Pakistan Sugar Journal - Shakarganj Researchssri.pk/psj/2013/PSJ Jan-Mar-2013.pdf · 2020. 2. 13. · Pakistan Sugar Journal Jan.-Mar. 2013 (3) than the design i.e. from 34 to38 Tons/hr

Pakistan Sugar Journal Jan.-Mar. 2013 (1)

Pakistan Sugar JournalJanuary-March 2013 Contents Vol. XXVIII, No.01

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Energy, environment & efficiency measures of bagassefired boilers, effective implementations at Faran SugarMills - Mohammad Sarfaraz Khan

Exploring ratoon potential of various sugarcanevarieties under southern Punjab conditions - M. Aslam,Naeem Ahmad, M. Naseem and Abdul Rashid

Evaluation of some qualitative and quantitativecharacters of ten sugarcane genotypes under water-logging stress condition- M.S. Islam, M.K. Begum, M.R.Alam and M.S. Arefin

Effect of trash mulch and n levels on cane yield andrecovery of sugarcane variety thatta-10 -Y.J. Minhas,L.M. Baloch and Saima Minhas

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Grower’s corner: Identification and Prevention ofSugarcane From Frost or Freeze Damage Syed Zia-Ul-Hussnain and Aamir Shahazad

Guidelines for AuthorsPanel of RefereesDr. P. JacksonDr. Benjamin LegendreDr. Yong-Bao PanDr. Jack C. ComstockDr. Mac HogarthDr. Sizuo MatsuokaDr. Niranjan BaisakhDr. Irfan ul HaqDr. S. M. MughalDr. Asif TanvirDr. Muhammad Umer Chattha

Principal Scientist, CSIRO, AUSTRALIAInterim Director, Audubon Sugar Institute, USAResearch Plant Molecular Geneticist, USDA-ARS, USAResearch Leader, ARS USDA, Canal Point Florida, USAGroup Manager BSES, AUSTRALIADirector, Canavialis SA, BRAZILAssistant Professor, -SPESS, LSU USAProf. Pathology PMAS Arid Agriculture University RawalpindiNational Professor, Higher Education Commission of PakistanProfessor, Professor Dept. of Agronomy, UAFAssistant Professor, Dept. of Agronomy, UAF

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ENERGY, ENVIRONMENT & EFFICIENCY MEASURES OF BAGASSE FIRED BOILERS,EFFECTIVE IMPLEMENTATIONS AT FARAN SUGAR MILLS

ByMohammad Sarfaraz Khan

Faran Sugar Mills Limited, Hayderabad, Sindh

INTRODUCTION

Faran Sugar Mills commissionedduring 1983 with two bagasse-fired boilers (FCB design) havinginitial evaporation capacity of 34TPH at 24Kg/cm2, 3300 Cworking parameters. Initially bothboilers supplied with economizersas sole heat recovery equipmentwithout air-heater and ashcollecting arrangement. Later on,in order to meets the enhancedcrushing capacity, induction ofother boilers as 50 TPH(Yoshimine) and Takuma 80 TPHhas been added in the batterytowards the end of 2006.

In order to attain rated generationand efficiency, a road map wasplanned in 2009 to implementphase-wise efforts to enhancecapacity within the existing designsetup. Certain modifications/implementations were thereforecarried out in the areas as follows,Modification in boiler # 1 (FCBdesign under taken.

Reasons for ModifyingBoiler is of FCB origin and hasoperated since 1983 for about 26years. With passage of time, itscapacity and efficiency wasreduced considerably. Certainparts like economizer needed to bereplaced due to its under rated output. As a result the temperature ofout going gases was increased instack between 300 – 310 oC.

Operational inconsistenciesOperating the boiler was a difficultexercise, because of heap firing ofbagasse in the furnace instead ofsuspended combustion of thesame. Furnace backing was also aproblem for boiler and was asafety hazard for the operators onsite.

Non-availability of dust collectorcontributesAsh particles were dischargingfrom the stack and creatingenvironmental problem. Besideseroding the areas enrouteincluding, Economizer tubes,Ducting & ID Fan. This caused aninvoluntary violation of local EPArules as well. One of thesignificant aspects of wearingreflects the amount of wear whichis proportional to about 3.5thpower of gas velocity which is inthe range of 8 – 30 m/s.

Modifications Carried Out duringFirst phase (Off – season 2009)

i. Original boiler economizer hasalready been damaged whichwas repairs and replaced by asmall economizer which wasreplaced with a newly designedeconomizer of suitable heatingsurface, Characteristics are asunder,

• Heating Surface 125 M2• Temperature of gases before

Economizer 330 – 340 °C• Temperature of gases after

Economizer 285 – 280 °C• Temperature of water before

Economizer 95 – 98 °C• Temperature of water after

Economizer 115 – 120 °C• Temperature Rise 20 – 22 °C

i. A new FCB- design air heaterof appropriate specification hasbeen designed and installed.Their characteristics are asfollows,

• Heating Surface 944 M2• Stack out going gas temp.

before Air-heater 300–310 °C• Stack out going gas temp. after

Air-heater 220– 230 °C• Air heater out let air

temperature 120–130 °C

• Ambient air temp. 25–30 °C• Temperature captured from

gases 80 °C

i. Five newly fabricated superheater coils were installed toraise its heating surface by 9%. However, these wereblocked previously. Thisactivity also facilitated us toraise the temperature from 7 –10 °C consequently steamenthalpy raised the systemefficiency & reliability also.

ii. Ducting replaced to suit thenew fans.

i. Dust collector arrangementdesign, fabricated and erectedto meets the ash productiondisposal on 5 % based of fuelconsumption at MCR.However, it is furthertranslates to 772 Kg/hr of ash@ 15454 Kg/hr of bagasseconsumption.

ii. All draft fans (FD, SA and IDfan) were replaced after duemodifications with new fans tobear the additional load withenhanced power as shownbelow:

CHARACTERISTICS OF FAN& POWER ENHANCEMENTAT FCB BOILER # 1

Achievements during season 2009– 10 at FCB Boiler # 1i. Boiler thermal efficiency was

increased by 9% from 73% to82 %. Temperature of outgoing Gases was controlledbetween (183 - 220 oC) asagainst stack temperature of300-310 oC

ii. Overall efficiency has beenincreased by 11 % that is equalto 4T/Hr extra steamgeneration at no cost other


than the design i.e. from 34to38 Tons/hr

iii. Operational difficulties havebeen overcome to certainextent. Boiler is operatingsmoothly, no backing and heapfiring observed. Quality offlame is very good.Temperature is around 750 –800 oC

iv. Dust collector is workingexcellently thereby proving theapex capacity of the installedequipment; one of thesignificant aspects observedwas the quantity of ash carriedover to stack is almostnegligible which ultimately iseco-friendly.

v. Inspite of 208 KW excesspower consumption, we haveattained an extra 4 TPH steamat no cost. Bagasseconsumption has also reduceddue to increase in thermalefficiency.

Modifications Carried Out during 2nd phase (Off – season 2010)

Targeted Figures for Economizers

Figures of Entire Economizers during season 2009 –10

CHARACTERISTIC OF INSTALLED ECONOMIZER AT FARAN SUGAR MILL BOILERS


Cost of economizer Rs.6,000 / M²Heating Surface (Material PlusLabour)

* Boiler No.2 is still on originaldesign i.e. without air heater & ashcollector. However, we’veenhanced the heating surface ofexisting economizer during season2010-11. Additionally, primary airheated up to 110 °C againstambient to the original design toattain efficiency.

Pay back with in season(Achieved)

(Economizer Cost Vs PaybackGraphical presentation)

REPLACEMENT OF ID FANSCHARACTERISTICS OF IDFANS

STEAM PRODUCTIONENHANCEMENT AFTERMODIFICATION

CHARACTERISTICS OFCAPACITY

PROVISION OF HOT AIRDUCT FROM FCB BOILER # 1TO FCB BOILER # 2

Boiler # 2 (FCB) was designed toprovide ambient air to furnacewith secondary ducting too. Thiscontributed poor thermalefficiency to the combustion. Inorder to attain better efficiency, aduct was introduced from Boiler #1 FCB air heater out let to utiliseexcess fan capacity. This activityenhances primary air temperatureup to 110 OC from ambienttemperature. Due to improvement

in combustion thermal efficiencyenhanced up to 4%.

1780 M. tons bagasse savedPayback within season 2.67million @ Rs.1500/ton bagasse

An investment Vs pay back graphis as under for productivityassessment

HOT AIR DUCT FROM FCBBOILER # 1 TO FCB BOILER #2

Steam Purification and qualityGenerally, in our systems, thesteam produced is supplieddirectly from boiler to thedistribution header without anyfurther dryness. This happens withTakuma, Yoshimine and Backau –Wolf boilers.

As observed on most of the plants,steam quality is not ensured due toboilers of different operatingparameters (variation in Pressure& Temperature). The quality ofsteam remains available withaverage enthalpy contents that arecontributing in reduction inefficiency.

We have experienced frequency ofcarry over in the past especiallyfrom HMC design (Takuma) boilerof 80 TPH capacity. Afterassessment it has been observedthat drum internal integralsbecomes in- efficient and steamgenerated directly moves to steamdistribution header as per theirdesign. The quality of steamsuffers when boiler load reaches tothe rated capacity.

MESH DEMISTER PAD

In order to explore solution due tocapacity enhancement, Meshdemister was imported fromabroad for steam drums internalsto trap the suspended liquidparticles up to 3 – 5 µm.Additionally a steam separator ofFCB design was introduced in thesteam distribution system toensure steam quality before goingto the steam turbines.

(Cost of Mesh Demister padRs.70, 000/=)

Temperature reductionShown in figure below, is a typicalFCB design steam separator whichhas capacity to produce qualitysteam. Due to its typical internalarrangement, the pressure drop isnegligible and dryness ensured.Subsequently, the prime moversefficiency is improved andconsumption considerably reduceddue to improved stable enthalpycontents.

After induction of the saidarrangement temperature rose upto 7 – 10 OC resulting in improvedin enthalpy contents which in turnsimproved turbine efficiency withadded steam quality. Combinationof entire arrangement from drumto steam separator prior to steamdistributing header is as follows:-


DRUM INTERNAL ARRANGEMENT FCBBOILER

FCB DESIGN STEAM SEPARATOR

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am thankful to the management of Faran Sugar Mills to provide me with an opportunity to present thisTechnical Paper here at PSST annual convention 2011.

REFERENCES

Power Plant Technology by R.K.JainSteam Purification systemFCB Manual for bagasse fired boilers (34 – 45 TPH Boilers)Design documents for up grading from 34 to 38 TPH FCB boilers


EXPLORING RATOON POTENTIAL OF VARIOUS SUGARCANE VARIETIES UNDERSOUTHERN PUNJAB CONDITIONS

By

Muhammad Aslam* Naeem Ahmad* Muhammad Naseem** Abdul Rashid Zahid**** Sugarcane Research Station, Khanpur ** Agronomic Research Station, Farooqabad

*** Sugarcane Research Sub Station, Bahawalpur

ABSTRACT

Seven new promising sugarcanevarieties viz., S2002US.312,S2002US.447, S2002US.628,S2003US.114, S2003US.123,S2003US.809 and S2003US.824were evaluated for their ratoonyield and quality against acommercial cultivar HSF.240under Southern Punjab conditionsduring 2011 at SugarcaneResearch Station, Khanpur. Thevariety S2003US.114 on accountof good sprouting per plant (2.84),higher 100-cane weight (97.33 kg),reasonably good millable canecount (111.30 thousand ha-1),significantly maximum cane yieldof (108.05 t/ha) and comparableCCS% (12.41) against check HSF-240, produced the highest sugaryield of 13.41 t/ha. It was followedby S2003US.824. The promisingvariety S2003US.114 on the basisof 15.65 and 15.21% more ratooncane and sugar yield, respectivelyover control is capable ofreplacing the check variety andcan make gigantic strides insugarcane production for sweetrevolution. A wide scale testing invarious agro-ecological zones is,however, invited for regionaladaptability.

Keywords: Varieties, RatoonPotential, commercial cane sugar,millable cane, sugarcane.

INTRODUCTION

Ratooning potential of a sugarcanevariety is one of the most desirablecane genotypic characters fromfarmer’s point of view. Only agood ratooner sugarcane varietygains popularity among thefarming community. Ratoons arecheaper to grow by about 30-40%

due to saving in soaking irrigation,land preparation, cost of seed andsowing operations (Akhtar et al,2003). Ratoon crop occupies 35 to50 % of the total cane area inPakistan (Malik and Guman,2005). Afzal et al, 1990 studiedthe ratoon performance of sixsugarcane varieties and reportedmaximum average cane yield of75.55 t/ha for CP-43-33. The samevariety surpassed in sugar yield.El-Geddawy et al, 2002 elucidatedthat sugarcane variety GIT.54-9significantly surpassed the othervarieties in respect of stalk height,stalk diameter and stalk weight inboth ratoon crops. Rafique et al,2005 carried out two years fieldexperiment to investigateratooning potential of tensugarcane varieties and concludedthat CPF-243 and HSF-240 gavesignificantly more ratoon yieldduring both years of study. Bashiret al, 2007 undertake a field studyon ratooning ability of springplanted sugarcane varieties andobserved that maximum cane yieldwas produced by CPF-237 andHSF-242 of ratoon crop. Jamil etal, 2007 evaluated the ratooningbehavior of 22 candidatesugarcane varieties under NUYTprogramme. Findings of the studyrevealed that promising sugarcanevarieties S95HS.185, S97US.183,S96SP.302, CPHS.35, NSG.311and Malakand-16 were betterratooners. Khan et al, 2007indicated that sugarcane varietyS96SP.302 produced significantlymaximum ratoon cane yield of79.39 t/ha against the lowest caneyield of 41.94 t/ha recorded forNSG-311. The higher cane yieldwas mainly associated with highernumber of millable canes, caneheight, and cane girth. Therefore, astudy was planned in this contextto asses the comparative ratooning

performance of candidatesugarcane varieties under SouthernPunjab conditions. Aslam et al,2011 studied the ratoonperformance of thirteen sugarcanevarieties and found that CPF.246on account of high number ofsprouting per plant (1.57),significantly higher 100-caneweight (95.67 kg), highest millablecane count (112.69 thousand ha-1),maximum cane yield (107.90 t/ha)and comparable CCS% (12.74)against check SPF-234, producedthe highest sugar yield of 13.74t/ha.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The field experiment wasconducted under irrigatedconditions during spring season toevaluate the ratoon potential ofelite sugarcane varieties during2011-2012 at Sugarcane ResearchStation, Khanpur. The experimentwas started during 2011 when thespring planted crop was harvestedin the first week of February andkept as ratoon. The veritiesincluded in the study wereS2002US.312, S2002US.447,S2002US.628, S2003US.114,S2003US.123, S2003US.809,S2003US.824 and HSF.240. Theexperiment was laid out inRandomized Complete BlockDesign with three replications. Thesugarcane genotypes were sown bydry method in 120cm aparttrenches with a net plot of size 3.6× 10 m using a seed rate of 75000double budded sets per hectare.The ratoon crop was fertilized atthe rate of 218-146-146 kg NPKper hectare, respectively. Afterharvesting the plant crop, unevenstubbles were cut manually withthe help of hand chopper. Theninterculture was given to control


weeds, loosen the soil to help rootdevelopment and thus facilitatesprouting. Afterwards, whole of P,K and 1/3 of N was applied to thecrop followed by irrigation. Theremaining 2/3 N was given in twoequal splits, 1/3rd at completingsprouts (60 days after harvestingof plant crop) and 1/3rd during thesecond fortnight of May whencrop was earthed up. Meanwhiledata on number of sprouts perplant were recorded. The data oncane density, weight, yield andquality were recorded at theharvest during the last week ofDecember, 2011. The data thusrecorded were analyzed usingAnalysis of variance technique andleast significance difference testwas applied to compare thetreatment means (Steel and Torrie,1984).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Number of sprouts per plantThe sprouting of undergroundbuds plays a pivotal role in theestablishment of an economicalratoon sugarcane crop. Climaticconditions, soil moisture and vigorof plant crop play a very importantrole in determining the sproutingof stubbles. It is evident from thedata given in table-1 that therewere significant differences in thenumber of sprouts per plantproduced by different sugarcanevarieties under study. Sugarcanegenome S2003US.123 producedthe highest number of sprouts perplant (2.93). It was, however,matchingly followed byS2003US.114, S2003US.824,HSF.240 and S2003US.809. Thesedifferences in the number ofsprouts per plant may be attributedto the varied inherent ratooningpotential of the varieties (Rafiqueet al. 2005).

Cane WeightThe individual cane weight is avery important yield contributingcharacter which directly affects thefinal yield. The data presented inthe table-1 show significantdifferences in the 100-cane weightgiven by different genomes.Promising sugarcane varietyS2003US.824, produced theheaviest canes (99.00 kg per 100canes). It was, however,matchingly followed byS2003US.114 and S2003US.123.The lowest 100-cane weight of76.67kg was recorded forS2002US.312 preceded byS2002US.447. These differencesin the stalk weight may beattributed to the varied geneticpotential of tested sugarcaneclones. Aslam et al, 2011 havealso recorded the varied caneweight for different sugarcanevarieties.

Cane DensityAdequate number of potentiallyheavy millable canes ensures highyield. The establishment ofmillable canes is a direct reflectionof stubble sprouts in ratoon crop ofsugarcane if tiller mortalityremains the same. The datacompiled in table-1 depict that thestandard variety HSF.240produced more number of millablecanes against all other varietiesunder investigation (115.09thousand ha-1). It was followed byS2003US.809 and S2003US.114however the differences were nonsignificant. The thinnest stand of96.39 thousand cane stalks wasrecorded for S2002US.628 whichwas non-significantly preceded byS2003US.123. The differentialbehavior of sugarcane genotypesthough non significant for theproduction of variable number ofmillable canes may be attributed tothe varying inherent potential ofdifferent genetic make ups toexploit environmental resources.

Stripped Cane YieldEconomically high cane yield is

the ultimate goal of every growerwhich is the function of the wellcoordinated inter-play of geneticconstitution and the environmentto which it is exposed. Differentyield attributes like number ofmillable canes, cane height, canegirth and thus per cane weighthave direct bearing in the finalstripped cane yield per unit area.The data embodied in the table -1indicated that the tested strainsdiffered substantially in final caneyield. The promising sugarcanevariety S2003US.114 gavesignificantly highest ratoon caneyield of 108.05 t/ha. It wasmatchingly followed byS2003US.824 with a final tonnageof 101.30 per hectare. Afzal etal.1990, EL-Geddaway et al. 2002,Rafique et al. 2005, Bashir et al.,2007, Jamil et al., 2007 and Aslamet al, 2011 have also reported thevaried tonnage of ratoon strippedcanes for different genotypes.

Sugar YieldThe underlined goal of all efforts

made by a Breeder or anAgronomist is the attainment ofhigher tonnage of crystal sugarwhich is actually produced in thefield and collected in the factory. Itis evident from the data given intable-1 that all the varieties /promising clones under studybehaved differently from oneanother for the production of sugaryield. The highest sugar yield of13.41 t/ha was produced by thepromising clone S2003US.114,closely followed by S2003US.824.The least amount of white sugar(9.71 t/ha) was recorded forS2002US.628. This differentialbehavior of sugarcane varieties /strains to produce sugar yield maybe attributed to the variability intheir genetic constitution to exploitenvironment. Rafique et al. 2005,Bashir et al., 2007 and Aslam etal, 2011 have also received variedsugar yield for different genotypes.


Table-1 Ratoon performance of sugarcane varieties under Southern Punjab conditions

Sr.No.

Variety SproutsPlant-1

100-caneWeight (Kg)

Cane density000/ha

Cane yield(t/ha)

CCS%

Sugar yield(t/ha)

1 S2002US.312 1.46c 76.67b 105.46 79.44d 13.11 10.412 S2002US.447 1.72c 80.33b 101.11 81.20cd 12.21 9.913 S2002US.628 2.16b 82.00b 96.39 78.52d 12.37 9.714 S2003US.114 2.84a 97.33a 111.30 108.05a 12.41 13.415 S2003US.123 2.93a 89.67ab 99.91 89.26bc 12.65 11.296 S2003US.809 2.63a 81.33b 114.17 92.69b 12.44 11.537 S2003US.824 2.79a 99.00a 108.43 101.30a 12.37 12.538 HSF.240 2.65a 81.67b 115.09 93.43b 12.46 11.64

LSD 0.05 0.35 14.98 N.S 8.48 --- ---Values with different letter(s) differ significantly (P=0.05)

REFERENCES

1. Afzal, M., S. Bashir and R.M.A. Khan. 1990. Influence of harvesting dates on ratoon cane crop. Pak. SugarJ., 4(4):23-25.

2. Akhtar, M., M. Ashraf and M.E.Akhtar.2003.Sugarcane yield gap analysis: Future options for Pakistan. Sci.Tech. & Develop I: 38-48.

3. Aslam,M.,M.Tauseef,A.R.Zahid and M.J.Anwar.2011.Ratoon performance of sugarcane Varieties undersouthern Punjab conditions. Pak. Sugar J., 26(4):21-24.

4. Bashir, S., A .A. Chattha, M. Afzal, J. Iqbal and M.Z.Khan.2007.Studies on the ratooning ability of differentsugarcane varieties of different harvesting dates. Proc. 42nd Ann. Con. Pak. Soci. Sug. Tech. 27-28 Aug.PP.170-182.

5. El-Geddawy, I. H., D. G. Darweish, A. A. El-Sherbiny, E. Eldin and A.El-Hady.2002. Effect of row spacingand number of buds/seed sett on growth characters of ratoon crops for some sugarcane varieties. Pak. SugarJ., 17(3):7-14.

6. Jamil, M., S. Afghan, M. A. Majid and A.Rasool.2007.Ratooning performance of sugarcane varieties. Pak.Sugar J., 22(3):38-47.

7. Khan, N., G. Rasool, M. A. Aunjam, K. Masood and A. Bakhsh.2007. Ratoonability of different sugarcanecandidate varieties under agro-ecological conditions of D.I.Khan. Proc. 42ndAnn.Con.Pak.Soci.Sug.Tech.27-28 Aug.PP.103-9.

8. Malik,K.B. and M.A.Gurmani.2005.Cane production guide.My choice printing press, Hyderabad.PP.55.9. Rafique,M.,A.A.Chattha,A.Jabbar,G.M.Wains,M.U.Chattha,M.Yasin and M.A.Munir. 2005. Proc. 40th

Ann.Con.Pak.Soci.Sug.Tech.5-7 Sept..PP.195-202.10. Steel,R.G.D.and J.H.Torrie.1984. Principles and procedures of Statistics. 2nd Ed.,Mc. Graw Hill Book Co.,

Inc., Tokyo,PP.107-09.



EVALUATION OF SOME QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE CHARACTERS OF TENSUGARCANE GENOTYPES UNDER WATER-LOGGING STRESS CONDITION

By

M.S. Islam, M.K. Begum, M.R. Alam and M.S. ArefinBangladesh Sugarcane Research Institute (BSRI), Ishurdi-6620, Pabna, Bangladesh.

ABSTRACT

A field experiment was conductedat Bangladesh Sugarcane ResearchInstitute (BSRI) farm, Ishurdi-6620, Pabna, Bangladesh during2009-2010 cropping season toevaluate some qualitative andquantitative characters of tensugarcane genotypes under water-logging stress condition. Thegenotypes were I 124-00, I 112-01,I 7-03, I 78-03, I 111-03, I 137-03,I 231-03, and water-loggingcommercial varieties Isd 39(Standard) and Isd 40 (Standard).Significantly highest number oftillers was recorded in genotype I231-03 (137.73 × 103 ha-1) andhighest number of millable canewas recorded in variety Isd 39(99.76 × 103 ha-1). Thesignificantly highest cane yieldwas obtained in variety Isd 39(98.04 t ha-1), and the lowest caneyield was obtained in genotype I111-03 (51.83 t ha-1). Significantlyhighest Brix per cent, highest polper cent juice, highest pol per centcane, highest purity per cent,highest recoverable sucrose percent were found in genotype I 124-00 under water-logging stresscondition, respectively. Thehighest sugar yields was obtainedin variety Isd 39 (10.88 t ha-1)followed by variety Isd 40 (10.49 tha-1), genotype I 231-03 (10.22 tha-1) and the lowest was genotypeI 139-03 (5.47 t ha-1). Genotype I231-03, Isd 39 and Isd 40 arehighly tolerant having tolerancerating scale 1 against inducedwater-logging stress condition.Thus, the genotype I 231-03proved highly potential tolerant inrespect of cane yield, sugar yield,juice quality and utilization ofpotentiality breeding as parents toevolve varieties resistant to water-loggng.

Keyword: Sugarcane, yield, pol %cane and water-logging.

INTRODUCTION

Water-logging is associated withmonsoon rainfall, river floods, inadequate and improper drainagefacilities due to unplanned roaddevelopment in Bangladesh. Caneyield and juice quality loss due towater-logging depends upongenotype, environmentalconditions, stage of developmentand duration of inundation(Orchard and Jessop, 1984). Insugarcane cultivation, water-logging is an acute problemparticularly where surfacedrainage facilities are inadequate.Due to growing demand of cerealand vegetables crops one-thirdareas of land where sugarcane isgrown are relatively low lyingwhere water remains stagnant forlonger period resulting poorgrowth and yield. Higher watertable during active growth phaseadversely affects stalk weight andplant population resulting yieldloss at the rate of about one ton peracre for one inch increase inexcess water (Carter and Floyed1974 and Carter 1976), althoughsugarcane is a relatively tolerant tohigh water tables and flooding(Roach and Mullins, 1985; Kang etal. 1986; Deren et al. 1991a,Deren et al. 1991b and Deren et al.1993). Well-established canesurvives few months in to flood,while less established cane appearsto be much more vulnerable toflooding (Deren and Raid, 1997).The cause of low yield, attributedto low moisture and nitrogen in thetissue at grand growth phase.Increase in number of internodes,profuse tillering and increase in %P in plant but decrease in

nitrogen content are thecharacteristics tolerance to floodcondition (Pandey, 1964). Somephysiological effects of cane arefound due to water-logging are (i)transpiration rates are reduced dueto stomata closure, (ii) rate ofphotosynthesis is considerablyreduced presumably that causesthe reduction of effective leafareas, (iii) growth rates aredrastically reduced during water-logging (iv) higher respiration rateof submerged organs compared toleaves. A shift in respiratorymetabolism from aerobic toanaerobic pathways is one of themain effects of oxygen deficiencycausing from water-logging. Thisresult is accumulation of variousend products of an aerobicrespiration and rapid depletion oforganic compounds. The effects ofwater-logging on respiration ratedepend on the varieties, and on itsphysiological age. Nutrient uptakeis badly affected under water-logging where aerobic respirationby sugarcane root system is poor(Singh, 1990). It is also reportedthat under water-loggingcondition, some morphological,anatomical, physiological andbiochemical changes take place inplant for the sack ofadaptation/survival (Barclay andCrawford, 1982). In general,water-logging induces anaerobiccondition in soil. It also leads to areal rooting resulting rapidmoisture loss, increase fiber percent and non-sugars and yellowingof leaves in anaerobic state duringwater-logging condition (Malikand Tomer, 2003). Therefore, thepresent study was undertaken withthe objectives to investigate thesome qualitative and quantitativecharacters of ten sugarcanegenotypes under water-loggingstress condition.



The trial was conducted at theexperimental farm and laboratoryof the Physiology and SugarChemistry Division in BangladeshSugarcane Research Institute(BSRI), Ishurdi-6620, Pabna,Bangladesh during November 14,2009 to December 25, 2010. Thesite is located at 2408latitude and 89004and situated about 15.5 m abovethe mean sea level. Theexperimental site represents theHigh Ganges River Flood Plainsoils under the AEZ 11. Eightgenotypes viz. I 124-00, I 112-01,I 7-03, I 78-03, I 111-03, I 137-03, I 231-03 and two water-logging tolerant slandered varietyIsd 39, Isd 40 were tested. Theexperiment was laid out inRandomized Complete BlockDesign (RCBD) with threereplications. Two budded settswere planted at furrow followingend to end method of planting inthe month of November, 2009.Row to row distance wasmaintained 100 cm. The fertilizerswere applied @ 325 kg urea, 250kg TSP, 190 kg MP, 180 kgGypsum and 9 kg ZnSO4 perhectare. Urea was applied in 3splits and MP was applied in twosplits. Total TSP, ZnSO4, half ofMP, one third urea were applied atplanting. Rest of urea and MPwere applied as top dressing. Forcontrolling insect pests,chlorpyrifos (trade name: regent 3GR) was applied @ 33 kg ha-1

during planting and carbofuran(trade name: furadan 5G) wasapplied @ 40 kg ha-1 in two splitsbetween March to May, 2010. Allcultural practices were done as andwhen required. Water-loggingtreatment was imposed by deeptube well water. The experimentalfield was inundated andmaintained at least 90 cm deepwater for 120 days (15 June to15October). Tillering was recorded atan interval of 30 days starting fromMarch until August. Millable caneand cane yield were recorded at

harvest in the month of December25, 2010.

Stalk height at harvestAt harvest 20 cane stalks wereselected randomly and the lengthof individual cane stalk wasmeasured from the bottom to thetop using a meter tape. The stalkheight of cane was expressed in m.

Cane diameterSlide calipers from 20 randomlyselected stalks measured the stalksdiameter. Average of bottom,middle and top diameter wasconsidered as the actual diameterof the cane stalks. The canediameter was expressed in cm.

Chemical analysis of sugarcanejuiceChemical analyses of sugarcanejuice for Brix (%), pol (%), purity(%) and reducing sugar (%) weredone at harvest of sugarcane.Randomly selected 15 sample canestalks were crushed with a minipower crusher to get juice foranalysis. Brix was determined byBrix hydrometer standardized at200C and sucrose determinationwas done using automaticPolarimeter (AP-300), ATAGO®

Company limited, Made in Japan,by Horne’s dry lead method. Pol%cane per cent was calculated by themethod prescribed in QueenslandLaboratory Manual (Anon, 1970).

Brix (%)Percentage of total soluble solidspresent in solution (juice)

Purity (%)Percentage of pure sucrose in dry

matter =

PolBrix× 100

Pol % CanePercentage of sucrose content inwhole cane.

Recoverable sucroseThe recoverable sucrose (%) wascalculated by using the followingformula:

Recoverablesucrose % =

[Pol-(

Brix -Pol

)]× Juicefactor

2Where, juice factor was 0.65(extraction percentage)

Sugar yieldSugar yield was calculated using thefollowing formula:

Sugar yield (t ha-1)=

Cane yield (t ha-1)× Recoverable

sucrose100

The data was analyzed followingslandered statistical procedures(Gomez and Gomez, 1984) and meandifference were adjusted by Duncan’sMultiple Range Test (DMRT) using acomputer operated program namedMSTAT.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Tiller productionWater-logging stress condition asaffected significantly in tillerproduction of sugarcane. The resultson tiller have been presented in theTable 1.The highest number of tillerswas recorded in genotype I 231-03(137.73 × 103 ha-1) and the lowesttiller production was observed ingenotype I 137-03 (115.35 × 103 ha-1)under water-logging stress condition.The results are in agreement with thisfinding of Islam et al. (2011a) andIslam et al. (2007).

Millable cane productionThe results on millable cane havebeen presented in Table 1.Significantly highest number ofmillable cane was recorded invariety Isd 39 (99.76 × 103 ha-1)followed by variety Isd 40 (97.41× 103 ha-1) while the lowestmillable cane production wasobserved in genotype I 111-03(72.83 × 103 ha-1). Similar resultswere also reported by Islam et al.(2011b), Islam et al. (2009a) andHasan et al. (2003) under water-logging stress condition.

Stalk heightSignificantly highest stalk heightwas recorded in varieties Isd 39(2.81m) and while the lowest stalkheight was obtained in genotype I111-03 (2.24m) (Table 1). These


results are in agreement withfindings of Alam et al. 2010,Rahman et al. 2010 and Islam etal. 2009c.

Stalk diameterIt was also seen from the Table 1that the highest stalk diameter wasobtained in variety Isd 39 (2.72cm) and the lowest stalk diameterwas obtained in genotype I 111-03(2.06 cm). The findings of thepresent experiment are inagreement with Alam et al. 2010and Kabiraj et al. 2007.

Cane yieldCane yield have been shown in theTable 1. It was seen that thesignificantly highest cane yieldwere obtained in variety Isd 39(98.04 t ha-1) and the lowest caneyield was obtained in genotype I111-03 (51.83 t ha-1). The resultswere in agreement with Islam etal. (2011a), Rahman et al. (2010),Islam et al. (2009a) Islam et al.(2009b), Islam et al (2007),Kabiraj et al. (2007), Paul et al.(1994) and Miah et al. (1994)described different sugarcanevarieties/promising genotypes andrevealed different trend for caneyield per unit area.

Brix (%)Table 2 shows that the highestBrix per cent were found underwater-logging stress condition ingenotype I 124-00 (20.8%),followed by genotype I 7-03(20.2%), genotype I 111-03(20.2%), variety Isd 40 (20.2%),genotype I 231-03 (20.0%),genotype I 112-01 (19.9%), varietyIsd 39 (19.8%) while the lowestBrix per cent obtained in genotypeI 78-03 (17.8%). These resultswere in agreement with findings ofIslam et al. (2011a), Islam et al.(2011b), Rahman et al. (2010),Islam et al. (2009a), Islam et al.(2007) and Kabiraj et al. (2007)who studied Brix per cent ofsugarcane varieties/clones andfound different levels of Brix percent.

Pol % juicePol % juice has been presented inthe Table 2 and found that thehighest pol % juice were obtainedin variety I 124-00 (18.96%) andthe lowest was I 78-03 (15.48%).

Pol % caneTable 2 shows that thesignificantly highest pol per centcane was found under water-logging stress condition ingenotype I 124-00 (14.79%) andthe lowest pol percent cane ingenotype I 78-03 (12.07%). Theresults were in well agreementwith the findings of Islam et al.(2011a) and Islam et al. (2011b).

Purity (%)Purity per cent has been shown inTable 2. It was seen that thesignificantly highest purity percent were obtained in genotype I124-00 (91.17%) and the lowestpurity per cent was obtained ingenotype I 139-03 (86.17%).Present findings agree with thefindings of Islam

et al. (2011a) who carried outstudies on purity per cent in onecommercial variety/five clones andfound different results for purityper cent under water-logging stresscondition.

Recoverable sucrose (%)Recoverable sucrose per cent hasbeen shown in Table 2. It was seenthat the highest recoverablesucrose per cent was obtained ingenotype I 124-00 (11.73%)followed by variety Isd 39(11.10%) and variety Isd 40(11.02%). The lowest recoverablesucrose per cent was obtained ingenotype I 78-03 (9.31%). Similarresults were also reported by Islamet al. (2011a) Islam et al. (2011b)and Islam et al. (2007).

Sugar yieldSugar yield has been presented inthe Figure 1 and found that thehighest sugar yield were obtainedin variety Isd 39 (10.88 t ha-1)followed by variety Isd 40 (10.49 tha-1), genotypes I 231-03 (10.22 t

ha-1) and the lowest was I 139-03(5.47 t ha-1). The results were inagreement with the finding ofIslam et al. (2011a), Islam et al.(2011b) and Islam et al. (2007).

Tolerance rating scaleTolerance rating scale wasmeasured on the basis of tillernumber, millable cane number,cane yield, sugar yield, Brix percent, purity per cent, pol per centcane, and recoverable sucrosepercent. Results of tolerance ratingscale have been presented inFigure 1. It revealed that genotypeI 231-03, variety Isd 39, varietyIsd 40 were highly tolerant havingtolerance rating scale 1 andgenotypes I 124-00 was found tobe tolerant to water-logging stresshaving tolerance rating 2.Genotypes I 112-01 and I 7-03, I78-03 were found to be moderatelytolerant to water-logging stresshaving tolerance rating scale 3 andgenotypes I 111-03, I 137-03 andI 139-03 were found to beintolerant to water-logging stresshaving tolerance rating scale 4against induced water-loggingstress condition. These findingswere in supported by Islam et al.(2011a), Islam et al. (2011b),Islam et al. (2009a) and Islam etal. (2009b).

CONCLUSION

It may be concluded that genotypeI 231-03 may be considered ashighly tolerant on the basis of caneyield, sugar yield and juice qualityunder induced water-logging stresscondition.


Table-1 Yield and yield attributing parameters of ten sugarcane genotypes under water-logging stress condition

Genotypes No. of tiller(103ha-1)

No. of millablecane (103ha-1)

Stalk height(m)

Stalk diameter(cm)

Cane yield(t ha-1)

I 124-00 121.28b 91.23abc 2.74ab 2.62ab 76.54bI 112-01 119.63b 83.51cd 2.63abc 2.57ab 65.62cI 7-03 121.65b 80.09de 2.51cd 2.48b 61.85cI 78-03 120.92b 86.25bcd 2.57bc 2.54ab 63.57cI 111-03 125.37b 72.83e 2.24e 2.06c 51.83dI 137-03 115.35b 76.87de 2.27e 2.15c 53.05dI 139-03 118.26b 78.53de 2.31de 2.18c 54.51dI 231-03 137.73a 95.91ab 2.78ab 2.65ab 94.54aIsd 39 (Standard) 124.47b 99.76a 2.81a 2.72a 98.04aIsd 40 (Standard) 122.68b 97.41a 2.79ab 2.69a 95.25aLevel of significant * ** ** ** **CV (%) 5.11 6.25 4.81 3.99 5.15LSD (0.05) 10.77 9.24 0.21 0.17 6.31** Significant at 1% level of probability, * Significant at 5% level of probability, NS = Not significant

Table-2 Juice quality and sugar yield of ten sugarcane genotypes under water-logging stress condition

Genotypes Brix (%) Pol % juice Pol % cane Purity (%) Recoverablesucrose (%)

I 124-00 20.8a 18.96a 14.79a 91.17a 11.73aI 112-01 19.9a 17.76a 13.86a 89.26abc 10.84bI 7-03 20.2a 17.87a 13.94a 88.48bcd 10.85bI 78-03 17.8c 15.48b 12.07b 86.97cd 9.31dI 111-03 20.2a 17.80a 13.88a 88.10cd 10.79bI 137-03 19.7ab 17.59a 13.72a 89.29abc 10.74bcI 139-03 18.7bc 16.11b 12.57b 86.17d 10.05cI 231-03 20.0a 17.76a 13.86a 88.82abc 10.81bIsd 39 (Standard) 19.8a 17.99a 14.03a 90.85ab 11.10abIsd 40 (Standard) 20.2a 18.04a 14.07a 89.33abc 11.02abLevel ofsignificant

** ** ** ** **

CV (%) 3.07 4.89 4.64 1.49 3.81LSD (0.05) 1.04 1.47 1.09 2.28 0.70** Significant at 1% level of probability, * Significant at 5% level of probability, NS = Not significant


Figure-1 Sugar yield (t ha-1) and tolerance rating scale of ten sugarcane genotypes under water-logging stress condition. ***Tolerance rating scale (1-5), where, 1 = Highly tolerant, 2 =Tolerant, 3 =Moderately tolerant, 4 = Intolerant and 5 = Highly intolerant.

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EFFECT OF TRASH MULCH AND N LEVELS ON CANE YIELD AND RECOVERY OFSUGARCANE VARIETY THATTA-10

SY.J. Minhas*, L.M. Baloch** and Saima Minhas****Sugarcane Specialist, Agriculture Research Institute, Tandojam

**Assistant Research Officer (Sugarcane), Agriculture Research Institute, Tandojam***Department of Food Sciences and Technology, Agriculture University Tandojam

ABSTRACT

A field trial was conducted duringthe year 2009-10 to investigate theeffect of trash mulch and variousN levels on the cane yield andrecovery of sugarcane varietyThatta-10. The treatmentsincluded: Control (No mulch, 225kg N ha-1), trash mulch + 225 kg Nha-1, trash mulch + 250 kg N ha-1,trash mulch + 275 kg N ha-1 andtrash mulch + 300 kg N ha-1. Theexperiment was laid out in a threereplicated randomized completeblock design in a plot size of 14mx 3m (42m2). The results revealedthat regardless the N levels, themulching showed positive andsignificant impact on cane yieldand recovery of sugarcane varietyThatta-10. However, trash mulch +250 kg N ha-1 treatment resultedeconomically superiorperformance over rest of thetreatments with 64 percentgermination, 246 cm cane length,2.67 cm cane girth, 22.2 internodescane-1, 117.67 tons ha-1 cane yieldand 10.90 percent sugar recovery.It was concluded thatsystematically applied trash mulchshowed positive impact on all thestudied traits of sugarcane varietyThatta-10 including cane yield andrecovery. Moreover, higher Nlevels of 300 and 275 kg ha-1

slightly increases cane length, butcane girth, internodes, cane yieldand recovery decreased over 250kg ha-1 N level. This indicates thatfor obtaining economicallymaximum crop performance forsugarcane variety Thatta-10, thesugarcane may be trash-mulchedand N may be applied at the rate of250 kg ha-1.

Keywords: Sugarcane, trash mulch,Nitrogen, cane length, cane girth,cane yield, recovery

INTRODUCTION

Sugarcane is a major cash crop ofPakistan and source of livelihoodfor hundreds of thousands peoplein Pakistan (Afghan et al. 2010). Itbelongs to the family Gramineae(Miller and Gilbert, 2010); and itcontributes 3.6 percent in valueadded to agriculture and 0.8percent to GDP. The sugarcanewas cultivated on an area of 1046thousand hectares in Pakistan(2011-2012) with a total caneproduction of 58.038 million tons(GoP, 2012). Out of total seventyeight sugar mills in Pakistan, onlyin Sindh province has 31 sugarmills and the province isconsidered as second highestcontributor to total sugarcaneproduction in Pakistan afterPunjab. The sugarcane in Sindhprovince of Pakistan wascultivated on an area of 280thousand hectares with aproduction of 15350 thousandtons (Carroll and Rehman, 2010)during 2009-2010; and actualarea under sugarcane cultivationduring 2010-2011 was 292.5thousand hectares against thetargeted area of 270 thousandhectares (GoS, 2011). Mulch is aprotective cover placed overthe soil to retain moisture, reduceerosion, provide nutrients, andsuppress weed growth and seedgermination. Organic mulchinghas importance by environmentalconcerns. Increasing cost ofherbicides/ weedicides on onehand and their undesirable impactson the soil health on the other hand

call for immediate inclusive oforganic mulch materials. Due towider use of short statured highyielding varieties and hybrids indifferent crops, the availability ofcrop residue as a source of organicmatter for soil is very muchlimited. Farmyard manure andgreen manure are used only onlimited scale as organic sourcessince most of the plant residues areconsumed as fuel (Yadahalli,2008).

Soil organic matter is an importantfeature of soil fertility. Ways ofincreasing soil organic matter areby growing a cover crop (greenmanure) or by mulching withcompost or crop residues. Thesepractices also help to control weedgrowth. Mulching has been shownincreased crop yields(Kaniszewski, 1994). Mulching bycrop residues was superior topolyethylene sheets (used tocontrol weeds) in terms ofincremental cost-benefit ratios(Khalak and Kumaraswamy,1993). There are several reports ofimprovement of soil fertility as aresult of mulching with cropresidues (Kitou and Yoshida1994).

Mulching reduces the deteriorationof soil by way of preventing therunoff and soil loss, minimizes theweed infestation and checks thewater evaporation. Thus, itfacilitates for more retention ofsoil moisture and helps in controlof temperature fluctuations,improves physical, chemical andbiological properties of soil, as itadds nutrients to the soil andultimately enhances the growthand yield of crops (Dilipkumar etal. 1990). Crop residues are


tremendous natural resource forrecycling. Crop residues ofcommon cultivated crops areimportant resources not only as asource of significant quantity ofnutrients but also affecting soilphysical, chemical and biologicalfunctions and properties, water andsoil quality (Gaur et al. 1995). Thesoil is living only when it willhave a microbial population of 108per cubic centimeter of soil. Thesemicrobial populations needadequate quantity of organicmanures as feed for their survivaland multiplication (Babalad,2008).

Nutrient requirement ofsugarcane can be determined onthe basis of respective nutrientin selected index tissues atspecific crop stages. Highergrowth rate of sugarcane is mainlyassociated with enhanced uptakeof N, P and K (Nasir et al., 2000).N, P and K are essential nutrientelements that contribute tooptimum sugarcane yield anduptake (Morris et al. 2002). N, Pand K application beyond 100percent of the recommended doseproduce only marginal increase incane and sugar yield (Alexander etal., 2003). The use of nitrogen,phosphorous and potassiumfertilizers play key role indevelopment of cane and sugaryields, because sugarcane isknown as a heavy feeder crop thatdepletes the soil of essentialnutrients and therefore, adequatenutrient addition is of utmostimportance (Korndorfer, 1990).The average yield of the sugarcanevarieties is much lower than theirpotential yield. For instance,through application of balancedNPK fertilizers, the potentialyields are obtained upto 165.176 tha-1 (Khan et al., 2002). Fertilizeruse for sugarcane cultivation inPakistan is imbalance andinappropriate; only 4 percent ofthe cane growers use NPK and 73percent of them rely only on NPfertilization (Karstens et al., 1992).Proper fertilization is an importantmanagement function in sugarcane

production (Khan et al., 2005).Therefore, it is necessary to supplysugarcane crop with the big three(N, P and K) to secure good canequantity and quality (Elamin et al.,2007). With these ideas in view, anexperiment was conducted to studythe effect of trash mulch and Nlevels on growth, cane yield andrecovery of sugarcane varietyThatta-10.


The experiment was laid out at theexperimental fields of SugarcaneSection, Agriculture ResearchInstitute, Tandojam in a threereplicated Randomized CompleteBlock Design having plot size of14m x 3m (42m2). A good seedbedwas prepared adoptingrecommended land preparationpractices. Ridges were prepared toplace the seed setts by end-to-endmethod. Trash mulch was used inall the treatments except thecontrol, while N was applied atdifferent rates i.e. 225, 250, 275and 300 kg ha-1 in the form of urea(46% N). The trash mulch wasused to cover the surface when thegermination of planted crop wascompleted. The mulching waspracticed in such a way not tohurdle the sprouting of theseedlings. The P and

K fertilizers were applied at therates of 120 kg and 100 kg ha-1.All P and K and 1/3rd of N wasapplied at planting time andremaining N in two equal doses atfirst earthing (3-1/2 months afterplanting) and 1-1/2 month afterfirst earthing respectively.

Methods for recordingobservations

Germination: The germinationwas calculated in percentage onthe basis of total number of budsin the seed setts planted andnumber of sprouts.

Cane length: Cane length wasrecorded at the field in the labelledsugarcane plants by measuringtape from bottom of the cane uptothe last internode in centimetresand averaged.

Cane girth: Cane girth wasmeasured in each plot on the basisof randomly selected (tagged)plants by means of Vernier Caliperin centimetres and average wasworked out.

Internodes cane-1: Internodescane-1 were counted from thebottom of the cane upto the lastinternode for all the tillers in eachplant in each labelled plant in eachtreatment plot and averaged.

Cane yield ha-1(mt): The caneyield ha-1 was calculated on thebasis of following formula:

Yield plot-1 of given treatment

Cane yield (m.t ha-1) =X 10000 Plot area (m2)

Sugar recovery (%): Polarity wasdetermined by the procedure andmethod described in laboratorymanual for Queensland sugar mills(Anonymous, 1970) in order tocalculate Pol, CCS and recovery.

The data on the above characterswill be collected and subjected tostatistical analysis. Analysis ofvariance and mean separation testswill be applied (Steel et al. 1997.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Germination (%)Seed germination influences thecrop production significantly; theresults in regards to cane lengthpercentage of sugarcane varietyThatta-10 as affected by trashmulch and various N levels(Table-1) indicated that highestcane length (64.00%) wasrecorded in plots with trash mulch+ 250 kg N ha-1, while the canelength was 59.00, 54.00 and 51.00percent in case of control (no


much), mulch + 275 kg N ha-1, andmulch + 225 kg ha-1 N,respectively. The lowest canelength (48.00%) was recorded inplots receiving trash mulch + 300kg ha-1 N. This indicates that therewas no linear impact of mulchingor N application levels on the canelength of sugarcane. However, thedifferences in cane length werestatistically significant (P<0.05).These results are further supportedby Tan (1995) who have reportedpositive impacts of mulching ongermination, and Kanchann (2009)reported that increasing N ratesalthough affects the growth andyield of sugarcane, butgermination has little associationwith top dressing of fertilizers.

Cane length (cm)Cane length is a major growth andyield component in sugarcane andit has direct effect on the cropyields. The data in relation to canelength of sugarcane variety Thatta-10 as influenced by trash mulch +different N levels (Table-1)suggested that highest cane length(248.33 cm) was recorded giventrash mulch + 300 kg N ha-1, whilethe cane length slightly reduced to248.00 and 246.00 cm when thesurface was covered with trashmulch and fertilized with 275 kg Nha-1 and 250 kg N ha-1,

respectively. The crop treated withtrash mulch + 225 kg N ha-1

resulted in average cane length of236.33 cm, while the minimumcane length of 232.33 cm wasachieved from the plots given N @225 kg ha-1 and no mulching(control). This indicates thatmulching affected cane lengthsignificantly (P<0.05), while thedifferences in cane length of thecrop receiving N @ 250, 275 and300 kg ha-1 were statistically non-significant (P<0.05), suggestingthat N application beyond 250 kgha-1 would be uneconomical andexcessive. Similar results havealso been reported by Dahiya andMalik (2000) who foundconsiderable increase in canelength due to mulching, whileBasanta et al. (2003) reported thathigher NPK levels increase canelength significantly.

Cane girth (cm)Cane girth is also one of mainyield traits and the results on thischaracter of sugarcane varietyThatta-10 as influenced by trashmulch + different N levels arepresented in (Table-1). It is evidentfrom the results that maximumcane girth (2.67 cm) was observedin plots given trash mulch + 250kg N ha-1, while the cane girthdecreased to 2.38 and 2.36 cm

when the surface was covered withtrash mulch and fertilized with 225kg N ha-1 and 275 kg N ha-1,respectively. The crop treated withtrash mulch + 300 kg N ha-1

resulted in average cane girth of2.31 cm, while the minimum canegirth of 2.26 cm was achievedfrom the plots given N @ 225 kgha-1 and no mulching (control).This suggested that mulchingproduced positive and significant(P<0.05) impacts on cane girth(P<0.05), while with increasing Nlevel beyond 250 kg N ha-1 thecane girth consecutively decreasedunder N application of 275 and300 kg ha-1. This clearly indicatesthat regardless the mulchingpractice; 250 kg N ha-1 would bean optimum level for obtainingmaximum cane girth in varietyThatta-10. The results of thepresent study coincides thoseachieved by Rana et al. (2003)who found that cane girth ispositively influenced by themulching, because mulchingconserve moisture and nutrientsand suppresses weeds. Similarly,Rita et al. (2003) reported thatalthough higher N levels improvecane girth but if N is applied atexcessive rate, the cane length mayincrease, but cane girth will followadverse trend.

Table-1 Effect of trash mulch + nitrogen levels on germination, cane length and canegirth of sugarcane variety Thatta-10

Sr. No. Treatments (Mulch + N) Germination % Cane length(cm)

Cane girth(cm)

1. Control (No much: 225 kg ha-1 N) 59.00 b 232.33 b 2.26 c2. Mulch+225 kg N 51.00 d 236.33 b 2.38 b3. Mulch+250 kg N 64.00 a 246.00 a 2.67 a4. Mulch+275 kg N 54.00 c 248.00 a 2.36 b5. Mulch+300 kg N 48.00 e 248.33 a 2.31 bS.E.± 1.082 2.002 0.024LSD 0.05 3.491 5.746 0.106LSD 0.01 5.038 7.544 0.162


Number of internodes cane-1

Number of internodes cane-1 isdirectly proportional to canelength. The data regarding thenumber of internodes cane-1 forsugarcane variety Thatta-10 asaffected by trash mulch + differentlevels of N fertilizer are shown inTable-2. The maximum number ofinternodes (22.20) was recorded incrop with trash mulch + 250 kg Nha-1, while the number ofinternodes decreased to 20.43 and20.28 when the crop was mulchedwith trash and fertilized with 275kg N ha-1 and 300 kg N ha-1,respectively. The crop treated withtrash mulch + 225 kg N ha-1

resulted in 19.00 internodes cane-1,while the lowest number ofinternodes (18.80) cane-1 wasachieved from the plots given N @225 kg ha-1 and no mulching(control). The results clearlyshowed that trash mulch waseffective to increase number ofinternodes significantly (P<0.05),while with increasing N levelbeyond 250 kg N ha-1 the numberof internodes gradually reducedunder N application at the rates of275 and 300 kg ha-1. Regardlessthe mulching practice, 250 kg Nha-1 showed superb performanceand further increase in N ratewould be uneconomical forsugarcane. Most of the studies arein concurrence with the presentfindings. Hussain and Afghan(2001) reported that number ofinternodes generally is associatedwith genetic factors, but theinternodes can be associated withcane length. In another study,Chatta (2007) found that undermulching and higher N levels, thenumber of internodes wereincreased, but this trait wasgenerally associated with canelength.

Cane yield ha-1

The results in regards to cane yieldha-1 of sugarcane variety Thatta-10as affected by trash mulch +different levels of N fertilizer arepresented in Table-2. The datashowed that the higher cane yieldof 117.67 tons ha-1 was achievedin crop treated with trash mulch +250 kg N ha-1, while the cane yieldshowed adverse trend i.e.decreased to 110.33 tons ha-1 and105.33 tons ha-1 when the cropwas trash mulched and fertilizedwith higher N levels of 275 kg and300 kg ha-1, respectively. The croptreated with trash mulch + 225 kgN ha-1 resulted cane yield of109.33 kg ha-1, while the lowestcane yield of 92.80 kg ha-1 wasachieved from the plots given N @225 kg ha-1 without mulching(control). The trash mulch showedsignificant and positive effect oncane yield (P<0.05), whileincreasing N levels beyond 250 kgN ha-1 did not show economiceffects and yield decreased underN application of 275 and 300 kgha-1 over 250 kg ha-1. Irrespectiveof trash mulch, 250 kg N ha-1

maximized the cane yield, whiledifferences in cane yield under 275kg and 300 kg N ha-1 were non-significant. These results arefurther supported by those of Muiet al. (1996), Yadav et al. (2009),Hussain and Afghan (2001),Chatta (2007) and Kanchann(2009) who found that due tomulching in sugarcane, the cropyield was increased, becausemulching conserve the moistureand nutrients and check the weedgrowth. Moreover, higher N levelsobviously results in increased caneyield, but excessive N applicationmay decrease the yield.

Sugar recoveryThe data pertaining to sugarrecovery of variety Thatta-10 asinfluenced by trash mulch +different levels of N fertilizer areshown in Table-2. The resultsshowed that the highest sugarrecovery of 10.90 percent wasnoted in crop treated with trashmulch + 250 kg N ha-1, while thesugar recovery followed a negativedirection i.e. 10.58 and 10.43percent when the crop fertilizedwith higher N levels of 275 and300 kg ha-1, respectively. The croptreated with trash mulch + 225 kgN ha-1 resulted sugar recovery of10.78 percent, while the sugarrecovery under control treatmentwas 10.51 percent. This indicatedthat increasing N levels althoughimproved the plant growthslightly, but due to excessivenessof N, the recovery starteddecreasing when applied beyond250 kg ha-1. Statistically, thedifferences in recovery between Nlevels of 275 and 300 kg ha-1 wasnon-significant (P>0.05) andsignificant

(P<0.05) when compared with restof the treatments. The presentfindings are in accordance withthose of Mui et al. (1996), Yadavet al. (2009), Hussain and Afghan(2001), Chatta (2007) andKanchann (2009) who reportedthat higher N levels results inincreased sugar content, but itsapplication beyond optimum level,will result in loss of sugar content.Moreover, the findings alsosuggested that organic mulches areeconomical and effective toimprove sugar recovery.


Table-2 Effect of trash mulch + nitrogen levels on number of internodes, caneyield and CCS of sugarcane variety Thatta-10

Sr. No. Treatments (Mulch + N) No. of internodescane-1

Cane yield(tons ha-1)

C.C.S.(%)

1. Control (No much: 225 kg ha-1 N) 18.80 c 92.33 c 10.51 b2. Mulch+225 kg N 19.00 b 109.33 b 10.78 a3. Mulch+250 kg N 22.20 a 117.67 a 10.90 a4. Mulch+275 kg N 20.43 b 110.33 b 10.58 b5. Mulch+300 kg N 18.28 c 105.33 b 10.43 bS.E.± 0.719 2.002 0.024LSD 0.05 1.578 6.692 0.203LSD 0.01 2.244 9.519 0.452

CONCLUSIONS

It was concluded thatsystematically applied trash mulchshowed positive impact on all thestudied traits of sugarcane varietyThatta-10 including cane yield and

recovery. Moreover, higher Nlevels of 300 and 275 kg ha-1

slightly increases cane length, butcane girth, internodes, cane yieldand recovery decreased over 250kg ha-1 N level. This indicates thatfor obtaining economically

maximum crop performance forsugarcane variety Thatta-10, thesugarcane may be trash-mulchedand N may be applied at the rate of250 kg ha-1.

REFERENCES

1. Afghan, S., Z. Hussnain, K. Hussain, A. Shahazad and K. Ali. 2010. Comparison of quantitative andqualitative traits of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) diverse genotypes. Pakistan Sugar Journal, XXV(1) : 12-15.

2. Alexander, D., Mathew, T., Deorge, B., Sreekumar, K., Kuriakose, J.M. and Jayakumar, G. 2003. Growthand yield of sugarcane as influenced by genotype and minerar nutrition. Bharatiya Sug., 28(3): 21-25.

3. Babalad, H. B., M.N. Sreenivasa, R.K. Patil and M.G. Palakshappa. 2008. Organic farming-A ScientificApproach for Sustainable Production and Environment Protection, Pp. 86-91.

4. Basanta, M.V., D. Dourado, K. Reichardt, O.O.S. Bacchi, J.C.M. Oliveira, P.C.O. Trivelin. L.C. Timm,T.T. Tominaga, V. Correchel, F.A.M. Cássaro, L.F. Pires, J.R. de Macedo. 2003. Management effects onnitrogen recovery in a sugarcane crop grown in Brazil. Geoderma, 116 (1/2) : 235-248.

5. Carroll, J.M. and M.S.U. Rehman. 2010. Pakistan Sugar: Annual Report 2009. Gain Report: USDA ForeignAgricultural Service. Global Agriculture Information Network, GAIN Report Number: PK9005.

6. Chattha, M.U. 2007. Studies on growth, yield and quality of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) underdifferent planting techniques irrigation methods, water levels and mulch types. Ph.D Dissertation submittedto University Of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pp. 1-172.

7. Dahiya, R. and R.S. Malik. 2000. Trash and green mulch effects on soil N and P availability. Journal ofIndian Society of Soil Science, 4 (6) : 574-579.

8. DilipKumar, G., S.S. Sachin and Rajesh Kumar. 1990. Importance of mulch in crop production. Indian J. SoilCons., 18 : 20-26.

9. Elamin, E.A., Tillb, M.A., Elnasikh, M.H., Ibrahim, S.H., Elsheikh, M.A. and Babiker. E.E.2007. The influence of phosphorus and potassium fertilization on the quality of sugar of two sugarcanevarieties grown on three soil series of Sudan. J of App Scie. 7 (16): 2345-2350.

10. Gaur, A. C. 1990. Phosphate Solubilizing Microorganisms or Biofertilizers. Omega Scientific Publishers,New Delhi.

11. GoP, 2012. Sugarcane: Economic survey of Pakistan 2011-2012, Department of Food and Agriculture,Bureau of Statistics (Economic Wing), Government of Pakistan, Islamabad.

12. GoS, 2011. Area, production and yield of sugarcane in Sindh 2010-2011. Statistical Section, AgricultureResearch Institute, Tandojam.

13. Hussain, S.Z. and S. Afghan. 2001. Efficacy of pre emergence application of different Herbicides in sugarcane. Pak. Sugar J., 14:45-50.

14. Kanchann, N. Integrated weed management in sugarcane. 2009. Agropedia, Pp. 1-2.


15. Kaniszewski, Y. 1994. Response of tomatoes to drip irrigation and mulching with polyethylene and non-woven polyethylene; Instytut Warzynictwa, Skierniewice, Poland. Biuletyn-warzywniczy, Pp. 29-38.

16. Karstens, S., M. Ross, P. Luedders and A. Krauss. 1992. Nutritive status of sugarcane in Punjab,Pakistan.Pak. J. Agric. Res., 13(4): 327-333.

17. Khalak, A. and A.S. Kumaraswamy. 1993. Weed biomass in relation to irrigation and mulching, andeconomics of mulching potato crop under conditions of acute water scarcity. Journal of the Indian PotatoAssociation, Pp. 185-189.

18. Khan, I. A., A. Khatri, G. S. Nizamani, M. A. Siddiqui, S. Raza, N. A. Dahar.2005. Effect of NPK fertilizerson the growth of sugarcane clone AEC86-347 developed at NIA, Tando Jam, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal ofBotany, 37: 355-360.

19. Khan, I.A., M.A. Javed, A. Khatri, M.A. Siddiqui, M.K.R. Khan, N.A. Dahar, M.H. Khanzada and R. Khan.2002. Performance of exotic sugarcane clones at NIA, Tando Jam. Asian Journal of Plant Sci., 1: 238-240.

20. Kitou, M. and S. Yoshida. 1994. Mulching effect of plant residues on soybean growth and soil chemicalproperties. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Pp. 211-220.

21. Korndorfer, G.H. 1990. Potassium and sugarcane quality. Informacoes Agronomicas 49: 1-3.22. Miller, J.D. and R. A. Gilbert. 2010. Sugarcane Botany: A Brief View. IFAS-University of Florida, FL, USA.23. Morris, D.R., Glaz, B., Powel, G., Deren, C.M. Snyder, G.H., Perdomo, R. and Ulloa, M.F. 2002. Plant

nutrition- Sugarcane leaf P diagnosis in organic soils. Absta. No. 4334. Sugarcane International. Sep/ Oct.37.24. Mui, N.T., T.R. Preston, D. Binh, V. Ly and I. Ohlsson. 1996. Effect of management practices on yield and

quality of sugar cane and on soil fertility. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 8 (3) : 34-41.25. Nasir, N.M., Qureshi, R.H., Aslam, M and Akhtar, J.I. (2000). Screening of sugarcane lines selected through

hydraulic studies in naturally salt affected field Pak. Sug. J., 15(4): 2-10.26. Rana, N.S., A.K. Singh, Kumar Sanjay and Kumar Sandeep. 2003. Effect of trash mulching and nitrogen

application on growth and yield of sugarcane ratoon. Indian Journal of Agronomy, 48 (2) : 124-126.27. Rita, D., R.S. Malik and B.S. Jhorar. 2003. Effect of sugarcane trash and enriched sugarcane trash mulches

on ratoon cane yield and soil properties. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science, 51 (4) : 504-508.28. Tan, P.G. 1995. Effect on production of sugar cane and on soil fertility of leaving the dead leaves on the soil

or removing them. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 7 (2) : 1-5.29. Yadahalli, V. 2008. Studies on the effect of mulches, organics and organic solutions on growth, yield and

quality of chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) cv. Byadagi Dabbi in northern transition zone of Karnataka. M.Sc.Thesis (Agronomy) submitted to University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, Karnatka, India.

30. Yadav, R.L., S.K. Shukla, A. Suman and P.N. Singh. 2009. Trichoderma inoculation and trash managementeffects on soil microbial biomass, soil respiration, nutrient uptake and yield of ratoon sugarcane undersubtropical conditions. Biol Fertil Soils, 45:461–468.


RESEARCH NOTES

Asia Naheed & Saadia Rizwana

Chrysoperla carnea (Green Lacewing) (Predator)

Natural Enemy of Crop Pests

Biocontrol Lab (Chrysoperlacarnea) at Shakarganj SugarResearch Institute

IntroductionShakarganj Sugar ResearchInstitute has established aBiocontrol Laboratory ofChrysoperla carnea in 2003 tocontrol the sugarcane Pyrillaperpusilla. Under laboratoryconditions C. carnea is massmultiplied by using eggs of storedgrain pest (Sitotroga cerealella) asa host. Adult of Chrysoperla feedby artificial diet and larvae rearedon eggs of S. cerealella. C. carnealayed green eggs on hard papersheets which is collected andstored at 6-8°C and then releaseimmediately in field. Chrysopa

sheets produced every year forreducing pest populations belowthe economic injury level. Thesepredators need to have a widerange of prey. They destroy largenumbers of prey quickly.

Predators

A living organism that feeds uponother organisms that are smallerand weaker than itself.

What to look for

Chrysoperla carnea are usedworldwide as highly effectivebiocontrol agent. She lays greeneggs in the hundreds, each atop avertical, hairlike stalk; and each

egg produces a killing machine—alarva—that will eat hundreds ofinsects pests before it pupates in asmall, parchment-like cocoon.The larvae, which are very active,are gray or brownish and alligator-like with well-developed legs andlarge pincers with which they suckthe body fluids from prey. Larvaegrow from <1 mm to 6-8 mm.

AppearanceAdult green lacewings are palegreen, about 12-20 mm long, withlong antennae and bright, goldeneyes. They have large, transparent,pale green wings and a delicatebody. Oval shaped eggs are laidsingly at the end of long silkenstalks and are pale green, turninggray in several days.


Life Cycle of Chrysoperla carnea

Pests Attacked

Eggs and nymph of sugarcanePyrilla perpusilla. Several

species of aphids, spider mites(especially red mites), thrips,whiteflies, mealybug, eggs ofleafhoppers, moths, and

leafminers, small caterpillars,beetle larvae, and the tobaccobudworm are reported prey.

Recommendations

Application

As and wherever desired sheetsare taken to the field and punchedon the under side of the leaves toavoid the direct exposure to sun.It's best to start early in the season.In field eggs hatch after 2-3 daysand search for the pest. They'llsearch almost 100 feet for theirfirst meal. During the 2-3 weeks ittakes lacewings to develop throughthe larval stage, they'll eat up to200 aphids or other insect eggs,larvae, and adults a week.

i) Lacewing release rates rangefrom 4-5 Sheets per acre,depending on infestationlevels. After emergence thelarvae seek out the targetpests.

ii) It's best to start early in theseason, then make repeatreleases every 2-3 weeks,increasing quantities as morepests appear.

iii) Once the peak pest infestationperiod has passed, releases canbe decreased and eventuallystopped.

Precautionary Measures

1. Observe field carefully prior torelease sheets that there is nodangerous chemical in field.

2. Handle the Chrysopa Sheetsvery carefully while shiftingfrom Lab to Field.

3. If it's inconvenient to releasethem immediately, lacewingeggs may be refrigerated for afew days at 6-8°C. to delayhatching, but be careful not tofreeze them.

4. Don't press the sheets if theeggs damage, than emergenceof larvae will not took place.

Advantages1. Biological control methods

can reduce the legal,environmental, and health

hazards of using chemicals inthe garden.

2. Biological control measurescan actually prevent economicdamage to the plants.

3. People, animals, or helpfulinsects may be completelyunaffected or undisturbed bytheir use.

4. Biological control is also safefor the users, the farmingcommunity and to theenvironment.

5. Can play a key role inintegrated Pest management.

Crops Protected

Sugarcane, Cotton, sweet corn,potatoes, cole crops, tomatoes,peppers, eggplants, asparagus,leafy greens, apples, strawberries,gardens and orchids.


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SUGAR INDUSTRY ABSTRACTS

*Shahid Afghan & Pervez Akhtar*Shakarganj Sugar Research Institute, Jhang, Punjab, PAKISTAN

Sugarcane root system depth inthree different countriesJ.L. Chopart, M.C.B. Azevedo, L.Le Mézo and D. Marion,Agronomy, Proc. Int. Soc. SugarCane Technol., Vol.27, 2010

The sugarcane root system depth iscrucial as it determines thepotential depth of soil available forwater and nutrient uptake by thecrop. It was reported in an earlypublication that these roots couldgrow quite deep (6 m), butotherwise very little data areavailable on the root system depth.The present study was carried outin three countries: Côte d’Ivoire(var. NCo376), Brazil (var.RB72454) and Réunion, France(var. R570) at various sugarcanegrowth stages. There were noshoot or root growth constraints(deep soil with enough water). Forplant cane, the root front growth(RF in cm) was linear. In Côted’Ivoire, from 45 to 160 days afterplanting (DAP), RF = 0.81 DAP;R² = 0.91. On the island ofRéunion, from 100 to 280 DAP,sugarcane root front growth was:RF = 0.56 DAP; R² = 0.70. WhenDAP was replaced by thermal time(TT: sum of degree-days), the rootfront growth patterns were quitesimilar in Réunion and Côted’Ivoire (RF = 0.045 and 0.049TT, respectively). In ratoonconditions, RF was stable whenroots from the previous cycle werestill in the soil at the onset of thecropping season. Thus, theobserved root depth wasapproximately 4 m in Brazil andRéunion, even though theenvironment and cultivars weredifferent. These findings showedthat, when there is no marked cropgrowth constraint, roots of moderncommercial sugarcane varietiescan grow to depths of about 4 m inratoon crops. While these valueswere lower than those reported in

previous studies, they were higherthan those generally accepted atpresent.

Functional relationship betweensugarcane root biomass andlength for cropping systemapplicationsJ.L. Chopart, M.C.B. Azevedo, L.Le Mézo and D. Marion,Agronomy, Proc. Int. Soc. SugarCane Technol., Vol.27, 2010

Sugarcane root length density(RLD, m/m3) and root biomass arekey characteristics for respectivelydetermining: (i) the crop nutrientand water uptake capacity, and (ii)carbon partitioning in plants andbalance in soil. In previous studies,often only one of these parameterswas measured. It is thereforeuseful to link the RLD and rootbiomass density (RBD, g/m3) toevaluate one parameter in relationto the other. Relationships betweenRLD and RBD and specific rootlength (SRL, m/g) were studied inCôte d’Ivoire and Réunion. MeanSRLs of fine roots wereindependent of the root location inthe soil profile and plant age buthigher in Côte d’Ivoire (68 m/g,SD = 19) than in Réunion (35 m/g,SD = 10). The best fit between theRBD and RLD of thick roots was apower function (RLD = 21.3RBD 0.745; R² = 0.85). MeanSRL was 7 m/g. When all rootswere studied together, the best fitbetween RBD and RLD was also apower function, with littlevariation between the two sites orbetween plant and ratoonsugarcane. The fits calculated withall data except those obtained veryclose to the plant stem were: RLD= 85.5 RBD 0.742 (R² = 0.88)and mean SRL = 27 m/g (SD =13).Relationships between root lengthand biomass were neither fixed norfully random. Due to SRLvariability, it was hard to pinpoint

any mechanistic links between rootlength and biomass. Conversely,for simple field evaluations, arough and ready RLD estimate canbe made on the basis of RBD, andvice-versa.

Opportunities and challenges forsugarcane breeding: a summaryof the 9th ISSCT breeding andgermplasm workshopRaul O. Castillo, Nils Berding,Philip Jackson, Thomas L. Tewand Anthony Kennedy, Breeding,Proc. Int. Soc. Sugar CaneTechnol., Vol.27, 2010

The 9th Sugarcane Breeding andGermplasm Workshop was heldfrom 17 to 21 August 2009 at theNovotel Rockford Resort, CoralCoast Drive, Palm Cove, Cairns,Australia. The workshop washosted by staff from the BSESLimited’s Meringa ExperimentStation. BSES Limited, ISSCT,and the Sugar Research andDevelopment Corporation of theAustralian Government weresponsors for the workshop. TheBreeding Workshop was attendedby 70 delegates from differentcountries, and was distinguishedby its scientific content, itsimpeccable organisation, and agreat spirit of friendliness.Australia was well representedwith a contingent of 20 breedersand researchers. Delegates fromArgentina, Barbados, Brazil,China, Colombia, Ecuador, FijiIslands, France, India, Indonesia,Japan, Mauritius, Reunion, SouthAfrica, Sri Lanka, Thailand,Uganda, and USA attended. Thepresentations covered topics notonly on breeding for sugar contentbut also biomass. There was aninteresting analysis from aninvestor point of view on theadvances in traditional plantbreeding compared to the use ofsugarcane transformation with


novel genes. New molecularmarkers for mapping and geneticdiversity studies and noveltechniques for sugarcanebiotechnology and bioenergy usealso were discussed. Finally, ananalysis on genetically modified(GM) sugarcane and associatedbiosafety risk was included. TheWorkshop demonstrated thattraditional plant breeding and thebiotechnology tools should worktogether in order to obtain rapiddevelopments and increaseproduction not only for sugar butalso for bioenergy.

Overview of sugarcane breedingin mainland chinaLin Yanquan, Deng Zuhu andDeng Haihua, Breeding, Proc. Int.Soc. Sugar Cane Technol., Vol.27,2010

This paper briefly reviews thehistory of sugarcane breeding inmainland China, major sugarcaneresearch institutes in differentprovinces, and the developmentand adoption of new varieties inthe past 10 years. It also highlightsimportant benefits and progress inintroducing sugarcane varietiesfrom overseas and Taiwan, China.Progress in utilising basicgermplasm for sugarcaneimprovement in mainland China isalso briefly reviewed. Challengesfacing sugarcane breeding inChina and potential ways toaddress these are proposed.

Effects of insecticides onmigdolus fryanus westwood(Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)infestations and sugarcane yieldsL.L. Dinardo-Miranda, J.V.Fracasso and F. Girotto,Entomology, Proc. Int. Soc. SugarCane Technol., Vol.27, 2010

The destruction of root system byMigdolus fryanus Westwood(Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) larvaereduces the yield and the longevityof sugarcane crops. Because of thisdamage, this insect is one of themost important pests of sugarcanein São Paulo State, Brazil. The

present study was conducted toevaluate insecticide efficacy, whenapplied: a) at a depth of 40 cm,using ploughshares, during theland preparation prior to planting;b) in the furrows, at planting; andc) both at 40 cm and in thefurrows. The experiment wascarried out at the Santa Rita SugarMill, São Paulo, Brazil, using arandomised complete block designwith 16 treatments (insecticidesapplied in the furrow and/or at 40cm, and an untreated check) and 4replicates. Sugarcane was plantedin plots with five 15 m rowsspaced 1.40 m apart, in March2007. The pest populations wereevaluated in periodic samplingsand, on November 2007, whenthere was a flight of adults in theexperimental area. The highestyields were observed in plotstreated with endosulfan or fipronil.The treatments applied at 40 cmwere more effective than theapplication of insecticides in thefurrows. Fipronil or endosulfanapplied at 40 cm, with or withoutadditional insecticides in thefurrows, increased yields by morethan 25% over the untreated check.

Effect of insecticides applied atsugarcane planting onsphenophorus levis vaurie(coleoptera; curculionidae)control and on the yield of firsttwo harvestsL.L. Dinardo-Miranda and J. V.Fracasso, Entomology, Proc. Int.Soc. Sugar Cane Technol., Vol.27,2010

Recently, the occurrence ofsugarcane fields severely damagedby Sphenophorus levis Vaurie(Coleoptera; Curculionidae) hasincreased in the Central-Southregion, the main area wheresugarcane is grown in Brazil. Thepest management programincludes mechanical destruction ofinfested ratoons, which often is notenough to maintain the populationsbelow economic injury level. Theuse of insecticides is thereforenecessary. The objective of thepresent work was to evaluate the

effect of insecticides applied atsugarcane planting on the pestcontrol and on the yield of the firsttwo harvests. Three experimentswere conducted as random blockdesigns with six replicates. Inaddition to an untreated check, thefollowing treatments wereevaluated: carbofuran 2100 g/haa.i., fipronil 200 g/ha a.i.,carbofuran 2100 g/ha a.i. + fipronil200 g/ha a.i., imidacloprid 960g/ha a.i., thiamethoxam 375 g/haa.i. and bifenthrin 250 g/ha a.i.. S.levis infestations and associatedplant injury were evaluated byperiodic samplings. Yield datawere recorded for the first twoharvests. No differences betweenthe treatments and the untreatedcheck in relation to pest populationand injury were observed.However, the treatments withfipronil, imidacloprid andthiamethoxam were associatedwith significant yield increases forboth harvests. Considering the twoharvests, these increases reached52.2 to 69.0 t/ha or 25% of yield,suggesting that these treatmentscan be useful in an integratedmanagement program.

The effect of orange rust(puccinia kuehnii) on sugar yieldin six sugarcane varieties inGuatemalaW. Ovalle Sáenz, H. Orozco, E.Fong and S. García, Pathology,Proc. Int. Soc. Sugar CaneTechnol., Vol.27, 2010

A replicated field trial wasconducted to estimate the effect oforange rust (caused by Pucciniakuehnii) on yield in six sugarcanevarieties in a plant cane crop inGuatemala. CP72-2086 is theleading variety in Guatemalaconstituting 57% of the crop in the2007–08 harvest season. The othervarieties (CG96-135, SP79-2233,CP88-1508, CP89-2143 andPR75-2002) showed symptoms oforange rust in September 2007when the disease first appeared.The experimental design of thefield trial was a split plot in acomplete randomised block design


where the main plot was varietyand the sub plot fungicidetreatment (treated with thefungicide Alto® (Cyproconazole)at a dose of 500 mL per ha) oruntreated. The susceptible varietySP79-2233 was planted on eachside of the trial and aroundindividual plots as a natural P.kuehnii inoculum source. Orangerust severity in fungicide treatedand untreated plots were recordedmonthly from three to nine monthscrop age. Cane yield components(plant height, stalk diameter andstalk population) and cane weightper plot were used to estimate caneyield in tonnes of cane per hectare(TCH); sucrose concentration (Pol% cane) was also assessed atharvest. Yield losses wereestimated using a regression oforange rust severity on yield(tonnes sugar per ha, TSH) for thevariety CP72-2086. Data suggestthat orange rust may reducesugarcane yields in five of the sixvarieties. Losses in CP72-2086were 7.67% (TCH), 8.61% (Pol %C) and 15.78% (TSH), with theregression equation y = 20.3 –0.2×. The highest orange rustseverity occurred at five to sixmonths crop age in all varietiesand symptoms were observedthrough to plant maturity.

Advances and challenges insugarcane biotechnoloy andplant pathology: a review of theix plant pathology workshop andvi molecular biology workshopJ.C. Comstock, A. Dookun-Saumtally, B. Croft, A. D’Hont,F.F. Garces Obando, E. Mirkov,G.P. Rao, S. Saumtally, G.M.Souza and D. Watt, Pathology,Proc. Int. Soc. Sugar CaneTechnol., Vol.27, 2010

For the second time, theInternational Society of SugarCane Technologists (ISSCT)pathology and molecular biologyworkshops were jointly held, from23–27 June 2008 in Cali,Colombia. The meeting washosted by CENICAÑA andorganised by Jorge I. Victoria and

Jershon López-Gerena. Theresponse of participants waspositive with 44 delegatesrepresenting 15 countriesattending. Thirty seven oralpresentations and ten posterscovering a wide range of topicsincluding molecularcharacterisation of yeasts, insectpests and pathogens, genetictransformation of sugarcane,molecular markers, geneticmapping, pathogen variability,disease diagnosis, plant resistanceand disease epidemiology amongothers were presented. Theworkshop also provided theopportunity to listen to threeplenary talks on biofuelproduction, transgenics andnutritional improvements in foodcrops through genomics. A specialsession was devoted to orange rust,a newly introduced disease inFlorida and in Central America.Following the technical sessions,site visits were organised duringtwo days to sugar mills,commercial fields, plots withtransgenic sugarcane, andlaboratories at CENICAÑA. Theexperience of having joint-sectionmeetings proved very useful withexcellent interaction amongparticipants.

Productive diversification fromsugarcane lignocellulosicbyproductsN. Aguilar R., A. Castillo M., A.Herrera S., D. A. Rodríguez L. andJ. Murguia G., Co product, Proc.Int. Soc. Sugar Cane Technol.,Vol.27, 2010

The actual process of sugar andethanol production in Mexico onlyuses the carbohydrates in thesugarcane juice and molasses. Theremaining material, trash, bagasseand pith, constitutes thelignicellulosic byproducts(biomass) of this industry. In thiswork, three production alternativeswere investigated: ediblemushroom Pleurotus ostreatus,pulp and paper and fermentablesugar productions from sugarcanebiomass. The characterisation of

byproducts was carried outaccording to AOAC test. For thecase of mushroom production,sugarcane trash and a 50:50mixture of trash and bagasseshowed the highest yields(biological efficiencies) of 106%and 103% respectively. For acidhydrolysis, trash samplesgenerated in the local industrywere used. Several tests wereperformed to obtain the maximumproduction of fermentable sugarsusing diluted H2SO4 atconcentration level of 1.0%,temperatures (80–160°C) andhydrolysis times (0 to 330minutes). A pseudo first-orderkinetic model was developed toexplain the hydrolysis fromsugarcane trash using sulfuric acid.In the last alternative, bagassepulping and ECF Bleaching(elementary chlorine free) wereanalysed in detail using TAPPIstandards to establish the optimumpulping conditions for thislignocellulosic material.

Biodiesel starting from nonedible oils and ethanol for self-consumption in the agroindustrial production of sugarand other foodsMarlen C. Alfonso Lorenzo,Rinaldo Caro Sanabria, MilagrosDuarte Vasallo, Manuel Díaz Delos Ríos, Indira Pérez, RamónPiloto, Nayvi Ferrer, Noel Ferrerand Antonio Vera Méndez, Coproduct, Proc. Int. Soc. SugarCane Technol., Vol.27, 2010

The decrease of fossil fuels in thenear future and climate changeconstitute the main drivers at thepresent time for the developmentof biofuels. They are doublyrelevant to the sugar industrybecause it is a consumer of fuels aswell as a potential producer. Thispaper shows the results of anexperimental preliminary studywith oleaginous plants, which canbe cultivated in soils unsuitable forthe production of food, with highyields of around 1 t/ha.Experiences of the synthesis offuel from such oil and ethanol are


reported, which turn out to besomewhat complex but allow theproduction of biodiesel startingfrom totally renewable sourceswith important environmentaladvantages. An example is shown

in which it is possible to achievebiodiesel production to substitutefor the consumption of allagricultural diesel by using a smallpercentage of the land belongingto a farm complex for the

production of sugar and otherfoods. Results for the use in canetransport, at mixtures of 5, 10, 20,50 and 100% (total substitution) ofbiodiesel are also presented.


SOCIAL ACTION PROGRAM

INTRODUCTION

Shakarganj Foundation works inpartnership with the localcommunities surrounding its plantsto improve the quality of life of thelocal population. Its Social ActionProgram was launched as part ofits endeavor to introducecontemporary healthcare servicesand raise education, environmentand cultural awareness among therural masses and theunderprivileged.

Objectives To make concentrated efforts

with inherent integratedapproach

To provide standard educationto the students of downtroddenstrata, the main hub of SFphilanthropic activities

To provide basic healthfacilities and launchcampaigns against contagiousdiseases

To promote art and preservecultural heritage

To conduct sports and extra-curricular activities

Certifications & Awards Certified by Pakistan Center

for Philanthropy Global Compact Responsible

Business Award 2009 in LargeNational Category

1st Pakistani Organization towin USD 20,000 Intel AsianManagement Award

5th CSR National ExcellenceAward 2010

Federal Board of Revenueissued Income Tax ExemptionCertificate

Activities of Social ActionProgram

A. Adaptation of SchoolsWe have adopted 35 GovernmentGirls/ Boys Schools out of which 6are Primary and 27 are ElementarySchools in 2003 to providemissing facilities i.e. Provision ofuniforms, First Aid Boxes, Whitewash, Tree Plantation andCleanliness Allowance. We havealso conducted blood grouping,Screening and vaccination againstHepatitis “B” in all adoptedschools.

New school building is beingprovided for the children ofadjacent areas of Shakarganj MillsLimited.

Total numbers of Students who are being benefited in these Schools are 7,462

Uniforms DistributionSchool Uniforms distributed in SML Colony, ShadbadGirls & Boys Primary Schools by Mr. Zahid NaseemEDO Education Jhang.

Annual Prize DistributionTo encourage brilliant students of all 35-adoptedschools.Prizes distributed among position holders in each class.Teachers were also awarded with gift hampers.


Tree PlantationTree plantation conducted every year in adoptedschools3,000 trees planted in this spring

Nutritional ProgramWe are providing Milk and Fruit on alternate days in2-Govt Girls Primary Schools to make up thenutritional deficiency of the Students.225- students ofboth schools are being benefited by this activity since2004

Literacy CentersThis activity was started in 2003 to educate theilliterates of the community, ranging between the agesfrom 15 to 50 years in a batch of 25-students through

Jungnoo Sabaq. 130 batches of Adult Literacy Centershave been completed 3,250 students have been passedout. Recently we got USAID project for our adultfemale literacy program.

Ms. Staphine Mayer Rotary ambassador visited our Paccy wala Adult Female Literacy Center

Shakarganj Sponsored TCF SchoolShakarganj has provided land and funds for theconstruction of two elementary schools through TheCitizens Foundation (TCF) schools system. A total of

369 students are currently enrolled in these schools,located in close proximity of the factory sites in Jhangand Bhone.


School of Calligraphy and Art (Jhang Art GalleryShakarganj Social Action Program has sponsoredSchool of Calligraphy and Art in 2002 in the name ofJhang Art Gallery where matriculate students get

training in Dress Designing (Cutting, Stitching andEmbroidery) Fine art (Painting, Pottery, Ceramicswork, Glass work and Tile Work) &Calligraphy 450students have been passed out in 15 batches

Ms. Zakia Shah Nawaz Senior Advisor to ChiefMinister Punjab awarded 1st prize to our brilliantstudent Ms. Sadia Tabbsum in dress makingcompetition held under Punjab Youth Festival 2012 atprovincial level.

Shakarganj Teachers Training and ResourceCentre (TARC)To provide backbone support to the educationinitiative, the Shakarganj Teachers Training andResource Centre (TARC) was set up in 2001 andoperated within the Mills’ premises. 1,427 Teachersare trained in 649 workshops with a focus on moreefficiently teaching the arts and sciences as well asmanagement and leadership skills to improve theadministrative structure of these schools. 51,416students of 1,053 have been benefited from thisactivity

ScholarshipsTo encourage the brilliant students, Shakarganj startedawarding scholarship to Matriculate and F.Sc positionholders in the field of Education, since 2002.

Financial assistance provided to the widows of ex-employees and jobless people.

B. Health Care

Mobile Free DispensariesThis program was started in 2003 to provide medicalfacility in rural areas. We have two Mobile FreeDispensaries consisting upon 2-qualified Doctorsalong with Paramedical Staff. These teams visit 8-Kisan Marakz twice in a week and provide free of costmedicines to the patients. 322,775/- patients have beentreated till to date.

Stationed Free DispensariesThe Foundation has initiated three permanent FreeDispensaries equipped with medical equipments andPara Medical Staff adjoining Kachi Abadi and Ruralarea surrounding the Shakarganj Mills Premises Jhang& Bhone to provide free basic medical facilities todeserving people. 20,559 people being benefited. Inaddition to this another Stationed Free Dispensarylaunched at Shabirabd a rural area of District Jhang.

13,737 patients were also treated free of cost in flood affected areas.

Plantation of Artificial Limbs


This program was started on February 26, 2008 withthe courtesy of ICRC Azad Jammu & Kashmir. Theprogram is aimed at providing more physically

challenged persons of Jhang districts with freeartificial limbs. 216 patients have been plantedartificial upper and lower limbs

Animal VaccinationThis Program was started on, March 29, 2008. 29,059animals have been vaccinated against Black Quarter(BQ) a deadly disease in animals, in different areas ofJhang

Annual SportsAnnual Sports are held every year in the month ofFebruary in Shakarganj Mills Colony for three days inwhich Male and Female students of all the Schoolsand Colleges of province Punjab participate. Out doorand Gymkhana sports are conducted.

Prizes and Certificates are awarded to successful participants for their encouragement.

International Sugar Industry Events


INTERNATIONAL EVENTS CALENDER

American Society of Sugar Cane Technologists - ASSCT Louisiana Division Meeting, Louisiana,USA, February 2013

SPRI Research Advisory and Review Committee Meeting, February 26, 2013

SPRI Annual Meeting of the Corporation, February 26, 2013

SPRI Board of Directors and Executive Committee Meeting, February 26, 2013

ASSBT- 37th American Society of Sugarbeet Technologists Meeting, Anaheim, California, USA,February 27 – March 2, 2013

20th Carbohydrate Symposium, April 5, 2013

245th American Chemical Society National Meeting, April 7-11, 2013

3rd European Society of Sugar Technologists (ESST), May 6-8, 2013

Sugar Industry Technologists - S.I.T., May 12-15, 2013,

XXVIII ISSCT Congress, June 23-27, 2013, Sao Paulo, Brazil, Tranamérica ExpoCenter, São Paulo,

30th International Sweetener Symposium, Silverado Resort and Spa, August 2-7, 2013


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Editor-in-ChiefPakistan Sugar JournalShakarganj Sugar Research InstituteToba Road, Jhang, Punjab, PakistanE-mail: [email protected]


THE STORY OF SWEETS

1. Zarda Sweet Saffron Rice

Ingredients

Sehla rice (soaked) 2 cupSugar 1 cupDried whole milk 250 gmCompote 100 gmClarified butter 6 tbspCinnamon 3 sticksCloves 5Yellow food coloring 1 pinchScrewpine few dropsDried fruit as required

Cooking Directions1. Put a cup of water in a pot and add 1 cup sugar to it.2. Cook it on high flame for 5-7 minutes to make sugar syrup.3. Heat clarified butter in a separate pot, add cinnamon and cloves to it.4. When it starts to give a fragrance, add rice that has been socked for at least 2 hours and equal amount of

water.5. Cover the pot with a lid.6. When rice starts to dry, add sugar syrup and half the dried whole milk.7. Add half the compote and a few drops of screwpine to the rice.8. Cover the pot with a lid.9. Add food coloring.10. When the sugar syrup starts to dry, cover tightly and cook on very low steam for 10 minutes.11. Take Zarda out in a dish, garnish with the remaining dried whole milk, compote and dried fruits before

serving.

2. Jalebi

IngredientsWhite flour ½ kgSugar 1 kgFood color 1 pinchYeast 1 tbspKewra essence few dropsMilk as required

Cooking Directions1. For syrup:2. Pour water in a wok and boil it.3. Then add sugar in it and cook it till it dissolves.4. Now add kewra essence in it.5. Syrup is ready.6. For jalebi preparation:7. In 1 cup warm water add and mix sugar and yeast and leave it for a while.8. Now take a bowl add white flour, yeast, food color and milk to make batter and leave it for 2 hours.9. Now blend it well.10. Now heat up oil in a pan, now pour batter slowly and make ring shape from the batter and fry it then one by

one dip it in syrup for a while and take it out.11. Jalebi is ready.


SUGAR AND HEALTH NOTESCONSUMER UNDERSTANDING OF SUGARSCLAIMS ON FOOD AND DRINK PRODUCTS

N.J. Patterson*, M.J. Sadler^ &J.M. Cooper±*Leatherhead Food Research, Leatherhead, UK;^MJSR Associates, Ashford, UK; ±British Sugar PLC,Peterborough, UK

Nutrition Bulletin, British Nutrition Foundation, 2012,37:121-130.

Source: Am J Clin Nutr. 2012 Mar;95(3):614-625.

AbstractConsumer understanding of nutrition and healthclaims is a key aspect of current regulations in theEuropean Union (EU). In view of this, qualitative andquantitative research techniques were used toinvestigate consumer awareness and understanding ofproduct claims in the UK, focusing particularly onnutrition claims relating to sugars. Both researchmethods identified a good awareness of productclaims. No added sugars claims were generallypreferred to reduce sugars claims, and there was ageneral assumption that sweeteners and otheringredients would be added in place of sugars.However, there was little awareness of the level ofsugar reduction and the associated calorie reduction inproducts when reduced sugars claims were made onpack. In focus groups, participants felt deceived ifsugar reduction claims were being made without asignificant reduction in calories. This was reinforcedin the quantitative research which showed thatrespondents expected a similar and meaningful levelof calorie reduction to the level of sugar reduction.The research also identified consumer confusionaround the calorie content of different nutrients,including over-estimation of the calorie content ofsugars. This is crucial to consumers’ expectations asthey clearly link sugar to calories and therefore expecta reduction in sugar content to deliver a reduction incalorie content.

REDUCTION IN ENERGY INTAKE, NOTMACRONUTRIENT COMPOSITION, MOSTIMPORTANT DETERMINANT OF FAT LOSS

Russell J de Souza, George A Bray, Vincent J Carey,Kevin D Hall, Meryl S LeBoff, Catherine M Loria,Nancy M Laranjo, Frank M Sacks, and Steven RSmith Department of Nutrition, Harvard School ofPublic Health, Boston, MA and Endocrine Division,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women'sHospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.

Source: Am J Clin Nutr. 2012 Mar;95(3):614-625.

AbstractBackground: Weight loss reduces body fat and leanmass, but whether these changes are influenced bymacronutrient composition of the diet is unclear.Objective: We determined whether energy-reduceddiets that emphasize fat, protein, or carbohydratedifferentially reduce total, visceral, or hepatic fat orpreserve lean mass.Design: In a subset of participants in a randomizedtrial of 4 weight-loss diets, body fat and lean mass (n= 424; by using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry)and abdominal and hepatic fat (n = 165; by usingcomputed tomography) were measured after 6 mo and2 y. Changes from baseline were compared betweenassigned amounts of protein (25% compared with15%) and fat (40% compared with 20%) and across 4carbohydrate amounts (35% through 65%).Results: At 6 mo, participants lost a mean (±SEM) of4.2 ± 0.3 kg (12.4%) fat and 2.1 ± 0.3 kg (3.5%) leanmass (both P <0.0001 compared with baseline values),with no differences between 25% and 15% protein (P≥ 0.10), 40% and 20% fat (P ≥ 0.34), or 65% and 35%carbohydrate (P ≥ 0.27). Participants lost 2.3 ± 0.2 kg(13.8%) abdominal fat: 1.5 ± 0.2 kg (13.6%)subcutaneous fat and 0.9 ± 0.1 kg (16.1%) visceral fat(all P <0.0001 compared with baseline values), withno differences between the diets (P ≥ 0.29). Womenlost more visceral fat than did men relative to total-body fat loss. Participants regained ∼40% of theselosses by 2 y, with no differences between diets (P ≥0.23). Weight loss reduced hepatic fat, but there wereno differences between groups (P ≥ 0.28). Dietarygoals were not fully met; self-reported contrasts werecloser to 2% protein, 8% fat, and 14% carbohydrate at6 mo and 1%, 7%, and 10%, respectively, at 2 y.Conclusion: Participants lost more fat than lean massafter consumption of all diets, with no differences inchanges in body composition, abdominal fat, orhepatic fat between assigned macronutrient amounts.


GROWER’S CORNER

Identification and Prevention of Sugarcane from Frost or Freeze Damage

Syed Zia-Ul-Hussnain and Aamir Shahazad

An informal observation wasrecorded on sugarcanefreezing-frost damage during2005-2011 in the months ofDecember-January everyyear. The temperature duringthese months reached as lowas 0 to -3.0 °C in sugarcanegrowing areas of the PunjabProvince, Pakistan. Thesugarcane crop damage byfrost or freeze was recordedfrom 70 to 90 % of totalstand crop in Punjab. Weightloss in sugarcane due to frostor freeze was 10-25 % anddecrease in sugar recoverywas 1.23 % to 2.0 %. Againthis year we have beenexperiencing some very coldweather almost every night.

So first let’s understand thedifference between frost orfreeze damage.Frost damage in plants,results the liquid insideindividual cells freezing andforming ice crystals. Thecrystals then rupture the cellwalls, causes the leaf burnand death of the growingpoint.Freeze damage occurs whentemperatures sustain between

0 to -3.8 °C. Freezingtemperature damage to theterminal buds and causeleaves to brown (Fig-1) butno stalk tissue is damagedand no deterioration takesplace. When temperatureranges between -2.0 to -4.0°C kill buds and internal stalktissue (Fig-2).

The effects of frost orfreeze damage onsugarcane crop.Freezing temperatures kill allabove-ground parts of thesugarcane crop and alsoproduce freeze cracks on thecrop plants. Due to the freezeinjury, dead and dying cellsare vulnerable to invasion bythe bacterium Leuconostocmesenteroides.This bacterium is foundeverywhere in cane fields.The bacteria enter into thetissue through dead lateralbuds and cracks.Fermentation process isstarted after the entrance ofthe bacterium (Fig-3).Bacteria consume sucrosefrom the stalk tissue andproduces dextran whichreduce the weight of the crop

and sugar recovery %.Dextrans are polysaccharideshave a high molecular weigh.For the sugar manufacture,dextran is a problem whichchanges the quality of sugarand the industry efficiency.

How, we can protect thesugarcane crop from frostor freeze damage.1. Proper crop management

though out crop growingseason.

2. Use of recommendedfertilizer at proper cropstage.

3. Application of light andfrequent irrigation duringfrosting period.

4. Burning of trash andrubbish material toproduce smoke neararound crop field.

5. Avoid inter cultureoperations in autumnplanted cane crop duringfrosting period.

6. Practice inter-cropping ofbrassica, maize andfodder.

7. Cultivation of earlymaturing sugarcanevarieties in frosting area.

Fig.1 Brownish leaves appearance Fig.2 Damage of internal stalk tissue Fig.3 Reddish color of the vascular tissue


GUIDELINES FOR AUTHORS

Dear Fellow Author(s),

Please follow these instructions for publication of your research papers in PAKISTAN SUGARJOURNAL (PSJ). It will help editorial board to review your articles immediately. Otherwise, itwill be delayed to fulfill the prerequisites for publication of research paper(s):

Write the title of your article in CAPITAL LETTERS in the center of the page. Write the complete name of all authors with their addresses, its compulsory In the text,

references should be cited by author and years as, for one, two or more authors (Hammer,1994, Hammer and Rouf, 1995; Hammer et al., 1993), respectively.

Write HEADINGS in bold letters and in the center of the page. Type your article only in TIMES NEW ROMAN format. Send TABLES and FIGURES on separate page with bold title and mark its numbers

correctly. Follow the following rule for Reference, for one author: Hussain, K 1991 for two authors;

Khan, M. and A. Habib 1995, for more than two; Ali, K., A. Hussain and S. Nasir, 1990. Always send two soft copies and one hard copy of CD, Please don’t use FLOPPY for this

purpose. Send copies on A-4 size page preferable LASER PRINT in word document PSJ publishers paper free of charges from authors Kindly send your papers to following address by mail or email.

.

Dr. Shahid AfghanEditor - in-Chief Pakistan Sugar JournalShakarganj Sugar Research Institute, Jhang (Pakistan)Phone: +92 47 765 2801 – 5 Ext. 602, 603Mobile: +92 312 382 0837Email: [email protected]

Asia NaheedAssociate Editor Pakistan Sugar JournalShakarganj Sugar Research Institute, Jhang (Pakistan)Phone: +92 47 765 2801 – 5 Ext. 603, 606E-mail: [email protected]

Documents

Pakistan Sugar Journal - Shakarganj Researchssri.pk/psj/2013/PSJ Jan-Mar-2013.pdf · 2020. 2. 13. · Pakistan Sugar Journal Jan.-Mar. 2013 (3) than the design i.e. from 34 to38 Tons/hr