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Unsat (KN=m3) 17 Unsat (KN=m3) 17einit 0 5 einit 0 5emin 0 ck 1015

emax 999 Eref (KN=m2) 30000ck 1015 � 0 33

Eref50 (KN=m2) 20000 Gref (KN=m2) 11278Erefoed (KN=m2) 16000 Eoed (KN=m2) 44449

m 0 65 Cref (KN=m2) 0 3Cref (KN=m2) 0 3 ' (0) 34

' (0) 34 (0) 0 (0) 0 Einc (KN=m2) 0

Erefur (KN=m2) 60000 yref (m) 0�(nu)ur 0 2 Cincrement (KN=m2) 0

P ref (KN=m2) 100 Tstr (KN=m2) 0Cincrement (KN=m2) 0 Rinter 1

yref (m) 0Rf 0 9

Tstr (KN=m2) 0Rinter 1

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74

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Unsat (KN=m3) 18 Unsat (KN=m3) 18einit 0 5 einit 0 5emin 0 ck 1015

emax 999 Eref (KN=m2) 45000ck 1015 � 0 3

Eref50 (KN=m2) 37000 Gref (KN=m2) 17307Erefoed (KN=m2) 29600 Eoed (KN=m2) 60576

m 0 5 Cref (KN=m2) 0 3Cref (KN=m2) 0 3 ' (0) 41

' (0) 41 (0) 14 (0) 14 Einc (KN=m2) 0

Erefur (KN=m2) 90000 yref (m) 0�(nu)ur 0 2 Cincrement (KN=m2) 0

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75

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|xQ=w}O |@v=H |}=Hx@=H xm OwW|t xOy=Wt QwmPt pmW j@=]t "CU= Cw=iDt'CU= xOW xOy=Wt |r@k |=yl =N QO xJv; Ovv=ty xOvwWCNU l =N pOt QO Owo|v=kwi |=yCtUk QO uOWQwO u=R}t w xOw@ xQ=w}O CWB l =N R= uOWQwO p=L QO|v=kwi CtUk '?trwm � Qywt pOt QO =t= "CU= xQ=w}O |v=DLD |=yCtUk R= QDW}@l =N R= xQ=w}O |v=DLD CtUk w xOQm CmQL CWB l =N CtU x@ ,qt=m xQ=w}O

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=yCWwv=B1. Mohr-Coulomb2. �nite element method (FEM)3. constitutive model4. softening soil5. hardening soil6. Geogrid7. facing

�References� `@=vt1. Burland, J.B. \Small is beautiful-the sti�ness of soils at

small strains", Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 26(4),pp. 499-516 (1989).

2. Jardine, R.J., Potts, D.M., Fourie, A.B. and Bur-land, J.B. \Studies of the in uence of nonlinearstress{strain characteristics in soil-structure interac-tion", G�eotechnique, 36(3), pp. 377-396 (1986).

3. Benz, T. \Small-strain sti�ness of soil and its numeri-cal consequences," PhD Thesis, University of Stuttgart(2007).

4. Osman, A.S. and Bolton, M.D. \Ground movement pre-dictions for braced excavations in undrained clay", Jour-

nal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering,132(4), pp. 465-477 (2006).

5. Kung, G.T.-C., Ou, C.-Y. and Juang C.H. \Modelingsmall-strain behavior of Taipei clays for �nite elementanalysis of braced excavations", Computer and Geotech-nic, 36(1-2), pp. 304-419 (2009).

6. Mana, A.I. and Clough, G.W. \Prediction of movementfor braced cuts in clay", Journal of Geotechnical andGeoenvironmental Engineering, 107(GT6), pp. 759-770(1981).

7. Wong, K.S. and Broms, B.B. \Lateral wall de ectionsof braced excavation in clay", Journal of GeotechnicalEngineering, 115(6), pp. 853-870 (2008).

8. Clough, G.W. and Rourke, T.D. \Construction inducedmovements of in situ walls", Part of Design and Per-formance of Earth Retaining Structures, ASCE SpecialConference, Ithaca, New York, pp. 439-470 (1990).

9. Likitlersuang, S., Surarak, C., Wanatowski, D., Oh, E.and Balasubramaniam, A. \Finite element analysis of adeep excavation: A case study from the Bangkok MRT",Soils and Foundations, 53(5), pp. 756-773 (2013).

10. Singh, V.P. and Babu, G.L.S. \2D numerical simulationsof soil nail walls", Geotechnical Geological Engineering,28(4), pp. 299-309 (2010).

76

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"OvyO|t u=Wv =Q Owo hm sQwD u=R}t u} QDtm w u} QDW}@

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