Paraguay Usaid Proyecto de Financiación Municipal

7/23/2019 Paraguay Usaid Proyecto de Financiación Municipal

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/paraguay-usaid-proyecto-de-financiacion-municipal 1/46

NB[]CPNLG BXLNAN[FDGCPH]LFLAH[frfgufy Bulnanpfd @nlflah [rcehat @nlfd ]hpcrt

EFLXF] 16,=;;0Yjns pumdnaftncl wfs prciuahi `cr rhvnhw my tjh Xlnthi Qtfths Fghlay `cr Nlthrlftnclfd Ihvhdcpbhlt.Nt wfs prhpfrhi my Ajhbclnas Nlthrlftnclfd Nla.



F antnzhl hlthrs tjh bulnanpfdnty c` Qfltf ]ntf.

©

A J H B C L N A Q / D X N Q ] C I ] Â G X H U



NB[]CPNLG BXLNAN[FDGCPH]LFLAH[frfgufy Bulnanpfd @nlflah [rcehat @nlfd ]hpcrt

Acltrfat Lc.5 [AH-N-;1->>-;;;;7-;;

Yjh futjcr„s vnhws hxprhsshi nl tjns pumdnaftncl ic lct lhahssfrndy rh`dhat tjh vnhws c` tjhXlnthi Qtfths Fghlay `cr Nlthrlftnclfd Ihvhdcpbhlt cr tjh Xlnthi Qtfths Gcvhrlbhlt.



©

A J H B

C L N A Q / D X N Q ] C I ] Â G X H U

©


YC[5Aclstruatncl c` f bulnanpfdwfrhjcush nl tjh bulnanpfdnty c` Acrclhd Mcgfic.

AHLYH]5Adhflnlg f rcfi irfnlfghsysthb nl tjh bulnanpfdnty c` [rhsnihlth @rflac.

MCYYCB5 cutj nl tjh pdfygrculic` tjh pdfzf c` tjh bulnanpfdnty c` Acrclhd Mcgfic.

©




nnnACLYHLYQ

ACLYHLYQ

HZHAXYNPH QXBBF] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

NLY]CIXAYNCL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

YJH BXLNAN[FD @NLFLAH F[[]CFAJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >

FAACB[DNQJBHLYQ @^ =;;= - =;;8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

[]CEHAY FIBNLNQY]FYNCL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

LHZY QYH[Q . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

ACLADXQNCLQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

AI ]CB NLIHZ (FLLHZHQ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1:

@]CLY ACPH]5 Aclstruatnlg fl hltrflah gfth nl f anty pdfzf(bulnanpfdnty c` Acrclhd Mcgfic).

© AJHBCLNAQ / DXNQ ]CI]ÂGXHU





6HZHAXYNPH QXBBF]^

Yjh [frfgufy Bulnanpfd

@nlflah (B@[) prcehat jhdphibulnanpfdntnhs mhtthr bflfghtjhnr rhvhluh scurahs tc nlarhfshtjh ùlis fvfndfmdh `cr pumdnawcros fli shrvnahs nl tjhnr acb-bulntnhs. Yjh prcehat nltrc-iuahi bhajflnsbs tc prcbcthtrflspfrhlay fli faacultfmndnty nl tfx fibnlnstrftncl fli shrvnahihdnvhry, fs whdd fs antnzhl pfrtna-npftncl. My hlacurfgnlg dcafdgcvhrlbhlts tc rhspcli bcrhh``hatnvhdy tc pumdna lhhis, tjhprcehat `csthrhi grhfthr acl`n-ihlah nl tjh pcdntnafd systhb.Ohy prcehat rhsudts nladuih5

• @nlflanfd rhscurahs nlarhfshi.

[rcphrty fli acbbhranfdtfx acddhatncls nlarhfshi my cvhr 8; phrahlt nl =9bulnanpfdntnhs.

• @nlflanfd pcsntncl nbprcvhi .Mfdflahi cr sumstfltnfddy nbprcvhi `nlflanfd pcsntnclnl =9 bulnanpfdntnhs.

• [umdna shrvnahs nbprcvhi . =06pumdna wcros cr shrvnah prce-hats acbpdhthi nl =1 bulna-npfdntnhs, nladuinlg rcfis,mrnighs, sajccds, sflntftncl

nl`rfstruaturh, fli rharh-

ftnclfd frhfs’fdd nl acbpdn-flah wntj hlvnrclbhltfdrhgudftncls wjhl fppdnafmdh.

• Dcafd afpfanty strhlgtjhlhi.

=9 bulnanpfdntnhs rhahnvhitrfnlnlg tc nlarhfsh dcafd rhv-hluhs fli nlvhstbhlts nlshrvnahs, fli tc strhlgtjhlantnzhl pfrtnanpftncl, trfls-pfrhlay, faacultfmndnty, fli

nlthgrnty nl bulnanpfd cphrf-tncls. Qhvhl dcafd sumacl-trfatcrs fli LGCs whrhnlvcdvhi nl tjh prcehat flifrh lcw afpfmdh c` prcvninlg thajlnafd fssnstflah tc ctjhrmhlh`nanfrnhs. Yjrhh ihpfrt-bhltfd gcvhrlbhlts hstfm-dnsjhi bulnanpfd suppcrtulnts tc rhpdnafth tjh prc-

ehat„s bhtjcicdcgy nl ctjhrbulnanpfdntnhs.

• Yrflspfrhlay, faacultfmndnty,

antnzhl pfrtnanpftncl, htjnafd

prfatnahs, fli sustfnlfmndnty

prcbcthi . [umdna cutrhfajbhajflnsbs whrh nbpdhbhlt-hi nl =; bulnanpfdntnhs,nladuinlg pumdna muight flifaacult rhlihrnlg jhfrnlgs,trflspfrhlay `fnrs, dcafd gcv-

HZHAXYNPHQXBBF]^



= HZHAXYNPH QXBBF]

hrlbhlt ifys, muddhtnl mcfris,acbputhrnzhi nl`crbftncl sys-thbs, fli htjnafd acihs.

OH^ ACLADXQNCLQ FLI]HACBBHLIFYNCLQ• Yjh B@[ fajnhvhi, fli nl

scbh afshs hxahhihi, fdd tfr-ghthi rhsudts nl acbpdnflahwntj tjh bclntcrnlg pdfl.

• Yjh upifthi afifstrh systhb,dntngncus bciudh, fli trfnlnlg `cr bulnanpfd stf`` whrh tjh

acrlhrstclhs `cr nbprcvhibflfghbhlt c` nlarhfshi`nlflanfd rhscurahs.

• Yjh ohy tc rh`crbnlg bulnan-pfd gcvhrlflah fli nbprcvnlg wcros fli shrvnahs wfs tc `nrstprcvnih tccds tc nbprcvh`nlflanfd rhscurahs.

• Dcafd acbbntbhlt wfs hsshl-tnfd tc prcehat suaahss. Yjh

bfycr bust ihbclstrfth `cr-bfd acbbntbhlt tc tjh prce-hat my snglnlg f bhbcrfliubc` ulihrstflinlg fli tjh anty aculand bhbmhrs fli hbpdcy-

hhs bust mh nlvcdvhi nl tjhprcahss `rcb tjh mhgnllnlg.

• F strclg pumdna nl`crbftncl

afbpfngl hlsurhi mrcfihracbbulnty pfrtnanpftncl,faahptflah, fli sustfnlfmndnty.Yc fajnhvh mrcfi-mfshi sup-pcrt, antnzhl grcups sjcudi mhnl`crbhi c` prcehat cmehatnvhsmh`crh tjh prcehat mhgnls.

• Dhgfd nlaclsnsthlanhs ft tjhlftnclfd dhvhd sjcudi mhfiirhsshi. Yjh Qhrvnanc

Lfanclfd ih Aftfstrc (QLA)lhhis tc accrinlfth wntjbulnanpfd gcvhrlbhlts tcihthrbnlh jcw prcphrty vfd-uhs wndd mh upifthi nl nts ahl-trfd iftfmfsh fli wjhl rhvnshiprcphrty vfduhs bfy mhfppdnhi `cr tfxftncl purpcshs.Dfws hlfathi prncr tc tjh6>>= Aclstntutncl rhdftnlg tctjh ihthrbnlftncl c` anty dnb-

nts, prcphrty zclnlg, fli fssng-lftncl c` prcphrty vfduhssjcudi mh rhvnhwhi tc hlsurhtjft tjhy frh aclsnsthlt wntjtjh lhw Aclstntutncl.

© A

J H B C L N A Q / D X N Q ] C I ] Â G X H U

Bfycr @rflansac Mfrmczf hxpdfnls facbbulnty prcehat tc antnzhls nl tjhbulnanpfdnty c` [rhsnihlth @rflac.



1NLY]CIXAYNCL

NLY]CIXAYNCL

]hacglnznlg tjh ihafihs c` ina-

tftcrsjnp tjft [frfgufy hliurhiultnd 6>:> fli tjh `rfgndhihbcarfay tjft jfs snlahhbhrghi, XQFNI/[frfgufy„s prn-bfry Qtrfthgna Cmehatnvh ns tc`csthr —ohy ihbcarftna gcvhr-lflah prfatnahs.‒ Yjns gcfd nsaclsnsthlt wntj [frfgufyfltrhlis tcwfri grhfthr dcafd acl-trcd c` rhscurahs, faacultfmndnty tc tjh pumdna, pcpudfr pfrtnanpf-tncl, fli antnzhls hxhransnlg tjhnrrngjts fli rhspclsnmndntnhs. F irf`t ihahltrfdnzftncl dfw wfs`nrst prhshlthi nl =;;6 tc tjhlftnclfd Aclgrhss wntj tjh fnbc` hbpcwhrnlg dcafd gcvhrl-bhlts fli hlsurnlg tjft tjhy jfvh tjh futjcrnty fli rhscurahstc grcw ihbcarftnafddy. XQFNI„sBulnanpfd @nlflah [rcehat

(B@[), nlntnfthi ft tjh mhgnl-lnlg c` @^ =;;= tc arhfth bcrhh``hatnvh fli faacultfmdh dcafdgcvhrlbhlts, grhw tc mh clh c` tjh bcst nbpcrtflt nlXQFNI/[frfgufy„s ihbcarfay fli gcvhrlflah pcrt`cdnc. Yjnsrhpcrt ihtfnds tjh audbnlftncl c` 9 yhfrs c` thajlnafd fssnstflah tcbcrh tjfl =; dcafd gcvhrlbhltsnl [frfgufy.

[]CEHAY CMEHAYNPH

Nl =;;6, bfly [frfgufyfl acb-bulntnhs whrh `rustrfthi. Yjhnrdhfihrs prcbnshi ajflgh, mut tjhy rfrhdy fathi cl tjh pumdna„srhquhsts. Bfly bulnanpfdntnhswhrh nl ihmt `rcb prncr fibnlns-trftncls„ bnsbflfghbhlt, scbhhbpdcyhhs jfi lct mhhl pfni nlbcltjs, fli tjh bulnanpfdntnhsini lct olcw wjhrh lhw ùliswcudi acbh `rcb cr jcw tc mhstush tjhnr bcihst hxnstnlg ùlis.Yjhy ini lct rhfdnzh tjh hxthlt c` mfao tfxhs cwhi my prcphrty cwl-hrs fli acbbhranfd nlstntutncls,lcr ini tjhy rhfdnzh tjft tjhnrprcphrty nl`crbftncl wfs cutift-hi, rhlihrnlg nt nbpcssnmdh tcdcafth f musnlhss cwlhr, prcphrty cwlhr, cr hvhl tjh prcphrty ntshd` ft tnbhs. N` tjh bulnanpfdntnhs jfi

acbputhr systhbs, tjhy whrh c`thlcdi fli lhhihi tc mh rhpdfahi.

XQFNI/[frfgufy wcrohi wntj60 bulnanpfdntnhs ulihr tjhQustfnlfmdh Xrmfl Bflfghbhlt(QXB) prcehat tc nbpdhbhltbcrh tjfl =6 shrvnah ihdnvhry prcehats prncr tc tjh hli c` @^ =;;1. Wjndh tjh QXB prcehat`caushi cl tjh aclstruatncl c`

wcros fli shrvnah prcehats,



9 NLY]CIXAYNCL

XQFNI nlthlihi `cr tjh B@[prcehat tc acbpdhbhlt tjh QXBprcehat my jhdpnlg bulnanpfdntnhsfaahss fiintnclfd afpntfd flinlvhst nt nl wcros fli shrvnahs nlf pfrtnanpftcry, trflspfrhlt,faacultfmdh, htjnafd, fli sustfnl-fmdh bfllhr. Fs pfrt c` tjh prc-grfb, pfrtnanpftnlg dcafd gcvhrl-bhlts flfdyzhi tjhnr `nlflahs,ihthrbnlhi wjnaj ùlinlg scurahs tjhy whrh bcst ihphli-hlt upcl, fli ajcsh f phrahltfghc` pumdna ùlis tc nlvhst nl shrv-

nahs fli nl`rfstruaturh. Clah tjhbfycrs fli anty aculands whrhacb`crtfmdh wntj tjhnr `nlflanfdpcsntncls, tjhy mhafbh bcrhcphl tc insaussnlg tjh muightwntj tjh bulnanpfd hbpdcyhhsfli tjh acbbulnty.

Yjh cmehatnvh c` tjh prcehat wfslct bhrhdy tc nlarhfsh rhvhluhs,mut fdsc tc jhdp hstfmdnsj ft dhfst

twc pumdna shrvnah ihdnvhry prce-hats nl hfaj acbbulnty. Yjnsnladuihi ft dhfst 6; acbpclhltstjft whrh bhflt tc hlsurh tjftmctj tjh pumdna wcros fli pfrtna-npftcry prcahsshs whrh sustfnlfmdh.Yjhsh acbpclhlts frh insausshinl ihtfnd nl Faacbpdnsjbhlts.

HPCDXYNCL C@YJH []CEHAYYjh B@[ prcehat, crngnlfddy afddhi tjh Bulnanpfd fli ]urfd@nlflah prcehat, mhgfl nlQhpthbmhr =;;6. Nt wfs nlntnfddy ihsnglhi tc fssnst `nlflanfd nlstntu-tncls fli nlarhfsh tjh fmndnty c` rurfd fli urmfl bulnanpfdntnhsfli sbfdd musnlhsshs tc faahss

acbbhranfd dcfls fli ctjhr`nlflanfd shrvnahs.

Wntjnl tjh `nrst snx bcltjs c`

prcehat nbpdhbhltftncl, jcwhv-hr, tjh thfb insacvhrhi tjft tjhbulnanpfdntnhs whrh f dclg wfy `rcb faahssnlg acbbhranfd dcflsfli jfi tc `nrst `caus cl fdthrlf-tnvh ùlinlg bhajflnsbs. Yjhprcehat ihanihi tc rhhvfdufth tjhprcahss c` acddhatnlg acbbhranfdfli prcphrty tfxhs.

Nl Fugust =;;1, XQFNI fli

Ajhbclnas lfrrcwhi tjh sacphtc fatnvntnhs wntjnl bulnanpfdgcvhrlbhlts, tjus `crgcnlg tjhfatnvntnhs fsscanfthi wntj rurfd`nlflah. Nt nlarhfshi tjh muightmy fpprcxnbfthdy $8 bnddncl flitjh phrnci c` phr`crbflah my 11bcltjs. Yjh prcehat lcw jfi =tfrghts ’ tc nbpdhbhlt 8; shrv-nah ihdnvhry prcehats nl 1:bulnanpfdntnhs.6 Yjh rhvnshi

sacph c` wcro bcrh adhfrdy frtna-udfthi tjh Bnssncl„s cmehatnvhs`cr tjh prcehat, hxpflinlg upcltjh hxphatftncls wntjnl tjhbulnanpfdntnhs, bcst sphan`nafddy my nbpdhbhltnlg lhw crnbprcvhi bhajflnsbs `cr antnzhlpfrtnanpftncl, trflspfrhlay,faacultfmndnty, fli nlthgrnty nltfx fibnlnstrftncl fli shrvnah

ihdnvhry. Yjhsh hdhbhlts whrholcwl tcghtjhr fs YF[HQ.=

Nl Lcvhbmhr =;;9, tjh prcehatacbpdhthi nts bni-thrb hvfduf-tncl, wjnaj ghlhrfthi bfly acl-arhth sthps `cr =;;85 tjhsh nladui-hi sjcrnlg up tjh acbbulnty-dhvhd wcro ulihr YF[HQ nl shvhrfdc` tjh —grfiufthi‒ bulnanpfdntnhs

6 Yjh rhsudts nl tjh crngnlfd tfso crihr rh`hrhlahi 6; shrvnah ihdnvhry prcehats nl 0 bulnanpfdntnhs, fbclg ctjhr rhsudts fsscanfthi wntj tjh rurfd`nlflah acbpclhlt.

= Yrflspfrhlay,Faacultfmndnty, [frtnanpftncl,Htjnas, fli Qustfnlfmndnty. —YF[H‒bhfls —wfy‒ cr —rcfi‒ nl Gufrflâ, tjh dcafd nlinghlcus dflgufgh,ulihrstcci my >; phrahlt c` [frfgufyfls.



(bulnanpfdntnhs nl wjnaj tjhB@[ jfi acbpdhthi nts nlthlsnvhfssnstflah), `cddcw-up —bclntcr-nlg‒ wcro wntj tjh hfrdnhr bulna-npfdntnhs, fli prcvninlg grhfthrftthltncl tc lhw BulnanpfdQuppcrt Xlnts (Xlnifi ih Fpcyc

Bulnanpfd _XFBR hstfmdnsjhi nltjh gcvhrlcrsjnps1) fli lftnclfdpcdnay-dhvhd insaussncls. Ft tjhsfbh tnbh, `cr rhfscls ulrhdfthitc tjh bni-thrb hvfduftncl, [hthrIcty rhsnglhi fs ajnh` c` pfrty.Bnguhd F. ]nvfrcdf wfs dfthr

fpprcvhi fs AC[.Jcwhvhr, nl Eflufry =;;8, =;bcltjs mh`crh tjh hxphathi hlic` tjh prcehat, XQFNI lctn`nhitjh prcehat tjft nt wcudi lctrhahnvh fiintnclfd ùlis mhyclints tjhl-aurrhlt cmdngfthifbcult iuh tc auts nl tjhHaclcbna Quppcrt @uli (HQ@),tjus `cranlg tjh prcehat tc thrbn-

lfth fatnvntnhs fjhfi c` sajhiudh.Yjh prcehat stcpphi fdd wcro wntj pcthltnfd lhw bulnanpfdn-tnhs fli aflahdhi fatnvntnhs crdnbnthi thajlnafd fssnstflah nltjh bulnanpfdntnhs nl wjnaj ntfdrhfiy wcrohi. Yjh tfrghts whrhaut `rcb 1: bulnanpfdntnhs tc =;bulnanpfdntnhs wntj fl fsscanfthi:; wcros fli shrvnahs. Fdtjcugj

tjh prcehat ini bflfgh tc rhfajtjhsh tfrghts, lct fdd tjh bulnan-pfdntnhs rhahnvhi tjh thajlnafdfssnstflah lhahssfry tc fiirhss fddtjh tjhbftna tcpnas ih`nlhi nl

tjh bfsthr pdfl c` fatnvntnhs,wjnaj bcstdy f``hathi tjhYF[HQ acbpclhlts c` tjh prce-hat, fli tjh bclntcrnlg pjfsh.9

HZ[HAYHI ]HQXDYQYjh prcehat wfs tc faacbpdnsjtjh `cddcwnlg rhsudts5

6. Ft dhfst :; shrvnah ihdnvhry prcehats nl ft dhfst =; dcafdgcvhrlbhlts cr tjhnr prnvfthpfrtlhrs ùlihi wntj fdthrlf-tnvh `nlflanfd bhajflnsbs ’

nladuinlg rhvhluh hljflah-bhlt ’ nl fl h``hatnvh, pfr-tnanpftcry, trflspfrhlt,faacultfmdh, nlthgrnty-crnhlt-hi, fli sustfnlfmdh bfllhr.

=. Ft dhfst twc rhgnclfd hltntnhssuppcrthi fli strhlgtjhlhi nlprcvninlg thajlnafd fssnstflah tcdcafd gcvhrlbhlts fs f bhfls tcrhpdnafth suaahssùd prfatnahs fli

hlsurh sustfnlfmndnty.Yc fajnhvh tjhsh rhsudts, tjhB@[ nihltn`nhi 6; acbpclhltsnl tjh =;;9 wcro pdfl. Nl acl-

eulatncl wntj tjh wcro pdfl, tjhprcehat ihvhdcphi f bclntcrnlg pdfl wntj qufltntftnvh nlinaftcrstc bhfsurh tjh prcgrhss c` hfajacbpclhlt. Wntjnl hfaj acb-pclhlt, tjh prcehat fdsc ih`nlhi

f shrnhs c` fatnvntnhs tc afrry cutnl tjh bulnanpfdntnhs. Yjh fatnvn-tnhs, bhajflnsbs, nlinaftcrs, fliacbpclhlts frh insausshi nlihtfnd nl Faacbpdnsjbhlts.

8NLY]CIXAYNCL

1 Gcvhrlcrsjnps whrh hstfmdnsjhi nl tjh 6>>= Aclstntutncl tc accrinlfth bulnanpfd fli ihpfrtbhltfd fatnvntnhs wntjnl tjh ahltrfd gcvhrlbhlt.

9 Yjhrh ns sngln`naflt arcsscvhr fbclg tjh YF[HQ fatnvntnhs.Yjh prcehat wfs ihsnglhi sc tjft hfaj acbpclhlt wcudi rh`hrhlah sphan na nlinaftcrsfli fajnhvhbhlts shpfrfthdy. Jcwhvhr, clh fatnvnty c`thl nl`duhlahs cr acltrnmuths tc bcrh tjfl clh acbpclhlt. @cr hxfbpdh, f pumdna jhfrnlgjfs sngln`naflt nbpdnaftncls `cr faacultfmndnty, mut nt fdsc mundis trflspfrhlay fli antnzhl pfrtnanpftncl.



0 NLY]CIXAYNCL

]NGJY5 Aclstruatnlg f pftj wntjstclhs `rcb tjh bulnanpfd qufrrynl tjh bulnanpfdnty c` Hbmcsafif.

DH@Y5 Bfycr Mdfs Dflzcln aclvhrshs

wntj Ihbhtrnc Gclzædhz nl tjhbulnanpfdnty c` Öhbmy.

© A

J H B C L N A Q / D X N Q ] C I ] N G X H U

© A




7NLY]CIXAYNCL

BXLNAN[FD @NLFLAH []CEHAYGhcgrfpjna Frhf c` Nl`duhlah

Yjns bfp sjcws tjh

dcaftncls c` tjh =9

bulnanpfdntnhs tjft

rhahnvhi thajlnafd

fssnstflah `rcb tjh

Bulnanpfd @nlflah

[rcehat.

Fsulancl

[frfgufy



© A


QXAAHQQ QYC]^

Lhngjmcr Acddhats @rcb f Lhngjmcr

Hdvnc Mfrrncs nl tjh pdfygrculi c` Öhbmy„s

ahltrfd pfro.

Fl nllcvftnvh strfthgy fbclg lhngjmcrs jhdphi tjh bulnanpfdnty c` Öhbmy nlarhfsh tfx acddhatncls my 6=; phrahlt, wjnaj fddcwhi nt tc nbprcvh acb-bulnty shrvnahs.

Öhbmy wfs nbbhrshi nl f `nlflanfd arnsns ft tjh hli c` =;;=5 tjhbulnanpfdnty jfi dfrgh ihmts, anvnd shrvflts„ pfy wfs `nvh bcltjs mhjnli,vhry dnttdh tfx wfs acddhathi, fli `hw acbbulnty shrvnahs whrh c``hrhi.Yjh bfycr, wcrrnhi fmcut tjh sntuftncl, snglhi fl fgrhhbhlt wntj tjh

B@[ prcehat fli subbclhi tjh antnzhls tc ulnth `crahs nl shfraj c` ajflgh.

Yjh prcehat ihsnglhi tjh Lhngjmcr Acddhats `rcb f Lhngjmcr (PhanlcAcmrf f Phanlc) prcgrfb tc nbprcvh tjh acddhatncl c` prcphrty tfxhs tjrcugj lhngjmcrjcci acbbntthhs.Yjh prcgrfb nbprcvhs bulnanpfd`nlflahs fli hlsurhs trflspfrhlay my trfnlnlg antnzhls jcw tc ihdnvhr tfxlctn`naftncls tc tjhnr lhngjmcrs.

Yjh bfycr c``hrhi tc nlvhst 1; phrahlt c` tjh tfxhs acddhathi nl pumdnawcros fli shrvnahs nl tjh pfrtnanpftnlg lhngjmcrjccis, faacrinlg tc

tjhnr lhhis fli prncrntnhs.Yjns nlahltnvh bctnvfthi tjh rhsnihlts, wjchltjusnfstnafddy nbpdhbhlthi tjh prcgrfb.

Yjh prcgrfb qunaody prciuahi rhsudts5 nl 66 bcltjs, prcphrty tfxhsfli dnahlsh `hhs nlarhfshi my 6=; phrahlt cvhr tjh fbcult acddhathi tjh prhvncus yhfr.Yjft `fandntfthi lhw nlvhstbhlts nl pumdna wcros flishrvnahs mhlh`ntnlg tjh acbbulnty.

Yjh rhsnihlts c` tjh —Pnddf Flntf‒ lhngjmcrjcci wjc jfi rhsnsthi pfynlg tjhnr tfxhs mhafbh tjh bcst hltjusnfstna prcpclhlts c` acbpdynlg wntj tjh dfw, nl`crbnlg tjh acbbulnty c` nts rngjts fli cmdngftncls, fli acd-

dhatnlg tfxhs `rcb ctjhr lhngjmcrs.Yfx rhvhluhs whrh ushi tc mundi fpdfygrculi, aclstruat f wfdd, dhvhd tjh grculi c` f spcrts `nhdi, flinbprcvh tjh lhngjmcrjcci pdfzf.—Yjflos tc tjh Lhngjmcr Acddhats`rcb f Lhngjmcr prcgrfb, wh fdd wcro tcghtjhr `cr cur acbbulnty,‒sfys Fgustâl, f bhbmhr c` tjh lhngjmcrjcci acbbntthh.

Nl tjh afsh c` tjh —[fâ Öõ‒ lhngjmcrjcci acbbntthh, tjh fiintnclfd tfxrhvhluhs whrh nlvhsthi tc rhpfnr tjh squfrh fli pfvh f strhht ùdd c` pctjcdhs tjft wfs prhvncusdy nbpfssfmdh. ]csf, f rhsnihlt, sfni,—Yjhpfvnlg c` Bfrâf Fuxndnficrf strhht ns f mdhssnlg. @cr bcrh tjfl tjfl =;yhfrs, tjns strhht bfih us fdd su``hr fli lcmciy dnsthlhi tc cur rhquhsts.

Yjns fajnhvhbhlt pcsntnvhdy f``hats cur dnvhs.‒



>YJH BXLNAN[FD @NLFLAH F[[]CFAJ

AJF[YH] 6

YJH BXLNAN[FD@NLFLAH F[[]CFAJClah f bulnanpfdnty hxprhsshi

nlthrhst nl wcronlg wntj tjh prce-hat, thajlnafd fssnstflah typnafddy dfsthi 68 bcltjs. @nrst, tjh cmeha-tnvhs c` tjh prcehat whrh hxpdfnlhifli prcehat stf`` rhquhsthi nl`cr-bftncl `rcb tjh bulnanpfdntnhs tcgfugh tjhnr nlthrhst nl fli acb-bntbhlt tc ficptnlg tjh ajflghssugghsthi my tjh thfb. Yjhbulnanpfdntnhs tjhl snglhi f bhb-crfliub c` ulihrstflinlg, fgrhh-nlg tc nbpdhbhlt tjh prcehat„s rha-cbbhliftncls fli tc ihinafthnlacbh tc lhw wcros fli shrvnahsshdhathi nl acleulatncl wntj tjhacbbulnty. Yjh lhxt stfgh nlntnfd-dy `caushi cl tfx acddhatncl, tjhlsjn`thi tc nbpdhbhltftncl c` wcros fli shrvnahs, fli udtnbfthdy `caushi cl strhlgtjhlnlg anvndscanhty. Yjh `nlfd stfgh, f`thr tjh

nlntnfd 68 bcltjs, wfs tjh bcln-tcrnlg phrnci, wjhrhnl tjh prcehatvnhwhi `rcb f instflah wjhtjhrbulnanpfdntnhs whrh fssubnlg cwlhrsjnp c` tjh ajflghs.

Yjh `nrst sthp nl nlarhfsnlg tfx acddhatncl wfs nbprcvnlg tjhafifstrh systhb. [rcehat stf`` hxpdfnlhi tjh nbpcrtflah c` nbprcvnlg tjh tfx acddhatncl sys-

thb tc bulnanpfdntnhs, fli hvfdu-

fthi prcphrty vfduhs fli fppdnaf-mdh dhgfd rhgudftncls. Yjhy tjhlgunihi tjh bulnanpfdntnhs nlnihltn`ynlg tjh bcst nlihmthitfxpfyhrs fli lctn`ynlg tjhb c` tjhnr cutstflinlg pfybhlts.Yfrghtnlg tjh bfecr ihdnlquhlttfxpfyhrs wfs tjh qunaohst wfy tchfrl fiintnclfd nlacbh wjndhihbclstrftnlg tjh shrncuslhss c` tjh fatnvnty tc tjh acbbulnty.Yjh prcehat fdsc trfnlhi tjhbulnanpfdntnhs tc nlvhst nl nl`cr-bftncl thajlcdcgy (NY) flifibnlnstrftnvh ajflghs, `rcbupiftnlg tjh thajlcdcgy fvfndfmdhnl tjh c``nahs tc nbpdhbhltnlg hdhatrclna nlacbh nl`crbftnclsysthbs fli nbprcvnlg crgflnzf-tnclfd struaturh fli wcro `dcw.

Yjh crngnlfd `caus c` tjh B@[wfs cl nlarhfsnlg rhvhluhs.Clah tjh `nlflanfd rhscurahswhrh nbprcvhi, tjh cmehatnvh wfstc utndnzh tjh rhscurahs tc nbpdh-bhlt wcros fli shrvnah ihdnvhry prcehats wjndh strhlgtjhlnlg anvndscanhty, antnzhl pfrtnanpftncl, flibulnanpfd bflfghbhlt. Fs tjhbulnanpfdntnhs mhafbh bcrhacb`crtfmdh wntj tjhnr nlarhfshi



6; YJH BXLNAN[FD @NLFLAH F[[]CFAJ

rhvhluhs fli tjh prcehat sjn`thints `caus, tjh YF[HQ acbpc-lhlts whrh wcvhl nltc fdd fsphatsc` tjh aclsudtflay, `rcb tjhshdhatncl c` wcros fli shrvnahs tctjh nbpdhbhltftncl c` wcro-sjcps ihinafthi tc htjnafd mhjfv-ncr. Nl rhtrcsphat, tjh YF[HQacbpclhlts sjcudi jfvhrhahnvhi grhfthr ftthltncl `rcbtjh mhgnllnlg.

Yjh prcehat thfb ihvhdcphi f stfl-ifrinzhi fpprcfaj tc wcro wntjbulnanpfdntnhs fli fsshbmdhi f thajlnafd gunih `cr tjh aclsudtflay fssnglbhlts tc strhfbdnlh fifptf-tncls c` tjh bhtjcicdcgy fli dhfvhf vfdufmdh wrntthl rhscurah `cr[frfgufy. Yjh gunih wfs instrnm-uthi nl hdhatrclna `crbft tc fddbulnanpfdntnhs tjft wcrohi inrhatdy wntj tjh prcehat. Yjns fpprcfaj nswrntthl nl ihtfnd nl Qpflnsj nl tjhbfsthr thajlnafd gunih, wjnaj wfs

fvfndfmdh vnf tjh prcehat„s Whm snthfli sjcudi lcw mh fvfndfmdh `rcbtjh XQFNI dnmrfry.

Y]FNLNLGBHYJCICDCG^Nl bcst afshs, tjh aclsudtfltsmrcugjt tjh bulnanpfd stf`` tcghtjhr `cr fl nltrciuatcry wcrosjcp fli `cddcwhi up wntjcl-tjh-ecm trfnlnlg. Yjh prcehatpdfahi f aclsudtflt wntjnl hfajbulnanpfdnty, wjc gunihi tjhbulnanpfdnty tjrcugj fdd tfsosfnbhi ft nbpdhbhltnlg vnsnmdhfli sustfnlfmdh ajflgh. Yjnsify-tc-ify, jflis-cl, cl-tjh-ecmtrfnlnlg hlfmdhi tjh aclsudtflts

tc wntlhss bulnanpfd struggdhs,gfnl trust, bctnvfth hbpdcyhhs,ajflgh phrsphatnvhs, fli nbprcvhwcro jfmnts. Yjh —nl sntu‒ olcwd-high trfls`hr wfs fdsc acbpdh-bhlthi my wcrosjcps suaj fs—H``nanhlt Acbbulnaftncl,‒ —F Vuhstncl c` Acbprcbnsh,‒ fli—Dhgfd Fsphats,‒ wjnaj hlsurhitjft bulnanpfd hbpdcyhhs jfitjh tccds tc nbpdhbhlt audturfd

fli thajlnafd ajflghs wntjnltjhnr bulnanpfdntnhs.

Afrdcs Gfdfrzf fli Pnatcrnf Bhzf,bhbmhrs c` tjh thajlnafd thfb c` tjh Hlvnrclbhltfd fli QcanfdQtuinhs Ahlthr (AHFBQC).

© A




66FAACB[DNQJBHLYQ @^ =;;= - =;;8

AJF[YH] =

FAACB[DNQJBHLYQ@ =;;= - =;;8Yjh `cddcwnlg shatncls rh`dhat

tjh 6; acbpclhlts dnsthi nl tjhwcro pdfl, nl tjh crihr tjfthfaj wfs fiirhsshi nl hfajbulnanpfdnty.

@NLFLANFD]HQCX]AHQNB[]CPHBHLYYjh `nrst bulnanpfdnty tc wcro wntj tjh prcehat wfs Acrclhd

Cvnhic. Dnoh bfly bulnanpfdn-tnhs, Acrclhd Cvnhic ini lctulihrstfli nts cwl prcphrty vfd-uhs fli, jhlah, nts `nlflanfd stf-tus. Nl Bfraj =;;=, wjhl ntsnglhi tjh pfrtlhrnlg fgrhhbhlt,tjh fibnlnstrftncl ini lct rhfd-nzh tjft nts tfx acddhatncl jfiiharhfshi my =8 phrahlt nl tjhprhvncus yhfr. Lcr ini nt rhfdnzhtjft c` tjh 69,1=6 prcphrtnhsrhgnsthrhi, 9; phrahlt jfi mhhlrhgnsthrhi nlacrrhatdy5 rhacrissjcwhi tjhy whrh rurfd wjhl nl`fat tjhy whrh urmfl, rhsnihlahswjhl tjhy whrh fatufddy musn-lhsshs, mfsna wjhl tjhy whrh dux-urncus, cr snlgdh-dhvhd wjhl tjhy jfi tjrhh dhvhds. Bcrhcvhr, ft

dhfst flctjhr 1,6>9 prcphrtnhs

jfi lhvhr mhhl rhgnsthrhi ft fdd.

Yjh prcehat ihvhdcphi tccds tcjhdp dcafd gcvhrlbhlts mhtthrfsshss tjhnr `nlflanfd aclintncl,nladuinlg `nlflanfd stfthbhlts,upifthi afifstrh systhbs, dntngncusprcahsshs, fibnlnstrftnvh rhcrgfln-zftncl, fli nbprcvhi NY systhbs.

@NLFLANFD QYFYHBHLYQ

Yjh prcehat ihvhdcphi f `nlflanfdinfglcstna tccd tjft jhdps pumdnanlstntutncls rhvnhw tjhbshdvhs fsf prnvfth musnlhss wcudi ic, flimhtthr ulihrstfli jcw tc bcln-tcr fli acltrcd scurahs c` nlacbh. Xpcl rhvnhwnlg tjh`nlflanfd stfthbhlts, tjh prcehatsjcwhi tjh bulnanpfdntnhs tjfttjhy sjcudi lct `caus cl grflthi

fbcults suaj fs rcyfdtnhs crtrfls`hrs, mut rftjhr cl scurahstjft tjhy afl acltrcd, suaj fsprcphrty tfxhs.8

Yjh prcehat insacvhrhi tjft musn-lhss cwlhrs nl Acrclhd Cvnhicwhrh dnohdy tc pfy cvhriuh tfxhsbcrh qunaody tjfl prcphrty cwl-hrs, mhafush tjh `crbhr ihphli

8 Yjh lftnclfd rcyfdty trfls`hrs frh sumsninzhi ulis tjft Mrfznd pfys tc [frfgufy fs acbphlsftncl cr pfrt c` [frfgufy„s hdhatrnanty ghlhrfthi my tjh Ntfnpu mnlftnclfd jyirchdhatrna ifb.

• Aubudftnvh nlarhfsh c` $8.=bnddncl nl `nlflanfd rhscurahsnl =9 bulnanpfdntnhs.

• =; afifstrh systhbs upifthi.

• 9 lhw ghcgrfpjnanl`crbftncl systhbsnbpdhbhlthi.

• > mfsna ghcgrfpjnanl`crbftncl systhb tccdsnbpdhbhlthi tc arhfthihtfndhi bfps.

• 69 sfthddnth pjctcs purajfshi.

NDDXQY]FYNPH ]HQXDYQ



6= FAACB[DNQJBHLYQ @^ =;;= - =;;8

cl tjhnr musnlhsshs `cr tjhnr dnvhdn-jccis. Yjhrh`crh, tjh prcehatmhgfl nlacrpcrftnlg f acbbhr-anfd tfx acbpclhlt nltc wcro pdfls wntj ctjhr bulnanpfdntnhs,nl fiintncl tc nts hbpjfsns clprcphrty tfxhs. Yjns wfs flnbpcrtflt ajflgh nl tjh prcehat„sbhtjcicdcgy.

X[IFYHI AFIFQY]H Q^QYHBQ

Flctjhr cmstfadh `cr AcrclhdCvnhic wfs nts cutifthi afifstrh

systhb.0 [rcphrty vfduhs frhfssnglhi my tjh Qhrvnanc Lfanclfd

ih Aftfstrc (QLA), f ahltrfd

afifstrh mfshi nl Fsulanñl, wntjnl`crbftncl prcvnihi my prcphr-ty cwlhrs fli tjh bulnanpfdntnhs.

Clah tjh QLA upifths nts c``n-anfd rhgnsthrs, tjh bulnanpfdnty jfstjh rhspclsnmndnty tc vhrn`y tjhnl`crbftncl wntj tjh acl-stntuhlts, lctn`y tjhb c` wjfttjhy cwh tjh bulnanpfdnty, fli

0 Afifstrh systhbs frh iftfmfshs tjft nladuih nl`crbftncl fmcut urmfl pdfls, anty mdcaos, dnsts c` prcphrty cwlhrs, fli aurrhlt prcphrty vfduhs.

$60,;;;

$69,;;;

$6=,;;;

$6;,;;;

$:,;;;

$0,;;;

$9,;;;

$=,;;;

$;

YFZ ACDDHAYNCL QXBBF]^

X Q $

( Y j c u s f l i s )

[rcphrty tfxhs

Acbbhranfd dnahlshs

Ctjhr Yfxhs

$8,0==

$=,69>

$>:1

$:,>=>

$1,6;:

$6,>=>

Mfsh hfr Iurnlg tjh [frfgufy Bulnanpfd @nlflah [rcehat

Yjhsh frh tjh aubudftnvh

rhsudts c` tjh prcehat„s wcro

wntj =9 bulnanpfdntnhs.Yjh

—Mfsh hfr‒ ns tjh yhfr tjft

hfaj bulnanpfdnty mhgfl

rhahnvnlg fssnstflah, wjnaj

vfrnhi my bulnanpfdnty.

—Iurnlg tjh [frfgufy

Bulnanpfd @nlflah [rcehat‒

ns ih`nlhi fs tjh sumshquhlt

yhfrs tjft hfaj bulnanpfdnty

pfrtnanpfthi nl tjh prcehat.




tjhl hlsurh tjft tjhy pfy.Xl`crtulfthdy, tjh QLA jfs mhhlstrfnlhi `cr rhscurahs `cr bfly yhfrs, fli nt rfrhdy acliuats snthvnsnts cr upifths nl`crbftncl.

Wntjcut upifthi nl`crbftncl,tjh bulnanpfdntnhs ajfrgh tfxhsmfshi cl cdi fli nlacrrhat prcp-hrty vfduhs fli acddhat dhss tjflwjft tjhy sjcudi.

Yjh prcehat hlacurfghi bulnan-pfdntnhs tc upifth tjhnr cwlafifstrh systhbs fli acddhattfxhs `rcb tjh prhvncus `nvhyhfrs, nl faacriflah wntj tjhYrnmutfry Dfw (6=8/>6).7 Ntjhdphi bulnanpfdntnhs ush in``hr-hlt scurahs c` nl`crbftncl tcupifth tjhnr afifstrh systhbs,nladuinlg sfthddnth pjctcs flihxnstnlg hdhatrclna iftfmfshs`rcb in``hrhlt nlstntutncls. Yjnsnladuihi acllhatnlg tjh iftf-mfshs tc bfoh tjh nl`crbftncl

bcrh faahssnmdh fli ushr-`rnhli-dy, purajfsnlg fli rhvnhwnlg sfthddnth pjctcs, ihvhdcpnlg ihtfndhi bfps c` urmfl frhfsfaacrinlg tc tjh afifstrh, flitrfvhdnlg tjrcugj tjh acbbuln-tnhs tc vhrn`y tjh nl`crbftncl.

Dhgfddy, tjhrh frh twc bfnl sthpsnl upiftnlg tjh urmfl afifstrhiftfmfshs5 tjh nssuflah c` fl

hxhautnvh iharhh ih`nlnlg tjhurmfl frhf, fli tjhl upiftnlg

tjh ihtfndhi nl`crbftncl cl hfajprcphrty nl tjh QLA iftfmfsh.Lhfrdy fdd c` tjh bulnanpfdntnhstjft wcrohi wntj tjh B@[ jfvhtjh prhsnihltnfd iharhh prcphrdy rhgnsthrhi.: Jcwhvhr, lct fddjfvh tjhnr upifthi fli vhrn`nhiafifstrh nl`crbftncl prcphrdy rhgnsthrhi nl tjh QLA iftfmfsh.Yjns acudi pcsh f tjrhft tc tjhtfxhs acddhathi sjcudi tjhQuprhbh Acurt rudh tjft tjhQLA iftfmfsh bust `nrst mhupifthi mh`crh bulnanpfdntnhs frh

phrbntthi tc utndnzh tjh lhw afifstrh nl`crbftncl fli prcphr-ty vfduhs. XQFNI ns fwfrh c` tjnsnssuh fli ns wcronlg wntj tjhQLA tc `fandntfth tjh rhgnstrftnclc` upifthi prcphrty nl`crbftncl.Yjns lhhis tc mh f bcrh `dhxnmdhfli dhss acstdy prcahss, tc hlsurhtjft fdd bulnanpfdntnhs wndd mhfmdh tc acbpdy wntj rhscdutncl0;/;9 cr nts bcin`naftncl.>

YJH DNYNGNCXQ BCIXDH

Clah f bulnanpfdnty jfi upift-hi nts prcphrty fli tfx nl`crbf-tncl, tjh lhxt ajfddhlgh wfs tcacl`rclt ihdnlquhlt tfxpfyhrsfli rhquhst pfybhlt c` `nvh yhfrsnl faaubudfthi tfx ihmt.6;

Yjh prcehat jnrhi f dfwyhr tcjhdp tjh bulnanpfdntnhs stflifri-nzh tjhnr lctn`naftncl systhbs fli

7 Bcrh nl`crbftncl rhgfrinlg tjh dhgfd prcahss fli tjh acllhatncl wntj tjh upifthi afifstrh rhacris ns prcvnihi mhdcw nl tjh —Dntngncus Bciudh‒shatncl.

: Bulnanpfdntnhs tjft ic lct jfvh fl hxhautnvh iharhh jfvh fppdnhi tjh dfw c` 6>;;,wjnaj ih`nlhs tjh urmfl phrnbhthr fs f 6,;;;-bhthr rfinusfrculi tjh ahltrfd ajuraj„s ftrnub.

> ]hscdutncl 0;/;9 ns tjh rhscdutncl `rcb tjh ahltrfd gcvhrlbhlt rhgfrinlg tjh sacph fli futjcrnty c` tjh QLA.

6; Nl f rhahlt acurt afsh, tjh acbptrcddhr rudhi nl `fvcr c` f tfxpfyhr nl tjh bulnanpfdnty c` Öhbmy, stftnlg tjft tjh antnzhl cldy jfi tc pfy mfao tfxhs cr tjh prhvncus yhfr, nlsthfi c` tjh prhvncus `nvh yhfrs.Yjh prcehat„s dfwyhr jfs ndhi cr f rhaclsnihrftncl c` tjh rudnlg. XQFNI sjcudi

bclntcr tjh cutacbh, fs nt bfy f``hat fdd bulnanpfdntnhs wcronlg wntj tjh B@[. Acnlanihltfddy, fdd `cur dfwyhrs aclsudthi my tjh prcehat mhdnhvhbulnanpfdntnhs jfvh tjh rngjt tc ihbfli tjft antnzhls pfy tjhnr acrrhat tfxhs `cr tjh prhvncus `nvh yhfrs fs stfthi nl tjh trnmutfry dfw.



69 FAACB[DNQJBHLYQ @^ =;;= - =;;8

fppdy nt tc fdd antnzhls, rhgfridhssc` tjhnr pcwhr nl tjh acbbulnty cr tjh rnsos c` prcvconlg jcstndnty.@nrst, tjh bulnanpfdnty ahrtn`nhitjh tfxhs cwhi my f prcphrty crmusnlhss cwlhr. Yjh prcehat tjhlhlacurfghi dcafd gcvhrlbhlts tcnihltn`y tjh =; nlinvniufds mhfr-nlg tjh grhfthst tfx ihmt fli tjhlshrvh up tc tjrhh wrntthl lctnahscvhr f phrnci c` 98 ifys. Fddbulnanpfdntnhs whrh fivnshi tcmdcao fly hxtrf-c``nanfd pfybhlts.N` tjh ihdnlquhlt tfxpfyhrs `fndhi

tc acbpdy fli tjhnr afshs whrhmhycli tjh sacph c` tjh bulnan-pfdnty„s fibnlnstrftncl, tjhy whrhturlhi cvhr tc tjh euinanfd sys-thb. Yjh B@[ dfwyhr fli/cr jnsfsscanfths fssnsthi nl ==0 acurtafshs, afpturnlg XQ$6,=>;,7:8nl lhw rhscurahs.

Yjh Aclstntutncl stfths tjft tjhbulnanpfdntnhs jfvh pcdntnafd,

fibnlnstrftnvh, fli lcrbftnvhfutclcby nl fiintncl tc tjhfutjcrnty tc acddhat fli nlvhsttjhnr rhscurahs.66 Yjh prcehatnlthrprhthi tjns tc nladuih tjhfutjcrnty tc ihthrbnlh anty dnb-nts, rhgudfth prcphrty zclhs,fssngl vfduhs, fli acddhat tfxhs.Iurnlg nts dfst yhfr, tjh prcehatscugjt fivnah `rcb tjrhh bulna-npfd dfwyhrs wjc insfgrhhi wntj

tjh prcehat„s nlntnfd nlthrprhtf-

tncl. Yjhy frguhi tjft fdtjcugjtjh bulnanpfdntnhs frhfutclcbcus, tjh Aclstntutnclichs lct fmrcgfth hxnstnlg dfwsgnvnlg hxpdnant futjcrnty tc tjhQLA, lcr ichs nt prcvnihihtfndhi guniflah cl jcw tc acd-dhat fli nlvhst rhscurahs.6=

Jcwhvhr, tjh prcehat lhvhrhxpdnantdy fivnshi tjh bulnanpfdn-tnhs tc hlsurh tjft tjhnr rhacriswhrh upifthi nl tjh QLA, mutrftjhr fivnshi tjh bulnanpfdntnhstc rhfssngl vfduhs mfshi upcl

tjhnr cwl upifthi afifstrh sys-thbs. N` tjh bulnanpfdntnhs jfiwfnthi `cr tjh QLA tc upifth ntsiftfmfsh, nt ns uldnohdy tjh prce-hat wcudi jfvh fajnhvhi tjhsfbh nbprhssnvh rhsudts.

Yjhrh ns stndd grhft ulahrtfnlty cvhrtjh hxthlt c` bulnanpfd futclcby hstfmdnsjhi nl tjh Aclstntutncl c` 6>>=, fli ùturh Quprhbh Acurt

ihansncls bfy jfvh f grhft nbpfatcl prcehat rhsudts.

FIBNLNQY]FYNPH]HC]GFLNUFYNCL

Yjh B@[ fdsc prcbcthi f lub-mhr c` snbpdh struaturfd ajflghswntjnl hfaj bulnanpfdnty. @nrst,tjh prcehat nlsnsthi tjft tjhbfycr fli tjh anty aculand mhnlvcdvhi nl tjh prcahss, fssubh

rhspclsnmndnty, fli ihbclstrfth

66 Lftnclfd Aclstntutncl 6>>=,Frtnadh 680 (Ih df Hstruaturf [cdâtnaf y Fibnlnstrftnvf).

6= Yjhsh nladuih dfws tjft prcvnih guniflah rhgfrinlg bulnanpfd crgflnzftncl, ùlatncls, fli rhspclsnmndntnhs (Dfw 6=>9/:7), trnmutfry prfatnahsrhgfrinlg bulnanpfdntnhs nl tjh nlthrncr c` tjh acultry (Dfw 0=;/70), tjh Yrnmutfry Dfw rhgfrinlg tfxhs nl [frfgufy (Dfw6=8/>6), tjh dfw tjftupifthi tjh bulnanpfd trnmutfry prfatnahs nl tjh nlthrncr c` tjh acultry (Dfw 618/>6), tjh hxhautnvh iharhh rhgudftnlg tjh afifstrh prcahss (Dfw86/8=), fli tjh rhscdutncl `rcb tjh ahltrfd gcvhrlbhlt rhgfrinlg tjh sacph fli futjcrnty c` tjh QLA (]hscdutncl 0;/;9).



© A J

H B C L N A Q / D X N Q ] C I ] N G X H U

QXAAHQQ QYC]^

[fynlg Wjft Ns Cwhi

F rhsnihlt c` Dnbpnc cl tjh faahss rcfi tc

tjh anty, frrflghi wntj tjh bulnanpfdnty„s

cwl ùlis.

F bfecr musnlhss pfys fdd c` nts tfxhs fli tjh pumdna rhfps tjh mhlh`nts .

Nl hfrdy =;;=, tjh bulnanpfdnty c` Dnbpnc wfs gcnlg tjrcugj f `nlflanfdarnsns fli tjh bfycr scugjt jhdp `rcb tjh B@[ prcehat. Nl crihr tcnbprcvh rhvhluhs, tjh bfycr wflthi tc hxphinth tjh acddhatncl c` tfxhs `rcb acbpflnhs nl tjh frhf. Hxphrts `rcb tjh B@[ prcehatrhvnhwhi tjh tfx acddhatncls iftfmfsh wntj bulnanpfd wcrohrs fli ins-acvhrhi clh afsh c` tfx hvfsncl tjft stcci cut.Yjh ]flajhr,* f dfrgh

bhft vhlicr, jfi pfni eust $>; f yhfr nl tfxhs `cr shvhrfd yhfrs, wjhl ntwfs suppcshi tc pfy $6,8;; `cr twc dfrgh prcphrtnhs dcafthi nl tjh ins- trnat„s bcst hxphlsnvh frhf.

Yjh afsh wfs acbpdhx, mhafush fdtjcugj Yjh ]flajhr pfni tfxhs rhgu-dfrdy, tjh pfybhlts whrh bnlnbfd fli nlfihqufth. Mhafush tjh dfwfutjcrnzhi tjh bulnanpfdnty tc rhacvhr up tc `nvh yhfrs nl ulpfni tfxhs,dcafd c``nanfds acudi ajfrgh Yjh ]flajhr `cr tjh in``hrhlah pdus dfth `hhsfli phlfdtnhs.

[rcehat aclsudtflts fli bulnanpfd hbpdcyhhs rhpcrthi tjh bftthr

nbbhinfthdy tc tjh bfycr, Cptfanflc Gñbhz, wjc sfni,—Ghltdhbhl…tjh tfxpfyhr jfs tc pfy wjft jh cwhs, lc bftthr jcwpcwhrùd jh bfy mh.‒

Yjns wfs lc snbpdh tfso5 tjh acbpfly acltrcddhi fl haclcbna hbpnrh,fli tjh sntuftncl afddhi `cr arhftnvnty fli ihthrbnlftncl. Fs sccl fslhgctnftncls mhgfl, prcmdhbs fpphfrhi, nladuinlg bcbhlts c` jngj thl-sncl fli lfsty vhrmfd acl`rcltftncls.

Nl spnth c` tjns, tjflos tc trfnlnlg `rcb tjh B@[ fli tjh phrsnsthlah c` tjh futjcrntnhs, fl fgrhhbhlt wfs rhfajhi. Dcafd dhfihrs gfvh tjh acb-

pfly clh yhfr tc rhaclandh nts ihmt fli tjh acbpfly prcahhihi tc pfy `nvh nlstfddbhlts tctfdnlg $8,;;;.Yjh bfycr nlvhsthi f dfrgh pcrtncl c` tjft bclhy nl pfvnlg strhhts icwltcwl fli ctjhrs nl bcrh rhbcthfrhfs. Jh fdsc aclstruathi f pcdnah prhanlat upcl rhquhst `rcb antnzhls.

Dnbpnc prcvhi tjft nt ns pcssnmdh tc mhacbh bcrh h` nanhlt, nlarhfsh rhv-hluhs, fli nbprcvh shrvnahs `cr tjh acbbulnty.Wntj tjns fajnhvhbhlt, tjh vnsncl fli shd`-hsthhb c` tjh futjcrntnhs ajflghi rfinafddy. Nt jfi flnbpfat cl tjh acbbulnty fli nt hvhl ajflghi Yjh ]flajhr„s fttntuih5 ntlcw pfys fdd c` nts tfxhs rhgudfrdy.

* Lct tjh fatufd lfbh c tjh musnlhss.



60 FAACB[DNQJBHLYQ @^ =;;= - =;;8

nlthrhst nl tfx acddhatncl fli ntssumshquhlt nbpfat nl tjh acb-bulnty. Yjh bfycr fli aculandwhrh hxphathi tc strhlgtjhl tjhacddhatncls ihpfrtbhlt my ihsng-lftnlg c``nah spfah, fppcnltnlg f lhw inrhatcr, cr fiinlg lctn`nhrsfli trfnlnlg tjhb tc `cddcw tjrcugj wntj antnzhls.61

Dnohwnsh, dcafd gcvhrlbhltsnbpdhbhlthi lhw bclntcrnlg bhajflnsbs tc hlsurh tjftbulnanpfd hbpdcyhhs ini lctbnsush ùlis cr thlihr `fvcrs tc

`rnhlis cr nl`duhltnfd antnzhls.Bcst bulnanpfdntnhs hstfmdnsjhiacddhatncl acbbntthhs aclsnstnlg c` tjh bfycr, tjh inrhatcr c` acd-dhatncls, tjh inrhatcr c` tjhafifstrh, tjh inrhatcr c` tjhtrhfsury, fli bhbmhrs c` tjhbulnanpfd aculand, tjft bht rhg-udfrdy tc insauss prcgrhss. Ntsprnlanpfd cmehatnvh wfs tc prc-vnih cvhrsngjt fli pdfl tjh sthps

lhahssfry tc bfnltfnl h``nanhlttfx acddhatncl prcahiurhs.

NL@C]BFYNCL YHAJLCDCG^

NY systhbs frh hsshltnfd tc tfx acddhatncl nl tjh bulnanpfdntnhsfli tjhy ihshrvh prncrnty stftus.Yypnafddy, bulnanpfd faacultnlg systhbs aclsnsthi c` f mcx c` nlvcnahs fli rhahnpts, hlthrhi nl

phland nltc f lcthmcco my scbh-clh cl Qfturifys fs f shaclifry ecm. Phry `hw bulnanpfdntnhs jfinlthgrfthi acbputhr lhtwcrosafpfmdh c` qunao, futcbfthinl`crbftncl shfrajhs. N` tjhy inijfvh acbputhrs, tjhy whrh usufd-dy tcc cdi tc mh c` shrvnah.

Ft tjh cutsht, tjh prcehat thfbwfs lct sftns`nhi wntj tjh nlacbhnl`crbftncl systhbs fvfndfmdh cltjh bfroht, sc nt jhdphi ihvhdcpsysthbs `cr tjh bulnanpfdntnhs.Yjh prcehat jnrhi `nvh NY sphanfd-nsts tc rctfth fbclg tjh bulnan-pfdntnhs, trfnl tjh hbpdcyhhs nlHxahd, gunih tjhb nl upgrfinlg tjhnr sc`twfrh, sht up tjh acb-puthr lhtwcros, fli nlstfdd lhw systhbs `cr nlacbh, hxphlshs,fli ghcgrfpjna nl`crbftncl sys-thbs (GNQ). Cvhr tjh dn`h c` tjh

prcehat, tjh thfb trfls`hrrhi sys-thb ihvhdcpbhlt fli nlstfddf-tncl tc `nvh in``hrhlt `nrbs. Yjhacbpflnhs whrh rhqunrhi tcnbprcvh tjhnr systhbs nl faacr-iflah wntj tjh ihbflis c` tjhbulnanpfdntnhs fli tjh prcehat,fli yht whrh gnvhl fl cppcrtuln-ty tc `fnrdy acbphth `cr musnlhssfli sphanfdnzh nl trnmutfry nl`cr-bftncl systhbs fli rhgudftncls.

My hljflanlg tjhnr bfroht pcsn-tncls fli rh`nlnlg tjhnr hxphrtnsh,tjh `nrbs pcsntnclhi tjhbshdvhstc hfrl fiintnclfd wcro suppcrt-nlg bulnanpfdntnhs nl tjh ùturh.

Fdd c` tjh =9 bulnanpfdntnhs fli= gcvhrlcrsjnps tjft rhahnvhi NYguniflah purajfshi lhw hqunp-bhlt, nladuinlg 601 lhw acb-puthrs? =6 nbpdhbhlthi lhw

nl`crbftncl systhbs? fli 6=dhfrlhi jcw tc utndnzh GNQ tccds,c` wjnaj 9 nbpdhbhlthi lhw sys-thbs prcvnihi my tjh prcehat.69

Yjh lhwdy nlstfddhi nl`crbftnclsysthbs prcvnihi bclntcrnlg bhajflnsbs, hlsurhi grhfthr

61 Lctn`nhrs ihdnvhr tjh bulnanpfd lctnahs tc tjh antnzhls fli hxpdfnl jcw tjh tfx vfduhs frh fssnglhi,wjy tjhrh frh cutstflinlg tfxhs `rcb prhvn-cus yhfrs, jcw tjh nl`crbftncl wfs vhrn`nhi, fli wjhrh tjh antnzhl lhhis tc pfy.

69 Qhh Fllhx M5 Aubudftnvh ]hsudts.




trflspfrhlay fli faacultfmndnty,fli futcbfthi tjh nlacbh sys-thbs fli/cr hxphlsh systhbs,bfonlg tjhb dhss prclh tcjubfl hrrcr fli `rfui. Yjhfutcbfthi systhbs fddcwhi tjhbfycr fli anty aculand tc faahsswhhody rhpcrts cl bulnanpfdnlacbh fli bclntcr tjh prcgrhssc` tfx acddhatncls.

ACBBXLNAFYNCLQAFB[FNGL

Yjh prcehat ihvhdcphi f acbbu-

lnaftncls afbpfngl `cr tjhbulnanpfdntnhs, mhgnllnlg wntjbulnanpfd hbpdcyhhs fli hdhathic``nanfds, fli hbpcwhrnlg tjhbtc acbbulnafth inrhatdy wntj tjhantnzhls. Yjns ns bcst h``hatnvhwjhl tjh bulnanpfdnty ns nlvcdvhinl struaturnlg tjh afbpfngl,ihvhdcpnlg tjh bhssfgh, fli `fa-nlg tjh antnzhls inrhatdy. Ft `nrst, ntwfs f lcvhd fli scbhwjft ifult-

nlg prfatnah `cr bulnanpfd rhprh-shltftnvhs tc aclvhrsh nl tjnsbfllhr wntj tjh antnzhls, flitjhy ini lct acbbulnafth rhgu-dfrdy cr nl fl crgflnzhi bfllhr.Yjh B@[ thfb dhfrlhi tjft ntsjcudi jfvh hlacurfghi bfycrstc ihvhdcp h``hatnvh acbbulnaf-tncls afbpfngls nl acleulatnclwntj tjh bulnanpfdnty ft tjh

mhgnllnlg c` hfaj aclsudtflay.Yjh acbbulnaftncls afbpfnglsjcudi jfvh hxpdfnlhi tc antnzhlstjh nbpcrtflah c` pfynlg tfxhs

fli nts pcthltnfd mhlh`nts tc tjhacbbulnty, suaj fs nbprcvhipumdna wcros, shrvnahs, fli nladu-snvhlhss. Yjh afbpfngl sjcudiaclvhy tc antnzhls phrtnlhltmuightfry nl`crbftncl flinlvhstbhlt pdfls, fli nt sjcudihstfmdnsj f acbbcl grculimhtwhhl futjcrntnhs fli bulnan-pfd hbpdcyhhs fs whdd fs cphl f infdcguh mhtwhhl antnzhls flitjhnr dcafd dhfihrs. H``hatnvh tccds`cr acbbulnaftncl nladuih pfb-pjdhts, rfinc spcts, lhngjmcr-

jcci fli tcwl bhhtnlgs, flimuddhtnl mcfris.

Ywc afshs ihbclstrfth tjh pcthl-tnfd pnt`fdds c` lct jfvnlg f strclg acbbulnaftncls afbpfngl. Yjhprcehat jfi tc pudd cut c` twcacbbulntnhs mhafush bfly antn-zhls ini lct ulihrstfli cr fpprh-anfth tjh `caus c` tjh prcehat fliwhrh tjrhfthlhi my nlarhfshi tfx

acddhatncl. Nl Qfl Hstflnsdfc, acb-bulnty bhbmhrs rncthi cutsnih tjhbulnanpfd mundinlg wjndh stf`` bhbmhrs fli tjh bulnanpfd acul-and aclvhlhi nlsnih. Nl]hpftrfanñl, tjh acbbulnty jhdif acurthcus tcwl bhhtnlg mutihbflihi tjft prcehat stf``, flistf`` `rcb tjh gcvhrlcrsjnp, dhfvhtjh acbbulnty. Yjhsh nlanihltsihbclstrfth tjft clh afllct wfnt

`cr rhsudts tc eustn`y tjh prcehat tctjh acbbulnty, mut tjh prcehatbust mh hxpdfnlhi fli insausshimh`crh fli iurnlg nbpdhbhltftncl.



6: FAACB[DNQJBHLYQ @^ =;;= - =;;8

WC]OQ FLI/C]QH]PNAH IHDNPH]^HZ[FLQNCL

Eust fs tjh B@[ prcehat wcrohiwntj gcvhrlbhlts tc nlarhfsh tfx rhvhluhs (—bclhy nl‒), nt fdscjhdphi tjhb tc prhshlt antnzhlswntj aclarhth, tflgnmdh rhsudts nltjh `crb c` wcros fli shrvnahprcehats (—bclhy cut‒).

Yjflos tc tjh nlarhfshi `nlflanfdrhscurahs acddhathi my tjh bulna-npfdnty, tjh prhsnihlt c` clhlhngjmcrjcci acbbnssncl nl

Pnddf Hdnsf prcuidy hxpdfnlhi tjftjns acbbulnty wfs fmdh tc acb-bulnafth nts lhhis fli shh f tfl-gnmdh rhspclsh nl tjh `crb c` f sflntfry dfli`ndd, f rhquhst tjftjfi mhhl prhshlthi `nvh yhfrs hfr-dnhr. Nl fiintncl tc tjh sflntfry dfli`ndd, tjh acbbulnty nbpdh-bhlthi :9 wcros fli/cr shrvnahihdnvhry prcehats, 9 c` wjnaj

cmtfnlhi tjh rhdhvflt hlvnrcl-bhltfd ahrtn`naftncls.

Yjh stcry c` Pnddf Hdnsf nshajchi nl =1 bulnanpfdntnhs tjftpfrtlhrhi wntj tjh B@[. Yjhbulnanpfdntnhs jhdi pumdna bhht-nlgs nl wjnaj fdd lhngjmcrjcciacbbnssncls whrh nlvnthi tcprhshlt tjhnr rhquhsts `cr fssns-tflah. Yjh bulnanpfdntnhs tjhl

`crbhi acbbnssncls tc prncrn-tnzh tjh prcehats fli shdhat tjcshtc mh nbpdhbhlthi `nrst. Qcbhbulnanpfdntnhs, dnoh Pnddf Hdnsf fli Anuifi ihd Hsth, jhdi sbfdd-hr lhngjmcrjcci bhhtnlgs wjhrhrhprhshltftnvhs `rcb hfaj lhngj-mcrjcci prhshlthi nihfs `crwcros fli shrvnahs inrhatdy tctjh bfycr.

Qcbh c` tjh prcehats whrh sbfddnl safdh ’ suaj fs fl fiintnclfdrccb `cr f sajccd, f lhngjmcr-jcci pdfygrculi, f pdfzf, f mrnigh, tjh mundinlg c` f acmmdh-stclh rcfi, cr tjh nbprcvhbhltc` f inrt rcfi ’ wjndh ctjhrswhrh dfrgh nl`rfstruaturh prcehats,suaj fs f sflntfry dfli`ndd crsdfugjthrjcush. Yjh dfrghr prce-hats usufddy rhahnvhi thajlnafdfssnstflah tjrcugj f dcafd crgfln-zftncl sumacltrfathi my tjhB@[. Xl`crtulfthdy, `hwhr c` tjh

dfrgh shrvnah prcehats whrh nbpdh-bhlthi, iuh tc tjh fbcult c` rhscurahs rhqunrhi.

Yjh prcehat jhdphi bulnanpfdn-tnhs fijhrh tc hlvnrclbhltfd rhg-udftncls cl fdd typhs c` wcrosfli shrvnahs tjft rhqunrhi hlvn-rclbhltfd ahrtn`naftncl.Bulnanpfd prcehats whrh ùlihiwntj bulnanpfd nlacbh, rcyfd-

tnhs, fli gcvhrlcrsjnp trfls`hrs,wjndh nl onli acltrnmutncls whrhhlacurfghi `rcb tjh acbbulnty tc dhvhrfgh dcafd rhscurahs fliscdnant grhfthr acbbulnty pfrtna-npftncl fli cwlhrsjnp. @crnlstflah, antnzhls whrh rhqunrhitc ihinafth f gnvhl lubmhr c` jcurs tc pfnltnlg cr ctjhr `crbsc` dfmcr.

Yjh prcehat acddfmcrfthi wntjCrihlfbnhltc Fbmnhltfd ih

Uclfs Xrmflfs (C]IFUX]) tcmundi tjrhh sflntfry dfli`ndds nlPnddfrrnaf, Affgufzõ, fliAcrclhd Cvnhic. Yjns nlthr-nlstn-tutnclfd accrinlftncl jhdphi tjhbulnanpfdntnhs rhahnvh tjh thajln-afd suppcrt `rcb f dcafd sumacl-trfatcr fli tjh @hihrfd Nlstntuth`cr Ghcsanhlahs fli Lfturfd

=06 shrvnah ihdnvhry hxpflsnclsnl =1 bulnanpfdntnhs. $=,:>7,=:1

nlvhsthi nl tjh =06 wcros ’ `rcb rcyfdtnhs, bulnanpfdrhvhluhs, fli aculthrpfrtacltrnmutncls `rcblhngjmcrjcci acbbnssncls.

Fl hlvnrclbhltfd gunih ’ tcfsshss tjh `hfsnmndnty c` ùturhwcros fli shrvnahs fliacbpdy wntj hlvnrclbhltfdahrtn`naftncl stflifris ’ wfsihvhdcphi nl acleulatnclwntj Fdthr Pnif tc jhdp fddbulnanpfdntnhs hstfmdnsjgunihdnlhs `cr tjh shdhatnclfli nbpdhbhltftncl c` wcrosfli shrvnahs.

DHQQCL DHF]LHI

Yjh prcehat thfb sjcudi lctnbpcsh nts cwl shdhatncl arnth-rnf cl f bulnanpfdnty. Fs fl cut-snihr, clh bfy shh lhhis fli

prncrntnhs in``hrhltdy tjfl facbbulnty fli nts bulnanpfddhfihrs, mut clh bust trustprcehat mhlh`nanfrnhs tc ih`nlh tjhnr cwl shdhatncl arnthrnf.

NDDXQY]FYNPH ]HQXDYQ



6>FAACB[DNQJBHLYQ @^ =;;= - =;;8

]hscurahs (MG]), f Ghrbflfssnstflah crgflnzftncl tjftùlihi tjh C]IFUX] prcehatwntjnl tjh QHFB (tjh Qharhtfrnf

Fbmnhltfd cr tjh Bnlnstry c` tjhHlvnrclbhlt). C]IFUX] gunihi tjh dcafd sumacltrfatcr,AHFBQC, nl thajlnafd bftthrs.

Y]FLQ[F]HLA^[]FAYNAHQPnddfrrnaf jfi lct shhl bfecrnbprcvhbhlts tc nts strhhts nl 0;yhfrs. Bulnanpfd sfdfrnhs, tjh

bulnanpfd muight, fli bulnan-pfd hxphlinturhs jfi lhvhr mhhlinsadcshi tc tjh pumdna. Bcstphcpdh susphathi tjft tjhnr dhfi-hrs dnlhi tjhnr cwl pcaohts wntjtfx rhvhluh wntjcut aclahrl `crtjh acbbulnty. Nlihhi, nl =;;1,sccl f`thr tjh ulvhndnlg c` f lhw faacultnlg nl`crbftncl bflfgh-bhlt systhb, f lhtwcro c`

bulnanpfd hbpdcyhhs wfs insacv-hrhi tc jfvh stcdhl bcrh tjfl$1=,;;; `rcb tjh bulnanpfdnty.Yjh susphats whrh `nrhi flirhbfnl ulihr nlvhstngftncl.

Qnlah acddfmcrftnlg wntj tjhB@[, Pnddfrrnaf jfs mhhl ihin-afthi tc trflspfrhlt prfatnahs.Nts bfycr wfs tjh irnvnlg `crahmhjnli f trflspfrhlay `fnr, tjh`nrst fli cldy c` nts onli nl[frfgufy. Iuh tc tjh suaahss c` tjh `nrst `fnr, tjhy jhdi flctjhrcphl jcush clh yhfr dfthr tc`caus cl tjh faacbpdnsjbhltsfli fajnhvhbhlts c` tjh prhvn-cus yhfr. Lct fdd bulnanpfdntnhsfrh cphl tc tjns typh c` pumdnarhvnhw, mut Pnddfrrnaf„s up`rcltfpprcfaj sjcws ctjhr acbbu-lntnhs tjft grhfthr trflspfrhlay

ns pcssnmdh.

Flctjhr ushùd bhajflnsb wfsihvhdcphi my tjh bulnanpfdnty c` Öhbmy. Yjhrh, lhngjmcrjcciacbbnssncls lctn`y rhsnihlts c` tjh tfxhs tjhy cwh. Yjh lhngj-mcrjcci acbbnssncls inrhatdy mhlh`nt mhafush f phrahltfgh c` tjh tfxhs acddhathi frh tjhl utn-dnzhi tc mundi wcros fli/cr shrv-nahs nl tjft lhngjmcrjcci. Yjhbhtjcicdcgy ns trflspfrhlt, ntushs scanfd prhssurh, nt nlvcdvhstjh acbbulnty, fli nt jhdpshlsurh tjft tfxhs wndd mh pfni

fli nlvhsthi nl tflgnmdh wcrosfli shrvnahs.

Ctjhr bhajflnsbs tc prcbcthtrflspfrhlay frh bulnanpfd mud-dhtnl mcfris fli crinlflahs tcprcbcth pumdna faahss tc nl`cr-bftncl. Yjh muddhtnl mcfrispumdnanzh nl`crbftncl dnoh tjhbulnanpfd muight, stftus c` nlacbh fli hxphlinturhs,

sfdfrnhs, tjh aurrhlt mnis cphl tctjh pumdna, fli fl crgflnzftnclajfrt c` tjh bulnanpfdnty.

FAACXLYFMNDNY^[]FAYNAHQYjh bulnanpfdnty c` AcrclhdMcgfic jfi lhvhr jhdi f pumdnamuight jhfrnlg c` fly scrt flitjh bfycr fli tjh bulnanpfdaculand whrh dhhry c` sjfrnlg nl`crbftncl fmcut bulnanpfdhxphlinturhs. Nl Bfy =;;1, tjhbfycr `dhi tjh acultry iuh tcphrsclfd ihmts jh acudi lct pfy,fli tjh prhsnihlt c` tjh bulnan-pfd aculand, Wndic Fdmhrtc Gndhs,fssubhi tjh pcsntncl c` bfycr.Br. Gndhs wfs f prcbnlhlt dcafdmusnlhssbfl wjc crngnlfddy tcco pumdna c``nah tc fssnst nl bulnan-

pfd bflfghbhlt, lhvhr nbfgnl-

NDDXQY]FYNPH]HQXDYQ

• =; bulnanpfdntnhsnbpdhbhlthi pumdnaburfds/muddhtnl mcfris.

• 1 bulnanpfdntnhs thdhvnshibulnanpfd aculand bhhtnlgs.

• 9 bulnanpfdntnhs arhfthibulnanpfd bfgfznlhs.

• =9 bulnanpfdntnhs sjcwhiprcfatnvh acddhatncl thajlnquhs fli tfugjtacurthcus acltfats wntj tfxpfyhrs, nladuinlg afrhùdhxpdflftncls c` tfx afdaudftnclnl tjh bulnanpfd c``nahs flicl tjh strhht tjrcugjprcehat-trfnlhi lctn`nhrs.

DHQQCL DHF]LHI

Bulnanpfdntnhs sjcudi upifth,systhbftnzh, fli pumdnady pcstnl`crbftncl.

MHQY []FAYNAH

Insbnssnlg `rfuiudhlthbpdcyhhs. Acrrupt hbpdcyhhswhrh nihltn`nhi fli rhbcvhi nlPnddhtf, Affzfpf, [hirc EuflAfmfddhrc, Acrclhd Cvnhic,Dnbpnc, fli Pnddfrrnaf.



© A


QXAAHQQ QYC]^

Eustnah fli Yrflspfrhlay

Hrwnl Offts, prhsnihlt c tjh

—Acbbnssncl @cr Pnddfrrnaf.‒

[frfgufy„s `nrst crfd trnfd c` insjclhst anvnd shrvflts arhfthi f bcihd nl tjh`ngjt fgfnlst nbpulnty nl tjh bulnanpfdntnhs.

Nl =;;1, tjh bulnanpfdnty c` Pnddfrrnaf nlstfddhi f austcb-bfih acbputhr-nzhi nlacbh nl`crbftncl systhb ulihr tjh guniflah c` tjh B@[ prcehat.Yjh systhb stflifrinzhi fli nlthgrfthi bulnanpfd rhacris cl prcphrtnhs, prcphrty cwlhrs, fli tfx acddhatncls. Lct dclg f`thr tjh systhbwfs nltrciuahi, dcafd dhfihrs fli prcehat aclsudtflts insacvhrhi tjft

insjclhst anvnd shrvflts jfi hstfmdnsjhi f lhtwcro tjft prciuahi `fdshrhahnpts fli ohpt tjh nlstntutncl„s bclhy `cr tjhbshdvhs, tc tjh tulh c` ft dhfst $1=,;;;.

Yjh bfycr nl`crbhi tjh tcwlsphcpdh c` wjft jfi jfpphlhi tjrcugj tjh bulnanpfdnty„s lhws bhinf.Yjh acbbulnty wfs flgry fli ihbflihi eustnah.Ywc whhos dfthr, tjh acrrupt anvnd shrvflts whrh nlinathi fli cr tjh `nrst tnbh nl [frfgufyfl jnstcry, f bulnanpfdnty tcco nlinvniufds tc acurt`cr f trflspfrhlt, pumdna, crfd trnfd fs pfrt c` tjh `ngjt fgfnlst bulnanpfdacrruptncl.Yjh gundty pfrtnhs jfvh mhgul tc rhpfy tjh stcdhl bclhy nlsbfdd nlarhbhlts.

Yjns ul`crtulfth nlanihlt wfs udtnbfthdy pcsntnvh `cr tjh bfycr fli tjhantnzhls. Nt arhfthi f prhahihlt fli rhbnlihi anvnd shrvflts c` tjhnr cmdngf- tncl tc mh jclhst wjhl bflfgnlg gcvhrlbhlt prcphrty. Nt fdsc mcdsthrhi tjh antnzhls„ `fntj tjft tjhy afl acrrhat gcvhrlbhlt bnsbflfghbhlt flimrnlg phcpdh tc eustnah.

Yjh acbbulnty, wjnaj clah `hdt ihahnvhi, tcify fssubhs grhfthr rhspcl-snmndnty `cr nts tfx pfybhlts, ihbflis jclhst pumdna shrvflts, fli suppcrts trflspfrhlt tfx acddhatncl fli pumdna fibnlnstrftncl.



=6FAACB[DNQJBHLYQ @^ =;;= - =;;8

nlg tjft jh wcudi clh ify mhbfycr. Jns jubmdh dhfihrsjnpfli prnvfth shatcr mfaogrculijhdphi prcphd grhfthr dhvhds c` antnzhl nlvcdvhbhlt my ihbcl-strftnlg tjft tjh bulnanpfdnty wfs faacultfmdh tc tjh pumdna.

Ycify, lhngjmcrjcci acbbns-sncls prfnsh Br. Gndhs fli tjhaculand `cr fsonlg fmcut tjhnrlhhis, mundinlg tjh rhquhsthibulnanpfd wcros, prcvninlg pumdna dngjtnlg `cr tjh `nrsttnbh, fli sjcwnlg tjhb jcw bulnanpfd ùlis whrh utndnzhi.Qcbh lhngjmcrjcci acbbns-sncls rhgrht lct jfvnlg tfohltjh `nrst pumdna muight jhfrnlg bcrh shrncusdy, mut tjhy lcw vcw tc pfrtnanpfth nl tjh ùturh.

Faacrinlg tc tjh dhfihr c` f lhngjmcrjcci acbbnssncl nlAcrclhd Mcgfic, —Yjns wfs tjh`nrst tnbh tjh bulnanpfdnty fatu-

fddy fsohi us wjft wh lhhihi,fli tjft wfs f whdacbh flirh`rhsjnlg ajflgh.‒ Ctjhrspdhigh tjft tjhy wndd lct fddcw tjns prfatnah tc hli wjhl tjhlhxt fibnlnstrftncl tfohs c``nah.

Wntj tjh fssnstflah c` tjh B@[,=6 bulnanpfdntnhs nl [frfgufy lcw aclvhlh fl nbpcrtflt pfnrc` pumdna bhhtnlgs’fl nlntnfd

pumdna muight jhfrnlg ( Fuinhlanf [õmdnaf ih [rhsupuhstc, F[[) tcsjfrh tjh bulnanpfd muight fliscdnant tjh lhngjmcrjccis„ prncrn-tnhs `cr wcros fli shrvnahs, fli f shacli bhhtnlg tc hxpdfnl wjftwfs mundt wntj tjh ùlis nl tjhprhvncus 0-6= bcltjs. Wjndh tjh`nrst bhhtnlg gufrflthhs f ihgrhhc` pcpudfr pfrtnanpftncl, tjh sha-cli bhhtnlg, olcwl fs tjh

faacults rhlihrnlg jhfrnlg ( Fuinhlanf [õmdnaf ih ]hlinanñl

ih Auhltfs ), ns tjh B@[„s prn-bfry faacultfmndnty bhajflnsb.

Yjh `nrst B@[-spclscrhi pumdnamuight jhfrnlgs whrh jhdi nlQhpthbmhr =;;1. Yjh nlntnfd sthpwfs tc nl`crb tjh lhngjmcrjcciacbbnssncls. Yjhy whrh tfugjtfjhfi c` tnbh jcw tc prhshlttjhnr rhquhsts, nladuinlg fpprcxn-bfth acsts, tjh lubmhr c` mhlh-`nanfrnhs, fli tjhnr aculthrpfrt nlonli acltrnmutncl. Ft tjh jhfr-nlgs, f`thr tjh fllufd muight wfsprhshlthi fli hxpdfnlhi, tjhrhquhsts `cr wcros fli shrvnahswhrh prhshlthi my f rhprhshltf-tnvh c` tjh lhngjmcrjcci acb-bnssncl fli f wrntthl ihsarnp-tncl wfs jflihi tc tjh bfycrfli/cr bulnanpfd aculand. Yjhbulnanpfdnty tjhl fssnglhi f acbbntthh tc hvfdufth tjh scdnan-

tftncls. Yjh acbbntthh lcrbfddy aclsnsthi c` rhprhshltftnvhs `rcblhngjmcrjcci acbbnssncls,bulnanpfd rhprhshltftnvhs suaj fstjh pumdna wcros inrhatcr, flibulnanpfd futjcrntnhs dnoh tjhbfycr cr prhsnihlt c` tjhbulnanpfd aculand. Clah fddrhquhsts whrh hvfdufthi, tjhacbbntthh prncrntnzhi tjhbmfshi cl tjh stflifri shdhatncl

arnthrnf fdrhfiy ihvhdcphi my tjhacbbntthh. Yjh F[[ tccd ontihvhdcphi my tjh prcehat fli ins-trnmuthi tc prcehat pfrtnanpfltsihsarnmhs tjns prcahss nl bcrhihtfnd, fli ns fvfndfmdh `rcbXQFNI/[frfgufy.

Yjh bulnanpfdntnhs whrh fivnshitc thbphr antnzhls„ hxphatftnclsnl pumdna bhhtnlgs. Fdtjcugj

NDDXQY]FYNPH]HQXDYQ

• 11 bulnanpfd faacult

rhlihrnlg jhfrnlgs.

• = gcvhrlcrsjnp faacultrhlihrnlg jhfrnlgs.

• 66 bulnanpfdntnhsnbpdhbhlthi lhw rhvhluhnl`crbftncl systhbs tjftqunaody nihltn`y `rfuiudhlt cr quhstnclfmdh prfatnahs fligufrflthh faacultfmndnty tcantnzhls fli hbpdcyhhs.

• 68 bulnanpfdntnhs arhfthiIhvhdcpbhlt @ulis.



== FAACB[DNQJBHLYQ @^ =;;= - =;;8

lhngjmcrjcci grcups whrhhlacurfghi tc nihltn`y tjhnr prn-crntnhs nl tjhnr prhshltftncls, tjhbulnanpfdnty jfi tjh iuty c` hxpdfnlnlg tjft nt bfy lct mhpcssnmdh tc nbpdhbhlt fdd c` tjhprcehats scdnanthi ft tjh jhfrnlg,gnvhl muightfry aclstrfnlts.

Ctjhr faacultfmndnty bhajf-lnsbs nladuihi `nlflanfd bfl-fghbhlt trfnlnlgs, nbprcvhifaacultnlg systhbs fli stfl-ifris, fli nlthgrfthi nl`crbf-tncl systhbs. Yjhsh nl`crbftnclsysthbs fddcwhi `cr arcss-ajhao-nlg fgfnlst tjh afifstrh iftfmfsh,`csthrnlg grhfthr faacultfmndnty,faaurfay, trflspfrhlay, fli`nlflanfd mfdflah.

Aclsudtflt Ohllhtj [hcpdhs sug-ghsthi tjft bulnanpfdntnhs arhfthshpfrfth faacults wntj tjhnrnlarhfshi tfx rhvhluhs tc nbpdh-bhlt wcros fli shrvnahs. @n`thhlbulnanpfdntnhs arhfthi tjhsh—ihvhdcpbhlt ùlis,‒ fdtjcugj,udtnbfthdy, cldy 6; c` tjh 68ushi tjh ùlis `cr tjhnr nlthlihipurpcshs. Qcbh trfls`hrrhi 6;phrahlt c` fdd rhvhluh tc tjhùli, wjndh ctjhrs trfls`hrrhi 18phrahlt c` tjh nlarhfshi rhvhluhghlhrfthi `rcb prcphrty fli

acbbhranfd tfxhs f`thr fdd sfdfry ihmts whrh pfni. ]hgfridhss c` tjhbhtjcicdcgy, tjh ùlis jhdphitjh bulnanpfdntnhs mhacbh dhssihphlihlt cl rcyfdtnhs.

Afsjnhr wnlicw cphrftnlg wntjlhw nl`crbftncl systhb nl tjhbulnanpfdnty c` Acrclhd Cvnhic.

© A




© A


QXAAHQQ QYC]^

Iflghrcus Intaj Mhacbhs fGrhhl [umdna [dfzf

Ajndirhl wfdonlg jcbh rcb sajccd farcss

tjh Bflinyuphauæ mrnigh nl tjh Bmcafyfty

lhngjmcrjcci (bulnanpfdnty c` Pnddf Hdnsf).

Fl fgrhhbhlt mhtwhhl tjh Cöclinvhpf lhngjmcrjcci acbbnssncl fli tjhPnddf Hdnsf bulnanpfd gcvhrlbhlt scdvhi tjrhh shrncus prcmdhbs nl tjh lhngj-mcrjcci c` Bmcafyfty5

• F iflghrcus intaj ns lcw acvhrhi

• Anty Jfdd jfs inspcshi c` f sngln naflt fbcult c` scdni wfsth

• Grhhl spfah fli rharhftnclfd frhfs frh lcw fvfndfmdh

Nl tjh jhfrt c` tjh jhfvndy pcpudfthi Bmcafyfty lhngjmcrjcci, nl tjhbnist c` f dfrgh, sfliy qufrry, fl hngjt-bhthr-ihhp intaj jfi `fbndnhswcrrnhi.Yjh intaj jfi mhacbh fl ulsf`h fli uljhfdtjy pdfah, fl nbprc-vnshi iubp snth `cr ultrhfthi gfrmfgh.Yjh frhf wfs pdfguhi wntj strfy flnbfds, inshfsh, fli hrcsncl tjft tjrhfthlhi tjh snbpdh iwhddnlgs lhfrmy.

Ft tjh sfbh tnbh,Pnddf Hdnsf„s bfycr, Fdmnlc Gclzædhz, wfs urghltdy shho-nlg f pdfah tc inspcsh c` tjh tcwl„s gfrmfgh. Jh fli dcafd dhfihrs jfiajcshl bfly pcssnmdh snths, mut hfaj tnbh, rhsnihlts mdcaohi tjhnr pdfls.Qc rhsnihlts c` Bmcafyfty `crbhi f lhngjmcrjcci acbbnssncl (afddnlgnt Cöclinvhpf, cr —fdd tcghtjhr‒ nl Gufrflâ) fli fsohi tjh bfycr `cr

jhdp nl nddnlg tjh intaj wntj hfrtj, rummdh, cr wfsth tjft wcudi mh acv-hrhi cl f ifndy mfsns.

Cl tjh sugghstncl c` tjh B@[ prcehat, wjnaj wfs fivnsnlg tjh bulnanpfdnty cl tfxftncl fli pumdna shrvnahs, tjh bfycr afddhi f pumdna jhfrnlg fli tjhphcpdh c` Bmcafyfty faahpthi jns prcpcsfd tc `ndd tjh intaj wntj urmflwfsth fli scnd.Yjh prcehat jhdphi dcafd dhfihrs jnrh sphanfdnsts tc arhfth fsflntfry dfli`ndd fli tjh bfycr purajfshi fiintnclfd prnvfth dfli, pdflthi trhhs, hxpflihi tjh rharhftnclfd frhf, fli mundt f tcwl pdfzf. F gfrmfghacddhatncl acbpfly crgflnzhi tjh rhdcaftncl c` tjh gfrmfgh. Dcafd rhsn-ihlts accphrfthi nl tjh suphrvnsncl c` tfsos, prcvnihi hqunpbhlt fli

gfbhs `cr tjh ajndirhl„s pfro, fli jhdphi bfnltfnl tjh pumdna spfah.

Ycify, tc hvhryclh„s ihdngjt, tjh dflisafph ns in``hrhlt5 ajndirhl pdfy cl tcp c` tjh grfss-acvhrhi fli ahbhlt-shfdhi intaj, tjh gfrmfgh jfs ins-fpphfrhi, fli gfrihls fli trhhs frh mhgnllnlg tc grcw.

Fbfdnf, f dcafd rhsnihlt, sfni,—Yjh lngjtbfrh ns `nlfddy cvhr. Wh bctjhrsfrh `hhdnlg mhtthr fli cur ajndirhl afl lcw pdfy `rhhdy.‒ Yjh prhsnihltc` tjh lhngjmcrjcci acbbnssncl fiihi,—Wh lhgctnfthi cur lhhis.Yjhbfycr wfs sftns`nhi fli wh frh vhry jfppy.‒



=9 FAACB[DNQJBHLYQ @^ =;;= - =;;8

[F]YNAN[FYNCL[]FAYNAHQ

Wjhl tjh B@[ frrnvhi nlHbmcsafif nl =;;1, tjh tcwlshhbhi pfrfdyzhi, `rczhl nl tnbh.Yjh antnzhls whrh nlin``hrhlt fliicumtùd. Whfry c` tjh nlh``n-anhlanhs c` tjh bulnanpfdnty, `hw phcpdh hlthrhi tjh bulnanpfdmundinlg tc rhquhst fssnstflah.

Wjhl antnzhls ini rhquhstfatncl, tjh futjcrntnhs pfni dnttdhftthltncl fli `hw aclarhthrhsudts whrh faacbpdnsjhi. @hw

antnzhls pfni tfxhs fli safrahdy flyclh hxphathi tjh bulnanpfdn-ty tc mundi nl`rfstruaturh.

Wntj trfnlnlg `rcb tjh B@[,Hbmcsafif mhgfl f afbpfngl tc—ihdnvhr wjft tjh phcpdh rhquhst.‒Hbpdcyhhs fpprcfajhi tjh acb-bulnty wntj pcnlthi quhstnclsfmcut tjhnr lhhis wjndh hxpdfnl-nlg tjh nbpcrtflah c` pfynlg

tfxhs. Yjh lhngjmcrjcci acb-bnssncls grhw nl strhlgtj fli tjhbfycr rhnlvhsthi f phrahltfgh c` lhngjmcrjcci tfxhs nltc lhw wcros fli shrvnahs.

Bcst B@[ bulnanpfdntnhs ft clhtnbh cr flctjhr jhdi dfrgh pumdnabhhtnlgs tc `csthr pfrtnanpftncl`rcb lhngjmcrjcci grcups fdd ftclah nl tjh sfbh dcaftncl, mut

gnvhl tjft bcst phcpdh dnvh nlrurfd frhfs, Hbmcsafif hlgfghiantnzhls nl sbfdd grcups, crgflnzhimy lhngjmcrjcci. Yjh bulnanpfd-ntnhs c` Anuifi ihd Hsth fli Pnddf Hdnsf jhdi —gcvhrlbhlt ifys,‒ nlwjnaj tjh bfycr fli gcvhrlbhltwcrohrs spcoh wntj antnzhls nltjhnr cwl acbbulntnhs `cr f ify cl f rctftnlg mfsns. Nl bfly afshs,tjhy jflihi cut bhinaftncls,

hxpdfnlhi tjh rcdh c` tjh bulnan-pfdnty, insausshi tjh cmdngftncls c` tjh antnzhls tc pfy tfxhs, flirhahnvhi rhquhsts `cr wcros flishrvnahs nbprcvhbhlts.

HYJNAFD []FAYNAHQDnoh bcst bulnanpfdntnhs, Luhvf Ntfdnf ini lct purajfsh gccisfli shrvnahs nl faacriflah wntjfly stflifri ihansncl bfonlg prcahss, fli tjh Bnlnstry c` @nlflah jfi nssuhi acbpdfnltsfgfnlst tjh bulnanpfdnty `cr nts

dfao c` prcahiurhs fli stflifris.Yc nbprcvh Luhvf Ntfdnf„s sntuf-tncl, tjh B@[ trfnlhi tjhbulnanpfd aculand fli `curhbpdcyhhs nl htjnafd prfatnahs.

Clh c` tjh bfnl scurahs c` acr-ruptncl nl pumdna nlstntutncls nsprcaurhbhlt, sc tjh B@[ ihdnv-hrhi acurshs cl tjh cphrftnclfdfaqunsntncls ulnt (Xlnifi

Cphrftnvf ih Acltrftfanclhs ,XCA) nl shvhrfd bulnanpfdntnhstc hlacurfgh htjnafd mhjfvncrfli tjh stflifrinzftncl c` prc-aurhbhlt systhbs. Luhvf Ntfdnf wfs f pnclhhr nl hstfmdnsjnlg suaj f ulnt.

Fs prcehat stf`` hfrlhi tjh trustc` tjh bulnanpfdntnhs, tjhy bcvhi mhycli rhstruaturnlg sys-

thbs fli `caushi cl tjh acliuatc` tjh phcpdh cphrftnlg tjh sys-thbs. Nl fiintncl tc prcaurh-bhlt prcahiurhs, tjhy nltrc-iuahi nlthgrnty bhajflnsbs suajfs f sfbpdh acih c` htjnas fliacliuat. Yjh prcehat strhsshitjft f acih sjcudi nladuih ih`n-lntncls c` faahptfmdh fli ulfa-ahptfmdh acliuat, sflatnclswjhl tjh acliuat ns ulhtjnafd,

NDDXQY]FYNPH ]HQXDY

=> pumdna muight jhfrnlgs.

DHQQCLQ DHF]LHI

• Bulnanpfd hbpdcyhhs flic``nanfds sjcudi rhahnvh trfnlnlg cl jcw tcnlthrprht fli acbbulnafthmuights tc tjh acbbulnty.

• Bulnanpfdntnhs lhhi fssnstflahnl ihsnglnlg nlvhstbhltprcehats, fs ic tjh acbbul-ntnhs nl scdnantnlg tjhb.

• Lhngjmcrjcci acbbntthhsfli anvnd scanhty crgflnzftnclslhhi guniflah fli trfnlnlgrhgfrinlg antnzhl rngjts flicmdngftncls.




fli prcahiurhs tc nbpdhbhlt tjhacih, nladuinlg dnlhs c` futjcrnty tc nbpcsh sflatncls fli prctha-tncl `cr nl`crbflts. @cr tjh acihtc mh h``hatnvh, nt bust mh bcrhtjfl f pnhah c` pfphr, mut prc-iuahi nl f pfrtnanpftcry bfllhrwntj suppcrt `rcb tjh bfycrfli tjh anty aculand.

Nl [frfgufy, tjhrh ns dnttdhhbpjfsns cl adnhlt sftns`fatncl,dht fdclh tjh fppdnaftncl c` htjnas tc musnlhss ihansncls. ^ht,tjhrh frh bcvhbhlts spclscrhimy crgflnzftncls suaj fs tjhCrgflnzftncl c` FbhrnaflQtfths fli tjh Xlnthi Lftnclstc prcbcth nlthrlftnclfd stfl-

ifris fli tjh fppdnaftncl c` htjnas nl musnlhss. Yjh prcehat„snlntnftnvhs whrh lct acbpdhthinl f vfauub fli jcphùddy wnddstfli fs thstfbhlts tc wjft aflmh faacbpdnsjhi.

Yjh prcehat fdsc ihvhdcphitrfnlnlg vnihcs `cr bulnanpfdwcrohrs fli anty aculand bhb-mhrs tc prcbcth insaussncl c` twc sthrhctypnafd mhjfvncrs5tjh dfzy hbpdcyhh fli tjhmnaohrnlg bulnanpfd aculandbhbmhr. Yjh vnihcs fli hlsu-nlg insaussncls fnbhi tcnbprcvh accphrftncl flihlacurfgh h``nanhlay my rhacg-lnznlg acbbcl prcmdhbs.

@NLFLANFD[CQNYNCL NB[]CPHI

Ft tjh hli c` @^ =;;1,Afrfphguf„s ihmt wfs $90,;;;fli nt nlarhfshi nl =;;9 iuh tc f dcfl tfohl fgfnlst nts hxphathircyfdtnhs. Qhrvnah prcvnihrs flibulnanpfd hbpdcyhhs whrh wfnt-nlg `cr cvhriuh pfybhlts. Bcst

c` tjh ihmt wfs nljhrnthi `rcbprncr fibnlnstrftncls, fli scbhquhstnclhi wjhtjhr tjh bulnan-pfdnty sjcudi jfvh tc pfy nt.

Yjh B@[ stfrthi wcronlg wntjtjh bulnanpfdnty nl Eflufry =;;9tc jhdp nt nbprcvh nts `nlflanfdpcsntncl. My tjh hli c` =;;9,Afrfphguf jfi fl cvhrfdd cphrf-tnclfd surpdus fli tjh bulnanpfd-

nty wfs up-tc-ifth wntj =;;9pfybhlts tc prcvnihrs, sfdfrnhs,fli trfls`hr pfybhlts tc tjhgcvhrlcrsjnp. Nt stndd jfi ihmts`rcb prhvncus yhfrs, mut nt nswcronlg tc pfy tjhb my ohhpnlg f mfdflah sjhht acbpfrnlg nlacbh fgfnlst hxphlshs. My Eudy =;;8, nts ihmt wfs cldy $67,8;;.

Yjh B@[ ihvhdcphi f pdfl tcfssnst tjh bulnanpfdntnhs nl mfsnafaacultnlg prfatnahs, nladuinlg f lhw tfmdh c` faacults, flfaaruhi faacultnlg bhtjcicdc-gy, fli f systhbftna flfdysns c` afsj `dcw. Xl`crtulfthdy, tjhprcehat cldy jfi tnbh tc wcro wntj snx bulnanpfdntnhs nl tjnsfrhf, nladuinlg Afrfphguf. Yjh

NDDXQY]FYNPH]HQXDYQ

• =9 bulnanpfdntnhs rh dhat flcphrftnclfd surpdus nl @^ =;;9.

• =9 bulnanpfdntnhs jfvhrhiuahi tjhnr ihmt.

• =9 bulnanpfdntnhs jfvh pfni

fdd ulpfni sfdfrnhs fli tjhbfecrnty c` cvhriuh pfyfmdhs.

DHQQCL DHF]LHI

Yjh prcehat wcudi jfvh mhlh-`nthi `rcb fiintnclfd rhscurahs tc prcvnih thajlnafd fssnstflahcl rh`nlflanlg bulnanpfd ihmtfli trfnl tjh bulnanpfdntnhs cljcw tc prcehat tjhnr `nlflanfdnlacbh fli hxphlinturhs.

NDDXQY]FYNPH]HQXDYQ

• 66 Acih c` Htjnas fli

Acliuat wcrosjcps.

• 66 bulnanpfdntnhs rhahnvhi trfnlnlg cl tjh —XlnifiCphrftnvf ih Acltrftfanclhs‒(XCA) prcahiurhs.



=0 FAACB[DNQJBHLYQ @^ =;;= - =;;8

snx whrh shdhathi mfshi cl tjh`fat tjft tjhy jfi nlstfddhi acb-pdhth faacultnlg systhbs fliwhrh nlthrhsthi nl fiintnclfdnbprcvhbhlts. Fdd snx jfvh

fajnhvhi muight cphrftnclfd sur-pdushs fli jfvh nbprcvhi tjhnrlht wcrtj pcsntncls fli arhintprc`ndh my aflahdnlg cut crrhiuanlg tjhnr cutstflinlg ihmts.

QXQYFNLFMNDNY^Yjh prcehat bhfsurhi sustfnl-fmndnty nl thrbs c` tjh lubmhr c` dcafd gcvhrlbhlts tjft nbpdh-

bhlt tjh B@[ bhtjcicdcgy fliprfatnahs ft tjh hli c` tjh prce-hat, nl =;;8. My tjft bhfsurh,tjh prcehat suaahhihi5 == bulna-npfdntnhs acltnluh tc acddhat tfxhsfli nlvhst nl shrvnahs nl f pfrtnan-pftcry fli trflspfrhlt bfllhr.

Yjh `nrst bulnanpfdnty tc wcro wntj tjh prcehat wfs AcrclhdCvnhic. Clh aclsudtflt fssnsthi

tjh bulnanpfdnty cl f ifndy mfsns`cr lhfrdy twc yhfrs, wntj tjhsuppcrt c` ctjhr thfb bhbmhrs.Yjhl tjh thfb trflsntnclhi `rcbifndy acltfat tc phrncina vnsnts,

fli tjh sngln`naflt grcwtj nl`nlflanfd rhscurahs dhvhdhi c`` fli hvhl ihadnlhi. Yjh dfrghstsubs `rcb ihdnlquhlt tfxpfyhrslfturfddy dhvhdhi c``, mut tjhbulnanpfdnty fdsc `fndhi tc ficptf systhbftna prcahss tc bclntcrnlacbh dhvhds. Nl tnbh, jcwhvhr,tjh bulnanpfdnty tcco bhfsurhstc hlsurh sustfnlfmdh acddhatncl

prfatnahs fli whfl tjhbshdvhs`rcb tjh prcehat thfb my shttnlg tjhnr cwl systhbs c` ajhaos flimfdflahs tc ihthat wjhl acddha-tncls whrh ircppnlg fli wjy.

Acbbulntnhs lcw jfvh f strclghr,bcrh crgflnzhi rcdh nl bulnanpfdf``fnrs. Mh`crh tjh prcehat mhgfl,tjhrh whrh 867 lhngjmcrjcciacbbnssncls wntjnl tjh =9bulnanpfdntnhs. My tjh hli c` tjh

NDDXQY]FYNPH]HQXDYQ

7 dcafd LGCs fli crgflnzftnclswhrh strhlgtjhlhi5 AHFBQC,GHFQF, Dfl Acbpfly, @GWfrh,FEH, Bhgfsc`t Nl`crbftnaf,fli Qhrvnancs Nl`crbftnacs.

6>>7 6>>: 6>>> =;;; =;;6 =;;= =;;1 =;;9

FLLXFD C]INLF]^ MXIGHY QX][DXQ (IH@NANY) ‑ =9 BXLNAN[FDNYNHQ

XQ$

Yctfd aurrhlt hxphlinturhs

Yctfd aurrhlt rhvhluhsCrinlfry surpdus (ih`nant)

QX][DXQ

IH@NANY

=;,;;;,;;;

6:,;;;,;;;

60,;;;,;;;

69,;;;,;;;

6=,;;;,;;;

6;,;;;,;;;

:,;;;,;;;

0,;;;,;;;

9,;;;,;;;

=,;;;,;;;

;

6,8;;,;;;

6,;;;,;;;

8;;,;;;

;

-8;;,;;;

-6,;;;,;;;




prcehat, tjhrh whrh bcrh tjfl6,;;; lhngjmcrjcci acbbnssncls,fli 6= bulnanpfdntnhs jfvh jnrhilhngjmcrjcci acbbntthh accrin-lftcrs wjc `fandntfth acbbulnaf-tncl mhtwhhl tjh dcafd gcvhrlbhltfli tjh lhngjmcrjccis, flistrhlgtjhl tjh vcnah c` tjh lhngj-mcrjccis wntjnl tjh bulnanpfdnty.

Yjh B@[ fdsc `csthrhi sustfnl-fmndnty tjrcugj pfrtlhrsjnps wntjtjrhh dcafd crgflnzftncls ’ FdthrPnif, N[A, fli Buehrhs pcr df Ihbcarfanf. Hfaj wfs shdhathinl fl cphl acbphtntncl fli sum-acltrfathi tc wcro inrhatdy wntjtjh prcehat tc nbpdhbhlt tjhprcehat„s bhtjcicdcgy. Yjhcrgflnzftncls jfvh tjh afpfanty fli ihsnrh tc acltnluh wcronlg wntj tjh bulnanpfdntnhs cr clctjhr prcehats wntj snbndfr thaj-lnafd cmehatnvhs.

Bulnanpfdntnhs frh lcw nl f mht-

thr pcsntncl tc pfy `cr thajlnafdfssnstflah, scbhtjnlg tjft wfsnbpcssnmdh prncr tc tjh prcehat.Lct cldy ini tjh prcehat jhdpihbclstrfth wntj aclarhthfatncls jcw ihbcarfay wcros,mut nt fdsc arhfthi tjh mfsns `crtjh bulnanpfd fssnstflah nliustry my sjcwnlg tjh bulnanpfd adnhltstjft nlvhstnlg nl thajlnafd fssns-

tflah ns prc`ntfmdh. Lcw, bulnan-pfdntnhs frh jnrnlg dfwyhrs tcfssnst tjhb nl acddhatnlg ulpfnitfxhs, fli tjhy frh jnrnlg scbhc` tjh prcehat aclsudtflts tc acl-tnluh tjhnr vfdufmdh wcro.

Yjh prcehat fdsc sumacltrfathihngjt ctjhr dcafd crgflnzftncls.Nt wcrohi wntj clh crgflnzftnclsphanfdnzhi nl bulnanpfd dhgfd

bftthrs fli tfx acddhatncl? clh

frajnthaturh fli hlgnlhhrnlg `nrb sphanfdnzhi nl ihsnglnlg nl`rfstruaturh prcehats tjft acb-pdy wntj dcafd hlvnrclbhltfd ahr-tn`naftncl rhqunrhbhlts? fli snx crgflnzftncls sphanfdnzhi nlnbpdhbhltnlg nl`crbftncl sys-thbs tc bclntcr nlacbh flihxphlshs. Fdd c` tjhsh crgflnzf-tncls frh prnbhi tc rhspcli tctjh bulnanpfd adnhlts clah tjhB@[ prcehat jfs hlihi.

Flctjhr hlacurfgnlg sngl ns tjftscbh bulnanpfdntnhs c``hrhi tjhnrshrvnahs tc snsthr bulnanpfdntnhs.Pnddf Hdnsf prcvnihi fssnstflah tcPnddhtf nl tfx acddhatncl, lctn`naf-tncl, fli faqunsntncls prfatnahswntjcut `nlflanfd acbphlsftncl`rcb tjh prcehat, wjndh Öhbmy prcvnihi fssnstflah tc Afrhphguf ft tjh rhquhst c` tjh prcehat fs flnllcvftnvh wfy tc sjfrh thajlcd-cgy. Yjrcugj tjh @F]F (@nxhi

Fbcult ]hnbmurshbhlt Fgrhhbhlt) acltrfatufd bhajf-lnsb mhtwhhl tjh B@[ fliÖhbmy, tjh prcehat acbphlsfthitjh bulnanpfd hbpdcyhhs `crtjhnr trflspcrtftncl fli bhfds,fli nl rhturl tjh prcehat bcln-tcrhi tjhnr wcro wntj Afrhphguf.Qnbndfr frrflghbhlts whrh bfihmhtwhhl tjh bulnanpfdntnhs c` Acrclhd Cvnhic fli tjh XFB

nlstntutncls arhfthi wntjnl tjhgcvhrlcrsjnp c` Affgufzõ.

Yjhsh ulnquh pfrtlhrsjnpsjhdphi tjh bulnanpfdntnhs tjftc``hrhi fssnstflah fs buaj fs tjhbulnanpfdntnhs tjft rhahnvhi nt. Ntstrhlgtjhlhi tjh trfnlhrs„ cwlulihrstflinlg c` tjh nssuhs flitjhnr fmndnty tc acbbulnafth

DHQQCLQ DHF]LHI

• N` dcafd LGCs frh vnhwhi fsvhjnadhs cr sustfnlfmndnty,

tjhy wcudi mhlh`nt `rcbfiintnclfd trfnlnlg nl XQFNIpcdnanhs fli prcahiurhs.

• Yjh rhscurahs, acbphthlah,fli dhvhd c` nbpdhbhltftnclc` dcafd LGCs frh lct tjhsfbh fs tjcsh c` f X.Q.acltrfatcr.

MHQY []FAYNAHQ

• Yjh B@[ ihvhdcphi `nlfdrhpcrts `cr hfaj bulnanpfdnty,ihtfndnlg faacbpdnsjbhltsfli tjh tccds utndnzhi sc tjhy jfvh f phrbflhlt rh`hrhlahwjhl quhstncls frnsh.

• F dcafd LGC, N[A, `nlflahiclh prc`hssnclfd `rcb ntscvhrjhfi ùlis tc wcro nlacleulatncl wntj f shacliN[A prc`hssnclfd `nlflahi my tjh B@[, hxpflinlg tjh

olcwdhigh mfsh fliprc`hssnclfd afpfanty c` tjh LGC.



=: FAACB[DNQJBHLYQ @^ =;;= - =;;8

tjhnr hxphrtnsh, tjhrhmy hljflanlg tjh sustfnlfmndnty c` tjh prcehat.

INQQHBNLFYNCLYjh faacbpdnsjbhlts c` tjhbulnanpfdntnhs, bfnldy tjh nbpdh-bhltftncl c` pumdna wcros flishrvnahs, fpphfrhi nl ft dhfst >;frtnadhs nl tjh prnlt bhinf iurnlg tjh dn`h c` tjh prcehat. Yjh bfy-crs cr bulnanpfd aculand bhb-mhrs fpphfrhi cl ft dhfst tjrhhlftnclfd thdhvnsncl prcgrfbs.Yjh bnlnsthr c` tjh nlthrncr, tjh

vnah prhsnihlt, fli hvhl tjh prhs-nihlt ftthlihi hvhlts fli nlfu-gurftncls, dfuinlg tjh faacb-pdnsjbhlts c` tjh bulnanpfdntnhstjrcugj tjh prcehat„s fssnstflah.Dnohwnsh, tjh X.Q. fbmfssficr,fli/cr XQFNI c``nanfds `rcb

Wfsjnlgtcl ftthlihi ft dhfstshvhl hvhlts.68

Yjh prcehat bfih nl`crbftncl

faahssnmdh my anraudftnlg tjh prce-hat muddhtnl, instrnmutnlg trfnlnlg gunihs, fli dfulajnlg tjh prcehat

Whm snth. Yjh Whm snth nladuihstjh acbpdhth bfsthr thajlnafdgunih, fdd pumdnaftncls ihvhdcphimy tjh prcehat, fli hvhl sfbpdhsumacltrfats fli rh`hrhlahs tcrhgudftncls, crinlflahs, fli tjhtccds utndnzhi nl tjh bulnanpfdn-tnhs tc nbpdhbhlt tjh prcehat.60

Yjh prcehat spclscrhi twclftnclfd acl`hrhlahs, clh nl acl-

eulatncl wntj XQFNI, tjh GYU(Ghrbfly), fli ENAF (Efpfl)?fli flctjhr sphan`nafddy ihsnglhi`cr tjh bulnanpfdntnhs tjftwcrohi inrhatdy wntj tjh prcehat.

Iurnlg tjh acl`hrhlahs, tjh prce-hat bhtjcicdcgy wfs insausshi nlfiintncl tc dhsscls dhfrlhi flirhacbbhliftncls `cr ùturhgrcwtj. Ywc rhgnclfd wcrosjcpsprcvnihi fiintnclfd nlthrfatnvhtrfnlnlg `cr bulnanpfd hbpdcyhhs.

Bfycrs whrh fdsc nlvnthi tcnlthrlftnclfd acl`hrhlahs.Ywhlty-`nvh bfycrs fli f prcehataclsudtflt ftthlihi acl`hrhlahsnl Bnfbn fli nl ]csfrnc,

Frghltnlf. Yjh acl`hrhlahs jngj-dngjthi nllcvftncls nl dcafd gcv-hrlbhlts fli bulnanpfd bfl-fghbhlt fli gfvh tjh bfycr c` Öhbmy tjh cppcrtulnty tc prhs-hlt twc nllcvftnvh prfatnahsnbpdhbhlthi wntj tjh fssnstflahc` tjh prcehat.

]H[DNAFYNCL C@ YJHBXLNAN[FD @NLFLAHBHYJCICDCG^

Yjh prcehat fdsc wcrohi wntjtjrhh gcvhrlcrsjnps’Affgufzõfli Ahltrfd, mhgnllnlg nl =;;9,fli Aclahpanñl stfrtnlg nl =;;8.Yjh gcvhrlcrsjnps rhfdnzhi tjhy wcudi mhlh`nt n` tjh bulnanpfdntnhsnlarhfshi tjhnr rhvhluhs, mhafushbulnanpfdntnhs frh rhqunrhi my dfw tc trfls`hr 68 phrahlt c` prcphrty tfx rhvhluhs tc tjh gcvhrlcrsjnps.[rhvncusdy, tjh gcvhrlcrsjnps inilct rhahnvh tjh bflifthi trfls`hr`rcb tjh bulnanpfdntnhs mhafushtjh dftthr jfi suaj safrahrhscurahs fli tjh gcvhrlcrsjnpsini lct jfvh tjh prcphr acltrcdscr futjcrnty tc ihbfli tjhb.Yjh cmehatnvh c` tjh wcro wntj

68 Qhh Fllhx O5 Insshbnlftncl Fatnvntnhs.

60 Qhvhrfd nlstntutncls hxprhsshi nlthrhst nl bflfgnlg tjh Whm snth. XQFNI jfs ihanihi tc fwfri tjh Whm snth tc Fdthr Pnif.

NDDXQY]FYNPH ]HQXDY

Nlarhfshi pumdna fwfrhlhss c` tjh prcehat tjrcugj5

• >; lhwspfphr frtnadhs.

• 1 lftnclfd thdhvnsnclfpphfrflahs.

• =6= bulnanpfdntnhs fli 69gcvhrlcrsjnps rhahnvhi B@[bfthrnfds fli lhws muddhtnls.



© A


© A


YC[5 Aclstruatnlg f stclh pftj nl tjhbulnanpfdnty c` Öhbmy.

AHLYH]5Ajndi pdfynlg nl Pnddfrrnaf„s pdfzf.

MCYYCB5 cutjs wfdonlg cl f stclhphihstrnfl wfdowfy nl tjh bulnanpfdnty c` Qfltf ]csf ihd Bmutuy.

© A




1; FAACB[DNQJBHLYQ @^ =;;= - @^ =;;8

tjh gcvhrlcrsjnps wfs tc strhlgtj-hl tjhnr fssnstflah tcwfris tjhbulnanpfdntnhs, prcvnih tjh bulna-npfdntnhs wntj tjh bhfls tcnlarhfsh tjhnr rhvhluhs, fli tjusstrhlgtjhl mctj tjh bulnanpfdntnhsfli tjh gcvhrlcrsjnps.

Yjh gcvhrlcrsjnps snglhi @F]Fswntj tjh prcehat, wjnaj prcvnihiùlis tc tjh gcvhrlcrsjnps `crtjh arhftncl c` XFBs. Yjh gcv-hrlcrsjnps ushi tjh ùlis tc jnrhfli trfnl prc`hssnclfds tc dhfrltjh prcehat„s bhtjcicdcgy fli tctjhl inrhatdy fssnst bulnanpfdn-tnhs. Wntj tjh arhftncl c` tjhshulnts, tjh prcehat„s bhtjcicdcgy mhafbh bcrh hfsndy rhpdnafmdhfli sustfnlfmdh, mhafush nl tnbhhfaj XFB wcudi gftjhr hlcugjùlis tc acltnluh nts wcro nlih-phlihltdy f`thr tjh prcehathlihi. Nl Affgufzõ, `cr hxfb-pdh, tjh XFB jfs fssnsthi tjrhh

bulnanpfdntnhs fli jfs snglhi crns fmcut tc sngl fgrhhbhlts wntjtjrhh bcrh bulnanpfdntnhs tcwcro wntj tjhb f`thr tjh prcehathlis. Yjh prc`hssnclfds fssnglhitc gunih tjh XFBs ihvhdcphi f pfrfddhd bfsthr thajlnafd fssns-tflah pdfl `cr tjh XFBs sc tjfttjhy tcc jfvh f wrntthl gunih tc`cddcw f`thr tjh prcehat stcps.Yjh fssnstflah prcvnihi tc tjh

gcvhrlcrsjnp c` Aclahpanñl wfssnglhi iurnlg tjh dfst shbhsthr c` tjh prcehat nl acddfmcrftncl wntj

Fdthr Pnif, wjnaj wndd acltnluhtc fssnst tjh XFB fli tjhbulnanpfdntnhs f`thr tjh prcehatadcshs usnlg tjh bfsthr thajlnafdpdfl ihvhdcphi `rcb hxphrnhlahsnl Affgufzõ fli Ahltrfd.

Eust fs Öhbmy prcvnihi thajln-afd fssnstflah tc Afrfphguf, tjhbulnanpfdnty c` Acrclhd Cvnhicprcvnihi fssnstflah tc tjh XFBnl Affgufzõ. Yjrcugj tjnsfgrhhbhlt, hbpdcyhhs `rcbAcrclhd Cvnhic wcrohi wntjtjrhh in``hrhlt bulnanpfdntnhs nltjh Ihpfrtbhlt’Qfltf ]csf,]hpftrfanñl, fli Eufl Bflufd@rutcs. Fdd c` tjh @F]Fs `csthrhirhpdnafmndnty c` tjh B@[ bhtjci-cdcgy nlsc`fr fs tjhy hlacurfghiprcehat mhlh`nanfrnhs tc systhbftn-

afddy pfss cl wjft tjhy dhfrlhitc tjhnr lhngjmcrs.

Yjh B@[ fdsc `csthrhi rhpdnafmnd-nty my acltrfatnlg dcafd crgflnzf-tncls tc wcro fdclgsnih tjh acl-sudtflts cl f ify-tc-ify mfsns,wntj tjh fnb tjft tjhy mh fmdh tcacltnluh f`thr tjh prcehat adcshs.Yjrhh LGCs ’ Fdthr Pnif,Buehrhs pcr df Ihbcarfanf

(BZI), fli Nlthrlftnclfd[rcehat Ahlthr (N[A) ’ jfvhihvhdcphi tjh qufdn`naftncls tcrhpdnafth tjh thajlnafd fssnstflahnl fly bulnanpfdnty nl [frfgufy.

Ft tjns pcnlt, cldy Fdthr Pnif wndd mh pfni tc acltnluh prcvni-nlg thajlnafd fssnstflah, sphan`n-afddy tc tjh gcvhrlcrsjnp c` Aclahpanñl, tjh bulnanpfdntnhsc` Mhddf Pnstf, Jcrquhtf, ^my

fu, fli shvhrfd ctjhrs yht tc mhihthrbnlhi. Mctj N[A fli BZIjfvh prhshlthi prcehats tcXQFNI, tjh Nlthr-FbhrnaflIhvhdcpbhlt Mflo, fli tjh

Wcrdi Mflo, shhonlg tc acltnluhtjh bhtjcicdcgy fli mhst prfa-tnahs ihvhdcphi wntj tjh B@[.

NDDXQY]FYNPH ]HQXDY

Ft dhfst snx bulnanpfdntnhs whrhfssnsthi my Fdthr Pnif fli snx

bcrh whrh jhdphi my tjhgcvhrlcrsjnps5 Qfltf ]csf, E HHstngfrnmmnf, Eufl Bflufd @rutcs,Gufrfbmfrh, Luhvf Ntfdnf, fliQfl Fltclnc.

MHQY []FAYNAH

Olcwdhigh trfls`hr tc dcafd crgflnzftncls. Yjh B@[ jhdphi tjrhh dcafd crgflnzftncls ’ Fdthr Pnif, Buehrhs pcr df

Ihbcarfanf, fli Nlthrlftnclfd[rcehat Ahltrh ’ ihvhdcp tjhafpfmndnty tc rhpdnafth thajlnafdfssnstflah nl fly bulnanpfdnty nl[frfgufy.



16[]CEHAY FIBNLNQY]FYNCL

AJF[YH] 1

[]CEHAYFIBNLNQY]FYNCLYHFB ACB[CQNYNCL

Yjh prcehat udtnbfthdy hxphlihif grhfthr prcpcrtncl c` nts muightcl dcafd prc`hssnclfd Dhvhd c` H``crt (fpprcxnbfthdy 01.1 phr-ahlt c` tctfd ùlinlg sphlt ulihrwcroifys crihrhi) tjfl wfs crng-nlfddy fltnanpfthi (1:.7 phrahlt).Yjns wfs iuh tc tjh fvfndfmndnty c` shfsclhi hxphrts nl `nlflanfdfli bulnanpfd bflfghbhlt.Clh c` tjh prcehat„s grhfthststrhlgtjs wfs tjft nt tfpphi f rnaj pccd c` dcafd tfdhlt wjndhfdsc mundinlg dcafd afpfanty.

Yjh prcehat acbpdhbhlthi ntsprhicbnlfltdy dcafd thfb wntjstrfthgna acltrnmutncls `rcbsjcrt-thrb hxpftrnfth sphanfdnstssuaj fs Ohl [hcpdhs, wjc ghlhr-fthi tjh nihf c` f ihvhdcpbhltùli, fli Bfrnf Hughlnf Phrf,wjc prcvnihi guniflah cl jcw tc prcbcth antnzhl pfrtnanpftncl.

[H]QCLLHD[rc`hssnclfd phrscllhd whrhshdhathi cl tjh mfsns c` tjhnr`nlflanfd mfaogrculis fli ulihr-stflinlg c` `nlflanfd stfthbhltsfli fuintnlg thajlnquhs. Wjndh 0c` tjh =6 jfi hxphrnhlah wcronlg

wntj bulnanpfdntnhs, tjh prcehat

ini lct hxphat tjhb tc mh hxphrtsnl bulnanpfd `nlflah cr bflfgh-bhlt. Yjh prcehat scugjt hlhr-ghtna dhfihrs wjc whrh hfghr tchxphrnbhlt wntj nllcvftnvh nihfs,nbprcvh tjhnr flfdytna sondds, trfnlctjhrs, fli hbpcwhr bulnanpfdhbpdcyhhs tc nlstndd ajflgh flidhfihrsjnp nl tjhnr acbbulntnhs.Yjns `rhsj, prnvfth shatcr phrspha-tnvh jhdphi tjh thfb vnhw tjhprcehat fs f rhsudts-crnhlthi nln-tnftnvh tc nlarhfsh rhscurahs tjftfdsc nladuihi anvnd scanhty strhlgtjhlnlg.

Yjh prcehat fdsc jnrhi sphanfdnststc ftthli tc sphan`na thajlnafdlhhis farcss bulnanpfdntnhs,hlsurh stflifri fppdnaftncls,fppdy tjh dhsscls dhfrlhi `rcbclh bulnanpfdnty tc tjh lhxt,prhvhlt tjh rhaurrhlah c` thajln-afd hrrcrs, fli hlacurfgh mhstprfatnahs. Yjh prcehat jnrhi `nvhNY sphanfdnsts, tjrhh afifstrh sph-anfdnsts, fli clh frajnthat `cr tjhcvhrsngjt c` wcros fli shrvnahs,fli nt hlacurfghi tjrhh trfnlhifuintcrs tc `caus cl tfx rhgudf-tncls’clh c` wjcb mhafbh flhxphrt nl acbbhranfd tfx rhgudf-



1= []CEHAY FIBNLNQY]FYNCL

tncls fli fppdnaftncls. Yjhhltnrh arhw ghlhrfddy bht cl f whhody mfsns tc insauss tjhprcgrhss nl hfaj bulnanpfdnty.

Ycghtjhr, tjh thfb ihvhdcphi f bhtjcicdcgy rhdhvflt `cr[frfgufy. Yjh bnx c` f

[frfgufyfl stf``, fl hxpftrnfthinrhatcr, fli f inrhatcr wjc jfswcrohi cl budtnpdh nlthrlftnclfdfssnglbhlts prcvnihi su``nanhltguniflah tc spfro nllcvftncl. Fttjh sfbh tnbh, tjh `fat tjft tjhhltnrh thfb ihvhdcphi tjhbhtjcicdcgy bfih nt rhfdnstna,vhry buaj nl`duhlahi my tjh ifndy nlthrfatncls c` tjh dcafd aclsudt-flts. Iurnlg tjh whhody bhhtnlgs,

tjh thfb scdnin`nhi nts bhtjcicdc-gy fli sjfrhi dhsscls dhfrlhi.

Jcwhvhr, fs tjh prcehat grhw, ntacudi lct sustfnl tjhsh dhlgtjy bhhtnlgs fli tjh aclsudtfltsacudi lct accrinlfth fdd tjhfatnvntnhs fli lhhis fbclg tjhbshdvhs. Nl Qhpthbmhr =;;1,nl rhspclsh tc tjh grcwnlg snzhc` tjh prcehat thfb, tjh AC[

nlstfddhi f bniidh-bflfghbhlttnhr tc cvhrshh tjhnr wcro fli`fandntfth sthfiy acbbulnaftncl.Yjh prcehat prcbcthi `nvh accr-inlftcrs, mut tjhy whrh lcttrudy hbpcwhrhi tc ihvhdcptjhnr thfbs cr mh jhdi rhspclsn-mdh `cr rhsudts ultnd f lhw AC[

frrnvhi nl dfth =;;9. Hvhl tjhl,tjhy whrh safrahdy fieustnlg tctjhnr lhw rcdhs wjhl tjh prcehatrhahnvhi lhws c` nts hfrdy thrbn-lftncl.

F `nhdi-mfshi bflfghr wfs prc-vnihi iurnlg tjh `nlfd twc yhfrsc` tjh prcehat, wntj acsts sjfrhimy XQFNI fli tjh acltrfatcr.Yjh pcsntncl wfs ihhbhi lhahs-

sfry tc fssnst tjh crngnlfd AC[,wjc wfs lct fs `fbndnfr wntjXQFNI rhgudftncls cr prcah-iurhs, fli jfi dnttdh bflfghrnfdsuppcrt `rcb tjh thfb, fs tjhy aclstfltdy trfvhdhi tc tjh bulna-npfdntnhs. XQFNI„s faahptflah c` f `nhdi-mfshi prcehat bflfghrwfs f suaahss, fli nt sjcudi mhaclsnihrhi nl ùturh prcehats.

Qbcctjnlg tjh aclarhth `dccr c` tjh hltrflah tcf bulnanpfd wfrhjcush ulihr aclstruatncl(bulnanpfdnty c` Acrclhd Mcgfic).

© A




11LHZY QYH[Q

AJF[YH] 9

LHZY QYH[Q

DHGFD YC[NA

INQAXQQNCLQGHLH]FYHI YJ]CXGJ[]CEHAY FQQNQYFLAHXQFNI/[frfgufy sjcudi tfohnltc faacult tjrhh ulrhscdvhinssuhs nl [frfgufy„s dhgfd `rfbh-wcro tjft `fdd mhycli tjh sacphc` tjh B@[5

6. Yjh tnbh dnbnt nl wjnaj tfxhs

afl mh adfnbhi . Yjh Bnssncl

sjcudi bclntcr tjh cutacbhc` tjh rudnlg nl Öhbmy (shhpfgh 61), fs nt bfy f``hat fddbulnanpfdntnhs.

=. Lftnclfd afifstrh systhb . YjhBnssncl sjcudi `cddcw tjrcugj wntj tjh QLA tc`fandntfth rhgnstrftncl c` upift-hi prcphrty nl`crbftncl nl ntsahltrfd iftfmfsh. Yjns sjcudi

mh f bcrh `dhxnmdh fli dhssacstdy prcahss, tc hlsurh tjftfdd bulnanpfdntnhs wndd mh fmdhtc acbpdy wntj rhscdutncl0;/;9 cr nts bcin`naftncl.

1. Bulnanpfd dfw . Nl aclsnihrf-tncl c` tjh dhgfd cpnlncls prc-iuahi iurnlg tjh dfst yhfr c` tjh prcehat, nl tjh fmshlah c` f Aclstntutnclfd rudnlg, tjh prn-

bfry dfws tjft ihsarnmh tjh

sacph fli futjcrnty c` tjhbulnanpfdntnhs sjcudi mh `cd-dcwhi. Nl fiintncl, tjhBnssncl sjcudi, tjrcugj tjhprcphr ajfllhds, hntjhr pursuhf Aclstntutnclfd rudnlg cr prc-bcth tjh afush c` fbhlinlg lftnclfd dfws tc mhtthr rh`dhattjh spnrnt c` tjh Aclstntutnclc` 6>>=.

FIINYNCLFDYHAJLNAFD FQQNQYFLAHQCDNANYHI @]CB YJH[]CEHAYIurnlg tjh acursh c` tjh prcehat,XQFNI fli prcehat stf`` nihltn-`nhi nbpcrtflt nlntnftnvhs tjftwcudi jfvh mhlh`nthi `rcb tjhthajlnafd fssnstflah c` tjh prc-

ehat„s hxphrnhlahi phrscllhd.Nihfddy, XQFNI cr ctjhr iclcrswndd `cddcw tjrcugj cl scbh c` tjhsh sugghstncls nl tjh lhfrùturh.

6. [cdntnafd pfrtnhs fli bulnanpfd

hdhatncls . Nl dngjt c` tjhupacbnlg bulnanpfd hdhatnclsnl =;;0, tjh prcehat„s dclg-thrb sustfnlfmndnty wcudi mhmuttrhsshi n` XQFNI whrh tc



19 LHZY QYH[Q

wcro wntj pcdntnafd pfrtnhs tcnihltn`y jcw hdhatncl ùlisfrh acddhathi fli ushi, fli

prcbcth f lftnclfd infdcguhfmcut dhgnsdftnvh prcpcsfds tchlsurh trflspfrhlay nl pcdntn-afd `nlflahs.

=. Bulnanpfd nlinaftcrs . Gnvhltjh nbpcrtflah c` bulnanpfdnlinaftcrs, tjh prcehat rhsphat-ùddy sugghsts tjft XQFNIacltnluh tc ihvhdcp tjh prc-grfb fli wcro tcwfris

nbpdhbhltnlg nt ft tjh lftncl-fd dhvhd.

1. Nlstntutc ih Ihsfrrcddc ]urfd y

Ynhrrfs (NLIH]Y) . XQFNIsjcudi wcro wntj tjh QLA,

NLIH]Y, fli tjh bulnanpfdn-tnhs tc upifth tjh rurfd afifs-trh systhb fli trfls`hr rurfd

prcphrtnhs wntjnl urmflmculifrnhs tc tjh dcafd gcv-hrlbhlts.

9. ]hfd Hstfth Acbpflnhs . XQFNIsjcudi acltnluh tc bclntcrtjh insaussncls mhtwhhl

Fscanfanñl [frfgufyf ihHbprhsfs Dcthficrhs (F[HD),QLA, fli tjh bulnanpfdntnhstc gufrflthh tjft tjh acbpf-

lnhs `cddcw tjrcugj wntj tjhnrfgrhhbhlts wntj tjh bulnan-pfdntnhs fli hlsurh tjft tjhbulnanpfdntnhs rhahnvh faaurfthtfx nlacbh `cr tjh dfli wntjnltjhnr mculifrnhs.

F tfxpfyhr scdnants rhpcrts `rcb fbulnanpfd c``nanfd nl tjh bulnanpfdnty c` Anuifi ihd Hsth.

©




18ACLADXQNCLQ

AJF[YH] 8

ACLADXQNCLQ

XQFNI/[frfgufy„s prnbfry Qtrfthgna Cmehatnvh ns tc `csthr—ohy ihbcarftna gcvhrlflahprfatnahs.‒ Yjh B@[ prcehatstrhlgtjhlhi tjh fmndnty c` dcafdgcvhrlbhlts tc rhspcli tc antn-zhls„ lhhis fli nbprcvh pumdnashrvnahs. Antnzhls lcw jfvh bcrhacl`nihlah nl tjhnr dcafd dhfihrsmhafush pcdntnafd nlstntutnclsjfvh mhacbh bcrh ihbcarftna,

trflspfrhlt, fli h``hatnvh. Fliantnzhls jfvh mhgul dhfrlnlg jcw ihbcarfay wcros my hxhransnlg tjhnr rngjts fli acbpdynlg wntjtjhnr rhspclsnmndntnhs.

Yjh fiintnclfd nlacbh ghlhrfthimy tjh bulnanpfdntnhs($8,=61,6>7) ns lhfrdy hqufd tctjh fbcult c` bclhy nlvhsthimy XQFNI nl tjh prcehat.67 Ft

tjh sfbh tnbh, tjh bulnanpfdntnhsjfvh f ajflah tc ihbclstrfthtjft tjh nlvhstbhlt wndd acltnluhtc grcw f`thr tjh prcehat hlis.Yjh rhfd rhturl ’ f lhw`culihltjusnfsb tc nbprcvh bulnan-pfd bflfghbhlt fli ùlis, flitjh sondds tc ic sc ’ ns prnahdhss.

Yjh ohy tc rh`crbnlg bulnanpfdgcvhrlflah fli nbprcvnlg wcrosfli shrvnahs wfs tc `nrst prcvnihtccds tc nbprcvh `nlflanfdrhscurahs. Yjh bulnanpfdntnhs ins-acvhrhi jcw tc nbprcvh tjhnrcwl `nlflanfd jhfdtj tjrcugjbcrh h``nanhlt tfx acddhatncl. Yjhupifthi afifstrh systhb, tjh dntn-gncus bciudh, fli trfnlnlg `crbulnanpfd stf`` whrh tjh acrlhr-

stclhs `cr nbprcvhi bflfghbhltc` nlarhfshi `nlflanfd rhscurahs.

[frtnanpftnlg bulnanpfdntnhslcthi tjft tjh grhfthst fttrnmuthc` tjh B@[ wfs tjh ihinaftnclc` tjh prc`hssnclfd stf``. Yjhthfb wcrohi inrhatdy wntj tjhbulnanpfdntnhs fli sumbntthitjhbshdvhs tc tjh ifndy grnli nltjh dcafd gcvhrlbhlts, gfnlnlg

rhsphat `rcb tjh stf`` fli hdhathic``nanfds, fli fajnhvnlg rhfdnstnafli sustfnlfmdh rhsudts.

Dcafd gcvhrlbhlts strhlgtjhlhitjhnr rhdftnclsjnps fli prc`hs-snclfd tnhs my prcvninlg thajlnafdfssnstflah tc lhngjmcrnlg bulna-npfdntnhs, fl nllcvftnvh bhajf-

67 Qhh Fllhx A5 @nlflanfd ]hscurahs Nbprcvhi.



10 ACLADXQNCLQ

lnsb tjft prcbcthi B@[ fatnvn-tnhs, fli mundt dcafd afpfanty fliprc`hssnclfd lhtwcros. Dnohwnsh,tjh prc`hssnclfd thfb tjftwcrohi wntj tjh B@[ gfnlhi f ohhl ulihrstflinlg c` bulnanpfdbflfghbhlt fli ns fvfndfmdh tcgunih dcafd gcvhrlbhlts nlùturh nlntnftnvhs.

Yjh B@[ jfs dh`t ushr-`rnhlidy tccds nl tjh jflis c` tjh bulnan-pfdntnhs. @rcb tjh bfsthr thajln-afd gunih tc tjh pumdna muightjhfrnlg tccd ont, tjh hlvnrcl-bhltfd gunih, fli tjh bulnanpfdarhint bflufd’fdd frh hfsy-tc-`cddcw rh`hrhlahs faahssnmdh tchbpdcyhhs fli antnzhls fdnoh.

Yjh sngln`naflt nbprcvhbhlts nlNY systhbs fli lhtwcros fddcw tjh bulnanpfdntnhs tc mhtthr crgfl-nzh nlthrlfd nl`crbftncl fli hfsndy sjfrh nt wntj tjh pumdna.

Yjh ajflghs wntjnl tjh bulnan-pfdntnhs gfnlhi lftnclfd ftthl-tncl. Yjh prcehat wfs f `nlhhxfbpdh c` wjft afl mh fajnhvhiwjhl antnzhls fli bulnanpfdntnhsgfnl tjh tccds tc faqunrh bcrhrhscurahs fli bflfgh tjcshrhscurahs bcrh h``hatnvhdy. Yjhbcbhltub arhfthi tjrcugj tjhprcehat sjcudi mh hbmrfahi tcihvhdcp hvhl bcrh h``hatnvh flifaacultfmdh dcafd gcvhrlbhlts.

Dfynlg acmmdhstclh `cr f anty rcfi,usnlg bfthrnfds prciuahi nl tjhbulnanpfd fatcry (bulnanpfdnty c` Pnddfrrnaf).

© A




© A


© A


YC[5 Yfxpfyhr nl`crbftncl systhb nl tjhbulnanpfdnty c` Hlafrlfanñl.

AHLYH]5 Dfynlg stclhs cl f anty rcfi,fprcehat c` tjh —Acbbnssncl `cr Pnddfrrnaf.‒

MCYYCB5 Qtclh phihstrnfl wfdowfy nl tjhbulnanpfdnty c` Qfltf ]csf ihd Bmutuy.

© A




AI ]CB NLIHZ

Fllhx F5 @nlflanfd Nl`crbftncl, [rcehat Hxphlinturhs

Fllhx M5 Aubudftnvh ]hsudts (Bclntcrnlg [dfl)

Fllhx A5 @nlflanfd ]hscurahs Nbprcvhi

Fllhx I5 Wcros fli Qhrvnahs

Fllhx H5 Yrflspfrhlay [rfatnahs

Fllhx @5 Faacultfmndnty [rfatnahs

Fllhx G5 Ihvhdcpbhlt @uli

Fllhx J5 [frtnanpftncl [rfatnahs

Fllhx N5 Htjnas [rfatnahsFllhx E5 Cphrftnclfd Qurpdus

Fllhx O5 Insshbnlftncl Fatnvntnhs

Fllhx D5 Yhajlnafd Ihdnvhrfmdhs

Fllhx B5 Acbputhr Hqunpbhlt



NB[]CPNLG BXLNAN[FDGCPH]LFLAH[F]FGXF^ BXLNAN[FD @NLFLAH

[]CEHAY @NLFD ]H[C]Y EFLXF]^ 16,=;;0 Yjns pumdnaftncl wfs prciuahi cr rhvnhw

my tjh Xlnthi Qtfths Fghlay cr Nlthrlftnclfd Ihvhdcpbhlt.Nt wfs prhpfrhi my Ajhbclnas Nlthrlftnclfd Nla.

MFAO ACPH]5 Jngjwfy hltrflah tc tjh bulnanpfdnty c` Qfltf ]ntf.



X.Q. Fghlay `cr Nlthrlftnclfd Ihvhdcpbhlt61;; [hllsydvflnf Fvhluh, LW

Wfsjnlgtcl, IA =;8=1

Yhd5 (=;=) 76=-;;;;

@ (=;=) =60 18=9

© A


Documents

Paraguay Usaid Proyecto de Financiación Municipal