第二個音發音是在第一個音還沒發完的時候就 開始，有時候又稱為 anticipatory coarticulation

(預期協同發音 )

通常不同發聲器官的動作只是一種移動到某個目標的情形。那個目標只是一個預計做的動作，而不一定要發出來，因為有可能還沒發完又有下一個目標音出現

bib did gigTongue tip Is behind the

lower front teeth

throughout the word.

Goes up for the 1st /d/ and

remains close to the alveolar

ridge during the vowel.

The back of the tongue

Is raised for the 1st /g/ and

remains near the soft palate

during the vowel.

stop consonant +

/w/

The stop are slightly rounded

Ex: twice [twaNs] dwindle [dwNnL] quick [kwNk]

When the cluster is:

stop consonant +

/r/

The stop are slightly rounded

Ex: tree tee dream deem (rounded) (not rounded)

When the cluster is:

lips jaw Soft palate

Tongue position

Tongue tip &

Blade gesture

Front / back tongue

Larynx height

/b/ x x x o o

/d/ o x x x o

/g/ o o

/k/遇到圓唇音時自己也會變圓唇，但改變的程度則要視左右的母音而有所不同Ex: coo [ku] (round lip) clue [klu] (slightly less lip) sack Lou [sWklu] (even less round) tackle Lou [tWkLlu] (lip rounding for the [u] starts in the [k] )

但有些音的改變是因為要表達的目標不同，而不是因為協同發音所致Ex: reed initial [r] deer final [r] leaf initial [l] feel final [l] ten [tDn] button

Sometimes, the differences between allophones are the result of overlapping gestures, producing what have been called intrinsic allophones; sometimes, they involve different gestures, which may be called extrinsic allophones.

1) Consonants are longer when at the end of a phrase.

2) Voiceless stops (/p, t, k/) are aspirated when in initial.

3) Obstruents(阻塞音 ) - Stops & fricatives - are classified as voiced (/b, d, g, v, , z, /) in only a small part of the articulation when they are at the end of an utterance or before a voiceless sound.

Ex: bib, did, don, nod

Ex: pip, test, kick

Ex: improve [v] add two [d]

4) So-called voiced stops & affricates /b, d, g, d/ are voiceless when in initial, except when immediately preceded by a voiced sound.

5) Voiceless stops /p, t, k/ are unaspirated after /s/ in words.

6) Voiceless obstruents /p, t, k, t, f, , s, / are longer than the corresponding voiced obstruents /b, d, g, d, v, , z, / when at the end of the syllable.

Ex: this day stay

Ex: spew, stew, skew

Ex: cap cab back bag

7) The approximants /w, r, j, l/ are at least partially voiceless when they are after initial /p, t, k, /.

8) The gestures for consecutive stops overlap, so that stops are unexploded when they occur before another stop.

9) Syllable final /p, t, k/ are accompanied by an overlapping glottal stop gesture.

Ex: play, twin, cue [ ]

Ex: apt [pt] rubbed [rHbd]

Ex: tip, pit, kick

10) /t/ is replaced by a glottal stop when it is before an alveolar nasal in the same word.

11) Nasals are syllabic at the end of a word when after an obstruent.

Ex: beaten [biN]

Ex: leaden, chasm ['ldN, 'kzM]

12)The lateral /l/ is syllabic at the end of a word when immediately after a consonant.

12a) The liquids /l, r/ are syllabic at the end of a word and after a consonant.

Ex: saber, razor, hammer, tailor

Ex: 1. stops or fricatives+/l/ paddle, whistle 2. nasal+/l/ kennel, channel

(13) EX: painter & splinter / winter &winner(14) most people /send paper (15) most people(16) concert (n) concerted(v) Big game / top post

(17) [k] cap, kept, kit, key

[g] gap, get, give, geese