Part IV Education in

China

Part IV Education in

China

No proper education, human nature will deteriorate.

No proper education, human nature will deteriorate.

The Three-Character ScriptureThe Three-Character Scripture

苟不教，性乃迁苟不教，性乃迁

Which aspects should be the focuses of education?

Which aspects should be the focuses of education?

I cannot teach anybody anything, but I can only make them think.

Socrates  ['sɔkrəti:z]   The function of education is to teach one to

think intensively and to think critically... Intelligence plus character - that is

the goal of true education.

Martin Luther King, Jr.

• Education in Ancient China

Educational Institutions Examination System

• Education in Modern China

ContentsContents

• Time: Shang Dynasty

• Educational institutions:

• Xiang, Xu, Xue and Xiao

( 庠 序 学 校）• Xiang: how to raise children

• Xu: archery, military training

• Xue: moral education

• Xiao: horse taming & horse riding

• According to written records, schools were established for the sons of the nobility in the capital city of Zhou.

• Schools for the common people were provided in villages and hamlets and were attended by men and women after their work in the fields.

Education in Western Zhou DynastyEducation in Western Zhou Dynasty

Contention of a Hundred Schools of Thought

Time: The Eastern Zhou Dynasty (The Spring and Autumn& the Warring

States) An era of cultural

prosperity

Confucian school: benevolence/humanityTaoist school ： to govern by doing

nothing that goes against nature Legalist school: To rule the country in

accordance with lawMohist school: universal love and no warYin-Yang school: the unity of man &nature

The six classical arts: rites, music, archery, riding,

writing & arithmetic

Confucius• The first teacher of private schools• The Foremost Teacher of China Teaching doctrines: By nature all men are pretty much alike, It is by custom and habit that they are set apart.

(The importance of education)

Great pleasure is derived from learning and constantly reviewing what has been learned (review & diligence)

• In education there is no class distinction.

(to treat students equally)

• Learning without thought is labor lost;

thought without learning is perilous.

(To inspire thinking independently)

• If three men are walking together, there is one who can be my teacher.

(the modest learning attitude)

The Five Classics

• The Classic of Poetry 《诗经》• The Classic of History 《尚书》• The Classic of Rites 《礼记》 • The Classic of Changes 《易经》• The Classic of Music 《乐经》• The Spring and Autumn Annals 《春

秋》

• Burning books and burying scholars alive

• Small Seal Script

The Imperial College

Confucianism

the orthodoxy

Confucian classics

Recommendation through Observation察举制

intelligent ones were recommended through observation

parentage & social status

nepotism and corruption

The Nine-Rank System

• The Jin,

Northern & Southern

Dynasties

• To select talented candidates and categorize them nine grades in local districts.

• ability, noble birth, parentage

The Imperial Examination System

• The Sui Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty

Three levels

The provincial exam The metropolitan exam

The palace exam

“eight-part essays or

eight-legged essays”

The provincial exam

The national / metropolitan exam

The palace exam

Zhu XI (Southern Song)

• The Four Books

• The Great Learning

• The Doctrine of the Mean

• The Analects

• The Mencius

The Confucianism became the mainstream thought of Song, Yuan, Ming dynasties

private school /Sishu

Academy / Shuyuan

(academy of classical learning)

The Imperial Academy (guozijian)

(Ming & Qing Dynasties)

Names of Ancient Schools

• It was formally set up in the

Northern Song Dynasty (976A.D.)

• A school of traditional

Confucian learning

In 1903 a higher learning

institution

In 1926 Hunan University

“The one-thousand-year-old Academy”

““The Kingdom of The Kingdom of Chu, the unique Chu, the unique home of talents; home of talents; the Academy of the Academy of Yuelu, the very Yuelu, the very cradle of all”cradle of all”

Zhu Xi, Zhang ShiWei Yuan

Zeng GuofanZuo Zongtang Mao Zedong

Zhu Xi, Zhang ShiWei Yuan

Zeng GuofanZuo Zongtang Mao Zedong

Age Education

3-5 Pre-school education

6-11 primary school

12-14 Junior middle school/ Junior secondary school

15-17 Senior middle/secondary school

high school/vocational school

18-22 college/ university

23-25 The graduate schoolHigher

Education

Higher Education

Vocational Education

Vocational Education

The Vocational Education• vocational schools & vocational training• Junior secondary: junior vocational schools （初级职业中学 ）• Senior secondary:specialized secondary schools ( 中等专业学校 )skilled workers schools （技工学校 ） vocational high schools （职业高中）• Tertiary: higher vocational technology colleges

Project 211– Time: Launched in 1993;– Goal: to set up 100 top level HEIs for the 21 century;

Project 985 Time: Launched in May 1998; Goal: to develop a number of world-class prestigious universities

Higher EducationHigher Education

The Administration of Higher Education

directly controlled by the Ministry of Education

controlled by provincial governments

non-government-run university and college (1000)

西安交通大学西北农林科技大学

陕西师范大学西安电子科技大学

长安大学

西安交通大学西北农林科技大学

陕西师范大学西安电子科技大学

长安大学

Bachelor ’s degree Master’s degreeDoctor’s degree

Three-tiered degree systemThree-tiered degree system

A great fighter against pseudoscience and

academic fraud

A great fighter against pseudoscience and

academic fraud

Conclusion

• Competence rather than diploma/degree;

• To reform the University Entrance Exam;

• Develop an independent, critical and creative thinking;

• Motivate the kids’ interests and guide them to study;

• To promote moral standard