Panel 7: Nationalism, Ethnicity, And Political Reform Thursday, April 20 th (9:30-10:45am)

Panel 7: Nationalism, Ethnicity, And Political Reform

Thursday, April 20th (9:30-10:45am)

13th Symposium on

Development and Social Transformation

European Identity

Aleksandra Pastor


13th Symposium onDevelopment and Social Transformation

EUROPEAN IDENTITYEUROPEAN IDENTITY

United in DiversityUnited in Diversity

by Aleksandra Pastorby Aleksandra Pastor

Spring 2006Spring 2006

‘‘Identity’ by definitionIdentity’ by definition According to Miriam Webster Dictionary:According to Miriam Webster Dictionary:

the state of being exactly alikethe state of being exactly alike the set of qualities that make a person the set of qualities that make a person

different from other peopledifferent from other people

In the sociology and political science:In the sociology and political science: the notion of individuals' labeling themselves the notion of individuals' labeling themselves

as members of particular groups -- such as as members of particular groups -- such as nation, social class, subculture, ethnicity, nation, social class, subculture, ethnicity, gender, employment…gender, employment…

‘‘Identity’ in theoryIdentity’ in theory

people tend to have multiple people tend to have multiple identitiesidentities

identity can be defined only as a identity can be defined only as a dynamic feature which changes (over dynamic feature which changes (over the time)the time)

( Smith, 1991; Hobsbowm, 1983; Anderson 1983; ( Smith, 1991; Hobsbowm, 1983; Anderson 1983;

Jacobs and Maier, 1998; Zagar, 2001)Jacobs and Maier, 1998; Zagar, 2001)

EU 25 – as of May 1EU 25 – as of May 1stst 2004 2004

Why it matters?Why it matters?

Factor of progress in the European Factor of progress in the European integration projectintegration project policy makers interested in designing policy makers interested in designing

policies to promote a European identitypolicies to promote a European identity

An explanation tool for successes An explanation tool for successes and failures of particular EU and failures of particular EU initiativesinitiatives

What do Europeans have in What do Europeans have in common?common?

Geography…Geography… Where are European borders?Where are European borders?

History…History…

Language…Language… EU recognizes 20 official and 60 indigenous EU recognizes 20 official and 60 indigenous

languageslanguages

Culture…Culture… Whose culture?Whose culture?

Statistics from 1996…Statistics from 1996…

Source: Europinion No 8 - Table 10: Source: Europinion No 8 - Table 10: EUROPEAN AND NATIONAL IDENTITY (% by country) EUROPEAN AND NATIONAL IDENTITY (% by country)

‘‘It is this huge cultural It is this huge cultural diversity that gives diversity that gives Europeans their European Europeans their European identity.’identity.’

Jean-Claude Trichet, Jean-Claude Trichet, President of the European Central Bank, President of the European Central Bank,

Maastricht, September 10, 2004Maastricht, September 10, 2004

Symbols of EU identitySymbols of EU identity

FlagFlag AnthemAnthem Single currencySingle currency EU citizenshipEU citizenship

However…However…

for different reasons, for different reasons, the Euro is not the Euro is not adopted as a adopted as a currency in some EU currency in some EU countries countries

there is no there is no agreement in which agreement in which language the text of language the text of the anthem should the anthem should be…be…

the flag…the flag…

European citizenshipEuropean citizenship In theory…In theory…

the idea of citizenship is not related to the the idea of citizenship is not related to the national identity national identity (Lehning, 1993)(Lehning, 1993)

In practice…In practice… Treaty of European Union, 1992 / Article 17:Treaty of European Union, 1992 / Article 17:

““Every person holding the nationality of a Every person holding the nationality of a Member State shall be a citizen of the Union. Member State shall be a citizen of the Union. Citizenship of the Union shall complement and Citizenship of the Union shall complement and not replace national citizenship.”not replace national citizenship.”

Source: Standard Eurobarometer No 45, 1996 Source: Standard Eurobarometer No 45, 1996

European citizenship in numbers – 2002 / European citizenship in numbers – 2002 / EU 15EU 15

Instead of conclusionInstead of conclusion

‘‘Europe has never existed. Europe has never existed.

It is not the addition of sovereign It is not the addition of sovereign nations met together in councils that nations met together in councils that makes an entity of them. makes an entity of them.

One must genuinely create Europe.’One must genuinely create Europe.’ Jean Monet, 1950Jean Monet, 1950

Discrimination In Latin America

Olinda Caycho



Discrimination of Discrimination of Indigenous population in Indigenous population in Latin AmericaLatin America

Who are the indigenous?Who are the indigenous?

Pre-Colombian civilization: Mayas and Aztecas Pre-Colombian civilization: Mayas and Aztecas (Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras) and the Incas (Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras) and the Incas (Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador)(Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador)

During Spanish colonization indigenous were not During Spanish colonization indigenous were not eliminated but were reduced as slaves and eliminated but were reduced as slaves and servants. servants.

Indies were displaced from their lands and served Indies were displaced from their lands and served as labor in the mining extraction. as labor in the mining extraction.

Spanish considered Indigenous an inferior race Spanish considered Indigenous an inferior race and marginalized them. and marginalized them.

Who are the indigenous?Who are the indigenous?

The independence from Spanish crown did not The independence from Spanish crown did not change indigenous marginalization. change indigenous marginalization.

States were governed by a white minority – States were governed by a white minority – oligarchy.oligarchy.

The Hacienda system. The Hacienda system.

Agrarian reforms in the 1960’s was an attempt to Agrarian reforms in the 1960’s was an attempt to make ownership of land more equitable.make ownership of land more equitable.

Latin American countries with Latin American countries with the largest Indigenous the largest Indigenous populationpopulation Bolivia: 62% of population (about 3.9 million) Bolivia: 62% of population (about 3.9 million)

Ecuador: 25% of population (about 3.3 million)Ecuador: 25% of population (about 3.3 million)

Guatemala: 39% of population. Guatemala: 39% of population.

Mexico: 11% of the households. Mexico: 11% of the households.

Peru: Between 25 to 48% of the households. Peru: Between 25 to 48% of the households.

Indigenous people usually speak native language Indigenous people usually speak native language different from Spanish.different from Spanish.

Poverty and economic and social Poverty and economic and social well-being are clearly related to well-being are clearly related to ethnicityethnicity Indigenous are more likely to be poor than Indigenous are more likely to be poor than

any other ethnic group.any other ethnic group.

Indigenous people have fewer years of Indigenous people have fewer years of education. education.

Much of the indigenous population lives in Much of the indigenous population lives in rural areas, where the incomes are rural areas, where the incomes are significantly less. significantly less.

The indigenous population have less access The indigenous population have less access to formal sector work. to formal sector work.

Poverty and economic and social Poverty and economic and social well-being are clearly related to well-being are clearly related to ethnicityethnicity

Child labor are predominantly male, rural, Child labor are predominantly male, rural, uneducated, and indigenous, who work in the uneducated, and indigenous, who work in the informal sector. informal sector.

Indigenous people, especially women and children Indigenous people, especially women and children have less access to basic health services. have less access to basic health services.

Half of indigenous households have access to Half of indigenous households have access to drinking water and few have access to sewage drinking water and few have access to sewage facilities. facilities.

Some poverty-targeted programs reach indigenous Some poverty-targeted programs reach indigenous people; others do not. people; others do not.

Why does discrimination against Why does discrimination against indigenous people still persist? indigenous people still persist?

The political and social order inherited from The political and social order inherited from colonialism.colonialism.

Centralization of states and public Centralization of states and public institutions institutions

The relatively new democratic systems in The relatively new democratic systems in Latin America.Latin America.

Long process for formation of indigenous Long process for formation of indigenous identity and indigenous movements. identity and indigenous movements.

What should be done to What should be done to improve indigenous conditions?improve indigenous conditions?

Awareness from the rest of the society.Awareness from the rest of the society.

The consolidation of indigenous identity. The consolidation of indigenous identity.

Political representation and participation.Political representation and participation.

Decentralization of social policies, more Decentralization of social policies, more accountability.accountability.

Bilingual and bicultural education. Bilingual and bicultural education.

Equal opportunities for health and basic services.Equal opportunities for health and basic services.

Review Of The Romanian National Council For Combating Discrimination

Marius Jitea



Non-discrimination affirmative actions in

Romania

Legislative European (EU and CoE) and Romanian legal framework

Institutional National Council for Combating Discrimination

Marius JiteaMaxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs

PPA 755 – Public Administration and Democracy

What is “discrimination”

EU perspective direct discrimination indirect discrimination, harassment, instruction to discriminate,

ANDRomanian legal frame “ Any differentiation, exclusion, restriction or preference on the basis of race, nationality,

ethnicity, language, religion, social category, believes, sex or sexual orientation, age, handicap, chronicle disease, AIDS/HIV, which has as effects limitations or restriction of human rights and fundamental freedoms, of rights given by Constitution, in the political, economical, social, cultural or any other field of the public life”

European institutional framework

EU - 25+2 Member states Directive (2000/43/EC)-the Racial Equality, Directive (2000/78/EC), Council of Europe - 46 European country member states Article 14 of European Convention on Human Rights,

European Commission against Racism an Intolerance www.ecri.coe.int

General Policy Recommendations (1 to 9)

http://www.coe.int/t/e/human_rights/ecri/4-Publications/#P630_7159

http://www.ecri.coe.int/

http://www.coe.int/t/e/human_rights/ecri/4-Publications/#P630_7159

Romanian legal framework

Romanian Constitution

Chapter II - Fundamental rights and freedoms, http://www.presidency.ro/?_RID=htm&id=16 Governmental Ordinance 137/2000 for preventing and sanctioning all forms of discrimination Governmental Decision 1194/2001, which provides the legal frame for the creation of

National Council for Combating Discrimination, www.cncd.org.ro

http://www.presidency.ro/?_RID=htm&id=16

http://www.cncd.org.ro/

National Council for Combating Discrimination- NCCD - www.cncd.org.ro

Mission:

- To promote and protect the rights envisaged by the anti-discrimination legal framework in Romania;

- To inform and train about the importance of non-discrimination legal framework state provide to its citizens;

- To investigate and sanction discrimination acts.



Analysis goes through NCCD:

- independence;

- visibility;

- assisting discrimination victims;


INDEPENDENCE

Structure:- President of NCCD – member of the Steering Board;- Steering Board – 7 members appointed by Prime Minister Decision;

- Can take decisions/regulate when at least 4 members are attending Steering Board meetings;

- NCCD is an independent structure, fully financed by the state budget;

Activities are implementing according with its three core functions:- preventions;- mediation;- sanctions.

National Council for Combating Discrimination

- NCCD - www.cncd.org.ro



VIZIBILITY

In 2005:

- received 382 complains and auto-denounced in 74 cases;Complains where based on: Auto- denounces:

- Social discrimination – 90 - Ethnic discrimination - 26- Ethnic discrimination – 85 - Gender discrimination - 15- Sexual orientation – 9 - Nationality - 8- Disability - 21 - Age - 5- Self – consciousness - 19 - Social discrimination - 4- Age – 17- Religion – 11- HIV/AIDS – 10

- Gender - 9- Nationality – 39


The nothoriety of the institutions which deals with any form of discriminations "Wich of the instituitions from bellow you have heared about?"

0.14

0.2

0.23

0.38

0.42

0.48

0.52

0.61

0.62

0.72

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8

Centrul de Resurse Juridice

Departamentul pentru Relaţii Interetnice

Agenţia Naţională pentru Egalitate deŞanse între Femei şi Bărbaţi

Consiliul Naţional pentru CombatereaDiscriminării

Comitetul Helsinki-Asociaţia pentruApărarea drepturilor Omului

Consiliul Naţional al Audiovizualului

Agenţia Naţională pentru Persoane cuHandicap

Sindicatele

Avocatul Poporului

Protecţia Consumatorului

Multiple answers

National Council for Combating Discrimination- NCCD - www.cncd.org.roVIZIBILITY


National Council for Combating Discrimination- NCCD - www.cncd.org.roVIZIBILITY

0.06

0.45

0.28

0.06

0.15

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.45

Foarte multă Multă Puţină Deloc Nu ştiu

How much trust do you have in a state institution which deals with any forms of discrimination legal frame?

Precentages of does who have previously heared about NCCD



ASSISTING VICTIMS OF DISCRIMINATIONS2006 - 3 national campaigns to promote anti-discrimination in sports

2005 – 60 cases with penalties: - in written first notifications

- financial penalty – each 1200 USD

- 22 cases reached an agreement through mediation- 8 national Campaigns broadly advertised to raise awareness about anti-discrimination;

2004 – 28 cases mediated - Since 2004 based on NCCD initiative, the National Alliance Against Discrimination

was formed bringing together 77 NGOs with projects/programs in the filed of anti-discrimination policy implementation;

- Part of EU – wide campaign “For Diversity. Against Discrimination”



CONCLUSIONS:

- Whilst the legal frame its consistent, it should give to NCCD more independency;- Steering Board even it has proven its efficiency, should be enlarged with two new members,

due to the different discrimination forms arose in the past two years;- A new appointment procedure for the Steering Board members, by involving the other state

authorities representatives( Presidency, Senate and the Chamber of Deputies);- Regional offices for NCCD for a decrease in its budget expenditures;- Clearer norms for avoiding the overlapping with the Courts procedures when it comes to

analyzing and judging discrimination cases


Why Was The Process Of Decentralization Heterogeneous In Spain?

Lidia Villalba



Process of Decentralization in Spain

Lidia VillalbaApril 2006

Overview

Why do tensions persist in Spanish decentralization? Diversity and identity The Constitution of 1979

Territorial organization Heterogeneous administrative

decentralization Asymmetrical fiscal system

Political Bargaining

1. Diversity

Manifested by different customs, languages, economic conditions and political and administrative preferences .

Articulated through the identification of dual identity or compound nationality.

2. An ambiguous Constitution Constitution approved in 12/ 1978 Circumstances to be considered:

Young democratic government elected in 1977: Adolfo Suarez new Prime Minister Broad range of political parties in Parliament

Relevant historical events contributed to weak political circumstances: 1936-1939: Civil War 1939-1975: Authoritarian regime under Francisco

Franco. Highly centralized administration & unitary state with

little autonomy for the historical regions 1975-1977: Transition government

2. An ambiguous Constitution

Outcome 1: Non defined

territorial organization

Formation of 17 Autonomous Communities between 1979 and 1983

2. An ambiguous Constitution Outcome 2: heterogeneous administrative

organization Constitution defined:

Powers exclusive and explicit to the State List of powers from which the ACs could choose from

(“A la carte autonomy”) However, establishment of two routes towards

autonomy: Ten regions adopted the ”Slow way”

Less historical background as independent regions Could assume competencies only after 5 years

Seven regions adopted the “Fast way”: Could assume competencies immediately

2. An ambiguous Constitution Outcome 3: Asymmetrical financial

system. Why? Recognition in the Constitution of historical and

privileged rights for the Foral ACs: Basque Country & Navarre

Implications: coexistence of two financial systems: Foral ACs:

Maximum level of taxation autonomy The ACs collect all taxes

Common system ACs Lower degree of taxation autonomy The central government collects most taxes

3. Political Bargaining What leads to political bargaining?

Lack of a Senate Regional issues are agreed in the Sectoral

Conferences (meeting of Presidents) Regions have the capacity to include their

demands for further autonomy because of: Request for harmonization (especially fiscal) Keep their distinguished differences Political power derived from

Coalition between regional and national party Result: the regional question has been highly

politicized and is product of bargaining & competition

THANKS!


Thursday, April 20th (9:30-10:45am)

Aleksandra Pastor European Identity

Olinda Caycho Discrimination In Latin America

Marius Jitea

Lidia Villalba

Review Of The Romanian National Council For Combating Discrimination

Why Was The Process Of Decentralization Heterogeneous In Spain?


Documents

Panel 7: Nationalism, Ethnicity, And Political Reform Thursday, April 20 th (9:30-10:45am)