PA Standards:PA Standards:

4.1.7.E – Identify factors that contribute to 4.1.7.E – Identify factors that contribute to change in natural and human-made change in natural and human-made systemssystems

4.2.7.A – Explain how water enters, moves 4.2.7.A – Explain how water enters, moves through, and leaves a watershedthrough, and leaves a watershed

4.2.7.B – Explain the primary functions of 4.2.7.B – Explain the primary functions of a wetland within a watersheda wetland within a watershed

56. Chp. 2 – Fresh Water 56. Chp. 2 – Fresh Water

A river begins with A river begins with runoffrunoff – water from rain – water from rain or melting snow that flows on the ground or melting snow that flows on the ground surfacesurface

Conditions that create more runoff include: Conditions that create more runoff include: heavy rainfall, hard surfaces (rock or heavy rainfall, hard surfaces (rock or pavement), and steep hillsidespavement), and steep hillsides

57. River Systems57. River Systems Made up of Made up of a a riverriver and its and its tributariestributaries

(smaller streams that feed it)(smaller streams that feed it) Located in Located in a a watershedwatershed (land area that (land area that

drains into the river)drains into the river) Separated by Separated by a a dividedivide (ridges of land (ridges of land

between watersheds)between watersheds)

58. PA has 6 watersheds; ours is 58. PA has 6 watersheds; ours is the Susquehanna Watershedthe Susquehanna Watershed

59. Our watershed drains into the 59. Our watershed drains into the Chesapeake Bay in MarylandChesapeake Bay in Maryland

60. Rivers Shape the Land60. Rivers Shape the Land

Rivers wear away landforms by Rivers wear away landforms by erosionerosion – – when fast water carries away soil & rock when fast water carries away soil & rock fragmentsfragments

Rivers build new land by Rivers build new land by deposition of deposition of sedimentssediments – when slow water dumps soil – when slow water dumps soil & rock particles on the bottom& rock particles on the bottom

The Grand Canyon was formed The Grand Canyon was formed over millions of years by erosionover millions of years by erosion

View the animations of erosion and View the animations of erosion and deposition:deposition:

Erosion: Erosion: http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/visualizations/es1305/es1305page01.cfm?chapter_no=visualization

Deposition: Deposition: http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/visualizations/es0604/es0604page01.cfm?chapter_no=visualization

61. Parts of a River:61. Parts of a River:

SourceSource where a river where a river begins in the mountainsbegins in the mountains

HeadwatersHeadwaters many small streams that many small streams that join to start the river; these will be swift join to start the river; these will be swift flowing waters over steep slopesflowing waters over steep slopes

DownriverDownriver where the path becomes where the path becomes less steep; the volume of less steep; the volume of water increases due to water increases due to tributariestributaries

62. (More River Parts)62. (More River Parts)

Flood PlainFlood Plain the river’s path through a the river’s path through a broad, flat valleybroad, flat valley

MouthMouth where the river empties into a where the river empties into a larger body of water (lake or ocean)larger body of water (lake or ocean)

DeltaDelta land built up at the river mouth land built up at the river mouth from deposits of sedimentfrom deposits of sediment

63. River Flood Control Methods63. River Flood Control Methods 1. Dams – barriers built to 1. Dams – barriers built to

redirect river’s path or store redirect river’s path or store the water in man-made lakesthe water in man-made lakes

2. Levees – natural build up 2. Levees – natural build up of sediments along the bank of sediments along the bank of the river; often man reinforces of the river; often man reinforces a levee with stone or concretea levee with stone or concrete

The Levee System Failed during Hurricane The Levee System Failed during Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans, Louisiana – 2005.Katrina in New Orleans, Louisiana – 2005.Breaches occurred on the Mississippi River Breaches occurred on the Mississippi River

side and 1,577 deaths resulted.side and 1,577 deaths resulted.

Video: Flood Damage from Melting Video: Flood Damage from Melting SnowSnow

Your text tells of a devastating flood in Your text tells of a devastating flood in Fargo, North Dakota in 1997. It happened Fargo, North Dakota in 1997. It happened AGAIN in 2009 as you’ll see in this clip. AGAIN in 2009 as you’ll see in this clip.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=medCr0KITZ0&feature=relmfu

Flood Damage from Heavy RainsFlood Damage from Heavy Rains

2011 Flood damage in PA was also 2011 Flood damage in PA was also devastating as show here:devastating as show here:

http://www.accuweather.com/blogs/news/story/54806/more-photos-from-wednesdays-ho.asp

64. Still Water Habitats:64. Still Water Habitats:

Ponds Ponds Lakes – bigger than a pondLakes – bigger than a pond Reservoirs – a lake that stores water for Reservoirs – a lake that stores water for

human usehuman use

65. 65. Ponds and Lakes contain animal life of Ponds and Lakes contain animal life of two types:two types:

1) 1) InvertebratesInvertebrates – small animals without – small animals without any internal bones (they may have a shell)any internal bones (they may have a shell)

2) 2) VertebratesVertebrates – larger animals with an – larger animals with an internal skeleton of bonesinternal skeleton of bones

66. 66. Wetlands – land covered with Wetlands – land covered with shallowshallow water for some or all of the yearwater for some or all of the year

Include: marshes, swamps and bogsInclude: marshes, swamps and bogs

67. The Florida Everglades 67. The Florida Everglades National ParkNational Park

Instead of draining all of Instead of draining all of this swamp land, our this swamp land, our government now tries to government now tries to protect this valuable protect this valuable wetland resourcewetland resource

Everglades WildlifeEverglades Wildlife

68. Importance of Wetlands:68. Importance of Wetlands:

Provide animal habitat for many species Provide animal habitat for many species (some endangered)(some endangered)

Serve as winter home for migrating birds Serve as winter home for migrating birds down from the northdown from the north

Flood control as they absorb extra runoff Flood control as they absorb extra runoff (like a sponge)(like a sponge)

69. Glaciers can cause erosion69. Glaciers can cause erosion

Huge masses of ice and snow that move Huge masses of ice and snow that move slowly over land, carrying rockslowly over land, carrying rock

Form when years of snow buildup Form when years of snow buildup compresses into a block of icecompresses into a block of ice

Large glaciers – called continental glaciers Large glaciers – called continental glaciers are found only in Greenland and are found only in Greenland and Antarctica covering wide areas of landAntarctica covering wide areas of land

Small glaciers – called valley glaciers form Small glaciers – called valley glaciers form on mountainsides and slide down slopeson mountainsides and slide down slopes

Glacier PhotosGlacier Photos

The “Boulder Field” at Hickory Run State The “Boulder Field” at Hickory Run State Park was formed when melting glaciers left Park was formed when melting glaciers left

behind tons of rock. behind tons of rock.

70. Icebergs – frozen fresh water70. Icebergs – frozen fresh water

Form when a glacier reaches the seacoast Form when a glacier reaches the seacoast and pieces break off into the oceanand pieces break off into the ocean

90% of an iceberg lies beneath the water’s 90% of an iceberg lies beneath the water’s surface making them dangerous to shipssurface making them dangerous to ships

71. Groundwater- another valuable 71. Groundwater- another valuable resourceresource

Sand and gravel are full of pores (holes) Sand and gravel are full of pores (holes) that make them “permeable”; this means that make them “permeable”; this means water can pass through this soil.water can pass through this soil.

Water percolates down until it hits material Water percolates down until it hits material that is “impermeable”; clay and rock do that is “impermeable”; clay and rock do notnot let water pass through.let water pass through.

The “water table” marks the The “water table” marks the upper edgeupper edge of of ground that is fully saturated with waterground that is fully saturated with water

72. Below the Water Table:72. Below the Water Table:

The saturated zone (full of water) creates an The saturated zone (full of water) creates an “aquifer” – an underground water supply to “aquifer” – an underground water supply to which a well can be drilledwhich a well can be drilled