Part III: Resources & Building Blocks

• General Resources

• Applications

• Tools & Components

• Summary

Acknowledgements

• Massimo Paolucci, Katia Sycara– Robotics Institute, Carnegie Mellon University– Material on DAML-S Matchmaker, DAML-S API,

DAML-S Virtual Machine, WSDL2DAML-S, DAMLzon

• Sheila McIlraith, Honglei Zeng, Rob McCool– Knowledge Systems Lab, Stanford University– Material on DAML-S Editor, Automated Web Service

Composition

General Resources• Web site & mailing lists

– http://www.daml.org/services/• New pages for collecting use cases, tools, sample code

– http://www.swsi.org– www-ws@w3.org– Look for conference workshops

• DAML-S/OWL-S & related publications– Many and varied– See http://www.daml.org/services/

• W3C Web services activities– Description, Architecture, Choreography WGs– Under discussion: Semantic Web Services IG– Liaisons: Katia Sycara, Jim Hendler, Bijan Parsia

Some Applications Using DAML-S

• CoSAR-TS demo (shown at SWMU)• CMU demo(s)

– Travel planning, Electronic parts buying, DAMLzon

• Stanford KSL demo• MyGrid: (http://mygrid.man.ac.uk)

• AgentCities (www.agentcities.org)

• Task Computing (Fujitsu Labs with MINDSWAP)• Composer demo (http://www.mindswap.org/~evren/composer/)

• MyCampus (http://128.2.199.68/project) • Secure Mobile Services (UMBC/Finin)

Tools & Components

• OWL-S is just another OWL ontologyAll the tools & technologies for OWL are relevant

• Tools & components specialized for OWL-S– Development tools

– Matchmakers

– Service provision (execution) tools

– Service composition technology

• See also: http://www.daml.org/services/– Publications, Tools

Pro

cess

Mod

el

Gro

undi

ng

Development … Deployment … Use …

Publication

Development

Simulation

Discovery

Composition

Selection

Execution, Interoperation

Monitoring, Recovery

Pro

file

Verification

4 “Sweet Spots”

Sweet Spot: Development

• DAML-S API

• WSDL2DAML-S

• DAML-S Editor

• See also: http://www.daml.org/services/– Publications, Tools

DAML-S API

• Provides easy way to process DAML-S in Java

• Translates DAML-S ontologies into Java– One Java class for each DAML-S class– Accessors for each property in DAML-S

classes

• Complete implementation of DAML-S 0.7

WSDL2DAML-S

• WSDL widely used to describe Web services– Wide repositories of WSDL descriptions

• www.salcentral.com www.xmethods.com

• WSDL2DAMLS allows easy derivation of DAML-S code from WSDL documents

• Automatic generation of Grounding– Partial generation of Process Model and Profile– Up to 80% of work required to generate a DAML-S description

is done automatically

• Combined with Java2WSDL to provide Java2DAML-S

DAML-S EditorGoal: Editor tailored to the markup of Web Services in DAML-S+

(not just an ontology editor -- focus on end user needs and intuitions)

Input: graphical and form entry Output: DAML-S

Anticipated Users: • Web service providers • 3rd party Web page developers• 2nd-ary Web service providers • DAML community

Approach: • Use-based• Graphical• Ontology editor and reasoner behind the scenes

What will make it significant Value added by reasoning: • Verification of properties of services• Simulation of services• Diagnostics

Create new DAML-S service

Search Tap server for reusable ontologiesInspect Class/Instance Properties

(notice the inputs/outputs/pre/effect for subclasses of DAML-S Process)

Expand the search results (view the subclasses of search results)

Load reusable ontologies into JTP

Create new class

add/remove new property, add/remove/modify property values

create/edit a simple/composite servicesspecify Control Flow of composite servicesspecify Data Flow of composite services

Pallete of services for Data & Control Flow

specification

Pallete of connectives for Control Flow specification

Browse the Process Ontology to create/edit a service

Select/subclass/sibling a service and Create/Edit its properties

Define the control structure for composite services

Select a service and inspect its properties

Define the data flow within a composite service

<rdfs:Class rdf:ID="ExpandedAcmeMovingService">

<rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://www.daml.org/services/daml-s/2001/05/Process#Sequence" />

- <rdfs:subClassOf>

- <daml:Restriction>

<daml:onProperty rdf:resource="http://www.daml.org/services/daml-s/2001/05/Process#components" />

<daml:toClass rdf:resource="#PROCESS-LIST-142" />

</daml:Restriction>

</rdfs:subClassOf>

</rdfs:Class>

- <rdfs:Class rdf:ID="PROCESS-LIST-142">

<rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://www.daml.org/services/daml-s/2001/05/Process#ProcessList" />

- <rdfs:subClassOf>

- <daml:Restriction>

<daml:onProperty rdf:resource="http://www.daml.org/2001/03/daml+oil#first" />

<daml:toClass rdf:resource="#AcmeConfirmMvRoute" />

</daml:Restriction>

</rdfs:subClassOf>

- <rdfs:subClassOf>

- <daml:Restriction>

<daml:onProperty rdf:resource="http://www.daml.org/2001/03/daml+oil#rest" />

<daml:toClass rdf:resource="#PROCESS-LIST-141" />

</daml:Restriction>

</rdfs:subClassOf>

</rdfs:Class>

- <rdfs:Class rdf:ID="PROCESS-LIST-141">

<rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://www.daml.org/services/daml-s/2001/05/Process#ProcessList" />

- <rdfs:subClassOf>

….-

Finally, generate the DAML-S for the services

Sweet Spot: MatchmakingSweet Spot: Matchmaking

From “Web Services Architecture W3C Working Draft”http://www.w3.org/TR/2002/WD-ws-arch-20021114/

Sweet Spot: Matchmaking

• Matchmakers (and other forms of middle agents) have been a focus in work on software agents

• Work on DL-based matchmaking predates DAML• Semantic Web has brought renewed attention

– E.g. Paolucci/Sycara (CMU), Trastour (HP Labs), Lei/Horrocks (Manchester), …

• Used in most or all SW Services applications– See previous slide

• See also: http://www.daml.org/services/– Publications

DAML-S Matchmaker

• Yellow pages matching service: Web services and agents advertise their capabilities or look for agents and Web services with a given capability

• Uses DAML-S to represent capability of Web Services

• Extends UDDI Registry by adding capability matching which is impossible to do without semantic information

• Emphasis on flexible matching against services not known a priori

DAML-S Matchmaker(2)

• Provides Web interface to compile advertisements and requests– Make easier for human users to compile

advertisements and requests– Does not require profound knowledge of

DAML and DAML-S syntax

• Implementation available at www.damlsmm.ri.cmu.edu

Sweet Spot: MatchmakingSweet Spot: Service Provision

From “Web Services Architecture W3C Working Draft”http://www.w3.org/TR/2002/WD-ws-arch-20021114/

DAML-S VM

DAML-S processor that allows any Web service to interact with Web services using only DAML-S specifications

Features of DAML-S VM

• Uses DAML-S as representation of Web services

• Uses DAML to represent information to exchange between Web services

• Actively adopts logic inference to reason about DAML-S and DAML ontologies

• Shows how to integrate DAML-S within Web services technology such as Axis and WSIF

DAML-S for P2P

• Use DAML-S to expand search mechanism on Gnutella P2P network– Search capabilities in Gnutella restricted to keyword search – No

Semantic Information

• Improve on Gnutella by adding semantics in DAML and capability representation in DAML-S– Removes the need of centralized Registry

• Protocol:– Non DAML nodes allow requests to hop from node to node– DAML nodes reason about the requests that they receive and

decide whether to accept the task

Sweet Spot: MatchmakingSweet Spot (?): Composition

From “Web Services Architecture W3C Working Draft”http://www.w3.org/TR/2002/WD-ws-arch-20021114/

Sweet Spot: Composition

• Stanford Knowledge Systems Lab (McIlraith)

• CMU Robotics Lab (Sycara/Paolucci)

• MINDSWAP (Hendler/Parsia)– http://www.mindswap.org/~evren/composer/

• See also: http://www.daml.org/services/

– Publications

Stanford KSLAutomated Web Service Composition

E.g., Arrange food for 500 people for 2 weeks in Dubai.

Approach:

I. Plan a sequences of services that realize user’s objective. (NP complete or worse)

II. Customize reusable generic procedures - Define and archive reusable generic procedures - Customize with user’s constraints. (NP complete or worse in a reduced search space)

Advantages: efficiency, ease of use, customization

Architecture

DAML-enabled web pages

Web Service Ontologies

Web Procedures Ontologies

AgentBroker

E-mail

DAML-enabled personal/company

constraints and prefs...

Demo: Dynamic UI with DAML+OIL

User Interface auto-generated from DAML+OIL Ontology

Behind the Scenes

User Constraints+Generic Procedures+deduction=composition **or**

User constraints + Goal + deduction = composition

Talk to Web services through OAA

Agent e-mails itinerary to customer

Email the user travel plans when done...

Agent creates expense claim for customer

Generate expense claim

KSL Service Composition:Status & Challenges

Automated Web Service Composition is working now!

Implementation: DAML+OIL/DAML-S FOL -> Ontolingua, Golog & sit’n calculus in Prolog Java, Prolog, Ontolingua-DAML+OIL translator, OKBC,

DAML-S to PDDL translator, bubble gum, scotch tape

Challenges:• Outstanding DAML-S representation issues• DAML-S-ize our work; Reduce number of repn’s required; Reasoner. • Technical challenges:

• Execution Monitoring & Recovery, Info vs. world-chging services• Automate Service Selection• Low-level synchronization, message passing issues

Tools & Components: Status• DAML-S Matchmaker

– Implementation available at www.damlsmm.ri.cmu.edu

• DAML-S API, WSDL2DAML-S, DAML-S VM, DAML-S for P2P– Not yet publically released; contact Katia Sycara

• DAML-S Editor– Currently being rewritten to

- Replace DAML+OIL with OWL- Exploit new ontology editor- Improve interface

- Not yet publically released;contact Sheila McIlraith

Pro

cess

Mod

el

Gro

undi

ng

Development … Deployment … Use …

Publication

Development

Simulation

Discovery

Composition

Selection

Execution, Interoperation

Monitoring, Recovery

Pro

file

Verification

4 “Sweet Spots”

SummaryThe service paradigm will be a crucial part of the Semantic WebOWL-S supports service descriptions that are integral with other

Semantic Web meta-dataOWL-S aims to enable automatic discovery, selection, invocation,

composition, monitoring of servicesService description ontology (Profile, Process, and Grounding) is

available, in use, and evolvingSeveral extremely useful building blocks have been created and are in useMany publications and other resources are available here:

http://www.daml.org/services/

End of Part III

ExtraMaterialFollows

DAMLzon: DAML-S for Amazon.com

• WSDL2DAML-S used to generate DAML-S for Amazon’s Web Service

• DAML-S VM used to interact with Amazon Web service

Process Model for Amazon.com

Book SearchBook Search Reserve BookReserve Book

Perfomance Measures

• We compared the performance of using DAML-S in its interaction with Amazon.com

• Two experiments– Compared Amazon client with DAML-S VM

client on browsing task– Analyzed DAML-S VM client on

browsing+reserving task• No client for Browsing+Reserving provided by Amazon

Results Experiment 1• Compared Amazon client

with DAML-S VM client on browsing task

• 98 runs total over 4 days in varying load conditions

• Results in milliseconds

Amazon Client DAML-S VM

Average execution time

2007 ms 2021 ms

Only 14 ms more

Strd Deviation

1134 ms 776 ms

Distribution

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 >5500

Amazon Client

DAML-S Client

Time required by DAML-S VM

Time required for DataTransformation

Amazon Invocation Time

Results Experiment 2

• DAML-S VM client on browsing+reserving task

– No client for Browsing+Reserving provided by Amazon

• Analyzed data by computing:– Time required by DAML-S VM to

execute Process Model– Time required for data transformation

to fit Amazon requirements– Time required to invoke an operation

on Amazon

• 98 runs total over 4 days in varying load conditions

• Results in milliseconds

Time of

DAML-S VM

Time of data transform.

Invocation Time

Average 83 156 2797

Strd dev 107 146 1314