คาโลหตวทยาและเคมในเลอด ดงแสดงในตาราง

การรกษา:

- Melphalan (Alkeran 2 มก.) ขนาดยา 0.09 มก./กก./วน

(1 เมด, กนวนเวนวน)

- Amoxicillin clavulanic acid ขนาดยา 10 มก./กก./ เชา-เยน

วนท 10: การตรวจรางกาย: ชองปากมหนองและกลนลดลง

การหนาตวของเยอบชองปากลดลงเลกนอย กอนเนอตาม

ล�าตวขนาดคงทและกอนเนอบางต�าแหนงมผวหนาแหงและ

เปนสะเกด คาโลหตวทยาและเคมในเลอด ดงแสดงในตาราง

การรกษา:

- Melphalan (Alkeran 2 มก.) ขนาดยา 0.12 มก./กก./วน

(1 เมด, กนสองวนเวนหนงวน)

- Amoxicillin clavulanic acid ขนาดยา 10 มก./กก./ เชา-เยน

รปท 1 แสดงภาพสนขในวนท 1 ของการรกษา

ตาราง แสดงผลทางโลหตวทยาและชวเคมของสนข

คาโลหตวทยาและชวเคม วนท 1 วนท 10 วนท 20 วนท 34 วนท 45 วนท 65 คาปกตในสนข

PCV 50.4 44.7 36.6 35.5 38 36 35-55 %

WBC 11.9 5.14 1.96 9.1 12.6 10.7 6.0-17.0 x 103/cumm

Platelets 284 264 101 217 195 223 200-500 x

BUN 11 - - - - - 10-26 mg%

Creatinine 0.7 0.68 0.69 0.69 0.76 0.55 0.5-1.3 mg%

SGPT 38 33 18 360 193 98 6-70 IU/L

Protein (BIURET) 6.6 - - - 6.5 - 5.3-7.8 gm%

Albumin 3.1 - - - 3.0 - 2.3-3.2 gm%

Globulin 3.5 - - - 3.5 - 1.5-3.9 gm%

วนท 20: การตรวจรางกาย: มการยบตวของเยอบชองปาก

อยางมาก กอนเนอตามตวตกสะเกดและขอบแผลเรมหดตว

คาโลหตวทยาและเคมในเลอด ดงแสดงในตาราง

การรกษา:

- Melphalan (Alkeran 2 มก.) ขนาดยา 0.09 มก./กก./วน

(1 เมด, วนเวนวน)

- Prednisolone ขนาดยา 0.5 มก./กก./วน

- Amoxicillin clavulanic acid ขนาดยา 10 มก./กก./ เชา-เยน

วนท 34: การตรวจรางกาย: เยอบชองปากกลบสลกษณะ

ปกต ไมพบการหนาตวหรอกอนเนอเกดใหม กอนเนอตามตว

แหงและหลดลอกทกต�าแหนง ยงพบการบวมแดงทซอกองเทา

เลกนอย คาโลหตวทยาและเคมในเลอด ดงแสดงในตาราง

การรกษา:

- Melphalan (Alkeran 2 มก.) ขนาดยา 0.09 มก./กก./วน

(1 เมด, วนเวนวน)

- Prednisolone ขนาดยา 0.5 มก./กก./วนเวนวน

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รปท 2 แสดงภาพสนขในวนท 45 ของการรกษา

วนท 45: การตรวจรางกาย: ไมพบลกษณะผดปกตใดๆ ทเยอบ

ชองปากและผวหนงตามล�าตว (รปท 2) คาโลหตวทยาและเคม

ในเลอดดงแสดงในตาราง

การรกษา:

- Melphalan (Alkeran 2 มก.) ขนาดยา 0.09 มก./กก./วน

(1 เมด, วนเวนวน)

- Prednisolone ขนาดยา 0.25 มก./กก./วนเวนวน

วนท 65: การตรวจรางกาย: เยอบชองปากและผวหนงตาม

ล�าตว ไมพบลกษณะผดปกต

การรกษา: พจารณาหยดการรกษาทางยาและนดตดตามอาการ

วนท 80: สนขมสขภาพอยในเกณฑปกตและไมพบการเกดซ�า

ของเนองอกตามรางกาย

วจารณและสรปผล: Extramedullary plasmacytic tumors

(EMP) เปนโรคในสนขทสามารถพบทางคลนกไดมาก โดย EMP

จดเปนเนองอกประเภทไมรนแรงทอยในกลมโรค MRDs หรอ

myeloma-related disorders ซงมโรค multiple myeloma

ทเปนภาวะความผดปกตของ plasma cell ในไขกระดกท

รนแรงรวมอยดวย (Withrow et al., 2013) มรายงานการศกษา

ยอนหลงถงโรค EMP ในสนขหลายฉบบวาไมพบความสมพนธ

ระหวางการเกดโรค EMP และโรค multiple myeloma

รวมถงไมมรายงานสตวปวยโรค multiple myeloma ทเกด

ลกษณะของกอนเนอผดปกตตามผวหนงหรอเยอบเชนกน

(Withrow et al., 2013; Wright et al., 2008) อยางไรกตาม

มรายงานหนงไดกลาวถงสนขโรค EMP 2 ตวในกลมการศกษา

75 ตวทไดรบการวนจฉยเปนโรค multiple myeloma

ภายหลงการพบโรค EMP บนรางกายสนข (Rakick et al., 1989)

ดงนนในการรกษาทางคลนกหากพบโรค EMP ทมลกษณะ

ความผดปกตเหมอนกรณสนขรายน การประเมนสขภาพ

สตวกอนวางแผนการรกษา อาจพจารณาตรวจวนจฉยโรค

multiple myeloma ใหแกสตวปวยรวมดวยเพอประโยชนใน

การพยากรณโรค ในกรณของสนขปวยรายน เนองจากเนองอกม

การเกดใหมภายหลงการผาตดอยางรวดเรว ตลอดจนการถาย

ภาพรงสและการตรวจคาทางชวเคมบางประการไมพบ

ความผดปกตเดนชดทจะโนมน�าไปสโรค multiple myeloma

ผท�าการรกษาจงไมไดท�าการตรวจวนจฉยดวยวธเฉพาะตอ

โรค multiple myeloma ดานการรกษาเนองจาก EMP

มกมลกษณะการเกดเปนกอนเนอเดยวทสามารถรกษาโดย

การศลยกรรมตดออกรวมถงมอตราเกดซ�าต�า ท�าใหมรายงาน

การรกษาดวยเคมบ�าบดหรอการใชรงสรกษาอยนอยมาก ผ

ท�าการรกษาจงอางองการใชยาเคมบ�าบดจากรายงานการรกษา

สนขทพบการเกดความผดปกตของ plasma cell tumor ใน

ต�าแหนงอนๆ (Trevor et al., 1993; Rusbridge et al., 1999)

มาใชในการรกษาสนขปวยรายน โดยในชวงแรกของการรกษา

ไดพจารณาใหสนขรบยาเคมบ�าบดชนด Melphalan (Alkeran)

เพยงอยางเดยว ภายหลงการใชยาพบการลดขนาดของ

กอนเนอและไมพบความผดปกตของคาโลหตวทยาและชวเคม

จงพจารณาเพมขนาดยาเคมบ�าบด Melphalan (Alkeran)

ซงพบการยบตวของกอนเนอในชองปากอยางเดนชด แตสนข

มภาวะเมดเลอดขาวต�าและเกลดเลอดต�าซงมแนวโนมเปน

ผลขางเคยงจากการใชยาเคมบ�าบด จงพจารณากลบมาใชยา

เคมบ�าบด Melphalan (Alkeran) ในขนาดยาเรมตนและเพม

ยา prednisolone รวมในการรกษา และพบการตอบสนองทด

มากตอการออกฤทธรวมกนของยาเคมบ�าบดชนด Melphalan

(Alkeran) และ prednisolone และมผลใหกอนเนอของสนข

ยบตวลงทงหมดภายหลงการรบยาเคมบ�าบดเปนระยะเวลา 45

วน อยางไรกตามสนขปวยรายนยงคงมการตดตามอาการเพอ

เฝาระวงการกลบเปนซ�าของ EMP ตอไป

เอกสารอางอง:

(1) Baer, K.E., et al., 1989. Cutaneous Plasmacytomas

in Dogs: A Morphologic and Immunohistochemical

Study. Veterinary Pathology 26(3): 216-221

(2) Cangul, I.T., et al., 2002. Clinico-pathological

Aspects of Canine Cutaneous and Mucocutaneous

Plasmacytomas. Journal of Veterinary Medicine.

A, Physiology, Pathology, Clinical medicine 49(6):

307-312

(3) Lucke , V .M . 1987 . P r imary cutaneous

plasmacytomas in the dog and cat. Journal of

Small Animal practice 28(1): 49-55

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(4) Rakich, P.M., et al., 1989. Mucocutaneous

plasmacytomas in dogs: 75 cases (1980-1987).

Journal of the American Veterinary Medical

Association 194(6): 803-810

(5) Rusbridge, C., et al., 1999. Vertebral Plasma cell

Tumors in 8 Dogs. Journal of Veterinary Internal

Medicine 13: 126-133

(6) Trevor, P.B., et al., 1993. Metastatic extramedullary

plasmacytomas of the colon and rectum in a

dog. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical

Association 203(3): 406-409

(7) Withrow, S.J., Vail, D.M. and Page, R.L., 2013.

Withrow & MacEwen’s Small animal Clinical

Oncology. 5th ed. St. Louis: Saunders Elsevier. p.

665-676

(8) Wright, Z.M., Rogers, K.S. and Mansell, J. 2008.

Survival Data for Canine Oral Extramedullary

Plasmacytomas: A Retrospective Analysis

(1996-2006). Journal of the American Veterinary

Medical Association 44(2): 75-81

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รายงานสตวปวย: drug eruption in French bulldog

ศวพร เพงพศ1 มนา สารกะภต2 ชยยศ ธารรตนะ3 วจตร บรรลนารา4 ณฐวด งามเลศวงศ5 ศววชร พานชอนนตกจ5

1นสตประกาศนยบตรบณฑต ภาควชาอายรศาสตร คณะสตวแพทยศาสตร จฬาลงกรณมหาวทยาลย2ภาควชาชวเคม คณะสตวแพทยศาสตร จฬาลงกรณมหาวทยาลย

3ภาควชาอายรศาสตร คณะสตวแพทยศาสตร จฬาลงกรณมหาวทยาลย4ภาควชาพยาธวทยา คณะสตวแพทยศาสตร จฬาลงกรณมหาวทยาลย

5คลนกเฉพาะทางโรคผวหนง โรคพยาบาลสตวเลก คณะสตวแพทยศาสตร จฬาลงกรณมหาวทยาลย

ค�าส�าคญ: drug eruption ยาปฏชวนะ อาการแพยา ผดผนแพยา

บทคดยอ:

สนขพนธเฟรนบลดอก อาย 5 ป เพศผท�าหมนแลว เขารบการรกษาทคลนกเฉพาะทางโรคผวหนง โรงพยาบาลสตวเลก

คณะสตวแพทยศาสตร จฬาลงกรณมหาวทยาลย ดวยอาการผวหนงอกเสบเปนหนองทวตว (generalized deep pyoderma) ม

ประวตไดรบยาปฏชวนะสองชนดเพอรกษาโรคผวหนงทคลนกเอกชน คอ อะมอคซซลน/คลาวลานคแอซด (Amoxicillin/clavulanic

acid) ขนาด 17 มลลกรม/กโลกรม วนละ 2 ครง รวมกบเอนโรฟลอคซาซน (Enrofloxacin) ขนาด 5 มลลกรม/กโลกรม วนละ 1

ครง เปนระยะเวลา 3 สปดาห ตรวจวนจฉยเบองตนทางเซลลวทยา (cytology) ดวยวธ impression smear พบแบคทเรยและเซลล

อกเสบชนดนวโทรฟล (neutrophil) และแมคโครเฟจ (macrophage) ขดตรวจผวหนงชนลก (deep skin scraping) และเพาะเชอรา

(DTM) ใหผลวนจฉยเปนลบ นอกจากนยงตรวจวนจฉยเพมเตมโดยเพาะเชอแบคทเรยทไวรบตอยา (bacterial drug sensitivity)

และเกบตวอยางชนเนอ (skin biopsy) ซงผลตรวจพบผวหนงอกเสบเปนหนอง (acute suppurative dermatitis) หลงจากนน

ใหยาก�าจดปรสตภายนอกโดยใช 9.7% ฟโปรนล/8.8% เอส-เมโทรพรนชนดหยอดหลง (9.7% Fipronil/8.8%(S)-Methoprene

spot on) และเปลยนชนดยาปฏชวนะ เปนซลฟาเมทอกซาโซน/ไตรเมโทรพรม (Sulfamethozaxone/Trimethoprim) ใน

ขนาด 16 มลลกรม/กโลกรม วนละ 2 ครงรวมกบอะมกาซน (Amikacin) ใชทาบรเวณรอยโรค เมอทราบผลเพาะเชอแบคทเรย

พบวามความไวรบกบยาอะมอคซซลน/คลาวลานคแอซด (Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid) อะมกาซน (Amikacin) และเซฟาลซน

(Cephalexin) จงเลอกใชยาทไวรบคอ เซฟาลซน (Cephalexin) ขนาด 22 มลลกรม/กโลกรม กนวนละ 2 ครง รวมกบทาอะมกาซน

บรเวณรอยโรค พบวารอยโรคบรเวณตางๆ ดขน ซงสอดคลองกบลกษณะทางเซลลวทยาทไมพบแบคทเรยและเซลลอกเสบทมจ�านวน

ลดลง เมอประมวลจากชวงเวลาของการเกดโรค (onset) ภายหลงจากการไดรบยาปฏชวนะ ผลของการใหยาปฏชวนะและผลชนเนอ

ท�าใหสรปไดวาสนขตวนมปญหาของโรคผวหนงทเกดจากผดผนแพยาจากเอนโรฟลอคซาซน (Enrofloxacin)

บทน�า: ภาวะผดผนแพยา (drug eruption) คอ ผลอนไมพง

ประสงคจากยาทท�าใหเกดความผดปกตทางผวหนงโดยผวหนง

จะมปฏกรยาตอบสนองตอยาทไดรบ ไมวาจะเปนยาตาน

การอกเสบในกลมทไมใชสเตยรอยด (NSAIDs) ยาปฏชวนะ

(antibiotics) หรอยากนชก (antiepileptics) แตยาทเปน

สาเหตหลกของความผดปกตนในสตวเลยงมกเปนกลมของยา

ปฏชวนะโดยเฉพาะในกลมซลโฟนามายด (sulfonamides)

และเบตาแลคแตม (Beta-lactams) อยางไรกตามการเกด

ปฏกรยาการแพทผวหนง สวนใหญมกมอาการไมรนแรง แต

บางกรณการตอบสนองของภมค มกนทรนแรงอาจสงผล

อนตรายถงชวตได

กลไกการเกดภาวะผดผนแพยาเกดไดหลายกลไก

แตส วนใหญมกเกดจากปฏกรยาภมค มกนไวเกนชนดท

1 2 3 หรอ 4 (hypersensitivity type I, II, III, IV) หรอ

เกยวของกบการจบตวของโปรตนกบโครงสรางทางโมเลกล

ขนาดเลกของยา (low molecular weight: haptens) ท�าให

เกดเปนสงแปลกปลอม (pseudoallergen) จงมการสราง

การตอบสนองของรางกายจากลมโฟไซด (lymphocyte)

และแอนตบอด (antibody) อนๆ ท�าใหแสดงอาการผดปกต

ออกมาในรปแบบตางๆ

การเกดภาวะผดผนแพยาสามารถจ�าแนกไดเปน 2

ชนด คอ

1. อาการไม พงประสงค ทสามารถคาดเดาได

(predictable reaction) ซงปฏกรยาดงกลาวจะสมพนธ

กบเภสชจลนศาสตรและขนาดของยาทไดรบ สตวมกแสดง

อาการ เชน ขนรวงจากการใชยากดภมคมกนหรอยาตานมะเรง

ผวหนงอกเสบเฉพาะจดจากนโอมยซน (Neomycin) ชนดยา

ใชภายนอก

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การรกษาภาวะผด ผนแพ ยาท� า ได โดยการให

หย ดการ ใช ยาท ก อ ให เก ดอาการแพ และหลก เล ย ง

การใช ยาในกล มท ม ลกษณะโครงสร างทางเคมหรอ

ยาในกลมเดยวกน รวมกบการดแลแบบประคบประคอง

(supportive care) อาจจ�าเปนตองมการใหสารน�าและ

ยาปฏชวนะทางหลอดเลอด ในรายทมการแพและตดเชอ

ในกระแสเลอดอยางรนแรง นอกจากนการใชยาในกลม

คอรตโคสเตยรอยด (corticosteroids) ในขนาดออกฤทธ

กดภมคมกน เชน เพรดนโซโลน (Prednisolone) ขนาด 2-4

มลลกรม/กโลกรม ใชเพอหวงผลเพอควบคมการเกดปฏกรยา

ของภมคมกน (immunologic reaction) หรอทเกยวของ

กบระบบภมคมกนอนๆ (immunemodulating drugs) เชน

ไซโคลสปอรน (Cyclosporine) ขนาด 10-15 มลลกรม/กโลกรม

อะซาไธโอพรน (Azathioprine) ขนาด 2-3 มลลกรม/กโลกรม

อยางไรกตามการใชยาทมผลตอภมคมกนจ�าเปนตองระมดระวง

ในเรองเกยวกบความเสยงของการตดเชอแทรกซอนตางๆ

ประวตสตวปวย: สนขพนธเฟรนบลดอก อาย 5 ป เพศผ

ท�าหมนแลว น�าหนก 14.6 กโลกรม มคะแนนสภาพรางกาย

เทากบ 3/5 เขารบการรกษาทคลนกเฉพาะทางโรคผวหนง

โรงพยาบาลสตวเลก คณะสตวแพทยศาสตร จฬาลงกรณ

มหาวทยาลย ด วยอาการม ผวหนงอกเสบเป นหนอง

ทวตว (generalized deep pyoderma) (รปท 1) ภายหลง

ไดรบยาปฏชวนะสองชนดจากการรกษาโรคผวหนงทคลนก

เอกชน คอ อะมอคซซลน/คลาวลานคแอซด (Amoxicillin/

clavulanicacid) ขนาด 17 มลลกรม/กโลกรม วนละ 2 ครง

รวมกบเอนโรฟลอกซาซน (Enrofloxacin) ขนาด 5 มลลกรม/

กโลกรม วนละ 1 ครงเปนเวลาประมาณ 3 สปดาห

2 . อาการไม พ งประสงค โดยไม ทราบสาเหต

(idiosyncratic reaction) เปนปฏกรยาทไมสมพนธกบ

เภสชจลนศาสตรของยาและขนาดของยา แตจะมความสมพนธ

กบภมคมกนของสตวทไดรบยา

การวนจฉยภาวะผดผนแพทสามารถท�าไดทางคลนก

เพอใชพจารณารวมกนมดงน

- การซกประวตและการตรวจรางกาย (history and physical

examination)

การซกประวต เ กยวกบชนดของยา ขนาดยาท

ไดรบ ระยะเวลาการใชยารวมกบระยะเวลาทสตวแสดง

ความผดปกตมความส�าคญในการวนจฉย นอกจากนการตรวจ

รางกายโดยการประเมนสภาพโดยรวมของตวสตวสามารถชวย

ในการวนจฉยและตดสาเหตอนๆ ทไมใชความผดปกตจาก

ปฏกรยาจากภมคมกนทมตอยา

- การตรวจคาทางโลหตวทยา (complete blood count and

serum biochemistry)

การตรวจเลอดในสตวทมภาวะผดผนแพยาอาจไมม

คาความผดปกตทจ�าเพาะ แตสามารถใชในการประเมน

ความรนแรงทเกดจากการแพซงสงผลตอระบบอนๆ ในรางกาย

เชน ภาวะเลอดจางชนดเมดเลอดแดงแตก (hemolytic

anemia) เกลดเลอดต�า (thrombocytopenia) หรอการแพ

ทสงผลเปนพษตอตบ (hepatotoxicity)

- ลกษณะทางจลพยาธวทย (histopathology)

การเกบตวอยางชนเนอ (biopsy) เพอดลกษณะ

ทางจลพยาธวทยา (histopathology) ควรเกบตวอยางจาก

รอยโรคระยะตางๆ ในต�าแหนงทแตกตางกน เพราะภาวะ

การแพทผวหนงมกพบความผดปกตทแตกตางกนออกไป

อยางไรกตามลกษณะทางจลพยาธวทยามประโยชนในการใช

วนจฉยแยกแยะความผดปกตของโรคผวหนงทจ�าเพาะอนๆ

แตการวนจฉยความผดปกตจากภาวะผดผนแพยาไมไดขนอย

กบลกษณะทางจลพยาธวทยาเพยงอยางเดยว

- การทดลองหยดยาและกลบมาใชใหม (dechallenge and

rechallenge)

การทดสอบภาวะผดผนแพยาทนยมท�าท สด คอ

การทดลองหยดการใช ยาทคดว าก อให เกดอาการแพ

(dechallenge) เพราะเปนวธทงายและประหยดคาใชจาย

ทสด หลงจากนนกใหกลบมาใชยาทคดวากอใหเกดอาการ

แพอกครง (rechallenge) โดยหากสตวปวยมความจ�าเปน

ตองใชยาทกอใหเกดการแพในการรกษาโรค การกลบมาใชยา

อกครงควรใหความระมดระวง โดยเรมใชยาในขนาดต�า แตควร

ตดตามอาการอยางใกลชดหากสตวเคยมภาวะการแพรนแรง

ทวรางกาย (anaphylaxis)

รปท 1 แสดงรอยโรคผวหนงชนดอกเสบเปนหนองทวตว

(generalized deep pyoderma)

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ตรวจรอยโรคบนผวหนงทางเซลลวทยา (cytology)

(รปท 2) เกบตวอยางชนเนอ (skin biopsy) (รปท 3) ผล

การตรวจแสดงในตารางท 1 เกบตวอยางเลอด (blood

collection) เพอประเมนความผดปกตอนๆ และเพาะเชอ

แบคทเรยเพอทดสอบความไวรบตอยา (bacterial culture)

ผลแสดงดงตารางท 2

ตารางท 1 แสดงผลตรวจทางเซลลวทยา

วธการ ผลการตรวจ

Impression smear Cocci Bacteria, Neutrophil,

Macrophage

Deep skin scraping Not found

Skin biopsy Acute suppurative dermatitis

การรกษาและผลการรกษา: เนองจากสนขตวนไมไดม

ระบบการควบคมเหบหมดมากอนหนาน ดงนนการรกษาใน

สปดาหแรกใหก�าจดปรสตภายนอกโดยใช 9.7% ฟโปรนล/

8.8% เอส-เมโทรพรนชนดหยอดหลง (9.7% Fipronil 8.8%

(S)-Methoprene spot on) รวมกบเปลยนชนดยาปฏชวนะ

จากเดมคอ อะมอคซซลน/คลาวลานคแอซด (Amoxicillin/

clavulanic acid) และเอนโรฟลอกซาซน (Enrofloxacin) เปน

ซลฟาเมทอกซาโซน/ไตรเมโทรพรม (Sulfamethozaxone/

Trimethoprim) ขนาด 16 มลลกรม/กโลกรม วนละ 2 ครง

และใชอะมกาซน (Amikacin topical) ทาบรเวณรอยโรค

วนละ 2 ครงในระหวางรอผลเพาะเชอแบคทเรยทไวรบตอยา

ภายหลงใหการรกษาเปนเวลา 1 สปดาห อาการผวหนงอกเสบ

เปนหนองลดลง (รปท 4) และผลตรวจทางเซลลวทยาไมพบ

แบคทเรย แตยงพบนวโทรฟล (neutrophil) และแมคโครเฟจ

(macrophage) ทยงแสดงถงผวหนงมการอกเสบ (รปท 5)

รปท 4 แสดงรอยโรคการอกเสบเปนหนองของผวหนงทลดลง

ภายหลงจากเปลยนยาปฎชวนะมาเปนเวลา 1 สปดาห

รปท 5 แสดงผลทางเซลลวทยาจากวธ impression smear

ไมพบแบคทเรยแตยงพบ neutrophil และ macrophage

บงบอกถงวายงคงม pyogranulomatous inflammation

รปท 2 แสดงผลทางเซลลวทยาจาก impression

smear พบแบคทเรยชนด cocci (ลกศรสด�า) และ

neutrophil รวมกบ macrophage (ลกศรสแดง)

แสดงถงการอกเสบชนด pyogranulomatous

รปท 3 แสดงผลจากการเกบตวอยางชนเนอ:

ทชน subcutaneous พบ neutrophil lymphocyte

eosinophil และ mast cell แสดงถงผวหนงอกเสบมหนอง

อยางรนแรง (acute suppurative dermatitis)

40x : bar = 30 micron

4x : bar = 300 micron

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ตารางท 2 แสดงผลเพาะเชอแบคทเรยทไวรบตอยาแบคทเรย

ทพบ คอ Staphylococcus coagulase negative

ABOs Susceptible Intermediate Resistant

Amikacin

Amoxy/clav

Cephalexin

Clindamycin

Doxycycline

Enrofloxacin

Sulfa-tri

สปดาหทสองของการรกษา เปลยนยาปฏชวนะตาม

ผลเพาะเชอแบคทเรยทไวรบตอยา ดงตารางท 2 โดยใชยา

เซฟาลซน (Cephalexin) ขนาด 22 มลลกรม/กโลกรม วนละ

2 ครงรวมกบใชอะมกาซน (Amikacin topical) ทาบรเวณ

รอยโรควนละ 2 ครง ภายหลงการกษา 3 สปดาห พบวารอย

โรคตางๆ ทผวหนงดขน (รปท 6) ไมพบแบคทเรยจากการตรวจ

ทางเซลลวทยาและพบนวโทรฟลและแมคโคเฟจทลดจ�านวนลง

อะมอคซซลน/คลาวลานคแอซด (Amoxicillin/clavulanic

acid) รวมกบเอนโรฟลอคซาซน (Enrofloxacin) เพอรกษาโรค

ผวหนงเปนระยะเวลาประมาณ 3 สปดาห ซงเปนระยะเวลาท

สมพนธกบการเกดภาวะผดผนแพยา ในสวนของการตรวจพบ

แบคทเรย ในปรมาณนอยรวมกบเซลลอกเสบตางๆ ดวยวธ

impression smear แสดงใหเหนวาภาวะการตดเชอทผวหนง

สวนหนงมการตอบสนองจากการรกษาโดยการใชยาปฏชวนะ

บงบอกไดจากจ�านวนแบคทเรยทตรวจพบ สวนการพบเซลล

อกเสบตางๆ อาจกลาวไดวามการตอบสนองของภมคมกนตอ

ยาทไดรบในชวงเวลาดงกลาว และตวยาทนาจะเปนสาเหต

ของผวหนงอกเสบในกรณของภาวะผดผนแพยานได แก

อะมอคซซลน/คลาวลานคแอซด (Amoxicillin/clavulanic

acid) หรอเอนโรฟลอคซาซน (Enrofloxacin) หรอจากยา

ปฏชวนะทงสองชนด

การรกษาโดยเรมตนโดยการเพาะเชอแบคทเรยทม

ความไวรบตอยา จากนนหยดยาปฏชวนะทงสองชนดทเคย

ไดรบ (dechallenge) และใชยาปฎชวนะซงมลกษณะทม

โครงสรางตางไปจากยาปฎชวนะทงสองชนดทเคยไดรบ คอ

ซลฟาเมทอกซาโซน/ไตรเมโทรพรม (Sulfamethozaxone/

Trimethoprim) และอะมกาซน (Amikacin) ทาเพอหวงผลการ

รกษาอาการมผวหนงอกเสบเปนหนองทวตว (Generalized

deep pyoderma) ไปเบองตนระหวางรอผลเพาะเชอ

แบคทเรยทไวรบตอยา

จากผลเพาะเชอแบคทเรย พบว ายาทสามารถ

ฆ าเชอแบคท เรยได มหลายชนด รวมไปถงยาในกล ม

เบต า-แลคแตม (ß-Lactam) ได แก อะมอคซซลน/

คลาวลานคแอซด (Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid) และ

เซฟาลซน (Cephalexin) ซงเป นยาท ใช ในการรกษา

มาแลว คอ อะมอคซซลน/คลาวลานคแอซด (Amoxicillin/

clavulanic acid) ดงนนอาจกลาวไดว า ลกษณะทาง

เซลลวทยาในครงแรกทพบแบคทเรยจ�านวนนอยเปนผล

มาจากการใชยาทไวรบตอเชอ กลาวโดยสรปคอ ผลของ

การลดลงของจ�านวนแบคทเรยทตรวจพบทางเซลลวทยานา

จะเปนผลจากอะมอคซซลน/คลาวลานคแอซด (Amoxicillin/

clavulanic ac id) ไม ใช ผลของเอนโรฟลอคซาซน

(Enrofloxacin)

ภายหลงไดรบผลเพาะเชอแบคทเรย จงเลอกใชยา

ทไวรบ คอ เซฟาลซน (Cephalexin) กนวนละ 2 ครง และ

อะมกาซน (Amikacin) ชนดทาตามบรเวณรอยโรค พบวา

รอยโรคบรเวณตางๆ และอาการทางคลนกดขนซงสอดคลอง

กบลกษณะทางเซลลวทยาทไมพบแบคทเรยและเซลลอกเสบ

ทพบมจ�านวนลดลง

รปท 6 แสดงรอยโรคตางๆ ทผวหนงลดลง

สรปและวจารณผล: ภาวะผดผนแพยา (drug eruption) คอ

ผลอนไมพงประสงคจากยาทท�าใหเกดความผดปกตทางผวหนง

โดยผวหนงจะมปฏกรยาตอบสนองตอยาทไดรบ ไมวาจะเปน

ยาตานการอกเสบในกลมทไมใชสเตยรอยด (NSAIDs) ยา

ปฏชวนะ (antibiotics) หรอยากนชก (antiepileptics) ชนด

และกลไกการเกดการแพยาทผวหนงเกดไดจากหลายสาเหต

และบางครงอาจ ไมทราบสาเหต แตสวนใหญมกเกยวของกบ

ระบบตอบสนองทางภมคมกนของรางกาย (hypersensitivity

reaction)

การวนจฉยภาวะผดผนแพยาสามารถท�าไดโดยการซก

ประวตเกยวกบการใชยา ชนดของยา ระยะเวลาการใชยา โดย

มกแสดงอาการภายหลงการใชยา 1-3 สปดาห

จากรายงานสตว ป วยฉบบนพบว า ส นขแสดง

ความผดปกตทางผวหนงเพมมากขนภายหลงได รบยา

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สวนใหญยากลมทมกท�าใหเกดภาวะผดผนผวหนง

ในสตว เลยงมกเป นกล มเบต า-แลคแตม (ß-Lactam)

เนองจากการใช ยาเซฟาล ซน (Cephalexin) ตามผล

เพาะเชอซงเปนยาในกลมของเบตา-แลคแตม (ß-Lactam)

และม โ ค ร งสร า งคล า ยค ล งก บจ ากอะมอค ซ ซ ล น /

คลาวลานคแอซด (Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid) ทเคยไดรบ

มากอนหนาน ไมไดกอใหเกดการกลบมาเปนใหม (recurrent)

ของรอยโรคบนผวหนงเชนเดมอก ดงนนสนขตวนเกดภาวะ

ผดผนแพยาจากยาเอนโรฟลอคซาซน (Enrofloxacin) ซงอย

ในกลมฟลออโรควโนโลน (Fluoroquinolone)

ผ ล ก า ร เ ก บ ต ว อ ย า ง ช น เ น อ เ พ อ ด ล ก ษ ณ ะ

ทางจลพยาธวทยาพบผวหนงอกเสบเปนหนอง (acute

suppurative dermatitis) ซงไมใชความผดปกตของโรค

ผวหนงทจ�าเพาะ แตสามารถน�ามาประกอบการรกษารวมกบ

การวนจฉยอนๆ ได ผลทางโลหตวทยาทไมพบความผดปกต

อาจกลาวไดวา ลกษณะขางตนไมสงผลตอระบบอนๆ ของ

รางกาย

การจะท�าการวนฉยให ครบถ วนในภาวะผดผน

แพยา อาจตองมการลองกลบมาใหยาทสงสยวามการแพ

(rechallenge) แตในกรณศกษานเจาของไมสะดวกใหม

การลองกลบมาใชยาอกครง

ส วนการพจารณาใชยากดภมค มกนเพอควบคม

ปฏกรยาของรางกาย อาจใชเมอมการตรวจทางเซลลวทยา

แลววาไมพบการตดเชอแทรกซอน (secondary infection)

และอาการของโรคยงคงด�าเนนตอไปอย แตในกรณศกษาน

ไมไดมการใชยาดงกลาวเนองจากรอยโรคและความรนแรงของ

โรคลดลงเปนล�าดบภายหลงการหยดใชยาทเปนสาเหตของ

ภาวะผดผนแพยา

เอกสารอางอง:

(1) De Boar, D.J. 2005. Cutaneous adverse drug

reactions. In: Proceeding of the NAVC (North

American Veterinary Conference). Florida. 237-238.

(2) Lee, A. And Thromson, J. 2006. Drug-induced

skin reactions. In: Adverse Drug Reactions. 2nd ed.

Pharmaceutical. 125-152.

(3) Voie, K.L., Campbell, K.L. and Lavergne S.N. 2012.

Drug Hypersensitivity Reactions Targeting the Skin

in Dogs and Cats. J Vet Intern Med. 26: 863-874.

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Case report: drug eruption in French bulldog.

Siwaporn Pengpis1 Meena Sarikaputi2 Chaiyot Tanrattana3 Wijit Bunlunara4

Nattawadee Ngamlertwong5 Sivavatchr Panitarnangit5

1Diploma graduate student, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University2Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University

3Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University4Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University

5Dermatology unit, Small animal teaching hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University

*Corresponding author e-mail address: [email protected]

Keywords: drug eruption, French bulldog

Introduction: Drug eruption is an adverse event

caused by medicine leading to skin lesions. Causative

medicine reported include NSAIDS, antibiotics and

antiepileptics. In small animal practice, antibiotics

are of the most common cause of drug eruption.

Mechanism of drug eruption usually involve

hypersensitivity (type I, II, III or IV) or hapten.

Diagnosis can be made by history of drug use, onset

of clinical presentation, histopathology findings and

diappearance of clinical signs after stop the drug.

Treatment options include immunosuppressive drugs

which should be used with caution.

Case history: A 5 year-old male castrated French

bulldog was presented at dermatology clinic, Small

animal teaching hospital, Faculty of Veterinary

Science, Chulalongkorn university with clinical signs

of generalized deep pyoderma. The dog developed

skin lesions of generalized furunculosis 3 weeks after

received combination of antibiotic from previous

clinic (Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid 17 mg/kg bid with

Enrofloxacin 5 mg/kg sid).

Laboratory findings: Impression smear from lesions

revealed significant number of cocci bacteria with

neutrophils and macrophage. Deep skin scraping

and dermatophyte test medium were negative.

Bacterial culture and sensitivity test showed that drug

sensitivity to Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, Amikacin and

Cephalexin. Histopathology findings showed acute

suppurative dermatitis.

Diagnosis: Diagnosis as drug eruption has been

made based on onset of clinical signs after receiving

antibiotics, histopathological findings and clinical

improvement after cessation of suspected agents.

Treatment: Cephalexin (25 mg/kg) was prescribed

together with topical amikacin spray twice a day

based on bacterial culture and sensitivity results. The

lesions improved within 3 weeks which correlate with

cytology findings that showed absence of bacterial

with decreased inflammatory cells.

Discussion: Drug eruption is a rare skin disease that

can be caused by common drug normally used

by veterinarians. Therefore, veterinarian should be

aware possibility of this skin condition which can lead

to proper management of the problem. However,

diagnosis of this condition is considerably difficult.

To confirm the disease, rechallenge of suspected

antibiotics may be done but, in this case, owner refuse

to do so. Immunosuppressive drugs may be used but

veterinarians should concern about chance for animal

to get septicemia due to infection.

References:(1) De Boar, D.J. 2005. Cutaneous adverse drug reactions.

In: Proceeding of the NAVC (North American Veterinary

Conference). Florida. 237-238.

(2) Lee, A. And Thromson, J. 2006. Drug-induced skin reactions.

In: Adverse Drug Reactions. 2nd Ed. Pharmaceutical. 125-152.

(3) Voie, K.L., Campbell, K.L. and Lavergne S.N. 2012. Drug

Hypersensitivity Reactions Targeting the Skin in Dogs and

Cats. J Vet Intern Med. 26: 863-874.

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Preliminary study: prevalence and risk factors of canine obesity

in Central, Western and Northeastern region of Thailand

Varangkana Thaotumpitak1 Jarukorn Sripradite2 Achara Tawatsin1 Chaiyot Tanrattana1*

1Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand 2College of Industrial Technology, King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok, Bangkok, 10800, Thailand

*Corresponding author e-mail address: [email protected]

Keywords: dog, obesity, risk factors, prevalence

Introduction: canine obesity is one of common

nutritional problem reported in dogs. The multiple

risk factors are not only dog-related (age, sex, neuter

status, type of food, frequency of feeding and living

style), but also owner–related factor (body mass index

of owner). The obesity can lead to serious disorders,

for example, endocrine disease, cardio-respiratory

disease and musculoskeletal disorder.

Recent report has shown the increased

prevelence of obesity in both human and dog

worldwide. In Thailand, high prevelence and rising

trends of body mass index of Thai adults was clearly

shown. However, this information in dogs remains

unknown.

The propose of this study was to investigate

the prevalence and risk factors of canine obesity in

Central, Western and Northeastern region of Thailand.

Materials and methods: A questionnaire is well

designed to collect the dog’s information between

1 January -30 April 2016. The inclusion criteria are

dogs over 1 year with any breed, sex and health

status. The dogs were excluded from the study if

they were pregnancy. The sample sizes are 200

dogs for Central and Western region, as well as, 400

dogs for Northeastern region. The animal hospitals in

each region were selected by convenience sampling.

Only one veterinarian determined all dogs’ body

condition by using 5- scale body condition score.

The dog owners were interviewed following the

questionnaire. After that, the owners evaluated the

dog body conformation as excessively thin, thin,

normal, overweight or obese without any advice.

Both two assessments were matched to find out

the misperception of owners. The categorical

data was analyzed by bivariate chi-square test for

independence. The p-value <0.05 was considered

as statistically significant. These questionnaires and

protocols were approved by the Ethic Committee for

the Human and/or Animal Experimentation, Faculty of

Veterinary Science and the Ethics Review Committee

for Research Involving Human Research Subjects,

Health Science Group, Chulalongkorn University (COA

No.241/2558).

Results and discussion: In total, 800 dogs examined,

411 dogs (51.3%) were identified as obese or

overweight assessed by veterinarian. This prevalence

was higher than the result in Beijing’s study (44.4%,

n=2391) and Australian survey (41%, n=2661).

319 dogs (39.9%) were identified as overweight or

obese assessed by owners. Owner assessment were

compared with veterinarian assessment. Mainly

owners (545, 68.1%) can evaluate their dog body

shape correctly, some dog owners are overestimation

(4.9%, n=39) and underestimation (27%, n=216). In

group of dog with body condition score 5, half of

the dogs (50.0%, n=128) were underestimated and

some obese dogs (15.0%, n=37) were classified as

normal by owners. This result can truly reflects the

misperception.

In our study, there were the high proportion

of overweight and obese dog in Central and West

regions but most dogs in the North-eastern region are

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normal body shape. 55.4% (n=443) of dogs are under

5 years old. And, 146 of dogs in North-eastern region

are one year old. This results to low prevelence of

overweight and obesity in this region.

129 of 404 (16.1%) of male dogs were castrated

and 160 of 396 (20.0%) of female dogs were neutered.

This study found that castrated male and neutered

female are more risk to obesity compared to intact

male and intact female.

Food type is one of the major causes of high

obese rate In our study, most dogs (78.8%) were fed

with dry food as one composition in meals. And,

the dogs fed with only dry food were less risk for

obesity because the owner can estimate the amount

of food for daily intake appropriately. Additionally,

we found that the dogs fed with cooked food as

one compostition in meals were more at risk of

obesity. Cooked food are more palatable and feeding

with many kinds of food is difficult to estimate the

amount of food to meet the nutritional requirement

correctly. Frequency of feeding, as well as, feeding

snack are related with dog obesity. Most of the dogs

were fed twice per day (70.8%, n=563) and do not

fed with snack (41.8%, n=328). Obesity rate of dogs

fed Ad libitum and fed with snack frequently were

high beacause the it exceeds the basal caloric intake.

Interestingly, the dogs fed three times per day are

less risk of being obesity. Living style also related

with energy utilization. The majority (89.1%, n=713)

are dogs lived indoor with restricted area and limited

physical activity, that the dogs had inadequate enegy

expenditure, then, it can contribute to obese easily.

To concern about owner factor related with

canine obesity, the body mass index (BMI) of owners

were calculated by

BMI = weight (kg) / [height (m)]2

Of 800, 442 owners (55.3%) have normal

BMI. Anyway, this study cannot find the association

between the owner body mass index and body

condition score of dogs.

To know the existing of canine obesity and risk

factors related with this condition in some regions of

Thailand can be the basis for prevention of obese dogs

in the future, thereby reduce risk for severe disorders

and increased the dog’s life span.

Acknowledgement: Financial support for this work

by Mars Petcare (Thailand) Co.Ltd.

References:

(1) Aekplakorn W., Inthawong R., Kessomboon P.,

Sangthong R., Chariyalertsak S., Putwatana P. and

Taneepanichskul S., 2014. Prevalence and trends

of obesity and association with socioeconomic

status in thai adults: National Health Examination

Surveys, 1991-2009. Journal of obesity. 17

(2090-0716): 410259.

(2) Bach J.F., Rozanski E.F., Bedenice D., Chan D.L.,

Freeman L.M., Lofgren J.L., Oura T.J. and Hoffman

A.M., 2007. Association of expiratory airway

dysfunction with marked obesity in healthy adult

dogs. American Journal of Veterinary Research.

68(6): 670-675.

(3) Courcier E.A., Thomson R.M., Mellor D.J. and

Yam P.S., 2010. An epidemiological study of

environmental factors associated with canine

obesity. Journal of Small Animal Practice. 51(7):

362-367.

(4) Mao J., Xia Z. and Chen J., 2013. Prevalence

and risk factors for canine obesity surveyed in

veterinary practices in Beijing, China. Preventive

Veterinary Medicine. 112(3-4): 438-442.

(5) McGreevy P.D., Thomson P.C. and Pride C.,

2005. Prevalence of obesity in dogs examined

by Australian veterinary practices and the risk

factors involved. Journal of the British Veterinary

Association. 156(22): 695-702.

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The pilot epidemiology study of concurrent disease in obese dogs in Bangkok

Supita Sunpongsri1 Thitika Chaechai1 Nuttima Rattanavalai1 Issaree Laopirun1 Narudee Kashemsant2*

1The 6th year Veterinary student, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University2Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok

*Corresponding author e-mail address: [email protected]

Keywords: epidemiology, obesity, concurrent disease, companion animal

Introduction: Advancements of technology in

animal treatments make longer average age in pets.

Health problems in older pets are often associated

with chronic disease which cannot be cured. In

addition, the influence of westernized lifestyle of

owners, resulting in a condition of getting a nutrient

imbalance leads to overweight and obesity in pets.

Such influences are affecting the quality of life in pets

as well. However, there is no report of the concurrent

disease in obese dogs.

Material and methods: To investigate diseases

relating to obesity, we performed an epidemiological

study of 271 obese dogs which has been went to

Kasetsart University Veterinary Teaching Hospital

during July to August 2015 for health checkup, blood

donor program, swimming exercise as well as their

treatment follow up. (most dogs are senior and the

distribution of the female is similar to male and the

most of sexual status is neutered)

Results: The result showed 12.5% of 271 obese

dogs are healthy. So, the rest of study implied the

concurrences between obesity and some chronic

diseases. This study showed the top 10 highest diseases

that occurred with obesity includes neoplasia (22.9%),

ophthalmological (13.3%), neurological (12.9%),

urological (12.9%), skin (12.2%), gastrointestinal (GI)

and GI associated (11.8%), musculoskeletal (8.1%),

cardiovascular (6.6%), respiratory (6.3%), endocrine

(5.5%) and hematological (5.5%) diseases respectively.

Discussion: The preliminary result was showed the

high incidences of the concurrences between obesity

and several chronic diseases. The further study is

recommended to be performed to figure out the

correlation between these diseases.

Acknowledgements: We gratefully acknowledge

Nestle’ (Thai) Co.,Ltd. for funding

References:

(1) A.J. German, The Growing Problem of Obesity in

Dogs and Cats, The journal of nutrition, 2006.

(2) Waltham, Obesity in the dog: The WALTHAM course

on dog and cat nutrition, 1999.

(3) A.J. German, S.L. Holden, M.L. Wiseman-Orr, J.

Reid, A.M. Nolan, V. Biourge, P.J. Morris, E.M.

Scott, Quality of life is reduced in obese dogs

but improves after successful weight loss, The

Veterinary Journal, Volume 192, Issue 3, June 2012:

428-434, ISSN 1090-0233.

(4) Elizabeth M. Lund, P. Jane Armstrong, Claudia

A. Kirk, Jeffrey S. Klausner, Prevalence and Risk

Factors for Obesity in Adult Dogs from Private US

Veterinary Practices, Intern J Appl Res Vet Med,

Volume 4, 2006.

(5) Sanderson, S.L. “The Epidemic of Canine Obesity

and its Role in Osteoarthritis” Israel Journal of

Veterinary Medicine Vol. 67 (4) December 2012:

195-202.

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Treatment of megacolon in cat using electro-acupuncture in combination

with conventional medicine

Warangkhana Phanwanich Akechai Im-aram*

iVET International Animal Hospital, 40/31-32 Moo6, Borommaratchonnani Road, Sam Phran, Nakhon Pathom

*Corresponding author e-mail address: [email protected]

Keywords: megacolon, acupuncture, chinese medicine

Introduction: Traditional Chinese Medicine has

been approved in Thailand internationally for years

especially chinese herbals and acupuncture. However,

it has just been introduced to the field of veterinary

medicines in Thailand as an alternative medicine.

Animal acupuncture clinics, at present, are increasing

especially for neurological disorders, but it is not a

common treatment approach for internal medicines

such as megacolon. In this report, we display an

effectiveness of using acupuncture for treatment of

megacolon in cat.

Materials and methods: A cat came to iVET animal

hospital with clinical signs of hind limbs weakness

a month ago, which was worsening over time. For

constipation, he developed the sign since he was

4-month old and it got exacerbated during the last 4

months. In addition, he sometimes showed a clinical

sign of urinary incontinence as well. A tentative

diagnosis from physical examination and results

from a radiograph of the abdomen and hind limbs

revealed an old transverse fracture of the right distal

femur, urinary incontinence, severe constipation and

megacolon. Electro-acupunture was used as a major

treatment for 7 weeks and cisapride and lactulose

were prescribed for only the first 3 weeks.

Results and discussion: Normally, megacolon in cat,

if the medical treatment was not effective, surgery is

required. Thus, acupuncture was introduced to the

owner as an alternative treatment before planning

to perform a surgery. Following each treatment, all

the problems had been gradually improved in 7

consecutive weeks. Although western medication e.g.

Cisapride and Lactulose were prescribed for treatment

of megacolon during the first two weeks and only

acupuncture have been continued, the cat now is

in good health, no constipation and no posterior

weakness at all. High fiber diets such as pumpkin

were also recommended to facilitate gastrointestinal

functions. At present, the patient has a good life

quality with no signs of megacolon and urinary

incontinence. For his hind limbs, the neurological

problem now becomes to be within a normal limit.

The old fracture shown on the radiograph earlier

seems not to disturb his life. In our opinion, the

fracture lesion might have healed by itself during the

period of 2 months, but acupuncture does help to

cure other illness.

Acknowledgement: We gratefully acknowledge iVET

animal hospital for all equipments and Ms. Nguyen

Thi Huong for allowing us to demonstrate the cat’s

information.

References:

(1) Huisheng, X., 2007. Xie’s Veterinary Acupuncture

1st edition.

(2) Huisheng, X., Vanessa, P., 2013. Traditional Chinese

Veterinary Medicine Fundamental Priciples 2nd

edition.

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Poster Presentation

The 9th VPAT Regional Veterinary Congress 2016

333

Corneal collagen cross linking for the treatment of melting ulcer, a new protocol

Jury Kim1,2 Sun Jun Jung2 Nam-Soo Kim2 Min-Su Kim2 Dong Beom Ji1*

1JiDongBeom Animal Hospital, Busan, South Korea2College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, South Korea

*Corresponding author e-mail address: [email protected]

Keywords: melting ulcer, CXL, dog

Introduction: Melting ulcer is a devastating disease

may lead to corneal perforation, endophthalmitis

and vision loss. Cross-linking of corneal collagen

(CXL) uses riboflavin that acts as a photosensitizer

when exposed to UV-A light with a wavelength at the

riboflavin absorption peak of 370 nm. This results in a

photopolymerization process powered by free oxygen

radicals introducing additional cross-links within and

between collagen fibers in the corneal stroma. The

purpose of this study is to observe the new protocol

of CXL in dogs with melting ulcers.

Materials and methods: Eleven eyes of 11 dogs with

melting ulcer were included in this study. CXL was

performed; the cornea was irradiated by UVA (370

nm) at 3 mW/cm² irradiance for 3 min after soaking

with 0.1% riboflavin in 20% dextran for 30 min. One

drop of riboflavin was instilled every 3 minutes during

irradiation. Slit lamp biomicroscopy and optical

coherence tomography were used to examine the

cornea during the follow-up period.

Results and discussion: Epithelial healing was

observed within 2 weeks in all cases. Mild to

moderate vascularization was observed in most cases.

Pigmentation was observed in three cases. In all cases

mild to moderate corneal scarring remained. All cases

restored the vision. New protocol of CXL (3 mW/cm2,

3 min) was effective to stop the melting procedure

in melting ulcers.

References:

(1) Spiess BM, Pot SA, Florin M et al. Corneal collagen

cross-linking (CXL) for the treatment of melting

keratitis in cats and dogs: a pilot study. Veterinary

Ophthalmology 2013; 1: 1-11

(2) Famose F. Evaluation of accelerated collagen

cross-linking for the treatment of melting keratitis

in eight dogs. Veterinary Opthalmology 2014; 17(5):

358-367