GVHD: Dng Cng KinI HC QUC GIA THNH PH H CH MINHTRNG I HC KHOA HC T NHINKhoa: Sinh Hc

BO CO MN K THUT NHN GING V TNH CY TRNG TI: CHANH DY

Gio vin hng dn:Sinh vin thc hin:TS Dng Cng KinPhm Duy Tng1218451Phan Vn Ti1218453Nguyn Anh T 1218447

MC LCI.TNG QUAN TI LIU:2II.GII THIU CY GING:21.Phn loi thc vt:22.Phn b a l:33.c im sinh hc:4III.MC CH TI:91.Nhn ging hu tnh bng ht:92.Nhn ging v tnh:11IV.BNH TRN CY CHANH DY:261.Bnh sinh l262.Bnh do ng vt gy hi263.Bnh do nm334.Bnh do vi khun375.Bnh do virus38V.K THUT TRNG:411.Chun b t trng:412.Lm gin:423.K thut trng:434.Bo v trnh sng gi:445.S th phn to qu:456.Sn lng497.Bo qun:51VI.THNH PHN HA HC V GI TR KINH T:541.Thnh phn ha hc:542.Lm thc phm, hng liu, gia v:633.C c nc ct chanh dy thnh vin si:664.Lm thuc:685.Mt s cng dng khc:70VII.KT LUN:70VIII.TI LIU THAM KHO:71

TNG QUAN TI LIU:Chanh dy d ch mi du nhp vo Vit Nam nhng nhng u im ca chanh dy th c th ni l gn nh 100%. Chanh dy khng nhng l mt loi cy dng trong nghnh thc phm m cn dng trong cc y hc, vi tnh hn gip h huyt p, an thn, gim bo, chng ung th Tt c u im trn cho nn ngy nay chanh dy c nhiu ngi Vit Nam chn v a thch. Khng nhng th, chanh dy cn c xem l cy xa i gim ngho cho cc vng ni, vng sn xut cc cy cng nghip lu nm ang trong tnh trng gp nhiu kh khn. Sn phm chanh dy khng dng li nc p, bt chanh dy v ngy nay chng ta d dng tm mua cc sn phm mang hng v chanh dy. Xa hn na trong ti lai, chanh dy s chim lnh cc th trng gii kht cng vi cc sn phm khc.GII THIU CY GING:Phn loi thc vt:Siu gii: Eukaryote

Gii: Plantae

Phn gii: Tracheobionta

Lin b: Spermatophyta

B: Magnoliophyta

Lp: Magnoliopsida

Phn lp: Dilleniidae

B: Violales

H: Passifloraceae

Chi: Passiflora L

Loi: Passiflora edulis

Phn b a l:Trn th gii:Chi chanh dy (Passifloraceae) phn b rng vng nhit i thuc chu , chu Phi, chu M v chu c.Ngun gc ca loi chanh dy (Passiflora edulis) cha c bit r tuy nhin ngi ta cho rng chanh dy c ngun gc t Brazil, Paraguay v min Bc Argentina Nam M. Hin nay loi dy leo c gi tr ny c trng vng nhit i thuc Chu M, Chu Phi, Chu v Chu c.

Bn phn b chanh dy chu M.

Trn th gii chanh dy hoang di c tm thy v trng nhiu nhiu ni trn th gii gm c vng cao nguyn Java, Sumatra, Malaya, Western Samoa, o Norfork, qun o Cook, Solomon, Guam, Philippines, B Bin Ng, Zimbabwe v i Loan.Cc nc trng nhiu loi Chanh dy (Passiflora edulis) gm c: n , Sri Lanca, New Zealand, vng Caribe, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Indonesia, Peru, Hoa K (California, Florida, Haiti, Haiwaii), Australia, ng Phi, Mexico, Israel v Nam Phi.Ti Vit Nam:Loi Chanh dy (Passiflora edulis) c du nhp vo Vit Nam khong u th k 20, c trng Lm ng, Kontum, Gia Lai, k Lk . ly qu lm nc gii kht, lm cnh v che bng mt.n nay, mt s tnh ng bng sng Cu Long nh: Hu Giang, Cn Th, An Giang, Kin Giangcng bt u pht trin trng chanh dy ly qu cung ng cho th trng.c im sinh hc:Hnh thi:Thn: Chanh dy l cy thn leo lu nm, di n 15m. Thn cy c th trn nhn hoc c lng t, di, xanh, b leo v c nhiu tua cun. Cc l hnh chn vt 3 thy di mc so le (mc cch), mang l km mi t. Cung l di 2 - 5cm, kch thc l 10 - 15 x 12 - 25cm, ba phin c rng ca nh, trn u, tua v cun non mu xanh nh.

Hoa: Hoa mc t nch l p, hng thm ngt, ng knh 7,5 - 10cm vi cung di 2 - 5cm. Do hoa p nn cng c nhiu ni trng nh mt loi hoa king. Hoa c nm cnh mu trng nh tm ta v vin tua, cc si tua thng, u mu trng gc tm ta ra t hoa. i hoa c nm cnh mu xanh trng, cung nhy di 1,5cm. Hoa c bu nh vi bao phn ln, dng ovan v phn ra ba nhnh to nn cu trc trung tm ni bt. Hoa c th phn nh mt s loi cn trng nh ong ngh, cn t n l v sinh.

Hoa chanh dy cha n

Hoa chanh dy nQu: Qu chanh dy hi trn, bu dc hay dng hnh trng, kch thc 4 - 12 x 4 - 7cm. V dy, mm v b mt qu nh sp, chuyn mu t en tm vi nhng m trng nh, nht, n vng sng hay mu da cam, t rng khi chn. Bn trong v mng cha y tht qu mn nho mang nhiu hng thm c mu vng cng vi rt nhiu ht nh (khong 250 ht) cng mu nu hay mu en. Hng thm c o, rt hp dn, nh hng i hay x hng ngt/cht n cht. Chanh dy vng cho nhiu nc hn chanh dy tm nn c s dng nhiu trong sn xut cng nghip. S lng ln cc cy lai gia chanh dy tm v vng thng cho nhng c tnh v mu sc v tnh cht khc trung gian gia hai loi. i vi chanh dy, c bit l loi qu vng th pht trin nhanh v bt u cho qu sau 1 - 3 nm.

Cy chanh dy v rut tri chanh dy cn non (trng ti Cn Th)Phn loi:Passiflora c tm thy trn ton th gii khong 600 loi, tuy nhin ch c khong 60 loi n c. Chanh dy l mt cy dy leo c khi di ti hng chc mt, thn g nh, nhiu lng tha, v ngoi hi sn si, bn trong c nhiu ht v c ci mu vng, v mt v v ht chanh gin, mm nn c th n c. Chanh dy c hai dng chnh: chanh dy tm v chanh dy vng. Chanh dy tm pht trin vng cn nhit i trong khi chanh dy vng li pht trin mnh vng nhit i. Chanh dy thng c tm thy khu vc c nhiu nh nng, iu ny d hiu v Passiflora edulis cn rt nhiu nh sng cho s pht trin ti u v to qu.Loi v vng (P. f.flavicarpa edulis): cc chanh dy mu vng c ngun gc vng Amazon ca Brazil hoc l cy lai gia P. edulis v P. Ligularis, trng nhiu Peru, Brazil, Ecuador Tri ln hn dng tri tm, c tua dy, nhnh v gn l ng tm. Hoa ln v c trng (corona) mu tm sm hn dng tri tm, ng thi dy cng mc mnh hn. y l dng chu nng, thch hp vi vng c cao thp (0-800 m) nh ng Bng Sng Cu Long.

Chanh dy qu vng c qu ln hn. Loi v tm (Passiflora edulis Sims f. Edulis): cc chanh dy tm c ngun gc min Nam Brazil thng qua Paraguay vo min Bc Argentina, chanh dy tm c trng ph bin hn, ch yu Chu Phi, n , c, New Zealand, M, Vit NamTri nh (ng knh 4-5 cm), c tua dy, nhnh v gn l xanh. Dng ny rt ph bin vng kh hu mt (cao 1200-2000 m), c v cao (nh Lt, Ty Nguyn caVit Nam) v cho hng v tri ngon nht.

MC CH TI:Nhn ging hu tnh bng ht:Chn ging v ly htChanh dy pht trin t ht

i vi cy b m cho tri nn chn nhng cy khe mnh sch su bnh. Trn cy chng ta s chn nhng qu va chn l tt nht khng nn qua non th ht ny mm s c t l thp, cn vi nhng qu qu chn th thng d b nm mc hoc mc ra d nhim mm bnh hoc ht b ri ra ngoi. Sau khi thu c qu tin hnh dng dao tch qu ra lm v tin hnh thu ly ht. Tip theo tin hnh ra sch ht loi v bc mu vng xung quanh ht. V tin hnh loi b nhng ht lp ln nhng ht qu nh ch li nhng ht to chc v ng gieo. Sau khi c c ht tin hnh phi kh trong bng rm khong hai ngy. Sau ht c ng gi k v bo qun trong mi trng lnh khong su thng hoc c th c s dng ngay gieo.Gieo ht: ht thng c gieo vo bu t hoc trn lungGieo ht trn lung: i vi t th cn c ti xp m v thong kh, ng thi sch su bnh. Nu cn thit c th b sung mt t phn hu c lm giu dinh dng cho t. Tin hnh to cc lung nh khong 5 cm v cc ht gieo cch nhau khong t 5-10 cm ty theo tng ging chanh dy khc nhau.Nhng lung ny gip chanh dy khng b ngp ng hay ht b ra tri khi ti nc. Ht c gieo trn mt sau c ph ln mt lp t mng khong 1-2 cm sau c ph bng nilong ti mu cho n khi ht ny mm mt khong t 17-20 ngy. Sau khi cy con c chiu cao khong 3-4 cm ting hnh g b lp ph nilong cy tin hnh quang hp v pht trin.Gieo ht vo bu t Thun li ca phng php ny l cy con d dng c a ra vn trng khng cn tri qua qu trnh tch khi t gy h hi r. i vi bu t th t c chun b nh vi gieo ht trn lung, sau t c cho vo bu c c t 5-6 l di bu thot nc. Sau tin hnh gieo ht vo bu, mi ht c gieo cch mt bu khong t 3-4 cm. Bu ht c gi m trong sut qua trnh ht mm pht trin.a cy con ra vn trng i vi cy con sau khi pht trin t chiu cao khong t 15-40 cm th c th a ra trng trc tip ngoi vn. La i vi cy chanh dy l loi thn b nn khi cy cao nn c c nh trnh cy ng . i vi cy con trong lung th cn c tch ra khi em i trng, thao tc ny cn lu trnh lm tn thng n r cy qu ln nn dng xn tch cy cng vi mt phn t v a ra vn m. Khi mi em ra trng nn tinhnh gi m cho chanh dy trong giai on u khi mi em ra trng c th che mt nu cn.u nhc im Nhng u im ca phng php nhn ging bng ht. K thut n gin, d lm. Chi ph lao ng thp, do gi thnh cy con thp. H s nhn ging cao. Tui th ca cy trng bng ht thng cao. Cy trng bng ht thng c kh nng thch ng rng vi iu kin ngoi cnh. B r thng pht trin tt. Nhng nhc im ca phng php nhn ging bng ht Cy ging trng t ht thng kh gi c nhng c tnh ca cy m. Cy ging trng t ht thng ra hoa kt qu mun. Cy ging trng t ht thng c thn tn cao, gp kh khn trong vic chm sc cng nh thu hi sn phm. Do nhng nhc im nh vy nn phng php nhn ging bng ht ch c s dng trong mt s trng hp: Gieo ht ly cy lm gc ghp S dng gieo ht i vi nhng cy n qu cha c phng php khc tt hn. Dng trong cng tc lai to chn lc gingNhn ging v tnh:Gim cnhC s khoa hc

C s khoa hc ca phng php gim cnh l tnh ton nng v tnh phn phn ho phn ho ca t bo thc vt. Cnh gim sau khi gim s c hin tng bt mm trc. Ti cc b phn non mi hnh thnh ny din ra qu trnh tng hp auxin. Auxin c tc dng kch thch qu trnh hnh thnh r bt nh. Trc khi hnh thnh r bt nh c 1 qu trnh trung gian gi l qu trnh hnh thnh callus. Callus l tp hp khi t bo phi sinh c hnh thnh do qu trnh phn phn ho. Nh ta bit, auxin sau khi c tng hp trn cc b phn non s c mch libe dn truyn ti vt ct ang tip xc vi nn gi th. Nh mt xu th vn c (c tnh ca cy m hay thc vt ni chung), cc c ththc vt lun phi c y cc b phn nh r, thn, l Nu c th thc vt thiu mt c quan no th c xu hng hnh thnh nn c quan . Cnh gim ch l mt on cnh,cha c r, l. V vy, din ra mt qu trnh l phn phn ho. Cc t bo chuyn ho ti vt ct di tc dng ca auxin s phn phn ho thnh cc t bo phi sinh. T bo phisinh l cc t bo ban u hnh thnh nn cc t bo chuyn ho.Do vy, cc t bo phisinh s thc hin qu trnh phn ho hnh thnh r bt nh.Dng c gim Ko hoc dao sc Dung dch kch thch ra r nh IBA (Indol Butyric Acid), NAA (Naphthalene Acetic Acid) v IAA (Indol Acetic Acid). Bao nilong sm mu V xp Bu t Vn gim hom Phn bnChun b vn m gim hom.Chn khu t cao, khut gi, gn ngun nc ti v ng vn chuyn, dc khng qu 5, vng g i, chn loi t vng, c pH 4,5-6,0, ti xp. t c cy cuc su 25-30cm, lm nh, ln lung cao 10-20cm, rng 1-1,2m, lung cch nhau 50cm, lm rnh. Trn mt lung ri cht nn dy 10-12cm. Cht nn l ct non sch hoc 2/3 ct non + 1/3 mn ca ngm nc vi trong, phi kh hoc t vng ly di lp t mt 10-20cm.Lm dn che trn v xung quanh cc lung vn m, gm cc khung ct cao 1,6-1,8m. Pha trn lp bng l lau, c t, phn na, c th lp bng ni lng c cc l nh. Xung quanh che kn bng ct hoc phn na....- Nhiu ni gim hom bng cc ti bu bng nilng 12-18 cm, di y c 6-8 l v lt bng hn hp gm 1/2 t mt c sng sch cng vi 1/2 phn chung hoai mc, pha trn mt lp t vng dy 5-7cm. Cc ti bu cng xp thnh cc lung v lm dn che.Chun b ging v cnh gim.Trc ht phi chn c nhng cy u dng lm ging theo tiu chun ging cy trng quc gia hoc nhng cy khe mnh sch su bnh v cho nng xut cao. Trn cy u dng, chn nhng cnh bnh t(khng gi qu v khng non qu) ngoi mt tn, va mi n nh sinh trng, v cnh ang chuyn mu nu, khng b su bnh ct thnh cc hom ging.Ct v cm homCt cnh ging vo nhng ngy rm, mt, ma nh hoc sng sm, chiu mt. Ct xong, phun nc l v t ng vo cc x chu c nc cao 5cm, che y. em ngay v vn m, ct thnh cc hom di 5-7cm c 2-4 l, i vi ch th mi hom di 3-4cm c 1 l v mm nch l. C th ct bt mt phn phin l trnh bc hi nc. Ct hom xong phi cm gim ngay. Hin nay, trc khi gim, cc hom c x l bng mt trong cc cht kch thch ra r n nhng 1 u hom vo dung dch trong 5-10 giy, nu hom cn xanh, dung dch pha 2000ppm, hom ha g 1/3-3000-4000 ppm v hom ha g hon ton - 400-600ppm. Lu i vi vic nhng cht kch thch khng nn qu su vo thn cy nu khng d gy h hi cnh gim.Gim hom vo v xp

Ly hom ging c ct xong nhng ngp mt hom gc vo thuc kch thch ra r c pha sn, sau dng dn mt c x nh qun quanh mt gc ri gim vo v xp (loi v 102 l, gim hom cch hom 01 hng l trn v). Khi gim hom ging vo v xp xong nn ti sng nh cho hom ngay hom ging khi b ho, hom ging gim phi c trong nh li c mi che li en 70% (cn che chn xung quanh trnh gi la vo lm cy ho), sau cn ti t 2 - 4 ln/ngy m bo cy khng b mt nc, to iu kin thun li cho qu trnh ra r ca hom ging.Giai on ny ko di trong khong 30 ngy th hom ging ra r, lc ny ta tin hnh chuyn hom ging c r sang bu t hoc ra vn gim.Trng cy con vo bu t:

Hom ging sau khi c r t yu cu (cy con) th tin hnh trng vo bu t.- Bu t: Dng loi bch nilon ng knh 15cm ( c l) lm bu t. Gi th bu t gm c: 70% t + 20% t sch DASA + 10% phn chung hoai.- Cch trng: Chun b sn bu t sau nh cy con t v xp (ch khng c lm t r ) v trng ngay vo bu t, dng ngn tay nn cht xung quanh gc gi cy c ng vng trnh cy b ng khi ti nc. Cy sau khi trng vo bu c chuyn vo nh li c che li en 60% v ti bng vi nh (phi k bu t ln trn gch trnh bu t b ng nc), sau ti 02 ln/ngy m bo bu t lun m cy nhanh hi phc v pht trin.Giai on ny ko di trong khong 30 40 ngy cy c th xut vn i trng c.u nhc im ca phng php gim cnh u imGi nguyn c c tnh di truyn ca cy m.To ra cy ging sau trng sm ra hoa kt qu.Thi gian nhn ging nhanh.C th nhn nhiu ging mi t mt ngun vt liu gii hn ban u. Nhc imNu sn xut cy ging bng phng php gim cnh vi quy m ln phi c vn n c trang b h thng ti phun, phun m, mNhn ging bng gim cnh lin tc nhiu th h, nu khng thay i ngun gc cy m d dn n hin trng thoi ha.Ghp cnh

C s khoa hcC s khoa hc ca phng php l khi ghp, bng nhng phng php nht nh lm cho tng tng ca gc ghp v thn ghp tip xc vi nhau, nh s hot ng v kh nng ti sinh ca tng tng lm cho mt ghp v gc ghp gn lin vi nhau.Yu cu v gc ghpGing lm gc ghp phi sinh trng kho c kh nng thch ng rng vi iu kin a phng.Ging lm gc ghp phi c kh nng tip hp tt vi thn cnh ghp.Ging lm gc ghp phi c kh nng chng chu su bnh v c kh nng chng chu vi iu kin ngoi cnh bt thun.Ging lm gc ghp phi sinh trng nhanh, d gy ging, t mc mm ph gc cy con. V th gc ghp thng c chn l chanh dy tm.Nhng yu cu k thutChm sc cy con trc khi ghp: sau khi ra ngi cn p dng y cc quy trnh khc ca k thut chm sc cy gc ghp sm t tiu chun ghp. Trc khi ghp 1 - 2 tun cn tin hnh v sinh vn cy gc ghp v tng cng chm sc cy c nhiu nha, tng tng hot ng ttChn cnh, mt ghp tt: cnh ghp c ly t vn chuyn ly cnh ghp hoc trn vn sn xut vi nhng cy mang y cc c tnh ca ging mun nhn. Cnh ghp c chn gia tng tn, khng c cc i tng su bnh nguy him gy hi. Tui cnh ghp chn ph hp tu thuc vo thi v ghp khc nhau. Trong iu kin cn vn chuyn i xa, cn bo qun trong iu kin m, trnh nhit cao.- Chn thi v ghp tt: trong iu kin kh hu min Bc nc ta, a s cc ging cy n qu c tp trung ghp vo v xun v v thu.- Thao tc k thut ghp: y l khu k thut c tnh cht quyt nh, ph thuc vo s thnh tho ca ngi ghp. Cc thao tc ghp cn c tin hnh nhanh v chnh xc.- Chm sc cy con sau khi ghp: tt c cc khu k thut t m dy sau ghp, x l ngn gc ghp, ta mm di, ti nc lm c, bn phn, to hnh cy ghp cho ti cng tc phng tr su bnh hi cn c tun th mt cch nghim ngt, ng k thut.Quy trnh ghp chanh dyVi nh vn thch tch lp hay ct nhng cy chanh dy thn g trng thnh thnh 3 - 4 mu. Nhng cy c chn ct c r khe v chun b ra hoa trong 90 ngy, vic ra r s nhanh hn nu b sung hormone. Chanhdy tm thnh thong c ghp vo thn r ca chanh dy vng trnh bnh giun trn v cc bnh hay gp r ca chanh dy tm. Cy chanh dy bao gm c cy ghp vo v thn r nn cao khong 45cm v c ng knh thn tng ng ng knh mt cy bt ch. Cy chanh dy tm em ghp thng di khong 8 - 10cm v c mang t nht 2 mt. Phn thn r ca chanh dy vng thng cao khong 25 - 30cm tnh t mt t. Khi ghp, vt xin phn thn chanh dy tm, chiu di phn vt bng chiu di chanh dy tm em ghp, tng t phn thn r ca chanh dy vng cng vt xin ghp khp vi phn ghp ca chanh dy tm. Ghp hai b mt ny li cho hai phn tng sinh g khp nhau v c nh ch ghp bng di bng. Ghp km bn di ch ghp mt ti nha nh, cho cy vo ni rm mt 10 - 14 ngy hay n khi cc ch ghp lin li. Sau ni lng ti nha khng kh lu thng v b ti nha i khi chi mi mc ra, ri cui cng loi b di buc trc khi ch ghp ra r.ghp c th bn r bn di iu kin thnh thong c sng m, nhng cn chn cy khe mnh, kh nng cho nng sut tt trnh cc bnh do virus. Ghp cy tt nht vo ngy mt m, ph my. Chanh dy vng thng c trng t ht ca qu chanh dy vng qua chn lc, c th nhp ht t vng khc v trng. Chanh dy tm thng nhn ln theo kh nng sinh sn sinh dng tc l nh gim hay ghp cnh.u nhc im ca phng php ghp cnh u im - Cy ghp sinh trng pht trin tt nh s pht trin, hot ng tt ca b r gc ghp v kh nng thch nghi vi iu kin kh hu, t ai ca cy gc ghp.- Cy ghp gi c cc c tnh ca ging mun nhn.- H s nhn ging cao, trong thi gian ngn c th sn xut c nhiu cy ging p ng yu cu ca sn xut.- Ging lm gc ghp sm cho ra hoa kt qu v mt ghp ch tip tc giai on pht dc ca cy m.- Tng cng kh nng chng chu ca cy vi iu kin bt thun nh: chu hn, chu ng, chu rt v su bnh.- Thng qua gc ghp c th iu tit c s sinh trng ca cy ghp.- C kh nng phc hi sinh trng ca cy, duy tr ging qu thng qua cc phng php ghp nh: ghp ni cu hay ghp tip r Nhc im H s nhn ging khng cao, chit nhiu cnh trn cy s nh hng n sinh trng pht trin ca cy m. i vi mt s ging cy n qu, dng phng php chit cnh cho t l ra r thp. Cc bnh trn cy m c th truyn qua cho cy con nht l cc bnh v virus Cy nhanh b gi ci thi gian sng ngn hn cy sinh sn hu tnhNui cy m:Gii thiu chung v nhn ging v tnh in vitro (nui cy m in vitro)Nui cy m t bo thc vt l phm tr khi nim chung cho cc loi nui cy nguyn liu thc vt hon ton sch cc vi sinh vt, trn mi trng dinh dng nhn to, trong iu kin v trng.Nhn ging v tnh cy trng in vitro hay vi nhn ging (Micropropagation) l mt lnh vc ng dng c hiu qu nht trng cng ngh nui cy m t bo thc vt. Bao gm: Nui cy cy con v cy trng thnh Nui cy c quan: r, thn, l, hoa, qu, bao phn, non cha th tinh. Nui cy phi: phi non v phi trng thnh Nui cy m so (callus) Nui cy t bo n Nui cy protoplast: nui cy phn bn trng t bo thc vt su khi tch v cn gi l nui cy t bo trny l phng php nhn ging hin i c thc hin trong phng th nghim nn cn gi l phng php nhn ging trong ng nghim (in vitro) phn bit vi cc qu trnh nui cy trong iu kin t nhin ngoi ng nghim (in vivo).Khc vi cc phng php nhn ging truyn thng nh gim, chit cnh hoc ghp mt, phng php nhn ging in vitro c kh nng trong mt thi gian ngn c th to ra mt s lng cy ln u ph kn mt din tch t nht nh m cc phng php nhn ging khc khng th thay th c. Ngoi ra phng php ny khng ph thuc vo iu kin t nhin nn c th tin hnh quanh nm. y l hng ang c ng dng rng ri. Vit Nam hin nay c nhiu phng th nghim nui cy m, nhiu trung tm sn xut ging cy trng hng nm cung cp mt lng ng k cy ging c cht lng cao cho sn xut nh chui, da, khoai ty, cc loi lan, cy cnh, cy lm nghip.C s khoa hcK thut nui cy m t bo (tissue culture) ni chung v k thut nhn ging v tnh ni ring u da vo c s khoa hc l tnh ton nng, s phn ho v phn phn ho. Tnh ton nng ca t bo:Haberland (1902) ln u tin quan nim rng mi mt t bo bt k ca mt c th sinh vt a bo u c kh nng tim tng pht trin thnh mt c th hon chnh. Theo quan im ca sinh hc hin i th mi t bo chuyn ho u cha mt lng thng tin di truyn (b ADN) tng ng vi lng thng tin di truyn ca mt c th trng thnh. V vy, trong iu kin nht nh mt t bo bt k u c th pht trin thnh c th hon chnh. c tnh ca t bo gi l tnh ton nng ca t bo. Qua ngi ta c th bin mt t bo bt k (hoc mt mu m) thnh mt c th hon chnh khi c nui cy trong mt mi trng thch hp c y cc iu kin cn thit cho t bo thc hin cc qu trnh phn ho, phn phn ho. Tnh phn ho v phn phn ho ca t bo: Tnh phn ho ca t bo l s bin i ca cc t bo phi sinh thnh cc t bo ca cc m chuyn ho m nhim cc chc nng khc nhau. Trong c th thc vt c khong 15 loi m khc nhau m nhim cc chc nng khc nhau (m du, m dn, m b, m khuyt) nhng chng u c ngun gc t t bo mi sinh tri qua giai on phn ho t bo hnh thnh cc m ring bit. Tnh phn phn ho ca t bo: d l cc t bo khi c phn ho thnh cc m ring bit vi cc chc nng khc nhau nhng trong iu kin nht nh chng vn c th quay tr v trng thi phi sinh phn chia t bo.Trong k thut nui cy cc c quan dinh dng nh l, thnth giai on to m so chnh l khi t bo quay tr v trng thi phi sinh c kh nng phn chia lin tc m mt hn chc nng ca cc c quan dinh dng nh l, thn trc .S phn ho v phn phn ho gia t bo phi sinh v t bo chuyn ho c biu din theo s sau: Phn ho t bo T bo phi sinh T bo chuyn ho Phn phn ho t boV bn cht s phn ho v phn phn ho l qu trnh hot ho ca gen, ti mt thi im no trong qu trnh pht trin cc th th mt s gen c hot ho v mt s gen khc b c ch. iu ny c xy ra theo mt chng trnh c m ho trong cu trc phn t ADN. Khi nm trong mt c th hon chnh gia cc t bo c s c ch ln nhau, nhng khi c tch ri v trong nhng iu kin nht nh th cc gen c hot ho d dng hn nn chng c kh nng m tt c cc gen hnh thnh mt cc th mi. chnh l c s lm nn tng cho k thut nui cy m t bo.Cc bc trong nhn ging in vitro Bc 1: Chn lc v chun b cy mTrc khi tin hnh nhn ging in vitro cn chn lc cn thn cc cy m (cy cho ngun mu nui cy). Cc cy ny cn sch bnh, c bit l bnh virus v giai on sinh trng mnh. Vic trng cc cy m trong iu kin mi trng thch hp vi ch chm sc v phng tr su bnh hiu qu truc khi ly mu s lm gim t l mu nhim, tng kh nng sng v sinh trng ca mu cy in vitro. Bc 2: To vt liu khi uL giai on kh trng mu vo nui cy in vitro. Giai on ny cn m bo cc yu cu: t l nhim thp, t l sng cao, m tn ti v sinh trng tt.Kt qu giai on ny ph thuc vo rt nhiu vo cch ly mu, tu thuc vo mc ch khc nhau, loi cy khc nhau nui cy ph hp. Khi ly mu cn chn ng m, ng giai on pht trin ca cy, quan trng nht l nh chi ngn, nh chi nch sau l nh chi hoa v cui cng l on thn, mnh l.V d: Vt liu nui cy thch hp nhn nhanh in vitroMng ty: chi ngn (Kohter, 1975)Khoai ty: mm (Morel, 1952)Da: chi nch, chi nh (Paunethier, 1976)Bp ci: mnh l (Bimomilo, 1975)Sp l: hoa t (Kholer, 1978)Cn i vi chanh dy th thng s dng l chi nch, chi nh hoc mm ht.Cn thit phi kh trng mu trc khi a vo nui cy bng ho cht kh trng loi b cc vi sinh vt bm trn b mt mu cy. Chn ng phng php kh trng s a li t l sng cao v chn mi trng dinh dng thch hp s t c tc sinh trng nhanh. Thng dng cc cht: HgCl 0.1% x l trong 5-10 pht, NaOCl hoc Ca(OCl)2 5-7% x l trong 15-20 pht, hoc H2O2, dung dch BrMt s dng mi trng dinh dng ph bin: Mui khong: theo White (1943), Heller (1953), Murashige v Skoog (1962) Cht hu c: ng sarcaroza Vitamin: B, B6, inositol, nicotin axit Hoocmon: auxin (IAA, IBA, NAA), Xytokinin (BA, Kin, 2P), Gibberelin (GA3)Bc 3: nhn nhanhMc ch ca giai on ny l kch thch s pht trin hnh thi v tng nhanh s lng chi trn mt n v mu cy trong mt thi gian nht nh thng qua cc con ng: hot ho chi nch, to chi bt nh v to phi v tnh.Vt liu khi u in vitro c chuyn sang mi trng nhn nhanh c b sung cht iu tit sinh trngnhm xytokinin ti sinh t mt chi thnh nhiu chi. H s nhn ph thuc vo s lng chi to ra trong mt ng nghim. Vn l phi xc nh c mi trng v iu kin ngoi cnh thch hp c hiu qu cao nht. Ch nui cy thng l 25-270C v 16 gi chiu sng/ngy, cng nh sng 2000-4000 lux, nh sng tm l thnh phn quan trng kch thch phn ho chi (Weiss v Jaffe, 1969).Bc 4: To cy in vitro hon chnh Kt thc giai on nhn nhanh cy chng ta c c mt s lng chi ln nhng cha hnh thnh cy hon chnh v cha c b r. V vy, cn chuyn t mi trng nhn nhanh sang mi trng to r. Tch cc chi ring cy chuyn vo mi trng nui cy c b sung cht iu tit sinh trng nhm auxin. Mi chi khi ra r l thnh mt cy hon chnh. Chanh dy c th pht sinh r ngay sau khi chuyn t mi trng nhn nhanh giu xytokinin sang mi trng khng cha cht iu tit sinh trng. i vi cc phi v tnh ch cn cy chng trn mi trng khng c cht iu tit sinh trng hoc mi trng c cha xytokinin nng thp th phi pht trin thnh cy hon chnh. Bc 5: Thch ng cy in vitro ngoi iu kin t nhin a cy t ng nghim ra ngoi vn m vi t l sng cao, cy sinh trng tt cn m bo mt s yu cu:Cy trong ng nghim t nhng tiu chun hnh thi nht nh (s l, s r, chiu cao cy)Cn c thi gian hun luyn cy con (t 1-2 tun tu tng loi cy) thch nghi vi nhng thay i v nhit , m, su bnh bng cch t bnh cy ngoi iu kin t nhin, m np bnh nuiC gi th tip nhn cy in vitro thch hp: gi th sch, ti xp, thoat nc. Phi ch ng iu chnh c m, s chiu snh ca vn m cng nh c ch dinh dng thch hp.Nhn ging invitro chanh dy s dng on thn mang chi nch.Miu t chung v nhn ging bng chi nchS tao chi t on thn mang chi nch Chanh dy (Passiflora ediilis Sims.) in vitro c nghin cu trn mi trng c bn MS c b sung N6-Benzyl adenin (BA). Trong cc mi trng nghin cu mi trng c b sung 0,5 mg/L BA l mi trng tt nht cho to cm chi t on thn mang chi nch. Vic b sung nc da (0 - 20%) vo mi trng nui cy c 0,5 mg/L BA lm gim kh nng to chi t on thn mang chi nch. Trong cc mi trng c bn MS c b sung a-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), mi trng c b sung 0,25 mg/L NAA l mi trng thch hp nht to r chi in vitro. Cy con in vitro pht trin rt tt vi t l sng l 100% khi chuyn ra trng ngoi t v khng c bt thng v hnh thi. H thng ny c th s dng hiu qu nhn ging v tnh in vitro cy Chanh dy.Nguyn liu:Nguyn liu s dng trong cc th nghim gm on thn mang chi nch km mt l, tch t cc chi c ngun gc t nui cy in vitro on thn mang chi nch ca cy ngoi t nhin, v cc chi tch t cm chi to thnh. Th nghim iu kin th nghim: Cc th nghim c tin hnh iu kin nhit 2520C, cng nh sang 2000-3000 lux v thi gian chiu sng l 16h/ngy. nh hng ca BA ln kh nng to cm chi invitro t on thn mang chi nch: on thn mang chi nch (khong 1cm) tch t cc chi in vitro c cy ln mi trng c bn MS (Murashige, Skoog, 1962) c 2% sucrose, 0.8% agar v b sung N6-Benzyl adenine (BA) vi cc nng 0-4.0 mg/L tham d kh nng to chi ca mu. S liu nghin cu c thu sau 6 tun nui cy. Mi th nghim nui cy 20 mu. Th nghim c lp li 3 ln. nh hng ca nc da phi hp vi BA ln kh nng to cm chi in vitro t on thn mang chi nch: on thn mang chi nch (khong 1cm) tch t cc chi in vitro c cy ln mi trng c bn MS c 2% sucrose, 0.8% agar v b sung nc a vi cc nng 0-20% phi hp vi 0.5mg/l BA thm d kh nng to chi ca mu. S liu nghin cu c thu sau 6 tun nui cy. Mi mi trng nui cy 20 mu. Th nghim c lp li 3 ln. Nghin cu kh nng to r ca chi in vitro: Cc chi (khong 1cm) tch t cm chi in vitro c cy ln mi trng c bn MS c 2% sucrose, 0.8% agar v b sung -naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) vi cc nng 0-2.0mg/L thm d kh nng to r. S liu nghin cu c thu sau 6 tun nui cy. Mi mi trng nui cy 20 mu. Th nghim c lp li 3 ln. Chuyn cy con in vitro ra trng ngoi t: Cc cy con in vitro pht trin r c ly ra khi bnh nui cy. Ra sch r v trng trn t c trn phn chung hoai (t l 3 t:1 phn). Ti m v che nng cho cy trong tun u. Kt qu s nh hng ca BANghin cu nh hng ca BA ln kh nng to cm chi in vitro t on thn mang chi nch: Cc on thn mang chi nch cy Chanh dy c cy ln mi trng c b sung BA vsv cc nng khc nhau, nghin cu kh nng to cm chi. kt qu sau 6 tun nui cy c trnh by bng 1. Kt qu nghin cu cho thy tt c cc mi trng u c s hnh thnh chi. Sau 4 ngy nui cy, quan st thy c s hnh thnh chi trn tt c cc mi trng. cc mi trng c b sung BA, c s to thnh cm chi t chi nch. Tuy nhin, cc mi trng c nng BA khc nhau th kh nng to chi l khc nhau. mi trng khng b sung BA, ch c s pht trin cao ln ca chi nch. Trn mi trng ny, chiu cao trung bnh ca chi l 2.62 cm, chi pht trin tt. Trn mi trng b sung 0.25 mg/L BA cho kh nng to chi tt hn. S lng chi trung bnh to thnh trn mu cy l 1.58 chi, chiu cao trung bnh ca chi l 3.06 cm, chi pht trin tt. Mi trng c b sung 0.5 mg/L BA cho kh nng to chi tt nht. S lng chi trung bnh to thnh nhiu nht (3.95 chi/mu cy), chiu cao trung bnh ca chi l 2.24cm, chi pht trin tt (bng 1).Bng 1: nh hng ca BA ln kh nng to cm chi in vitro t on thn mang chi nchNng BA (mg/L)T mu to chi (%)S chi/ mu cyChiu cao

0100.0a1.00e2.62ab

0.25100.0a1.58d3.06a

0.5100.0a3.95a2.24b

1.0100.0a2.88b2.19b

2.0100.0a2.13c0.93c

3.0100.0aCm nh chi

4.0100.0aCm nh chi

mi trng c b sung 1.0mg/L BA, kh nng to chi bt u gim. S lng chi trung bnh to thnh trn mu cy l 2.88 chi, chiu cao trung bnh ca chi l 2.19cm, chi pht trin tt. Kh nng to chi tip tc gim trn mi trng c b sung 2.0mg/L. S lng chi trung bnh ca chi gim r rt (chiu cao trung bnh ca chi l 0.93cm), chi pht trin chm. mi trng c b sung 3.0 v 4.0 mg/L BA, kh nng to chi rt k. Ch to thnh cm gm cc chi c kch thc rt nh (1-2mm). Nh vy, mi trng c b sung 0.5mg/L BA l mi trng thch hp nht to cm chi in vitro t on thn mang chi nch. Cc kt qu nghin cu y cho thy BA c hiu qu trong kch thch to cm chi t on thn mang chi nch ca cy chanh dy. Tuy nhin, nng BA cao li khng thch hp.Kt qu nghin cu cy chanh dy tng t vi kt qu ca mt s tc gi khc nh Keng v Hoong (2005), khi nghin cu to cm chi t on thn mang chi nch ca cy da gang (Cucumis melo L.), nhn thy mi trng c bn MS c b sung BA l mi trng thch hp to cm chi. cy Faidherbia albida Dell., BA cng c nh hng tt n kh nng to cm chi t on thn mang chi nch (kwapata et al., 1999)Nghin cu nh hng ca nc da phi hp vi BA ln kh nng to cm chi in vitro t on thn mang chi nchCc on thn mang chi nch ca cy chanh dy c cy ln mi trng c b sung nc da vi cc nng khc nhau phi hp vi 0.5mg/L BA nghin cu kh nng to cm chi. Kt qu thu c sau 6 tun nui cy c trnh by trong bng 2.Bng 2: nh hng ca nc da phi hp vi BA len kh nng to cm chi in vitro t on thn mang chi nch.Nng T l mu to chi (%)S chi/mu cyChiu cao chi (cm)

Nc da (%)BA(mg/L)

00.5100.0a3.65a2.25a

2.50.5100.0a2.06b2.18a

5.00.5100.0a1.63c2.03a

10.00.5100.0a1.00d1.48b

15.00.584.38b0.88de0.8c

20.00.554.17c0.5e0.36c

BNH TRN CY CHANH DY:Bnh sinh lL bnh do qua trnh chm sc hoc iu kin mi trng gy ra, nhng bnh ny thng khng gy hi nhiu cho thc vt do d pht hin triu chng v cy c kh nng hi phc cao khi mc bnh. Bnh do ng vt gy hiRp sp ( Planococcus citri v P. kenya )citri kenya

Rp sp c hnh bu dc di khong 4 mm, ngang 2-3 mm, thn c ph lp sp trng, quanh mnh c cc tia sp di trng xp. Rp cng ln cng t di chuyn, di chuyn t ni ny sang ni khc ch yu nh kin cng sinh.Gy hi vng r v tt c cc b phn ca cy ch yu l tn l v qu. Chng s chch ht nha lm l v qu ho kh, rng non. Khi rp sp tn cng vng r, lm cho l cy b hi ho v vng a c th nhm vi triu chng b kh hn. R i khi b khm mt lp m nm mu trng xanh (Polyporus sp.) v b ci cc. Rp sp c pht hin di m nm khi n c bc i. Khi b hi vng r do rp sp kt hp vi m nm, lm cho cy d b cht. Trng hp gy hi trn thn bao gm l, cnh non v di gc tri.Cch phng tr: Phng tr sinh hc:Cc thin ch phng tr sinh hc l cc ong k sinh tn cng su non (nymph) ca rp sp gm: Leptomastidea abnormis, Leptomastix dactylopii, Chrysoplatycerus splendens, v Anagyrus pseudococci. Loi n tht gm: B lacewing nu (Sympherobius barberi); B lacewing xanh (Chrysopa lateralis), b ra, .Cn ch khai thc phng tr sinh hc v phi ha hc v gip bo v mi trng. Bin php canh tc v phi ha hc: Hun khi c khuyn co hn ch pht trin ca rp sp. Lm hng ro chn cc cy theo dy ngn chn ly lan rp sp; V sinh dng c thu hoch, dng c lm hn ch s pht tn; vn hn ch s pht tn; Mt s loi cy king l k ch quan trng ca rp sp khng nn trng gn vn. Cn ch kim tra v x l trn cc loi cy king trnh ly lan ra cy vn (cy cng nghip, n tri). Ti ra tri: Rp sp c th b ra tri vi vi nc mnh v lin tc. X l bng vi nc nhiu ln khi cn cng l bin php tt trong iu kin b nhim nh. Dng x phng tr su: X phng tr su c bn trn th trng. Tuy nhin, chng ta c th t lm bng cch s dng cht x phng ra chn nhng khng dng x phng c tm du thm v cht ph gia c th nh hng cy. Trn x phng vi t nc phun ln cy. Dng du neem: Du neem c chit xut t cy neem ( cy su ng) S dng theo s hng dn trn nhn sn phm. C li kt hp v du neem cng l cht dit su v nm (khi cy trng hp thu du neem n c th phng tr cn trng khng tip xc trc tip). Neem cn an ton khi s dng trn cy rau v cy thc phm cng nh cy hoa king khc. C th s dng nhng gia v nh ti, gng, t to cht phng tr rp sp theo hng hu c mt cch an ton. Dng 1 c ti, 1 c hnh v 1 mung t bt trn v nghin nh bng dng c nghin nh bp ch bin thnh bt nho. Rt khong 1 lt nc khuy u v ngm khong 1 gi. Sau lc qua vi tha ri cng thm 1 mung x phng ra chn v tip tc khuy u. Hp cht ny c th s dng v bo qun khong 1 tun trong ngn mt t lnh. Phng tr ha hc Mt s loi thuc su c chp thun s dng phng tr rp sp cam qut khi tht cn thit v nn dng loi khng nh hng thin ch c ch nh b cnh cng (Cryptolaemus montrouzieri) v ong k sinh (Leptomastix dactylopii)... Song, nhng loi thuc su mnh c th gy nguy him n ng vt trong nh hoc ngi. Khng s dng thuc khng c ngun gc v khng c trong danh sch c cho php s dng. Cy b rp sp gy hi nu l cn xanh hoc vng c th cu cha bng cch x l k. Cy b hi l mu nu nn nh v thay th cy khc. Nu s nhim khng th phng tr bng thuc ha hc sau 2 hoc 3 tun c th tiu hy cy b nhim nng trnh ly lan.Nhn (Brevipalus phoenicis)

Lai nhn ny gy hi cho rt nhiu lai cy trng khc nhau, gn y chng pht trin rt mnh, m chng cn gy hi trn rt nhiu lai cyC u trng v trng thnh u sng tp trung mt di ca phin l non ang chuyn dn sang giai on bnh t, v trn cc l gi , chch ht dch ca m t bo l, .Nu gp iu kin thun li nhn sinh sn rt nhanh, mt c th ln n hng chc con trn mt l , lm cho tng mng ln ca l b vng nu loang l, lm cho l chanh dy b bc, ht cht dinh dng l s rng lm nh hng n lm rng n hoa hoc qu non. Nhn thng pht sinh v gy hi nng trong ma kh nng hoc nhng thi gian b hn trong ma ma, do tc tch ly mt s rt nhanh v th vo nhng thi gian c iu kin thi tit thun li cho nhn nn cn ht sc ch theo di c bin php dit tr nhn kp thi. Cch phng tr: S dng nhng ging sch bnh v gi mt v thong gia cc cy v trn gin leo ca chanh dy. Nhng l b hi nng c mt s nhn cao, b vng a kh c kh nng phc hi th nn lt b em tiu hy dit nhn. Kim tra vn thng xuyn nu thy l chm c nhng triu chng b nhn gy hi nh m t phn trn cn kim tra k nhn bng cch dng knh lp hay knh lo c phng i ln soi tm nhn mt di ca l. Nu khng c hai dng c trn c th kim tra gin tip bng cch t nga l nghi c nhn ln trn mt t giy trng, sau dng ngn tay vut nh pha mt trn ca l, nu thy trn mt giy c nhng chm nh mu xanh lt, mu hng hay th l ang b nhn gy hi, nhng chm ny cng nhiu chng t mt s nhn cng cao. Do nhn c tnh khng thuc rt mnh.Nn khi pht hin trn cy c nhiu nhn cn dng lun phin nhiu loi thuc hn ch bt p lc gy khng thuc i vi nhn. Thuc bo v thc vt chng ta c th s dng trong nhng loi thuc sau y: Danitol 10EC, Comite 73 EC, Ortus 5SC, Pegasus 500EC, Nissorun 5EC, vibamec thuc tr su sinh hc, sk 99 xt cho cy chng tri ra( p dng theo khuyn co trn nhn thuc). Sau khi phun xt khong 7-10 ngy nu vn cn nhn th xt tip ln hai. Nh xt t u mt di ca l . ta c th pha chung vi phn bn l xt cho cy nhanh phc hi , v bnphn vo chu mt t phn dng cho cy cy pht trin bnh thng.B tr (Thysanoptera sp.)

Biu hin bnh:Qu chanh dy c ng vng mu trng nh da cm quanh cung l tc hi ca b tr, cn gi l con b lch. B tr c kch thc rt nh, ch di di 1 mm, thng tp trung mt di l, chch ht lm l bin mu nu vng v cong li v khng th hi phc. Trn qu chanh dy khi cn non, b tr chch vo t bo biu b to thnh nhng mng so mu trng xm trn v. Do b tp trung gy hi pha di l i hoa nn khi tri ln nhng mng so ny l ra ngoi thnh nhng ng so vng quanh cung rt in hnh.Cch phng tr bnh: B tr thng pht trin gy hi nhiu trong iu kin kh nng nn trc ht dng vi ti phun ma, to m v mt m cho vn cy cng c tc dng hn ch b. ng thi, cng c th dng thuc phun tr. Cc thuc c hiu qu cao vi b tr l Dragon, Sherzol, Pyrinex Nn phun thuc sm khi b tr cha gy hi cho qu non. Khi vn chanh dy b bnh Ta cnh, ri vi v phun thuc gc ng. Khi ta cnh nn kt hp ngt b cc l b bnh nng hn ch ngun bnh ly lan. Trong s cc thuc gc ng tr bnh lot cam chanh, nn s dng cc thuc gc ng c phi ch vi cht khng sinh th hiu qu c th cao hn so vi thuc ng n l v cn phun t nht 2 ln lin tip cch nhau t 7 - 10 ngy.B xt (Nezara)

B xt l mt nhm loi cn trng thuc h Pentatomidae (B Xt Nm Cnh), b Hemiptera (Cnh Na Cng). Ngoi chanh dy,cc loi ny cn gy hi trn nhiu loi cy khc.C thnh trng v u trng u tn cng trn chanh dy bng cch chch ht dch cy trng, ch yu cc b phn non ca cy nh thn, l chi, hoa v tri non. Cc b phn b b xt gy hi nng s b bin dng, km pht trin, tri non b b lp. Vt chch ht ca b xt cn l ni xm nhp ca cc tc nhn gy hi khc lm tri u b h thi, mt phm cht, nng sut gim. B xt thng xut hin cui ma ma sau tp trung pht trin vo ma h.Cch phng chng: Bin php canh tc: V sinh vn, dn c di, pht quang b l, bi rm, bn cn i N-P-K, dng vt tay bt b xt vo lc sng sm hay chiu mt. Kim tra vn pht hin v thu gom trng ca chng em tiu hy. Nu mt cao c th tham kho s dng mt trong nhng loi thuc c cc hot cht nh: Abamectin; Acephate, Azadirachtin; Matrine, s dng theo liu lng khuyn co.Rui c tri

c im v triu chng gy hi: C 2 loi rui c tri gy hi trn Lc tin:Bactrocera cucurbitae v Ceratitis capitata. Tri non b hi nhn nheo v rng sm, vt thng do rui c s lm gim gi tr thng mi ca qu, s tc ng v gy hi ca rui c tri trn Lc tin thng khng nghim trng nh trn cc cy trng khc v vy nu gy hi mc nh th cha cn phng.Bin php phng tr: Bin php canh tc: V sinh vn, ct ta l gi, bnh, thu gom nhng tri ri rng em chn su c kh trng bng vi. Thu hi tri sm hn bnh thng, khng tri chn qu lu trn cy. S dng bin php bao tri bng ti giy hoc bo trc khi tri chn hn ch trng thnh trng trn tri. C th dng cht pheromon dn d vi tn thng mi l Vizubon-D lm by dn d v tiu dit con trng thnh c (con rui c). Bin php ny mun c kt qu cao nn vn ng nhiu nh vn cng tin hnh ng lot trn din rng. Bin php ho hc: S dng Protein thy phn trn cht c lm b dit rui c tri. Cch lm nh sau: pha 100ml Protein thy phn vi 3-5ml thuc tr su Regent 5SC, pha long vi 1 lt nc ri em phun cho mi cy trn din tch khong 1m2 tn l vi lng 50ml hn hp. Mi tun phun 1 ln lc 8-10 gi sng, rui s n n v cht lm gim c s lng nn khng gy hi c. Tuyn trng:

Chanh dy c 4 loi tuyn trng gy hi gm Pratylenchus sp; Scutellonema truncatum; Helicotylenchus sp; Meloidogyne javanica. Tuyn trng khng nhn thy c bng mt thng, kch thc thy c khi c soi qua knh hin vi in t. 4 loi tuyn trng u tn cng b phn r cy chng xm nhp vo r theo vt thng c gii, h thng mch dn ca r nh h thng dn nc, dinh dng. Khi chng xm nhp vo b phn r, chng ht dinh dng sng, tuyn trng tn cng vo r lm cho b r phnh to ln nhng on c thnh phn Kitin, xenlulo km, khi b r phnh to s lm tc h thng dn nc, dinh dng s lm cho cy Lc tin ho mt cch bt thng, lm l vng, qu non rng ging nh triu chng thiu nc.Bin php phng tr: Bin php canh tc: Bn phn cn i, chn ging tt, chng chu vi su bnh v sinh vn trng ngt ta cnh l, to thng thong cho cy. Bin php hc hc: S dng mt trong nhng loi thuc c cc hot cht nh: Carbosunfan, Ethoprophos x l theo liu lng khuyn co. Bnh do nm Bnh m nu: (Alternaria passiflorae)

c im v triu chng gy hi: y l mt bnh nghim trng, nh hng n l, thn v qu, xut hin vo ma xun v u ma h.Trn l, u tin xut hin nhng m mu nu nh, sau lan rng ra thnh m ln c tm mu sng v c hnh dng bt nh. Trn thn, vt bnh c hnh thon di vi mu nu en, thng xut hin gn nch l hoc gn l (do b tn thng c gii, cy b chy nha). Khi vt bnh bao quanh thn cy th chi non s b ho, qu teo li v rng sm. Trn qu, vt bnh u tin ch nh nh mi kim sau lan rng thnh nhng vng trn ln vi vt nu lm c tm mu nu. Dn dn phn v qu xung quanh vt bnh b nhn nheo v qu b rng.Bin php phng tr: Bin php canh tc: V sinh vn, loi b l bnh v nhng cnh km hiu qu cy thng thong. Bin php ha hc: S dng cc thuc hot cht Azoxystrobin (Amistar 250SC); hoc hn hp thuc Mancozeb + Metalaxyl-M (Ridomil Gold 68WP); Difenoconazole (Score 250EC); Chlorothalonil (Daconil 500SC); hoc Thiophanate - Methyl (Topsin M 70WP) phng tr. Ch phun vo nhng t l ra vo u ma ma.1.1. 2. Bnh m xm: (Septoria passiflorae)

c im v triu chng gy hi: Bnh tn cng cc b phn l, thn, v qu, gy hi nng c th lm rng l, rng qu sm dn n gim nng sut. Bnh thng xut hin trong sut ma h v ma thu.Trn l, vt bnh thng khng c hnh dng c nh, ch l nhng m nh mu nu sng, nhanh chng lan rng v lm l rng. Trn thn, vt bnh xut hin tng t nh trn l. Nhng c c im vt bnh thng lm su vo trong thn. Trn qu, vt bnh u tin cng l nhng m nh, tng t nh trn l v thn. Sau nhng m ny to thnh nhng vt thng tn ln gy nn hin tng rng l v qu.Phng tr bng bin php ho hc: S dng cc loi thuc c hot cht:Azoxystrobin + Difenoconazole (Amistar top 325SC); Mancozeb + Metalaxyl M(Ridomil Gold 68WP); Carbendazim (Carbenvil 50SC); Cuprous Oxide (Norshield 86.2WP)Bnh thi hch: (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum)c im v triu chng gy hi: Trn thn, vt bnh lan rng lm bong lp v, lm gy chi non. Cc hch nm mu en, cng hnh thnh l nguyn nhn lm cho bnh ly lan t v ny qua v khc v thng nh hng n chi ngn. Loi nm ny cng c th gy hi trn tri, vt bnh lan nhanh v c mu nu nht bao ph ton b tri, cui cng trn tri s hnh thnh cc hch nm mu en c nhn thy bng mt thng, lc ny tri s b rng. Bnh ny pht trin thun li trong iu kin m t ko di v nhit t 15 -200C.Bin php phng tr: Bin php canh tc: V sinh vn trng, tiu hy tn d cy bnh. Trng mt hp l, ta b bt l gi, l gc to thng thong, trnh m cao trong t. Bin php ha hc: C th tham kho dng mt s loi thuc c hot chtIprodione, Trichoderma spp. Bnh thi r:c im v triu chng gy hi:Gy ra bi Phytophthora cinnamomi thng hot ng vo ma h v ma thu v Phytophthora megasperma thng hot ng ma xun. C 2 loi nm ny u tn cng trn cy trng thnh ngoi vn ln trong vn m gy cht cy, nhng tc hi chnh ca chng l nguyn nhn m ng cho s tn cng ca nmFusarium v cht cy do thi ngn. Phytophthora cinnamomi l mt loi nm r gy bnh tc mch dn v gy cht i vi nhiu loi thc vt. Bnh pht trin mnh trong mi trng m v k sinh trn r v m thn gn gc. Bnh lm suy yu hoc git cht cy v gy cn tr vic vn chuyn nc v dinh dng trong cy. Trn cy trng thnh xut hin cc triu chng chy l. L chuyn sang mu xanh nht ri chuyn sang mu ng. Trn tri xut hin cc vt bnh ln, mu xm. Hoa v tri xanh ca cy bnh rt d b rng.Bin php phng tr: iu chnh ch ti nc cho ph hp cng l bin php gim s tn cng ca bnh. S dng mt trong nhng loi thuc c cc hot cht nh: Thuc gc ng, Fosetum aluminium,1.2. Bnh ho r: (Fusarium avenaceum, Giberella, baccata, Gibberella saubinetii)c im v triu chng gy hi: Trong iu kin thi tit m t, nm bnh pht trin nhanh, vt bnh c th xut hin trn c c r v thn. u tin cy c biu hin vng l sau thn l v tri ho r xung v cht dn. phn thn, ni tip xc vi mt t, cc b mch dn b nm tn cng to cc vt bnh nu en vng quanh thn lm cho nc v dinh dng khng th truyn c t r ln, gy hin tng ho r thn l dn n cht cy.Bin php phng tr: Bin php canh tc: Hn ch vic to vt thng cho cy trong qu trnh chm sc, bn phn, ta cnh, lm c, gi cho vn lun sch s. Phng tr tt cc loi bnh do nm v cc loi sn, nht. Phn gc cy cn c bo v chng li nh hng ca thuc dit c v t cc vin thuc dn d sn nht n tiu dit. Nhng cy b bnh cn c di chuyn cn thn, em phi kh v t. Bin php ho hc: S dng cc loi thuc Trichoderma 3,2 x 109 bao t/gs dng 3kg/1000m2 trn vi phn chung hoc phn vi sinh bn vo t. Bnh do vi khun

Bnh m du do vi khun: (Pseudomonas passiflorae)c im v triu chng gy hi: Bnh gy hi trn l, thn v qu dn n s mt ma thm ch c th gy cht cy. Trn l bnh to nn nhng vt thng t mu oliu ti mu nu, thng bao quanh bi qung sng mu vng nht, bnh nng dn n rng l, trn thn cn non, du hiu u tin ca s xm nhim l nhng vt lm mu xanh en, mng nc. Sau s pht trin thnh mu nu sng, c vin r rng vi phn khng b bnh.Trn thn g gi, triu chng ban u l nhng m nh hnh trn c mu xanh en, hi lm xung, sau lan rng ra v c mu nu ti, nhng vt bnh ny bao quanh chi non v gy cht cy. Nhng du hiu u tin ca s nhim bnh trn tri l tri nh, mu xanh ti, vt bnh pht trin thnh nhng vng trn, th nhm, mng lm m mng nc, lm tri rng sm v thi tri. m du thng xy ra vo ma thu v ma kh.Bnh ho r vi khun: (Pseudomnas syringae)c im v triu chng gy hi: Loi vi khun ny c mi lin h mt thit i vi mm bnh ca vi khun gy bnh m du. Triu chng ca 2 loi bnh ny tng t nhau, v cch thc phng tr cng ging nhau. Nu qun l tt bnh m du th bnh ho vi khun s t c kh nng xut hin.Bin php phng tr: Bin php canh tc: Sau khi thu hoch, thu gom sch tn d ca cy, c bit l nhng cy b bnh v c trn vn em tiu hy hn ch ngun bnh ban u trn ng rung cho v sau. Khng nn trng dy vn lun thng thong, gim bt m trong rung. Bn phn cn i gia m, ln v kali, tng cng bn thm phn hu c, vi bt v phn kali hoc tro tru cng c tc dng lm gim tc hi ca bnh. Kim tra vn pht hin v nh b sm nhng cy b bnh em tiu hy trnh ly lan ra cy khc. Sau khi nh b bn vi bt vo ch va nh kh trng t. Bin php ho hc: Tham kho s dng mt trong nhng loi thuc c cc hot cht: Copper hydroxide, Copper Oxychloride + Kasugamycin, Copper Oxychloride 50% + Metalaxyl 8%, Ningnanmycin phun xt khi cy chm bnh. Bnh do virusS lan truyn bnh.u tin virus lan truyn bi qu trnh ghp, qua cc dng c ghp t cy bnh vo trong cy khe. Ngoi ra qu trnh ct ta cnh bng dao, ko cng lm cho virus ly lan. Khng c s lan truyn qua ht ging, m c th ly lan trong qu trnh vn chuyn.Cc loi rp: (Rp mui) Aphis gossypii, v rp o Myzus Persicae l cc mi gii truyn bnh virus gy hi trn chanh dy.Nguyn nhn:C 2 loi virus gy hi trn chanh dy: Virus PWV (Passion fruit woodiness virus) Virus CMV: y l loi virus gy hi trn nhiu loi cy trng nh chanh dy, da chut, c chua..). Ngoi Virt PWV nu trn cc loi Virt khc cng c bo co nh Virt khm trn u a (CMV), Virt tim n chanh dy (PLV), Virt khm vng l chanh dy (PaYMV) Virt gy hi gn l, Virt m xanh chanh dy (PGSV) .

Bin php phng tr tng hp. Ging: Vic chn ging tt c vai tr quan trng quyt nh ton b qu trnh sn xut chanh dy. Nhn chung cc c s cung cp ging chanh dy hin nay ti Lm ng cn cha m bo cht lng. C 2 ngun cung cp ging chnh l Cng ty Taiwoan (nhp ging t i Loan), v mt s c s nng dn t sn xut ging (t ghp) bn ra th trng. Do cht lng ging khng m bo, hay b nhim bnh. Hin ti cha c ging khng bnh r rt, v vy thi gian ti cn kho st cc ging mi t nhim bnh virus, chng chu c su bnh, thch nghi vi iu kin a phng v c nng sut cao phc v sn xut. i vi cc c s sn xut ging: Vn m ging phi cao ro, thng thang, sau mi ln xut vn phi x l dng c ghp, vt dng m bng dung dch foormol 1%. Dng li cn trng bo v cy con. Qun l tt su bnh trong vn m: S dng cc lai thuc phng tr cn trng chch ht nh Actara 25 WP, Admire 050EC, Conphai 100SL, Confidor 100SL. X l ht ging: Ngm ht ging trong dung dch Na2PO4(10%) trong 2 gi, sau x li trong nc sch 40 pht, tri ht trn giy ht m lm kh. Kim tra ngun bnh cy ging trc khi trng ra rung sn xut. Ring i vi cc c s nhp ging t i Loan phi c cc c quan chuyn mn kim tra cht lng cy ging, sch bnh trc khi trng ra rung sn xut. Bin php canh tc: t trng: Cy chanh leo trng thch hp vng t ti xp, thong, giu cht hu c nh t ct pha tht nh, t Bazan, pH thch hp 6.5-7.5, nu t chua th cn phi tng cng bn vi, nh b v tiu hy ngay cy bnh ngoi ng rung. t phi c thu dn sch s v em tiu hy tn d, c di, cy ba k trc khi trng. Lun canh cy trng: Khng trng chanh dy trn t trng cc cy h c: c tm, t, khoai ty, thuc l v da chut v cc loi cy trng ny u l k ch ca loi virus gy hi trn chanh dy. Mt trng: o h kch thc di: 50cm; rng 50cm; su 30cm. Khong cch trng: cy cch cy 3m, hng cch hng 4m. Lm gin leo theo kiu mt xch tu vo iu kin dc ca a hnh m lm gin leo sao cho ph hp, chc chn. cao gin leo 2.0-2.5m. S dng phn bn cn i v hp l, trnh bn qu nhiu m c bit l trong iu kin ma ma. Hin ti cha c quy trnh chun v liu lng phn bn cho cy chanh dy. C th tham kho theo quy trnh bn phn (ca i Loan) nh sau: Thi k kin thit c bn (1 -8 thng tui): Bn 120kgN/ha/nm (t l NPK (2 :2 :1,5). Thi k kinh doanh: (t 8 thng tui tr ln) : Bn 200kgN/ha/nm (t l NPK (2 :1 :4). Ngoi ra cn tng cng bn thm cc loi phn trung, vi lng c cc cht nh: Mg, Cu, Fe , Ca V sinh ng rung, phng tr cc nguyn nhn ly nhim: Thng xuyn ct ta chi, l bnh, qu bnh v em tiu hy, ti nc, gi nc trong ma kh. Trong qu trnh ct ta nhng cnh l gi b su bnh khng c chm vo cy kho. Ra tay k bng x phng hoc Na2PO4 (3%). X l tit trng dng c, qun o bo h lao ng sau khi chm sc vn cy bng nhit (xng hi hoc hp) 1000C trong 30 pht; ngm dng c vo Formol 1% hoc Na2PO4 (10%) trong 10 pht. Bin php ha hc:V virus l loi bnh hin ti cha c loi thuc ha hc no c kh nng phng tr hiu qu. V vy bin php qun l tt cc mi gii truyn bnh c ngha rt quan trng. Dng by dnh mu vng thu ht trng thnh cc loi cn trng chch ht, dng giy bc, to nh sng phn x xua ui cn trng chch ht, dng li cn trng quy quanh bo v vn trng. Phi phun phng tr ngay t u mt s i tng trung gian ly truyn virus nh cc loi rp, b phn bng mt s loi thuc nh : Actara 25WP, Confidor 100SL, Admire 50EC, Hapmisu 20EC, Oshin 20 WP, Success 25SC, Vertimec 1.8EC, Du khong DS 98.8 EC.K THUT TRNG:Cy chanh dy (nhiu ni gi l cy lc tin) trng c trn mi a hnh. Thch hp vi cc loi t thong xp, giu cht hu c nh: t tht nh, t Bazan ... t qu chua hoc qu kim cng nh hng ti sinh trng pht trin ca cy. C th trng vo ma xun hoc ma thu.Chanh dy l loi c dy leo khe, bm vo gin nh tua cun. Cy cao 4,6 - 6,1m/nm v cn chm sc nhiu. Thi gian sng ngn (5 - 7 nm). Chun b t trng: Cy thch nghi tt vi nhiu loi t trng nhng t nhiu mn, t st, t ct, thot nc tt, c pH = 6,5 - 7 l thch hp nht. t trng cn giu hu c v c hm lng mui thp. Nu t qu chua khc phc bng vic bn vi. V loi dy leo c r cm vo t khng su, chng ch ly dinh dng t mt phn lp ph trn t ly cht dinh dng. Cn c h thng thot nc v hp thu kh tt ( hn ch thp nht vic thi nhn). t c h thng thot nc km, r cy d nhim bnh, gy cht cy. Kim tra thot nc ca t: o su khong 30cm nc vo, t thot nc tt s rt ht nc trong vng vi gi. Nu t nng c nhiu t st th phi trn Gypsum vo t (500gr/m vung). Lm sch c di, co san cho mt t bng phng. Trn cc a hnh t dc nn lm cc rnh thot nc trnh ra tri, xi mn. o h kch thc 60 x 60 x 60 cm, b lp t mt 1 bn. Bn vi 0,5 kg/h sau tin hnh phn chung 10 - 15 kg + 0,5 kg ln/h. Trn u vi lp t mt.Lm gin: Do l loi cy dy leo nn cn lm gin.V tr trng chanh dy thng cho leo gin ni c nhiu nng tr vng qu nng th trng trong mt phn bng rm s tt hn cho cy. Cy c rt nhiu dy leo, v vy cn trng cnh hng ro hay cm gin mt co trc khi trng cy. Cy s c nh hng leo ln gin.Chanh dy trn gin ch T V dy leo khp ni nn trng tt nht nh knh. Tuy nhin, mt s loi nh c th trng trong nh cy. C th lm gin theo kiu gin mp hoc kiu ch T. Gin kiu ch T chanh dy pht trin tt hn do nh sng tip xc b mt tn ln, hn ch nm bnh. Nn lm gin cao 1,8 - 2 m vi cc tr tre, g hoc b tng, bn trn cng li thp vi khong cch vung 40 x 40 cm cho dy leo.K thut trng: Phn bn lt nh phn chung hoai mc, phn vi sinh, phn m, ln, NPK ... theo liu lng thch hp trn vi lp t mt vo trong h. Dng dao sc ct bu nilon, t cy con xung gia h, lp t nh xung quanh gc, ph mt lp c kh duy tr m trong t v gi mt gc vo ma nng (trnh p t thnh / m xung quanh gc. Sau trng cn ti nc nh gi m (nu khng c ma). Cy mi trng: khi cy cao khong hn 1m phi ngt t cho nhy thm nhiu nhnh mi, c th ngt t thm 1 ln th nh nu gin ln rng.Ti nc:Chanh dy l loi cy cn m cao, lng nc nhiu v thng xuyn v vy thng ti 2 ngy 1 ln, nht l vo ma kh cn ti lng nc nhiu hn s gp cho cy ra chi, ra hoa v u qu lin tc, yu cu nc nhiu giai on lm tri v pht trin tri nu thiu nc s lm rng hoa, tri hoc teo tri li. Bn phn: Chanh dy l loi pht trin mnh v cn bn phn thng xuyn. Phn NPK (m - Ln - Kali) l mt la chn tt vi t l thch hp nht s cho nng sut cao, s la chn ny cn ph thuc vo iu kin mi trng, ging... Qu nhiu nit s lm l pht trin qu mc ln t s ra hoa. Cy d h hi v sng gi, nn cn lng phn bn ln sau khi thi tit m p li. Chanh dy c mt h thng r d b tn thng cho nn t trng tt c nhiu vi sinh vt v nhiu cht hu c l ni gieo tt nht. Nu t ngho, cy c th bnh, r thi i v b giun trn tn cng. t st nng cng gy bnh thi hng. Ri u phn vng quanh gc, PHI CCH GC 45cm.Ti nc lin sau khi bn phn. Thc hin bn phn cng lc ti nc nhng ng qu mc, ti qu nhiu nc s gy hi cho r. Bn phn khng qu mc v qu nhiu Nit (hu ht phn bn thng mi rt nhiu Nit) s lm mm l xanh, li ko cc loi bnh v cn trng n, cy cho t qu. Nh lm vn Php cho bit cy trng ti Ivory Coast b sung hng nm 220g ur v 210g Kali sunphat cy/nm tui s tc ng tt nht ln sn lng qu. C kin cho rng nn bn 9001000g Nit cho 30kg qu, nhng lng nit qu cao lm qu rng qu trc khi chn. Dy leo chanh dy nn c chm nom thng xuyn b sung cht khi cn, c th l Kali v Canxi, mt t Magie. Ct ta: Mc ch: ct ta thng xuyn gi cc dy leo trong khu vc nh trc, vic thu hach d dng hn v gi nng sut cao bi gip cy pht trin khe mnh. Bn cnh cn nhm gi cy khng mc ln ra ngoi din tch nh vn mong mun v gip khng kh c th lun chuyn gia cc m l, cy sinh ra nhng cnh mi v khe. Ct ta, to tn: Vic ct ta to tn nn lm thng xuyn to ra cc cnh th cp mi phn b du trn mt gin gip cho cy ra hoa u tri c tt hn. Ta bt l vo thi k ma ma va hn ch nm bnh pht trin gy hi ng thi nhm c ch sinh trng, gip cy ra nhiu n, u nhiu tri. Sau thu hoch ct ht tt c cc cnh trn mt gin cho tri. li thn v cc cnh t mt t ti gin. Sau cy s ra chi mi, phn cnh cp 2,3 v cc cnh qu. Nu chanh dy khng c n ta hon ton vo cui nm, sang nm s nh hng rt ln n sinh trng v pht trin c bit lm hn ch n nng sut. Bo v trnh sng gi:Dy leo ch chu ng c sng gi nh (-1oC n -2oC) v trong thi gian ngn. iu kin sng gi nng hn s lm cht cnh non, lm h hi qu nghim trng (lm rng qu). R ca cy trng thnh c th b ch v sng gi, dn n cht c cy. Phng php gip hn ch thit hi do sng gi: Gi t sch c bn di dn dy leo v trng c gia cc hng trong ma ng. Nhng bin php ny khng c kt qu khi sng gi khc nghit. Nn che chn tt to iu kin gi m cho chanh dy l rt quan trng. Lm b nghing dc pha bc hay pha ty che trnh sng gi v gi chanh dy khi nhng cn gi mnh. V s lng cy chanh dy trng qu ln, nh vn kh che ph ht cc gin, nhng c cc tng l pha trn gip bo v nhng cnh pha trong khi sng gi lm h hi. Nh vn c th bo v cy bng cch che chn nh tng, sn hay hin. Bt k s bo v no bng cch che ph t bn trn gin u rt tt cho cy. Khi trng, cc dy leo cch nhau theo nhng khong khc nhau. Nghin cu ti Venezuela ch ra sn lng qu cy chanh dy vng t cao nht khi cc dy trng cch nhau 3m trn mi lung. Ti Nam M, cy chanh dy tm trng cch nhau 2,5m trong vng lnh mt v 3,5 - 4,5m trong vng m p. Khong cch gia cc cy chanh dy tm Kenya l 3m v cc lung song song cch nhau 1,8m. Cc lung cy cch nhau 1,2m cho sn lng cao nht. Nhng khong cch qu nh d dn n nhim bnh v phi trng li sau nm th ba. Chanh dy c trng trong thng mi th dy leo c trng trn dn cao ti thiu 2,13m. Tuy nhin, v li ch ca ch gin chanh dy vng s cho sn lng cao hn, t vn v su bnh nu cho dy leo ln nhng cy cao. L tng nht l trng cy u xun sau khi sng gi qua i. Ti Florida, cc cy trng cch nhau 3 - 4,5m trong hng, cc hng cy cch nhau 4,5 - 6m. Gin c cc thanh ngang theo chiu ngang. Ti ni cao nht ca tr ng, ta ging 2 - 4 dy cch nhau 60cm chy dc theo thanh ngang. Theo chiu dc ca gin c cc ct chu ti trng cho gin nhng khng c thanh chy ngang qua, c 2 - 3 dy chy c dng nh hng ro dy thp gai, cc dy ny ni vi tr chy t trn xung di, cc dy cch nhau 30 - 40cm. Dy thp lm gin m thp pha km s 9, 10. Tr phi chc chn chng chu ti trng ca dy leo qua hay rung lc do gi mnh. Tt nht l ct cao 1,5m; phn cm xung t di 45 - 75cm. Gin t theo hng Bc - Nam n nng tt nht, cho dy leo gin cng h tr qu trnh th phn cho.S th phn to qu:iu kin cn cho s th phn: Chanh dy tm ra nhiu qu, t th phn tt nht trong iu kin m. Cc hoa c mu vng l tt nht nhng khng t th phn. Nhng ch ong th gip th phn hiu qu nht, tt hn c ong mt. Con ngi c th gip hoa th phn bng tay. Qu chn t 70 - 80 ngy sau khi th phn. Ti mt s vng, dy leo trng trn gin ca chanh dy vng cn th phn th cng c th cho qu. Trong vn nh, ti thiu c trng hai dy ca hai cy b m khc nhau v qun vo nhau th phn. t trng thot nc tt v ti tiu y trong ma pht trin l cn thit. Nu t mu m, lng hoa mc ra bng lng hoa ho i. Mc d nhng hoa ring l ch tn ti trong thi gian ngn, ma n hoa th kh di.Thi im th phn: Qu trnh th phn rt cn thit to qu. Hoa ca chanh dy tm cho qu khi t th phn, nhng chanh dy vng s khng cho qu khi u nhy khng cha y nhng ht phn t nhng hoa khc c tng thch v mt di truyn. D vy, hoa mc t hai cy trng t phn ghp ca cng mt dy khng th th phn cho nhau. Hn na vi dy mc t nhm cy ging c th th phn cho v s khc th khng. Nh vn thc hin th phn bng tay gip cy pht trin. Thng thng, vi nhng khu vc nhiu gin cy th th phn cho cho nhiu kt qu tt. Queensland, chanh dy tm n hoa vo ma xun v u h (thng 2 n thng 4) v n hoa ln na giai an ngn hn vo ma thu v u ma ng (thng 6 n thng 11). Hoa n vo sng sm (lc bnh minh), khp li trc gia tra v c th t th phn. Cn chanh dy vng th n mt ln theo ma (thng 10 n thng 6). Th phn nhn to Ti Florida, n hoa t gia thng 4 n gia thng 11. Hoa m ra trong khong gia tra v khp li khong 9 - 10h ti v khng th t th phn hoc nu c ch xy ra s t th phn rt t. Kiu hoa vn thng nhng khi n hoa un ngc xung, ng mt t v sau cho n khi cc nhnh cy nm ngang vi bao phn. Khi hoa khp li th tr v v tr ng thng. Nhng thay i ny mt khong mt gi. vi hoa, vn gi thng, nhng nhng hoa ny l hoa ci khng c kh nng t th phn, mc d phn hoa ca chng vn c th thc hin chc nng. Thi im thch hp nht th phn l sau khi hoa nghing i. Lc ny, u nhy v tr thch hp cn trng gip hoa th phn v c cht dch u nhy c th dnh ht phn sau pht trin ng phn. u nhy trng thi chun b tip nhn ht phn t lc hoa n n khi khp li. Ht phn c gii phng t hoa khc khi hoa ny ang khp v trc khi hoa tip nhn, nhng ht phn khng b gi cun i. S lng ht phn gi li trn u nhy quyt nh s lng ht hnh thnh v kch thc ca qu. Qu c th c n 350 ht. Nu khng c khong 100 non pht trin thnh ht, qu gn nh rng (trng lng thp v t dch qu). Mt s qu c t hn 50 ht, chng thuc qu khng ht. Akamine v Girolami (1959) nhn thy rng vic hnh thnh qu, s lng ht v lng nc qu lin quan ti s ht phn dnh trn u nhy. Hai tnh cht ny ca qu b tc ng ln nht nu trong s th phn, s ht phn dnh trn u nhy khng . Do vy, s th phn ca nhng ln ong i qua rt quan trng v lu vic chuyn ht phn gia cc hoa trong khong thi gian ngn khi u nhy sn sng tip nhn nng cao nht vic to qu.

Tc nhn th phn:Gi:Gi s lm nng bao phn v lm cc dnh cc ht phn nn khng c li. Cn trng: Ong mt v ong th (Xylocopa sonorina Smith, c bit ti Hawaii l X.Varipuncta Patton) l loi chuyn phn ch yu cho chanh dy. S lng ong th rt nhiu, chuyn phn tt nht v kch thc ln ca chng. Khng hay l vi vng him ong th hay hon ton khng c. Ong mt c mt khp ni, nhng i khi chng b hp dn bi hoa khc khng phi hoa chanh dy. Ong mt c th gh hoa v mt hay ht phn hoc c hai. Mt trong nhng vn chnh v chanh dy l lm th no t sn lng qu cao. iu ny ch c c khi c s lng ln hoa v cc loi vt chuyn phn gia cc cy. Mt con ong th trong 50 si chn trn mt hng hay mt ong mt trn 4 hoa l . S lng thch hp th phn t ti a cha c bit. Cng nhiu chanh dy, ong th v ong mt hot ng cng hiu qu v chng khng thiu cy gh vo. Thc t cn quan tm vic trng xen k chanh dy tm c hoa n cun ht ong t tinh m n gia tra v chanh dy vng n hoa t gia tra n gn ti. iu ny li cun v gi ong hot ng trn ng sut ngy v tng hiu qu th phn. Nhiu loi thuc b hai cnh th i khi chuyn ht phn khng hiu qu gia cc cy. Mc ch ca chng l n, sau ngh ngi, m khng bay lp tc sang hoa khc (thng xy ra i vi loi hai cnh v ong thu ht phn). Pope (1935) cp n bm m v chim rui, nhng nhn chung, bm m khng i vo ban ngy v chim rui phn b khng rng p ng cho ma v trong thng mi. Thu hoch:Chanh dy c trng vi din tch rng v c tri quanh nm. Phi mt 6 thng cc cy pht trin t lc l ht ging n khi ra hoa. Sau khi ra hoa v th phn, qu pht trin. Mm hoa mc t cc chi mi, tung phn sau 40 - 46 ngy. T khi hoa tr n lc tri chn l 60 - 70 ngy (ging tri vng) hoc 60 - 90 ngy (ging tri tm). Chanh dy rt cn nhiu nh sng ra hoa v u tri, do sau ma thu hoch tri nn xn ta dy ra nhiu chi mi phi ra nh sng c nhiu hoa. vng nhit i gi ma, chanh dy thng ra hoa tp trung t cui ma ma (ging tri tm) v thng ko di trong ma nng (ging tri vng) lm ko di ma thu hoch. Cc loi qu s nhanh chng chuyn t mu xanh l cy sang mu tm (hoc mu vng) khi chn v sau ri xung t trong vng vi ngy.Cy chanh dy bt k s trng thnh sm hn nu trng trong kh hu m p hn. Chanh dy trng trong ma xun cho qu sm hn cy trng trong ma thu. Trong iu kin l tng (cc cy trng vo u ma xun vng nhit i) c th thu qu trong vng su thng. Cy trng trong ma thu trong thi tit mt hn c th ch ra qu trn 12 thng. Cc ma ra hoa khc nhau ca chanh dy tm v vng thng c cp n do vn th phn. Ti mt s vng, dy leo cho qu sut nm nhng ti cc thi k sn lng cao nht, ln u vo thng 8 n thng 12 v ln th hai t thng 3 n thng 5. Sau thi gian ny, qu hi nh hn v t dch qu hn. Do cy chanh dy a dng v trng v mc ch thng mi c trn v di xch o, khng bao gi cn tr nguyn liu qu th ch bin. Nh vn khng lo lng khi no phi thu hach chanh dy, v khi chng sn sng thu hach, qu s rng xung trn mt t. S ri rng khng lm hi qu, nu c cng ch nh hng mt t. Chng khng thu ht rui hay kin nhng cn thu gom hng ngy trnh h hng bi vi sinh vt trn t. Ti Nam M, cc qu ny b h hng do mt tri t nng, v l do ny cn hi qu trn dy leo 2 - 3 ln/tun trong h trc khi qu chn hon ton. Trong giai an ny, nh vn bn qu ti ra th trng trc khi qu mt nc nhn nheo. Vo ma ng ch cn thu qu mt ln mt tun, qu dng cho ch bin thng l loi c mu tm sm. n v Israel, hi qu hn l nht trn mt t. V qu ri vi thng c lng cht kh, ng, axit v vitamin C thp hn.Nhng qu chanh dy thu lm c nn ng trong nhng cn x hoc nhng ci thng, khng nn ng trong bao v s gy hin tng m hi. Nu khng gi ngay cho nh my ch bin, cn tri qu trn gi bng dy thp khng kh c th lu thng tt quanh qu. Sn lng Nhiu yu t nh hng n s dy leo ca chanh dy. Sn lng trong thng mi trung bnh t 20000 - 35000 lbs mi acre (tng ng mi kg mi ha). Ti Fiji, thu hach th cng, vi 173 are (70 ha) cho sn lng 33 tn qu. Cy ging ti c nng sn lng vt hn na vi chanh dy tm. T 6kg tht qu cho 4,5kg nc p v 1,18kg ht.

Bo qun:Phng php: tr v bo qun chanh dy, ra v ro ri b vo bao. 10oC, thi gian bo qun c th ko di t 2 - 3 tun. Qu chanh dy s ngt nht khi v hi nhn. 4,4oC - 7oC (ti u l 7oC ) c th bo qun trong 4 - 5 tun. Tuy nhin, phn ln cht mi v cht dinh dng ca qu b tn tht trong thi gian bo qun. Ni chung, nhit ti u bo qun chanh dy (bo qun lnh) l 7oC - 13oC, vi m khng kh RH = 85 - 90%. C th bo qun chanh dy bng cch nhng chanh dy vo sp prafin nng, iu ny gip tiu dit vi sinh vt trn b mt qu v ngn cn s bc hi nc lm cho qu kh v nhn nheo. Nu ph parafin v tr nhit 5oC - 7oC, m 85- 90% c th ngn cn s nhn v v duy tr cht lng c 30 ngy. Chanh dy bo qun bng cch ny c th gi cht lng tt trong 2 - 3 thng. Tuy nhin vn c s tht thot cht mi do s bc hi ca cc hp cht d bay hi qua mng sp. Nhng bin i trong qu trnh bo qun Trong qu trnh tn tr chanh dy, cc bin i v vt l, sinh l v sinh ha c lin h cht ch v ph thuc vo tnh cht t nhin ca chng: ging, iu kin trng trt v chm sc, gi chn khi thu hi, k thut thu hi, vn chuyn v nhng yu t k thut trong qu trnh tn tr. Bin i vt l: S bay hi nc S bay hi nc ty thuc vo mc ho nc ca h keo trong t bo, cu to v trng thi ca m bao che, c im v mc b gip c hc, m v nhit ca mi trng xung quanh, vn tc chuyn ng ca khng kh, chn ca chanh dy, cch bao gi, thi hn v phng php tn tr v cc yu t khc nh cng h hp v s sinh ra hi nc. Thng tt do su, chut, va p c hc v nm bnh cng lm tng s mt nc. S mt nc thay i trong qu trnh tn tr: Giai on u: mt nc mnh. Giai on gia: mt nc gim i. Cui cng: khi chn hay khi bt u h hng mt nc li tng ln. S qu chn ca qu cng km theo s tng lng m thot ra, v l qu trnh lo ha ca cc h keo, lm gim tnh ho nc. m gim, nhit kh quyn tn tr tng cng lm cho s mt nc tng ln. S gim khi lng t nhin S gim khi lng t nhin l s gim khi lng do bay hi nc v tn hao cc cht hu c trong khi h hp. Khi lng gim i trong thi gian tn tr di ngy ph thuc vo: ging, loi, vng kh hu, cch thc chm sc, bn phn, ma thu hoch, cng ngh v thi hn tn tr, mc nguyn vn v chn, v.v. S sinh nhit Tt c lng nhit sinh ra trong qu trnh tn tr l do h hp. Hai phn ba lng nhit ny ta ra mi trng xung quanh, cn mt phn ba c dng vo cc qu trnh trao i cht bn trong t bo, qu trnh bay hi v mt phn d tr dng nng lng ha hc vn nng: l lin kt phosphat giu nng lng ca phn t adenozin triphosphat (ATP). Lng nhit ta ra khi tn tr mt cch gn ng theo lng CO2 sinh ra trong qu trnh h hp: C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + 674kcalC 1mg CO2 tng ng vi 2,52 cal. o lng CO2 bay ra ta suy c lng nhit ca qu trnh h hp. Trong qu trnh bo qun cn phi duy tr nhit , m ti u trong kho. Nhit , m ca khi nguyn liu v mi trng trong kho bo qun lun c s khc nhau. S khc nhau nhiu hay t, mt mt ph thuc vo cng h hp v mc thng gi, mt khc ph thuc vo tnh cht l nhit ca chanh dy (ch yu l cng sinh nhit v sinh m, nhit dung, h s dn nhit v s phn tn nhit t kho nguyn liu ra xung quanh). Khi nhit v m tng n mt mc thch hp cho s pht trin ca vi khun v nm mc th nhit lng sinh ra li tng nhanh hn na v ngoi h hp ca qu cn c h hp ca vi sinh vt. l iu kin dn n h nguyn liu mt cch nhanh chng. Bin i sinh ha: Hm lng fructose cao hn trong nhng qu c bao gi bo qun so vi qu khng c bao gi. Hm lng sucrose, glucose vn gim bnh thng so vi ban u k c khi qu c bao gi trong thi gian lu tr. Hm lng fructose v glucose gim gp i trong thi gian bo qun 15C (khng c thay i trong 30 ngy v gim ng k ti 45 ngy). Hm lng glucose tng tuyn tnh ti 5C n 10C, nhng hm lng fructose khng thay i nhit ny. Lu tr 10C trong 15 ngy k t ngy thu hoch c th duy tr cht lng ca chanh dy vng. Hn na , qu trnh ch bin phi duy trnh nhit t 8C v 14C m bo cho cht lng sn phm tt nht ra th trng.

THNH PHN HA HC V GI TR KINH T: Thnh phn ha hc:Gn 84% dch qu chanh dy l nc, cn li l cc hp cht thm, hp cht mu, cc cht sinh nng lng: ng, tinh bt v cc cht vi lng. Cht bo v protein cha trong dch qu chanh dy khng ng k, ch chim 3 - 4% tng nng lng cung cp. Chanh dy cha nhiu vitamin C v A. V nng lng cung cp, chanh dy tng ng vi xoi v sri, v hm lng magie tng ng vi chui. Carbohydrate ng l thnh phn chnh cung cp nng lng v v ngt trong qu chanh dy. Chanh dy c hm lng ng va phi (8,5g glucide/100g), thp hn mt s loi tri cy thng thng khc (trung bnh l 9 - 12g/100g), ch yu gm 3 loi ng: glucose, fructose v sucrose. Hm lng ng nh hng n v ngt ca chanh dy nhng phn ln lng ng ny l fructose c ngt cao (so vi ng saccharose) v vy chanh dy vn c v ngt. Cht x: mt trong nhng li ch sc khe ca chanh dy l ht cha hm lng cht x kh cao. Ht chanh dy l mt ngun cht x m c th cn lm sch rut, ci thin tiu ha v gip ngn nga cn au tim v t qu. Cht x ny t gn n vi cc cht tch t trong thnh rut gi, ko n ra v lm cho rut gi sch s, iu ny lm cho c th d dng tiu ha thc n hn v v lu di th c th ngn nga s pht trin ca ung th rut kt. Mt quy trnh tng t din ra trong cc van ca tim, theo cht x loi b i s tch t ca cht bo v cholesterol trong tim, bo v c th chng li cc cn au tim, cc bnh v tim v t quAcid hu c Trong dch qu chanh dy c cha cc axit hu c t do: axit citric, axit aspartic v cc axit khc c lin quan chim khong 95% tng s cc axit. Chanh dy vng t acid ascorbic hn l chanh dy tm nhng li phong ph hn trong tng s acid (ch yu l acid citric - 3,9g/100g - hm lng acid citric trong chanh dy kh cao nhng vn thp hn chanh). Axit citric bao gm tt c cc loi axit khng bay hi chim 93 - 96% tng lng axit, axit malic chim 4 - 7%. Tc dng ca axit citric l gip bo v, h tr cho km v c nguyn t vi lng khc. Cc nghin cu chng minh nhng ngi cao huyt p v b bnh mch vnh ung nc chanh leo c th ci thin tnh trng bnh nh axit citric kt hp vi canxi, ngn s ng mu do tch t tiu cu. Hng v ngt ngo ca chanh dy tm l do hm lng ng v t l ng/acid cao. Trong chanh dy vng, acid citric chim u th, tip theo l axit malic, ging mu tm c thp hn axt citric, tip theo l acid lactic. T l ng : acid trong chanh dy tm l 5:1. T l ng : acid trong chanh dy vng l 3:8. Cc loi chanh dy tm thng ngt hn chanh dy vng.

Acid amin Amino acid t do trong nc tri cy chanh dy tm l: arginine, aspartic acid, glycine, leucin, lysine, proline, threonine, tyrosine v valine. Xt v mt gi tr dinh dng, cc protein thc vt c cht lng khng cao do t l khng cn i ca cc acid amin khng thay th. Enzyme Trong thnh phn ca dch qu chanh dy vng c cha catalase, c th b v hot hon ton 790C trong vng 75 giy. Cn trong dch qu chanh dy tm c cha enzyme metylesterase b v hot 80oC trong 60 giy. Ngoi ra trong chanh dy cn c enzyme protease v SH - protease. S dng casein lm c cht, pH ti u cho enzyme protease l 2,3 v cho SH - protease l 5,7. Vitamin Vitamin C: Chanh dy rt giu vitamin C. Vitamin C tan tt trong nc v ng vai tr l mt cht oxy ho. Vitamin gip bo v phn m mm ca c th, ng thi bo v plasmalipids v LDL cholesterol khi cc gc t do. Ngoi ra vitamin C cn ng vai tr quan trng trong s duy tr h min dch ca c th v thm ch lm gim nh triu chng cm lnh ngi. Mt ly nc chanh dy p cung cp khong 50% lng vitamin C cn thit trong ngy cho mt ngi trng thnh. Vitamin A: Chanh dy cng cha rt nhiu vitamin A. Carotenoids c tm thy trong chanh dy c hot vitamin A khc nhau. Viatamin A l loi vitamin tan trong du, cn thit cho th gic, da, s pht trin v ti sinh m t bo.

Bn cnh chanh dy cn l mt ngun tuyt vi ca niacin (vitamin B3) v riboflavin (vitamin B2). Riboflavin c bin i thnh 2 coenzym l flavin mononucleotid (FMN) v flavin adenin dinucleotid (FAD), l cc dng coenzym hot ng cn cho s h hp ca m. Riboflavin cng cn cho s hot ho pyridoxin, s chuyn tryptophan thnh niacin v lin quan n s ton vn ca hng cu. Riboflavin l iu cn thit cho vic chuyn i protein, cht bo v carbohydrate thnh ng, m l "t chy" sn xut nng lng. L vitamin tan tt trong nc v ru, gip tng sc khng cho c th, tng tc to mu v nh hng n s pht trin ca bo thai. Bn cnh cn gip cho ln da, mng tay, tc khe mnh v tng cng mng nhy ca ming, mi v li. N cng hot ng nh mt cht chng oxy ho bng cch v hiu ha cc cht gy hi trong c th c gi l gc t do. Riboflavin cng l cn thit kch hot v h tr hot ng ca vitamin B6, folate, niacin v vitamin K. Niacin: hai hp cht lin quan - acid nicotinic v niacinamide (nicotinamide) - u c gi l niacin. Niacin cng thng c gi l vitamin B3, mt vitamin tan trong nc ngn nga bnh Pellagra. Niacin cng c th c to ra trong c th t mt amino acid thit yu l tryptophan. Cn c 60 phn t tryptophan ch to mt phn t niacin (c mt ngoi l l nhng ph n mang thai s bin i ny hiu qu hn ti 2 ln). Niacin to thnh 2 coenzyme trong c th gi l nicotinamide adenin dinucleotide (NAD) v nicotinamide adenin dinucleotide phosphate (NADP), tham gia vo qu trnh gii phng nng lng t thc phm. Cht khong Chanh dy cung cp cc loi cht khong nh Canxi, Fe, Magie, Phospho, Kali, Sodium, Chanh dy c th thay th cc loi thc n nh chui, cam. Kali l mt cht in ly quan trng trong vic h tr s co bp tim, n nh cn bng axit baz v huyt p. Chanh dy c cha 10 - 13% nhu cu hng ngy v Magie, mt nguyn t khong gip n nh huyt p, l tc nhn bo v tim mch, gp phn chng li hin tng lo ha. Ngoi ra Magie cn c xem l cht chng stress hiu qu. Alkaloid: Alkaloid l cc hp cht d vng cha N trong cng thc phn t v c hot tnh dc hc i vi c th ngi v ng vt. Alkaloid thng hin din trong cc loi cy c nha vi hm lng 15 - 20%. Tn gi alkaloid bt ngun t alkaline, mt t ch cc base nit - tc cc hp cht c cha nhm amine. Alkaloid l cc hp cht trao i bc hai ca acid amine khng ch c trong thc vt m cn c trong vi sinh vt. Cc dng alkaloid thng gp nht l cc dng dn xut t cc amino acid. Cc alkaloid thng c v ng v c nn gip thc vt xua ui cn trng v ng vt n c. Alkaloid c tm thy trong ht, l, r ca cc cy trng nh c ph, ca cao, ht guarana, l bc h, l coca, Mt s alkaloid thng gp l caffeine, theophylline, nicotine, codeine, and indole alkaloid. Cc nghin cu ch ra rng mt s alkaloid c li cho sc khe. V d nh, theobromine c tnh li tiu mnh, l mt cht kch thch nh v c tc dng lm gin n ng mch, cc indole alkaloid c tc dng chng li cc khi u, chng vim, gim au, chng oxy ha, chng vi khun v nm, i vi con ngi, nhiu hp cht alkaloid c c tnh (nh strychnine, coniine) nhng c mt s khc li c tc dng cha bnh nh gim au, gy t, gy m vi liu lng s dng thch hp. C bit c mt s alkaloid gy nghin nh morphine, codein. C th trch ly cc hp cht alkaloid bng cc acid nh HCl, H2SO4, i khi c cc acid hu c nh acid maleic, acid citric.Cc alkaloid tn ti trong chanh dy c tin cht ban u l indole thuc nhm hp cht -carboline. -carboline gc (9H--carboline hay 9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole) l mt amine hu c, t -carboline gc ny sinh ra cc amine to thnh nhm cc hp cht -carboline. Nhm hp cht ny ph bin trong cy trng v ng vt. -carboline gc c cu trc ging tryptamine, vi chui ethylamine c ni vi vng indole qua phn t carbon bn ngoi. Cc alkaloid hin din trong chanh dy: Harmala alkaloid: l nhm nhng hp cht -carboline c chc nng ging mt cht c ch enzyme oxy ha monoamine (monoamine oxidase inhibitors - MAOIs). Lng harmala alkaloid hin din trong chanh dy tm l 0,012% v trong chanh dy vng l 0,7%. Cc harmala alkaloid hin din trong chanh dy bao gm: harmane, harmine, harmaline, harmol, harmolol. Trong , cc cht nh harmaline, harmane, harmine ng vai tr then cht. Harmaline: l cht kch thch h thn kinh trung ng v ng thi l cht c ch thun nghch ca enzyme monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A). Trong c th, MAO-A c chc nng kh nhm amine khi tyramine, noradrenaline, adrenaline, serotonin, dopamine. Tyramine l mt monoamine c ngun gc t tyrosin hot ng ging nh mt cht dn truyn xung thn kinh. Cc harmaline cnh tranh vi tyramine gn vo MAO-A. nng nht nh, harmaline gip n nh lng tyramine trong c th. nng cao, harmaline c ch hot ng ca enzyme MAO-A gy ra hin tng tch t qu mc tyramine trong c th. iu ny cng khng c li. Tuy nhin, cht c ch thun nghch khng lin kt vnh vin vi enzyme cho nn tyramine c th cnh tranh vi harmline lin kt vi enzyme. iu ny dn n nguy c mc bnh cao huyt p, tng cn khi n thc phm c cha nhiu tyramine nh phomai do tyramine gip gii phng cc monoamine d tr nh noradrenaline, adrenaline, dopamine. Ty vo liu lng, harmaline c th gy ra o gic nht thi v mt n nh. Harmine: l cht c ch thun nghch ca enzyme MAO-A. Khi c mt oxy, enzyme MAO-A kh cc nhm amine to thnh cc andehit tng ng v NH3. Noradrenaline, adrenaline l hoocmon tit ra t tuyn thng thn, c tc dng kch thch s phn gii v gim s tng hp glycogen, to ra nhiu glucose trong mu nn lm tng huyt p, tim p nhanh. Harmine c ch enzyme MAO-A phn hy cc hoocmon ny, lm gim qu trnh tng hp glycogen, tng s to thnh glucose, lm tng ng huyt. Tuy nhin, mt nng va phi, harmine trong c th s gip c th pht trin n nh. Serotonin l cht dn truyn xung thn kinh trong no. Serotonin gip kim sot th trng v ngn nga bnh trm ut v trng thi bc ng. Mt b no giu serotonin s ni khng vi ru, n nhu, ma ty. L do l thy no trc - ni a ra nhng quyt nh n ung tit ra mt cht gi l MCH gy thm kht mnh lit vi bt, ng. Seratonin li l cht dn truyn xung thn kinh ch yu ca thy no trc gip c th khng c li s thc gic n ung ca MCH. Cc nghin cu cng ch ra rng, vi mt lng seratonin cao trong no gip con ngi kim sot c tm l, t gin d v t c lp hn, ngn nga bnh trm cm. Cc cht c ch MAO-A nh harmine, harmaline gip duy tr seratoni trong c th, ngn chn cc bnh v ng huyt, tim mch v bnh trm cm. Dopamine l hp cht ha hc trong no, rt cn thit cho h thn kinh trung ng to hng th, khoi lc trong cuc sng. Dopamine trong c th c tit ra ch yu h thng limpic trong no. H thng ny to ra s sung sng trong khi n ung v giao hp khuyn khch sinh vt sinh trng v gy dng ging ni. Ngoi ra, h thng limbic cn nh hng n nhiu tnh cm khc nh tc gin v s hi gip ta chin u hay trn chy nhng hon cnh c th gy thit hi n thn mng. h thng limbic c mt nhm t bo thn kinh tit ra Dopamine khu Ventral Tegmental (VTA) lin h n s ban thng. Khi khu ny c kch thch th ta c cm gic m lng lng. Lc l lc nhng t bo thn kinh tit ra cht Dopamine. Vai tr ca Dopamine l khuyn khch nhng ng tc v hnh vi em n khoi lc v thc gic ta c thm nhng hnh vi na. Tn gio v gio dc gia nh u da trn h thng limbic ny v dy con ngi tp iu ha (regulate) nhng tnh cm hay bn nng pht xut t . Khi thiu dopamine d dn n trm cm. Trong bn thn mt s loi tri cy, dopamine l c cht ca enzyme polyphenol oxidases (PPOs) to thnh dopamine quinon, sau tip tc to thnh cc quinon khc. Cc quinon ny tip tc tham gia phn ng trng ngng vi amino acid v protein to thnh sc t mu nu c bit n l melanin. Quinon v melanin to ra t dopamine c tc dng chng li s gy hi ca vi khun v nm. Harmane: c tc dng chng cao huyt p, gim au v chng co tht. L chanh dy cha rt nhiu cc alkaloid ny, v vy m nhiu quc gia trn th gii dng l chanh dy bo ch thuc. Theobromine: cn c gi l 3,7-dimethylxanthine hay 3,7-dihydro-3,7-dimethyl-1H-purine-2,6-dione, l mt alkaloid l dn xut methyl ca xanthine c tnh kch thch nh tng t nh cafein nhng khng nh hng ti h thn kinh trung ng. Theobromine c tc dng tng t nh cafein nhng yu hn 10 ln. Theobromine c tc dng li tiu, kch thch nh v th gin, c th h thp huyt p v c tc dng gin mch mu. Theobromine cng c tc dng gip th gin cc c ph qun trong phi, c th s dng nh thuc ho. Lng theobromine trong chanh dy nh c th tiu th an ton. Tuy nhin, trong mt vi trng hp khi tiu th mt lng ln theobromine hoc c th chuyn ha chm c th gy ra ng c cp v mn tnh, nht l i vi ngi cao tui. Theobromine c th gy mt ng, run, bn chn, lo lng, cng nh gp phn tng sn xut nc tiu. Cc du hiu u tin ca ng c theobromine l bun nn, nn ma, tiu chy v i tiu nhiu. Tip theo l ri lon nhp tim, ng kinh, xut huyt ni, cc cn au tim v cht. Passiflorin l mt alkaloid glycoside t chanh dy. Chu u glycoside ny c chit xut lm thuc gim au. Cc hp cht Cyanogenic Trong tht qu chanh dy ngi ta cn tm thy mt cyanogenic glycoside c kh nng gy c. Loi glycoside ny tn ti trong tt c cc giai on pht trin ca qu chanh dy, c hm lng cao nht khi qu cn rt non, cha chn; thp nht v gim dn khi qu chn v b nhn. Theo thi gian hm lng cyanogenic glycogide trong chanh dy rt thp nn xem nh c tnh khng ng k. Cc hp cht d bay hi Cc hp cht d bay hi to nn hng thm c trng cho cc loi tri. Cc cht ny thng chia thnh hai nhm chnh l tinh du v nha. Phn ln tinh du v nha khng tan trong nc v c tnh st trng.Mi thm ca tri khng phi do mt cht duy nht to ra m do mt t hp ca rt nhiu cht d bay hi khc nhau. C tng cng 51 hp cht d bay hi c tm thy trong dch chit chanh dy vng, trong , nhm alcohol l thnh phn ch yu. Cc hp cht d bay hi c tm thy trong dch chit chanh dy l: Alcohol: lng alcohol chim n 56,94% tng thnh phn trong dch chit. Trong nhm ny, cht chim hm lng cao nht l linalool (15,37%), k n l octanol (11,51%), hexanol (9,01%) v - terpineol (6,51%). Mt hp cht mi c pht hin gn y l 3 - methyl - 2 butenol vi hm lng 0,28%. Ester: chim 30,38% tng hp cht bay hi trong dch chanh dy. Trong cc hp cht thuc nhm ny, ethyl hexanoate, ethyl butyrate, ethyl benzoate, phenylmetyl acetate chim t l cao nht. Aldehyde: cc hp cht thuc nhm ny chim 4,69%. Thnh phn cc hp cht thuc nhm aldehide trong chanh dy kh t so vi cc loi tri cy khc. Ngi ta ch tm thy 2 loi aldehide l benzene acetaldehyde v benzaldehyde trong dch qu chanh dy. Ketone: cc hp cht ketone chim 3,3% tng cc hp cht bay hi c tm thy trong dch qu. Cht chim t l cao nht l cyclopentanone. Cc nghin cu v cm quan cho thy rng qu chanh dy c mi c trng ging mi sulfua tuy nhin mt s nghin cu khng tm thy hp cht sulfua trong dch chit chanh dy. Ngi ta cng pht hin trong khong khng gia dch qu v np bao b cha dch qu khong 60 hp cht, hn mt na trong s l cc ester nh: ethyl acetate, ethyl butanoate, ethyl hexanoate, hexyl butanoate Sc t: Cc cht thuc nhm flavonoid khng ch to mu m cn c chc nng bo v thc vt chng li vi sinh vt cng nh ngn cn cn trng v cc ng vt n c. Nguyn nhn l flavonoid c bn cht phenolic nn phn ng c vi protein gy mi kh chu i vi ng vt hay to ra cc cht c tnh c hi i vi vi sinh vt v ng vt. i vi con ngi, flavonoid c vai tr quan trng trong vic chng li cc phn ng oxy ha gy lo ha v cc bnh l tim mch. Ngoi ra mt s hp cht thuc nhm ny cn c tc dng tiu dit cc vi sinh vt gy bnh. Do kh nng tan tt trong nc nn flavonoid c vai tr to mu trong cc loi nc tri cy hay dch trch rau tri. Cng do tnh cht tan tt trong nc nn cc hp cht ny d b mt trong qu trnh ra, nu Cc cht mu thuc nhm flavonoid c nhc n nhiu nht thuc h anthocyanin. Hin nay pht hin trong t nhin hn 600 cht mu thuc h anthocyanin. Anthocyanin c mt trong hu ht cc loi thc vt tr xng rng, c ci ng v cc thc vt sng trong nc. Mu sc ca anthocyanin rt a dng nh xanh, tm vng, tr mu xanh l. Anthocyanin c nhiu cc loi thc vt c hoa hoc thc vt ht kn, tp trung ch yu ht v tri. Flavonoid trong chanh dy: Lng flavonoid hin din trong cc loi chanh dy tm v chanh dy vng ln lt l 1,06% v 1% gm: Rutin, quercitin and kaempferol thuc phn nhm flavonol ca flavonoid. Catechin v epicatechin thuc phn nhm flavan-3-ols ca flavonoid Cyanidin-3-glucoside thuc phn nhm anthocyanidin ca flavonoid. Luteolin v apigenin thuc phn nhm flavone ca ca flavonoid. Genistein, daidzein thuc phn nhm isoflavones ca flavonoid. Flavone glycoside hin din trong chanh dy bao gm homoorientin, isoorientin, orientin, isovitexin, vitexen, Iso-schaftoside, schaftoside, saponaretin, saponarin v mt s glycoside khc.

Cc Sterol thc vt Phytosterol l mt hot cht thuc nhm sterol nhng c ngun gc thc vt, khc vi cholesterol cng l sterol nhng c ngun gc ng vt. Trong khi cholesterol nguy hi i vi sc khe con ngi, c bit lin quan n bnh m mu v bnh tim mch th phytosterol li c li i vi sc khe khi chnh n gy gim nng cholesterol trong mu. Mt nghin cu cho thy nu s dng 2,3g phytosterol mi ngy s lm gim c gn 8% nng cholesterol trong mu. Cc Sterol thc vt c tm thy trong tt c cc loi thc n c ngun gc thc vt. Tng tiu th thc n thc vt cha lng sterol cao c th c tc ng tch cc cho sc kho, mc d cc li ch c th cng tu thuc vo cc yu t khc trong thc vt nh hm lng cht x ho tan c. Chanh dy cha tng hm lng sterol thc vt cao nht so vi cc loi tri cy n c khc. So vi ci xanh, ci brussel, sp l v liu en, chanh dy l s thay th tuyt vi cho cc loi rau giu sterol. Mc d chanh dy cha lng sterol thc vt tng i cao, nhng c th thy c tc dng lm gim lng cholesterol th cn phi dng mt lng nc p rt ln.

Lm thc phm, hng liu, gia v:Ti mt s khu vc, ton b cy chanh leo ti hay kh tng c s dng nh l mt loi tho dc lm an thn v iu tr chng mt ng. L v thn cy phi kh, thi nh thng c dng chu u trn ln vi l ch ung. Mt loi ko cao su c tc dng an thn cng tng c sn xut t chanh leo.Qu chanh dy giu beta caroten, kali v cht x tiu ha. Nc qu giu vitamin C, tt cho ngi b p huyt cao.Cm qu dng lm sinh t.Ti Vit Nam:Ti Vit Nam, chanh dy c dng lm nc gii kht, sinh t hoc pha vi mt ong ung gii kht.

Bnh mochi chanh dy

Ti mt s nc khc: c v New Zealand "chanh dy" c bun bn dng qu ti v cc sn phm ng hp. Nc chanh dy c thm vo mn salad tri cy, bt tri cy ti hoc nc st chanh dy thng c s dng trong cc mn trng ming, bao gm mt loi bnh trng Pavlova sang trng v kem, lm hng liu cho bnh pho mt, v bt vani ng lnh. Loi nc gii kht t chanh dy gi l Passiona cng c sn xut ti c t nhng nm 1920. Brazil qu chanh dy l mt mn trng ming ph bin, ht chanh dy thng c s dng trang tr cc nh ca bnh ngt. Nc p tri chanh dy cng c s dng rng ri. Sn phm t qu chanh dy Caipirinha, c trung ha vi vi c gi l "caipifruta de maracuj". N c s dng cng nh l mt thuc an thn nh, v thnh phn hot cht ca n c thng mi ha theo mt s thng hiu, ng ch nht Maracugina. Colombia, chanh dy l mt trong nhng loi qu quan trng nht, c bit l i vi cc loi nc p v mn trng ming. c dng ph bin rng ri trn c nc v c th c tm thy ba loi qu chanh dy khc nhau c tn l "Maracuy". nc Cng ha Dominica, chanh dy c tn a phng l chinola, n c s dng lm nc tri cy v bo qun tri cy khc. Xi-r chanh dy c dng vi bo, v tri cy cng c n sng v rc thm ng.Trong chanh dy Hawaii gi l lilikoi gm cc ging c qu mu vng v tm. Mn Xi r chanh dy Lilikoi dng ph bin lm hng liu cho cc loi bnh sang trng nh malasadas, cheesecakes, kem cookies v mochi. Qu chanh dy cng c ch bin thnh mt, thch v b. Chanh dy v cc sn phm c chanh dy c bn khp cc o. Innxia c hai loi chanh dy (tn a phng: 'markisa'), tht trng v tht vng. Loi tht qu mu trng thng c n trc tip nh tri cy, trong khi loi tht qu c mu vng c dng nc p nu chn vi ng lm cho xi-r, khi ung loi xi r ny pha thn 3-4 phn nc c khuyn khch s dng c li cho sc khe. Mexico, chanh dy c s dng lm cho nc tri cy hoc n sng vi t bt v vi.Ti Hoa K, n thng c s dng nh mt thnh phn trong cc hn hp nc tri cy.Ti Israel, chanh dy c s dng lm ru vang, hoc 'SICAR' ti mt nh my sn xut ru vang Israel. Thi Lan chanh dy c gi l "Saowarot" . Qu dng n ti v ru. Chi non c nu trong cc mn c ri hoc n vi cc mn rau tp tng gi l nam phrik.Ru vang chanh dy ca IsraelC c nc ct chanh dy thnh vin si:y l kt qu nghin cu u tin v vin si chanh dy ti Vit Nam do thc s Tn N Thu Nguyt, b mn Cng ngh thc phm, khoa K thut ha hc, H Bch khoa TP HCM thc hin.Khi qut quy trnh:Tri chanh dy chn ti vng Lm ng sau thu hoch c tch ra, ly rut bn trong s ch thu puree, nc ct. Trung bnh 1kg tri ti s thu c khong 400g nc ct. Nc ct s c c c nhit 60 C trong nhng iu kin i km: chn khng, tc quay ca m nc ct... Sau hai gi s thu c nc ct t khan 60%. Loi nc ct ny nu em ch bin th khng lm mt i hng v, mu sc v d dng cho nhng khu phi trn v sau. T nc ct khan 60% em phi trn vi ng theo t l 8:3. Sau , tip tc mang i sy trong iu kin thch hp, n khi t m 5%. cho vin chanh dy d ha tan v si bt, thc s Nguyt cng cc cng s b sung thm mui carbonate vi hm lng 2%. Carbonate c b sung ny s tc dng vi acid sn c trong nc ct, khi ha tan vin chanh dy c b sung thm cc thnh phn vo nc s gii phng kh CO2 lm cho vin chanh dy tan nhanh hn. Cng on sau khi phi trn, sy kh l p n m 3,5% to ra sn phm cui cng gi l vin nectar chanh dy. B vin nectar vo nc khong vi pht sau c mt ly chanh dy khng khc t nhin l bao nhiu. Ha tan vin si 25g vo 75g nc m, s cho ra 100g nectar chanh dy.Ch to vin chanh dy si bt trong phng th nghim.Kt qu thu c:Kt qu th nghim ngu nhin trn 60 ngi v mu sc, tc ha tan, hng v... cho thy s hi lng cao gn nh tuyt i.Bn cnh vic ch to vin si t tri chanh dy, thc s Nguyt cng thnh cng trong vic to ra bt chanh dy theo cng ngh sy phun. Hin thc s Nguyt mong mun chuyn giao cng ngh sn xut bt chanh dy, vin nectar chanh dy doanh nghip gip thng mi ha c sn phm v to c u ra n nh cho nng dn. Vic thng mi ha sn phm vin si bt chanh dy gp phn to ra mt u ra mi, n nh hn bn cnh cc sn phm truyn thng di dng nc ct, nc ng chai (cn hn ch v thi gian s dng v v sinh thc phm), hn ch phn no tnh trng nng dn b p gi khi n ma thu hoch.

Qu chanh dy, vin chanh dy si bt v cc nc pha ch t vin si.

Lm thuc:Trong ng y:Theo ng y, "nc" qu chanh dy c v chua, ngt, tnh mt, tc dng thanh nhit, gii kht, lm tng hng phn, tng cng kh lc v b dng, gip gim cc triu chng hen suyn; nga bnh tim mch vnh; gim s pht trin ca t bo ung th; thanh nhit; c cha thnh phn gy ng. Ngoi ra trong loi tri ny cn cha cht st, kali rt c li cho sc khe. Rut chanh dy (o ht) c tc dng sinh tn, gii kht, khai v, li tiu, kh nng, st trng. Cc kt qu nghin cu chng minh rng: Nhng ngi b bnh cao huyt p v mch vnh ung nc chanh leo c tc dng ci thin tnh trng bnh nh axit citric kt hp vi canxi lm hon gii tnh trng mu b ng do tch t tiu cu. Chanh leo cn c tc dng gii cm, h huyt p, gim bo, khi au, gia tng s tun hon ca mu. Brazil, "nc" qu c dng nh mt thc phm b dng v kch thch.Th dn Nam M c kinh nghim dng l chanh dy ti hoc kh dng lm tr iu tr chng mt ng, lon, v ng kinh, v cng c gi tr lm gim au. Trung Quc, "nc" qu s dng trong cc trng hp c th suy nhc v ph n b thng kinh (au bng khi hnh kinh).Trong Ty y:Chanh dy c tn ting Anh l passion fruit (c ngha: qu nng nn), gi l chanh nhng chanh dy khng c b con vi cc cy thuc h cam qut (Rutaceae). Qu chanh dy mc nhiu cc vng nhit i, c a thch khng ch v hng thm nng nn quyn r m cn v li ch cho sc kho ca n.Qu chanh dy ti giu beta carotene, kali, v cht x. Nc p qu chanh dy l mt ngun tt cung cp acid ascorbic (vitamin C), v tt cho nhng ngi c bnh huyt p cao. Mt s nghin cu cho thy rng qu chanh dy c v mu tm c th gip kim sot cc triu chng hen suyn. Trong v qu chanh dy ti v chn c cha cht Lycopene.Lin quan n cc axit hu c, ging chanh dy giu formic, butyric, linoleic, linolenic, malic, myristic, acid oleic v palmitic nh cc hp cht asphenolic tt, v amino acid -alanine. Este nh ethyl butyrate, ethyl caproate, n-hexyl butyrate v n-hexyl caproategive cc loi tri cy hng v v mi ngon ming. ng, c ch yu trong tri cy, ng k nht d-fructose, d-glucose andraffinose. Trong s cc enzyme, Passiflora c tm thy l phong ph trong catalase methylesterase pectin, v phenolase.Cht c ch monoamine oxidase (MAOIs) l nhng ha cht c ch hot ng ca cc enzyme monoamine oxidase. c s dng lm thuc iu tr trm cm. Chng c bit hiu qu trong iu tr trm cm khng in hnh.Cc nh nghin cu trng i hc Florida (M) pht hin ra rng chit xut ca v tri chanh dy vng c th chng li cc t bo ung th nh vo 2 hot cht c ngun gc thc vt l carotenoids v polyphenols. Cn gio s Watson (cng ca trng H Florida) v cc cng s ca ng th li chng minh c rng chit xut t v tri chanh dy tm gip gim c n 75% chng th kh kh nhng ngi b bnh hen suyn v nng cao kh nng ht th ca h.Tuy nhin trong Ty y cng cnh bo nhiu loi chanh dy c cc alkaloid c cn tip tc nghin cu, khng nn lm dng qu nhiu thc ung t qu chanh dy.

Mt s cng dng khc:Ht c th p du lm du n hoc ch du sn.Hoa lm cnh. Hoa c coi l quc hoa ca Paraguay.

Hoa chanh dy.

KT LUN:Nhn chung li, tt c cc b phn ca chanh dy u c s dng vi nhng mc ch khc nhau. Tuy cn hn ch v cha th hin ht tt c cc kha cnh cng nh cc sn phm trn th trng trong v ngoi nc, nhng qua y mong l chng ta c th phn no hiu hn v thnh phn, c im ca chanh dy trong tng lai chng ta s pht trin cc sn phm trn c s chanh dy, chn sn phm thch hp vi c tnh hay chn nhng c tnh ni bt ca chanh dy a ra th trng cc sn phm ngy cng phong ph v a dng. chanh dy tht s ng nh trn gi qu ca cha. Tuy phn trnh bi cha tht s th hin ton b v chanh dy, mong c s ng gp ca cc bn c. chng ta c mt c s cho vic nghim cu cc sn phm trong tng lai, mang li cho th trng thc phm cc sn phm giu tm nng, trong y hc th s gip nhiu hn phng v cha cc loi bnh m ngy nay xut hin ngy cng nhiu. TI LIU THAM KHO:Tn N Minh Nguyt (ch bin), Cng ngh ch bin rau tri tp 1, Nguyn liu v Cng ngh Bo qun sau thu hoch, NXB HQG TP.HCM, 2008. L Vn Tn (ch bin), Cng ngh Bo qun v Ch bin rau qu, NXB KHKT. Nguyn Vn Tip, Quch nh, Ng M Vn, K thut sn xut hp rau qu, NXB Thanh Nin. L Vn Vit Mn, Cng ngh sn xut cc sn phm t sa v thc ung tp 1, Cng ngh sn xut cc sn phm t sa, NXB HQG TP.HCM, 2004. Hong Kim Anh, Ha hc thc phm, NXB KHKT, 2005. L Ngc T (ch bin), Ha Sinh cng nghip, NXB KHKT. Trn Xun Ngch, Cng ngh enzyme, HBKN. Y. H. Hui, Handbook of fruits and fruit processing, Blackwell Publishing, 2006http://www.passionfruitjuice.com/history.php?MENU=2 http://www.passionfruitjuice.com/botany.php?MENU=3 http://www.passionfruitjuice.com/harvesting.php?MENU=4 http://www.passionfruitjuice.com/supply.php?MENU=5 http://www.passionfruitjuice.com/processing.php?MENU=6 http://www.passionfruitjuice.com/nutrition.php?MENU=7 http://www.passionfruitjuice.com/applications.php?MENU=8 http://www.passionfruitjuice.com/research.php?MENU=9chanh dy

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