ALEXANDRIA Modern Iskandariyah, in Egypt. The city, founded by Macedonian occupation in the 4th century BCE, has been of absolutely primary impact to Western culture from the very beginning. Here was the site of the famous Library and museum, and here saw the writing of the modern Pentateuch. See also, Egypt, for temporal authorities. And, see Coptic Popes for a list of those patriarchs.

Roman era, to 395

Eastern Patriarchates In every way as important to an understanding of Asia Minor and the Lthe secular authorities, the following lists provide details on the primarreligious leaders of the region. The Eastern Orthodox faith is not as hiearranged as the Roman church; each Patriarch is considered equal to thprimacy, although Constantinople enjoys pride of place throughout theworld as the chief religious leader of the Imperial City. Included here asome of the Jacobite (Monophysite) Patriarchs, and Latin (Roman CathPatriarchates established during the Crusader epoch.

Contains: Alexandria (O), Antioch (O), Antioch (L), Antioch (J), Antioch (M),Constantinople (O), Constantinople (L), Jerusalem (O), Jerusalem (L), JerusalemNestorian (incl. Assyrian and Chaldean)

A = Armenian J = Jacobite (Monophysite) L = Latin (Roman Catholic) M = Melkite O = Greek Orthodox

Coptic, Moscow, Serbian, Ethiopian (incl. Eritrea)

St. Mark I the Evangelist...........................43-61 d. 63 Anianus.............................................61-82 Avilius.............................................83-95 Kedron..............................................96-106 Primus.............................................106-118 Justus.............................................118-129 Eumenes............................................131-141 Mark II............................................142-152 Celadion...........................................152-166 Agrippinus.........................................167-178 Julian.............................................178-189 Demetrius..........................................189-232 Heraclas...........................................232-248 St. Dionysius......................................248-264 Maximus............................................265-282 Theonas............................................282-300 St. Peter I........................................300-311 Achillas...........................................312-313 St. Alexander I....................................313-328 St. Athanasius I...................................328-373 opposed by... Pistus.............................................335-337 and then... Gregory............................................340-346 and then... George.............................................357-361 and then... Lucius.................................................365 d. 378 or aft. Peter II...........................................373-380 opposed by... Lucius (restored)..................................375-378 Timothy I..........................................380-385 Byzantine era 395-641 Theophilus I.......................................385-412 St. Cyril I........................................412-444 Dioscorus I........................................444-451 d. 454 St. Proterius......................................452-457 Timothy II.........................................457-460 d. 477 Timothy III........................................460-475 d. 482 Timothy II (restored)..............................475-477 Peter III..............................................477 d. 489 Timothy III (restored).............................477-482 John I.................................................482 d. 489 Peter III (restored)...............................482-489 Athanasius II......................................489-496 John II............................................496-505 John III...........................................505-516 Dioscorus II.......................................516-517 Timothy IV.........................................517-535 Theodosius I.......................................535-536 d. 566 opposed by... Gainas.................................................535 d. ? Paul...............................................537-540 d. ? Zoilus.............................................541-551 d. ? Apollinarius.......................................551-569 John IV............................................569-579 vacant St. Eulogius I.....................................581-607

St. Theodore.......................................607-609 St. John V.........................................610-619 vacant George I...........................................621-631 Early Caliphate era 641-750 (Ummayad from 661) Cyrus..............................................631-643 Peter IV...........................................643-651 vacant

Theodore II (Coadjutor).......................fl. 662 Peter V (Coadjutor)...........................fl. 680 Peter VI (Coadjutor)..........................fl. 691 Theophylactus (Coadjutor).....................fl. 695 Onopsus (Coadjutor)...........................fl. 711

First Abbasid era 750-868 Cosmas I...........................................727-768 Politianus.........................................768-813 Eustatius..........................................813-817 Christopher I......................................817-841 Sophronius I.......................................841-860 Tulunid era 868-905 Michael I..........................................860-870 Michael II.........................................870-903 Second Abbasid era 905-935 vacant Christodoulus......................................907-932 Ikhshidid era 935-969 Eutychius..........................................933-940 Sophronius II..........................................941 Isaac..............................................941-954 Job................................................954-960 vacant Fatamid era 969-1171 Elias I............................................963-1000 St. Arsenius......................................1000-1010 Theophilus II.....................................1010-1020 George II.........................................1021-1052 Leontius..........................................1052-1059 Alexander II......................................1059-1062 John VI...........................................1062-1100 ? Eulogius II........................................fl. 1110 Sabbas.............................................fl. 1117 Cyril II...........................................fl. 12th cent. Theodosius II......................................fl. 12th cent. Sophronius III................................. < 1166-1171 Ayyubid era 1171-1253 Elias II..........................................1171-1175 Eleutherius.......................................1175-1180 Mark III..........................................1180-1209 Nicholas I........................................1210-1243 Mamluq era 1253-1517 Gregory I.........................................1243-1263 Nicholas II.......................................1263-1276 Athanasius III....................................1276-1316

Gregory II........................................1316-1354 Gregory III.......................................1354-1366 Niphon............................................1366-1385 Mark IV...........................................1385-1389 Nicholas III......................................1389-1398 Gregory IV........................................1398-1412 Nicholas IV.......................................1412-1417 Athanasius IV.....................................1417-1425 Mark V............................................1425-1435 Philotheus........................................1435-1459 Mark VI...........................................1459-1484 Gregory V.........................................1484-1486 Ottoman era 1517-1805 Joachim...........................................1486-1567 vacant Silvester.........................................1569-1590 Meletius I........................................1590-1601 Cyril III.........................................1601-1620 Gerasimus I.......................................1620-1636 Metrophanes.......................................1636-1639 Nicephorus........................................1639-1645 Joannicius........................................1645-1657 Paisius...........................................1657-1678 d. 1681 Parthenius I......................................1678-1688 Gerasimus II......................................1688-1710 d. 1714 Samuel............................................1710-1712 d. 1723 Cosmas II.........................................1712-1714 d. 1736 Samuel (restored).................................1714-1723 Cosmas II (restored)..............................1723-1736 Cosmas III........................................1737-1746 Matthew...........................................1746-1766 d. 1775 Cyprian...........................................1766-1783 Gerasimus III.....................................1783-1788 Parthenius II.....................................1788-1805 Khedive era 1805-1953 Theophilus III....................................1805-1825 Hierotheus I......................................1825-1845 Artemius..........................................1845-1847 d. 1852 Hierotheus II.....................................1847-1858 Callinicus........................................1858-1861 d. 1889 Jacob.............................................1861-1865 Nicanor...........................................1866-1869 Sophronius IV.....................................1870-1899 Photius...........................................1900-1925 Meletius II.......................................1926-1935 Nicholas V........................................1936-1939 Modern era 1953- Christopher II....................................1939-1966 d. 1967 vacant Nicholas VI.......................................1968-1986 Parthenius III....................................1987-1996 Peter VII.........................................1997-2004

ALEXANDRIA (Coptic) See these Monophysite patriarchs, who governed not only Egypt but also Abyssinia as well, within EGYPT.

ANTIOCH The city of Antioch was founded in 300 BCE, as the capital of the Seleucid Empire. Located at the angle of Asia Minor and the Levant, it has been a center of historical process from its inception. For the temporal rulers of the city and region, go here.

Roman era to 395 St. Peter the Apostle...............................45-53 d. 64 Evodius.............................................53-96 St. Ignatius I......................................96-114 Heron..............................................114-126 Cornelius..........................................127-151 Eros...............................................151-169 Theophilus.........................................169-177 Maximinus..........................................177-191 Serapion...........................................191-212 St. Asclepiades....................................212-218 Philetus...........................................218-231 Zebinus............................................231-238 St. Babylas........................................238-250 Fabius.............................................250-253 St. Demetrianus....................................253-< 260 Paul I of Samosata.................................260-272 d. ? Domnus I...........................................272-273 Timaius............................................273-279 Cyril I............................................279-303 d. 306 Tyrannion..........................................304-314 Vitalius I.........................................314-320 St. Philogonius....................................320-323 Romanus................................................324 St. Eustatius I....................................324-330 d. < 337 Paulinus I.............................................330 Eulalius...........................................331-332 Euphronius.........................................332-333 Flacillus..........................................333-341 Stephen I..........................................342-344 d. ? Leontius...........................................344-358 Eudoxius...........................................358-359 d. 370 Anianus................................................359 d. ? St. Meletius I.....................................360-381 opposed by... Euzoius............................................360-376 opposed by... Paulinus II........................................362-388 opposed by... Vitalius II........................................375- ? opposed by... Dorotheus I (successor to Euzoius).................376-380 d. ? First Byzantine era 395-637 Flavian I (successor to St. Meletius I)............381-404 opposed by...

Evagrius (successor to Paulinus II)................388-392 Porphyrius.........................................404-413 Alexander I........................................414-424 Theodotus..........................................424-428 John I.............................................428-441/2 Domnus II........................................441/2-450 d. 451 > Maximus............................................451-455 d. ? Basil I............................................455-457 Acacius............................................457-459 Martyrius..........................................459-470 d. ? Peter II...........................................470-471 d. 489 Julian.............................................471-475 Peter II (restored)................................475-476 d. 489 John II............................................476-477 d. ? Stephen II.............................................477 Stephen III........................................477-479 Callandion.........................................479-484 d. ? Peter (re-restored)................................485-489 Palladius..........................................490-498 Flavian II.........................................498-512 d. ? Severus............................................512-518 d. 538 Paul II............................................519-521 d. ? Euphrasius.........................................521-526 Ephraim............................................527-545 Domnus III.........................................545-559 St. Anastasius I...................................559-570 d. 598 Gregory I..........................................570-593 St. Anastasius I (restored)........................593-598 Anastasius II......................................599-609 Caliphate era 637-750 (Ummayad from 661) vacant Macedonius.........................................639-649 George I...........................................649-654 Macarius I.........................................654-681 d. ? Theophanes.........................................681-685 George II..........................................685-702 vacant Stephen IV.........................................742-744 Abbassid era 750-969 Theophylactus......................................744-750 Theodore I.......................................751/2-773/4 Theodoretus..................................... < 787- < 813/4 vacant Job..............................................813/4-844/5 Nicholas I.........................................845-867 opposed by... Eustatius II.......................................845-861? vacant Stephen V..............................................870 Theodosius I.......................................870-890 vacant Symeon I...........................................892-907 > Elias I.........................................907 > -934 Theodosius II......................................934-943

Theocharistus......................................944-948 vacant Christopher........................................960-967 vacant Eustratius.............................................969 Second Byzantine era 969-1084 Theodore II........................................970-976 Agapius............................................978-996 d. 997 John III...........................................996-1021 Nicholas II.......................................1025-1030 vacant Elias II..........................................1032-1033 Theodore III......................................1034-1042 Basil II..........................................1042-1052 Peter III.........................................1052-1056 John IV...........................................1056-1057 Theodosius III....................................1057-after 1059 > vacant ? Aemilian........................................< 1074-1079/80 Seljuq era 1084-1098 Nicephorus.....................................1079/80- < 1089 Latin era 1098-1268 John V............................................1089-1100 d. aft.1113 Theodosius IV....................................1100?-1106? John VI...........................................1106-after 1134 Luke..............................................1137-1156 Soterichus........................................1156-1157 d. ? Athanasius I......................................1157-1171 Cyril II........................................1171/3-1179/83 Elias III..............................................1184 Theodore IV.................................... < 1189-1195 > Symeon II...................................... < 1206-1235 > David.......................................... < 1242-1247 > Mamluk (Egyptian) era 1268-1517 Euthymius I.................................... < 1258-1274 Theodosius V......................................1275-1283/4 d. ? Arsenius........................................1283/4-1286? Cyril III.........................................1287-1308 Dionysius I.......................................1309-1316 Cyril IV...............................................1316 Dionysius II......................................1317- ? Sophronius......................................... ? -1341 Ignatius II.......................................1341- < 1359 d.1365/6 Pachomius I.................................... < 1359-1368 d. 1386 Michael I.........................................1368-1375 Pachomius I (restored)............................1375-1377 d. 1386 Marcus I..........................................1377-1378 Pachomius I (re-restored).........................1378-1386 Nilus.............................................1387-1395 Michael II........................................1395-1412 Pachomius II......................................1412-1413 Joachim I.......................................1414/5-1424/5 Marcus II.......................................1426/7-1435?

Dorotheus II......................................1435-1451 Michael III.......................................1452-1456 Marcus III........................................1456-1458 Joachim II........................................1458-after 1459 vacant Michael IV......................................1470/4- < 1484 Dorotheus III.................................. < 1484-after 1500 Ottoman era 1517-1922 Michael V.................................... < 1523/4-1529 opposed by... Joachim III....................................1527/30- < 1534 opposed by...Dorotheus IV......................................1530-1531 d. ? Michael VI........................................1534-1542/3 opposed by... Joachim IV......................................1540/3-1576 opposed by... Macarius II.......................................1543-1550 Michael VII.......................................1576-1582/3 opposed by... Joachim V.........................................1581-1592 Joachim VI........................................1593-1604 Dorotheus V.......................................1604-1612 Athanasius II.....................................1612-1620 Ignatius III......................................1620-1634 opposed by... Cyril V...........................................1620-1627 Euthymius II...........................................1634 d. 1635 Euthymius III.....................................1634-1647 Macarius III......................................1647-1672 Cyril VI...............................................1672 d. 1720 Neophytus.........................................1672-1684 d. ? Cyril VI (restored)...............................1684-1720 opposed by... Athanasius III....................................1686-1694 d. 1724 Athanasius III (restored).........................1720-1724 Silvester.........................................1724-1766 Philemon..........................................1766-1767 Daniel............................................1767-1791 d. 1793 Anthemius.........................................1791-1813 Seraphim..........................................1813-1823 Methodius.........................................1823-1850 Hierotheus........................................1850-1885 Gerasimus.........................................1885-1891 d. 1897 Spyridon..........................................1891-1898 d. 1921 Meletius II.......................................1899-1916 Modern era 1922- Gregory II........................................1916-1928 vacant Alexander II......................................1931-1958 Theodosius VI.....................................1958-1970 Elias IV..........................................1970-1979 Ignatius IV.......................................1979-

ANTIOCH: Latin PatriarchsThe Latin Patriarch of Antioch was an office established in the aftermath of the First Crusade by Bohemund, the first Prince of Antioch. The city already had a Greek Patriarch, who was expelled and fled to Constantinople. The Treaty of Devol

between Antioch and the Byzantine Empire restored the Greek patriarch, though it was never enforced and the Greek patriarch continued to be resident at Constantinople. A Latin Patriarch continued to be appointed until the capture of the city by the Mamluks in 1268.

Bernard of Valence................................1100-1135 Rolf of Domfront..................................1135-1139 Aimery of Limoges.................................1139-1193 Rolf II...........................................1193-1196 Peter of Angouleme................................1196-1208 Peter of Locedio..................................1209-1217 vacant Albert Rezzato....................................1226-1245 vacant Opizo Fieschi.....................................1247-1268 (d. 1292)

ANTIOCH: Jacobite PatriarchsThe Jacobite Patriarch is one of at least six contenders to the see of Antioch - the others being the Roman Catholic, Maronite, Melkite, Greek Orthodox, and Nestorian candidates. In 544, Jacob Baradaeus (a Monophysite leader) consecrated Sergius of Tella as Patriarch in opposition to the Imperial-backed Orthodox candidate. Although the Syrian Orthodox or Jacobite church, like the Coptic, no longer follow the Monophysite doctrine, and are doctrinally almost identical to the Eastern Orthodox churches, old emnities die hard and the church continues to preserve an independent identity, in communion with the Armenian, Coptic, and Abyssinian churches.

See Orthodox list prior to 544 First Byzantine era (395)-637 Sergius of Tella...................................544-546 vacant Paul II the Black of Alexandria....................550-575 vacant Peter III of Raqqa.................................581-591 Julian I...........................................591-595 Athanasius I Gammolo...............................595-631 John II of the Sedre...............................631-648 Caliphate era 637-750 (Ummayad from 661) Theodore...........................................649-667 Severius II bar Masqeh.............................667-681 vacant Athanasius II......................................683-686 Julian II..........................................686-708 Elias I............................................709-723 Athanasius III.....................................724-740 Iwanis I...........................................740-754 Abbassid era 750-969 Euwanis I..........................................754- ? Athanasius al-Sandali.............................. ? -758 George I...........................................758-790 Joseph.............................................790-792 Quryaqos of Takrit.................................793-817 Dionysius I of Tellmahreh..........................817-845

John III...........................................846-873 vacant Ignatius II........................................878-883 vacant Theodosius Romanos of Takrit.......................887-896 Dionysius II.......................................897-909 John IV Qurzahli...................................910-922 Baselius I.........................................923-935 John V.............................................936-953 Iwanis II..........................................954-957 Dionysius III......................................958-961 Abraham I..........................................962-963 vacant John VI Sarigta....................................965-985 Second Byzantine era 969-1084 Athanasius IV of Salah.............................986-1002 vacant John VII bar Abdun................................1004-1033 Dionysius IV Yahya................................1034-1044 vacant John VIII.........................................1049-1057 Athanasius V......................................1058-1063 John IX bar Shushan...............................1063-1073 Baselius II.......................................1074-1075 John Abdun........................................1075-1077 Dionysius V Lazaros...............................1077-1078 vacant Iwanis III........................................1080-1082 vacant Seljuq era 1084-1098 Dionysius VI......................................1088-1090 Athanasius VI bar Khamoro.........................1091-1129 Latin era 1098-1268 John X bar Mawdyono...............................1129-1137 Athanasius VII bar Qutreh.........................1138-1166 Michael I the Great...............................1166-1199 Athanasius VIII...................................1200-1207 John XI...........................................1208-1220 vacant Ignatius III David................................1222-1252 John XII bar Madani...............................1252-1263 Ignatius IV Yeshu.................................1264-1282 Mamluk (Egyptian) era 1268-1517 Philoxenos I Nemrud...............................1283-1292 Michael II........................................1292-1312 Michael III Yeshu.................................1312-1349 Baselius III Gabriel..............................1349-1387 Philoxenos II the Writer..........................1387-1421 Baselius IV Shemun................................1421-1444 Ignatius Behnam al-Hadli..........................1445-1454 Ignatius Khalaf...................................1455-1483 Ignatius John XIII................................1483-1493 Ignatius Nuh of Lebanon...........................1493-1509

Ignatius Yeshu I..................................1509-1512 Ignatius Jacob I..................................1512-1517 Ottoman era 1517-1922 Ignatius David I..................................1517-1520 Ignatius Abd-Allah I..............................1520-1557 Ignatius Nemet Allah I............................1557-1576 Ignatius David II Shah............................1576-1591 Ignatius Pilate I.................................1591-1597 Ignatius Hadayat Allah............................1597-1639 Ignatius Simon I..................................1640-1659 Ignatius Yeshu II Qamsheh.........................1659-1662 Ignatius Abdul Masih I............................1662-1686 Ignatius George II................................1687-1708 Ignatius Isaac Azar...............................1709-1722 Ignatius Shukr Allah II...........................1722-1745 Ignatius George III...............................1745-1768 Ignatius George IV................................1768-1781 Ignatius Matthew..................................1782-1817 Ignatius Yunan....................................1817-1818 Ignatius George V.................................1819-1837 Ignatius Elias II.................................1838-1847 Ignatius Jacob II.................................1847-1871 Ignatius Peter IV.................................1872-1894 Ignatius Abdul Masih II...........................1895-1905 Ignatius Abd Allah II.............................1906-1915 Ignatius Elias III................................1917-1932 Modern era 1922- Ignatius Afram I Barsoum..........................1933-1957 Ignatius Jacob III................................1957-1980 Ignatius Zakka I Iwas.............................1980-

ANTIOCH - THE MELKITE CATHOLICSLike the Maronites, the Melkites are Levantine Christians in communion with Rome; however, their association with the papacy came much later. In 1724 their community broke away from the Orthodox Patriarchate. Their liturgy is in Greek. During the occupation of Syria and Lebanon by the French, most Melkites adopted French as their lingua franca (no pun intended).

See Orthodox Patriarchs to 1724 Ottoman era to 1922 Cyril VI Tanas....................................1724-1759 Athanasius IV Jawhar..............................1759-1760 d. 1794 Maximos II Hakim..................................1760-1761 Theodosius V Dahan................................1761-1788 Athanasius IV Jawhar (restored)...................1788-1794 Cyril VII Siage...................................1794-1796 Agapios II Matar..................................1796-1812 Ignatius IV Sarrouf....................................1812 Athanasius V Matar................................1813-1814 Macarius IV Tawil.................................1814-1815 Ignatius V Cattan.................................1816-1833

Maximos III Mazloum...............................1833-1855 Clement Bahous....................................1856-1864 Gregory II Youssef-Sayour.........................1864-1897 Peter IV Graigiry................................1898-1902 Cyril VIII Geha...................................1902-1916 vacant Demetrios I Cadi..................................1919-1925 Modern era 1922- Cyril IX Moghabghab...............................1925-1947 Maximos IV Sagh..................................1947-1967 Maximos V Hakim...................................1967-2000 Gregory III Laham.................................2000-

ARMENIAN PATRIARCHATE For a listing of the leaders of the Armenian Church, an ecclesiastic organization similar in many ways to Orthodoxy, go to the Caucasus.

CILICIA: ARMENIAN CATHOLICOSES With the establishment of an independent Armenian state in Cilicia in 1058, the Armenian patriarchate was transferred to Sivas, eventually settling in the city of Sis. Upon the restoration of the Patriarch to Etchimiadzin in Armenia in 1441, the Patriarch continued to appoint a catholicos to govern the spiritual lives of those Armenians who remained in southern Anatolia.

Same as Armenian Patriarchate, to 1441 vacant Garabed...........................................1446-1477 Stepanos..........................................1475-1483 Hovhannes I.......................................1483-1488 Hovhannes II......................................1489-1525 Hovhannes III.....................................1525-1539 Simeon............................................1539-1545 Ghazar............................................1545-1547 Toros.............................................1548-1553 Khachadour I......................................1553-1558 Khachadour II.....................................1560-1584 Azaria I..........................................1584-1601 Hovhannes IV......................................1601-1621 with...

Bedros I (coadjutor) 1601-1608 Minas.............................................1621-1632 Simeon II.........................................1633-1648 Nerses............................................1648-1654 Toros II..........................................1654-1657 Khachadour III....................................1657-1677 Sahak I...........................................1677-1683 Azaria II.........................................1683-1686 Grigor II.........................................1686-1695 Asdvadzadour......................................1695-1703 Madteos...........................................1703-1705 Hovhannes V.......................................1705-1721

Grigor III......................................1721/2-1729 Hovhannes VI...................................1729/30-1731 Ghougas...........................................1731-1737 Michael I.........................................1737-1758 Gabriel...........................................1758-1770 Yeprem I..........................................1770-1784 Toros III.........................................1784-1796 Giragos I.........................................1797-1822 Yeprem II.........................................1822-1833 Michael II........................................1833-1855 Giragos II........................................1855-1866 Mekerdich.........................................1871-1894 vacant See transferred to Lebanon, 1930-present Sahag II..........................................1902-1939 with...

Papken II (Coadjutor) 1931-1936 Bedros IV..............................................1940 vacant Karekin I.........................................1943-1952 vacant Zareh.............................................1956-1963 Khoren............................................1963-1983 with... Karekin II (Armenian Patr. 1995-1999).............1977-1995 d. 1999 Aram I............................................1995-

CONSTANTINOPLE Although the Christian community here is not the oldest, this Patriarchate comes closest to being the recognized head of the whole Orthodox world, by reason of its association with the Imperial City. It is not the head, as the Pope is the head of the Roman Catholic world; each Orthodox community is autonomous. Nevertheless, these ecclesiastics have wielded an enormous influence among their co-religionists, and to the world at large. For the Imperial succession, go here. For the temporal rulers of the city of Byzantium, go here.

Roman era to 330 (Bishops of Byzantium to 330) St. Andrew the Apostle..............................36-38 d. 60/70 St. Stachys the Apostle.............................38-54 Onesimos............................................54-68 Polycarp I..........................................69-89 Plutarch............................................89-105 Sedekion...........................................105-114 Diogenes...........................................114-129 Eleutherius........................................129-136 Felix..............................................136-141 Polycarp II........................................141-144 Athenodorus........................................144-148 Euzoius............................................148-154 Laurentius.........................................154-166 Alypius............................................166-169 Pertinax...........................................169-187 Olympianus.........................................187-198 Marcus I...........................................198-211

Philadelphus.......................................211-214 Cyriacus I.........................................214-230 St. Castinus.......................................230-237 Eugenius I.........................................237-242 Titus..............................................242-272 Dometius...........................................272-284 Rufinus I..........................................284-293 Provos.............................................293-306 St. Metrophanes I..................................306-314 First Byzantine era 330-1204 St. Alexander......................................314-337 St. Paul I.........................................337-339 d. 351 Eusebius...........................................339-341 St. Paul I (restored)..............................341-342 d. 351 Macedonius I.......................................342-346 d. 364 St. Paul I (re-restored)...........................346-351 Macedonius I (restored)............................351-360 d. 364 Eudoxius...........................................360-370 Demophilus.........................................370-380 d. 385 opposed by... Evagrios...............................................370 d. ? St. Gregory I Nazianzus............................379-381 d. 389 opposed by... Maximus I..............................................380 d. ? St. Nectarius......................................381-397 St. John I Chrysostom..............................398-404 d. 407 St. Arsacius.......................................404-405 St. Atticus........................................406-425 St. Sisinnius I....................................426-427 Nestorius..........................................428-432 d. 451 St. Maximianus.....................................431-434 St. Proclus........................................434-446 St. Flavianus......................................447-449 d. 449/50 St. Anatolius......................................449-458 St. Gennadius I....................................458-471 Acacius............................................472-489 Fravitas...........................................489-490 Euphemius..........................................490-496 d. 515 St. Macedonius II..................................496-511 d. 516 Timothy I..........................................511-518 St. John II Cappodokos.............................518-520 St. Epiphanius.....................................520-535 Anthimus I.........................................535-536 d. 548 St. Menas..........................................536-552 St. Eutychius......................................552-565 d. 582 St. John III Scholasticus..........................565-577 St. Eutychius (restored)...........................577-582 St. John IV the Faster.............................582-595 St. Cyriacus II....................................596-606 St. Thomas I.......................................607-610 Sergius I..........................................610-638 Pyrrhus............................................638-641 d. 654 Paul II............................................641-653

Pyrrhus (restored).....................................654 Peter..............................................654-666 St. Thomas II......................................667-669 St. John V.........................................669-675 St. Constantine I..................................675-677 St. Theodore I.....................................677-679 d. 687 St. George I.......................................679-686 d. ? St. Theodore I (restored)..........................686-687 St. Paul III.......................................688-693 St. Callinicus I...................................694-705 d. ? St. Cyrus..........................................705-711 d. ? John VI............................................712-715 St. Germanus I.....................................715-730 d. 740/2 St. Anastasius.....................................730-754 St. Constantine II.................................754-766 d. 768 Nicetas I..........................................766-780 St. Paul IV........................................780-784 St. Tarasius.......................................784-806 St. Nicephorus I...................................806-815 d. 828 Theodotus (Melissenos Kassiteras)..................815-821 Anthony I Kassimatas...............................821-837 John VII Morocharzanius (Grammatikos)..............837-843 d. < 863 St. Methodius I....................................843-847 St. Ignatius.......................................847-858 d. 877 St. Photius I......................................858-867 d. 891 St. Ignatius (restored)............................867-877 St. Photius I (restored)...........................877-886 d. 891 St. Stephen I......................................886-893 St. Anthony II Cauleas.............................893-901 St. Nicholas I Mystikos............................901-907 d. 925 St. Euthymius I....................................907-912 d. 917 St. Nicholas I Mystikos (restored).................911-925 St. Stephen II.....................................925-928 St. Tryphon........................................928-931 d. ? Theophylactus......................................933-956 St. Polyeuctos.....................................956-970 Basil I Skamandrenos...............................970-974 d. 980 Anthony III Studites...............................974-979 d. 983 St. Nicholas II Chrysoberges.......................979-991 vacant St. Sisinnius II...................................996-998 Sergius II Manuelites..............................999-1019 St. Eustatius.....................................1019-1025 Alexius Studites..................................1025-1043 Michael I Kerularios (in exile)...................1043-1058 d. 1059 St. Constantine III Leichudes.....................1059-1063 John VIII Xiphilinos..............................1064-1075 St. Cosmas I Hierosolymites.......................1075-1081 Eustratius Garidas................................1081-1084 d. ? Nicholas III Kyrdiniates Grammaticus..............1084-1111 John IX Agapetos..................................1111-1134 St. Leo Stypes....................................1134-1143 Michael II Curcuas (Oxeites)......................1143-1146 d. ?

Cosmas II Atticus.................................1146-1147 d. ? Nicholas IV Muzalon...............................1147-1151 d. 1152 Theodotus II....................................1151/2-1153/4 Neophytus I (elected, not ordained)....................1153/4 d. ? Constantine IV Chliarenos.........................1154-1157 Lucas Chrysoberges................................1157-1169/70 Michael III Anchialos.............................1170-1178 Chariton Eugeneiotes..............................1178-1179 Theodosius I Boradiotes...........................1179-1183 d. ? Basil II Kamaterus (Phylakopulos).................1183-1186 d. ? Nicetas II Muntanes...............................1186-1189 d. ? Dositheus of Jerusalem............................Feb. 1189 d. ? Leontius Theotokites............................. Oct. 1189 d. ? Dositheus of Jerusalem (restored).................1189-1191 d. ? George II Xiphilinos..............................1191-1198 Nicaean era 1204-1261. See also the Latin Patriarchs of Constantinople. John X Kamateros..................................1198-1206 Michael IV Autoreianus............................1208-1214 Theodore II Eirenikos (Kopas).....................1212-1216 Maximus II.............................................1216 Manuel I Sarantenos (Charitopulos)................1217-1222 Germanus II.......................................1222-1240 Methodius II...........................................1240 vacant Manuel II.........................................1244-1254 Arsenius Autoreianos..............................1254-1260 d. 1273 Nicephorus II.....................................1260-1261 Second Byzantine era 1261-1453 Arsenius Autoreianos (restored)...................1261-1265 d. 1273 Germanus III (Lazos Markutzas)....................1265-1266 d. 1289 St. Joseph I......................................1266-1275 d. 1283 John XI Bekkos....................................1275-1282 d. 1297 St. Joseph I (restored)...........................1282-1283 Gregory II (George) Kyprios.......................1283-1289 d, 1290 St. Athanasius I..................................1289-1293 d. 1315 John XII Kosmos...................................1294-1303 d. ? St. Athanasius I (restored).......................1303-1309 d. 1315 Nephon I..........................................1310-1314 d. 1328 John XIII Glykys..................................1315-1319 d. ? Gerasimus I.......................................1320-1321 Isaiah............................................1323-1332 John XIV Aprenos (Kalekas)........................1334-1347 Isidore I.........................................1347-1350 Callistus I.......................................1350-1353 d. 1363 Philotheos Kokkinos...............................1353-1354 d. 1379 Callistus I (restored)............................1355-1363 Philotheos Kokkinos (restored)....................1364-1376 d. 1379 Macarius..........................................1376-1379 d. 1391 Nilos.............................................1380-1388 Anthony IV........................................1389-1390 d. 1397 Macarius (restored)...............................1390-1391 Anthony IV (restored).............................1391-1397 Callistus II Xanthopoulos..............................1397

Matthew I.........................................1397-1402 d. 1410 vacant Matthew I (restored)..............................1403-1410 St. Euthymius II..................................1410-1416 Joseph II.........................................1416-1439 Metrophanes II....................................1440-1443 Gregory III (Mammas) Melissenos Strategopulos.....1443-1450 d. 1459 Athanasius II (existence in doubt).....................1450 d. ? vacant Ottoman era 1453-1922 St. Gennadius II Scholarius.......................1454-1456 d. 1472 Isidore II........................................1456-1462 St. Gennadius II Scholarius (restored)............1462-1463 d. 1472 Sophronius I......................................1463-1464 d. ? St. Gennadius II Scholarius (re-restored).........1464-1465 d. 1472 Joasaph I.........................................1465-1466 d. ? Marcus II Xylokaraves.............................1466-1466/7 d. 14 ? Symeon I of Trebizond...........................1466/7-1467 d. 1486 St. Dionysius I...................................1467-1471 d. 1492 Symeon of Trebizond (restored)....................1471-1475 d. ? Raphael I.........................................1475-1476 d. ? St. Maximus III Manasses..........................1476-1481/2 d. 1482 Symeon of Trebizond (re-restored).................1482-1486 d. ? Niphon II.........................................1486-1488 d. 1507 St. Dionysius I (restored)........................1488-1490 d. 1492 Maximus IV........................................1491-1497 d. ? Niphon II (restored)..............................1497-1498 d. 1507 Joachim I.........................................1498-1502 d. 1504 Niphon II (re-restored)................................1502 d. 1507 Pachomius I.......................................1503-1504 d. 1514 Joachim I (restored)...................................1504 Pachomius I (restored)............................1504-1513 d. 1514 Theoleptus I......................................1513-1522 Jeremiah I........................................1522-1545 opposed by... Joannicius.............................................1526 Dionysius II......................................1546-1555 Joasaph II........................................1555-1565 Metrophanes III...................................1565-1572 d. 1580 Jeremiah II.......................................1572-1579 d. 1595 Metrophanes III (restored)........................1579-1580 Jeremiah II (restored)............................1580-1584 d. 1595 Pachomius II (illegal reign)......................1584-1585 d. ? Theoleptus II.....................................1585-1586 Jeremiah II (re-restored).........................1586-1595 Matthew II.............................................1596 d. ? Gabriel I..............................................1596 Theophanes I Karykes...................................1597

Meletios I Pegas (coadjutor).................1597-1598 d. 1601 Matthew II (restored).............................1598-1601/2 d. ? Neophytus II......................................1602-1603 d. ? Matthew II (re-restored)...............................1603 d. ? Raphael II........................................1603-1607 Neophytus II (restored)...........................1607-1612 d. ?

Timothy II........................................1612-1620 Cyril I Lukaris...................................1620-1623 d. 1638 Gregory IV of Amasea...................................1623 d. ? Anthemus II............................................1623 d. 1628 Cyril I Lukaris (re-restored).....................1623-1633 d. 1638 Cyril II Kontari.......................................1633 d. 1640 Cyril I Lukaris (re-re-restored)..................1633-1634 d. 1638 Athanasius III Pattelaras..............................1634 d. 1654 Cyril I Lukaris (re-re-re-restored)...............1634-1635 d. 1638 Cyril II Kontari (restored).......................1635-1636 d. 1640 Neophytus III of Nicea............................1636-1637 Cyril I Lukaris (re-re-re-re-restored)............1637-1638 Cyril II Kontari (re-restored)....................1638-1639 d. 1640 Parthenius I......................................1639-1644 d. 1646 Parthenius II.....................................1644-1646 d. ? Joannicius II.....................................1646-1648 d. 1659/60 Parthenius II (restored)..........................1648-1651 d. ? Joannicius II (restored)..........................1651-1652 d. 1659/60 Cyril III..............................................1652 d. ? Athanasius III Pattelaras (restored)...................1652 d. 1654 Paisius I.........................................1652-1653 d. 1688 Ioannicius II (re-restored).......................1653-1654 d. 1659/60 Cyril III (restored)...................................1654 d. ? Paisius I (restored)..............................1654-1655 d. 1688 Joannicius II (re-re-restored)....................1655-1656 d. 1659/60 St. Parthenius III................................1656-1657 St. Gabriel II.........................................1657 Parthenius IV.....................................1657-1662 d. ? opposed by... Theophanes II..........................................1659 d. ? Dionysius III.....................................1662-1665 d. 1696 Parthenius IV (restored)..........................1665-1667 d. ? Clement (not recognized)..........................1667-1668 d. ? Methodius III.....................................1668-1671 Parthenius IV (re-restored)............................1671 d. ? Dionysius IV Mouselimis...........................1671-1673 d. 1696 Gerasimus II......................................1673-1674 d. 1689 Parthenius IV (re-re-restored)....................1675-1676 d. ? Dionysius IV Mouselimis (restored)................1676-1679 d. 1696 Athanasius IV..........................................1679 d. ? Jacob.............................................1679-1682 d. 1700 Dionysius IV Mouselimis (re-restored).............1682-1684 d. 1696 Parthenius IV (re-re-re-restored).................1684-1685 d. ? Jacob (restored)..................................1685-1686 d. 1700 Dionysius IV Mouselimis (re-re-restored)..........1686-1687 d. 1696 Jacob (re-restored)...............................1687-1688 d. 1700 Callinicus II..........................................1688 d. 1702 Neophytus IV......................................1688-1689 d. ? Callinicus II (restored)..........................1689-1693 d. 1702 Dionysius IV Mouselimis (re-re-re-restored).......1693-1694 d. 1696 Callinicus II (re-restored).......................1694-1702 Gabriel III.......................................1702-1707 Neophytus V (never took possession)....................1707 d. ?

Cyprian...........................................1707-1709 d. 1714 Athanasius V......................................1709-1711 d. > 1718 Cyril IV..........................................1711-1713 d. 1728 Cyprian (restored)................................1713-1714 Cosmas III........................................1714-1716 d. 1736 Jeremiah III......................................1716-1726 d. 1735 Callinicus III.........................................1726 Pasius II.........................................1726-1732 d. 1756 Jeremiah III (restored)...........................1732-1733 d. 1735 Seraphim I........................................1733-1734 d. ? Neophytus VI......................................1734-1740 d. 1747 Pasius II (restored)..............................1740-1743 d. 1756 Neophytos VI (restored)...........................1743-1744 d. 1747 Pasius II (re-restored)...........................1744-1748 d. 1756 Cyril V of Nicea..................................1748-1751 d. 1775 Pasius II (re-re-restored)........................1751-1752 d. 1756 Cyril V of Nicea (restored).......................1752-1757 d. 1775 Callinicus IV..........................................1757 d. 1791 Seraphim II.......................................1757-1761 d. 1781/2 Joannicius III....................................1761-1763 d. 1793 Samuel I..........................................1763-1768 d. 1775 Meletius II.......................................1768-1769 d. 1775 Theodosius II.....................................1769-1773 d. 1778 Samuel I (restored)...............................1773-1774 d. 1775 Sophronius II.....................................1774-1780 Gabriel IV........................................1780-1785 Procopius I.......................................1785-1789 d. 1812 Neophytus VII.....................................1789-1794 d. ? Gerasimus III.....................................1794-1797 d. 1800 St. Gregory V.....................................1797-1798 d. 1821 Neophytus VII (restored)..........................1798-1801 d. ? Callinicus V......................................1801-1806 d. ? St. Gregory V (restored)..........................1806-1808 d. 1821 Callinicus V (restored)...........................1808-1809 d. ? Jeremiah IV.......................................1809-1813 d. 1824 Cyril VI..........................................1813-1818 d. 1821 St. Gregory V (re-restored).......................1818-1821 Eugenius II.......................................1821-1822 Anthimus III......................................1822-1824 d. 1842 Chrysanthus.......................................1824-1826 d. 1834 Agathangel........................................1826-1830 d. 1832 Constantius I.....................................1830-1834 d. 1859 Constantius II....................................1834-1835 d. 1859 Gregory VI........................................1835-1840 d. 1881 Anthimus IV.......................................1840-1841 d. 1878 Anthimus V........................................1841-1842 Germanus IV.......................................1842-1845 d. 1853 Meletius III...........................................1845 Anthimus VI.......................................1845-1848 d. 1878 Anthimus IV (restored)............................1848-1852 d. 1878 Germanus IV (restored)............................1852-1853 Anthimus VI (restored)............................1853-1855 d. 1878 Cyril VII.........................................1855-1860 d. 1872

Joachim II........................................1860-1863 d. 1878 Sophronius III....................................1863-1866 d. 1899 Gregory VI (restored).............................1867-1871 d. 1881 Anthimus VI (re-restored).........................1871-1873 d. 1878 Joachim II (restored).............................1873-1878 Joachim III.......................................1878-1884 d. 1912 Joachim IV........................................1884-1886 d. 1887 Dionysius V.......................................1887-1891 Neophytus VIII....................................1891-1894 d. 1909 Anthimus VII......................................1895-1896 d. 1913 Constantine V.....................................1897-1901 d. 1914 Joachim III (restored)............................1901-1912 Germanus V........................................1913-1918 d. 1920 vacant Modern era 1922- Meletius IV.......................................1921-1923 d. 1935 Gregory VII.......................................1923-1924 Constantine VI....................................1924-1925 d. 1930 Basil III.........................................1925-1929 Photius II........................................1929-1935 Benjamin..........................................1936-1946 Maximus V.........................................1946-1948 d. 1972 Athenagoras.......................................1948-1972 Demetrius.........................................1972-1991 Bartholomew.......................................1991-

CONSTANTINOPLE: Latin Patriarchs In 1204 the fourth Crusade invested and seized the Imperial City, and established a sequence of Latin Emperors. They brought with them Roman Catholic ecclesiatics, who set up a Roman Patriarchate. The Latin establishment was defeated and dispossessed in 1261, although the Latin patriarchate existed, at least in nominal form, for another 240 years. Here is a list of these western ecclesiastics.

Thomas Morosini...................................1204-1211 vacant Gervase...........................................1215-1219 vacant Matthew...........................................1221-1226 (John Halgrin: declined post).................Dec. 23, 1226) Simon.............................................1227-1233 vacant Nicholas de Castro Arquato........................1234-1251 vacant Titular Latin Patriarchs, from 1261. Pantaleon Giustiani...............................1253-1286 Peter Correr......................................1286-1302 Leonard Faliero...................................1302-1305 ? Nicholas, abp. Thebes.............................1308-1331 ? Cardinalis........................................1332-1335 Gozio Battaglia...................................1335-1339 Roland de Ast..................................24 Nov. 1339

Henry de Ast, bp. of Negroponte...................1339-1345 Stephen de Pinu.................................March, 1346 William (Coadjutor 1361-4)........................1346-1364 St. Peter Thomas, abp. Crete......................1364-1366 Paul abp. Thebes..................................1366-1370 Hugolin Malabranca................................1371-1375 ? James d'Itri, abp. Otranto........................1376-1378 William, bp. Urbino....................................1379 Paul (abp. Corinth ?)...............................c. 1379 probable vacancy...............................c. 1380-1390 Angelo Correr, later Pope Gregory XII.............1390-1405 d. 1415 Louis, abp. Mitylene..............................1406-1408 Antonio Cardinal Correr, Coadjutor.....................1408 Alphonese, abp. Seville ?..............................1408 Francis Lando, patriarch of Grado......................1409 John Contarini....................................1409-14 ? John de La Rochetaillee...........................1412-1423 John Contarini....................................1424-14 ? Gregory Mamme.....................................1451-1459 Bessarion, Cardinal...............................1459-1472 Peter Riario......................................1472-1474 Jerome Lando, abp. Crete..........................1474-1493/6 John Michael, Cardinal............................1497-1503 John, Cardinal Borgia..................................1503 Francis, Cardinal de Lorris.......................1503-1506

JERUSALEMPerhaps one of the best-known places on earth; the Old City is situated on a bluff overlooking the Valley of the Jordan to the east, a site in continuous human habitation for a minimum of 7000 years. The Christian community in Jerusalem can reasonable make the claim of seniority over all others, since there has been a contiguous Christian presence here since the time of Jesus and his immediate followers. Here is a record of the leaders of that community, at least as it developed into an Orthodox Patriarchate. For the temporal authorities in Jerusalem, go here.

Roman era to 395 James the Lord's Brother.........................c. 27-62 Symeon I..........................................62 ?-107 Justos I...........................................107-111 ? Zacchaeos........................................111 ?- ? Tobias Benjamin John I.............................................117- ? Matthias Philip Seneca Justos II Levi Ephraim I Joseph I Judas Mark I

Kassian Publios Maximus I Julian I Gaius I Symmachus Gaius II Julian II Capion Maximus II Antoninus Valens Dolichian.......................................... ? -185 Narcissus..........................................185-205 d. 213 Dios...............................................205-207 Germanus...........................................207-211 Gordius............................................211-212 Narcissus (restored)...............................212-213 Alexander..........................................213-251 Mazabanes..........................................251-260 Hymenaios..........................................260-298 Zabdas.............................................298-300 Hermon (Hermas)....................................300-314 Makarius I.........................................314-333 Maximus II.........................................333-350/1 Herakleios.............................................350/1 Cyril I..........................................350/1-386

But involved with several opponents on numerous occasions in this period, among whom: Eutychius Ireneaus Hilarios

John II............................................386-417 Byzantine era 395-638 Praylios...........................................417-422 Juvenalis..........................................422-458 opposed by... Theodosius the Monophysite....................aft. 451-457 d. ? Anastasius I.......................................458-478 Martyrios..........................................478-486 Salust.............................................486-494 Elijah I...........................................494-516 d. 518 John III...........................................516-524 Peter..............................................524-552 Makarios II............................................552 d. c. 575 Eustochius, or Eutychius...........................552-563/4 d. ? Makarios II (restored)...........................563/4-c. 575 John IV Moschos....................................574-594 Amos...............................................594-601 Isaac, or Hesychios................................601-609 Zachariah..........................................609-631 Modestus...........................................632-633/4 Sophronios I.....................................633/4-638 Caliphate era (Ummayad from 661) 638-750

vacant George............................................. ? -668 Theodore I.........................................668- ? Anastasius II ? (existence disputed)............c. 692-705 John V.............................................705-735 Theodore II........................................735-770 Abbasid era 750-1099 Elijah II....................................bfr 787 ?-797 ? opposed by... Theodosius George................................807 or earlier ?- ? Thomas.............................................807-821 Basil..............................................821-839 John VI............................................839-843 Sergius I..........................................843-859 Solomon.........................................c. 860-865 Theodosius.........................................867-c. 878 Elijah III......................................c. 878-907 Sergius II.........................................907-912 Leontius I.........................................912-929 Athanasius I.......................................929-937 Christodoulos I....................................937-951 Agatho.............................................951-964 John VII...........................................964-966 Christodoulos II...................................966-969 Thomas II..........................................969-979 Joseph II..........................................980-983/4 Agapios..........................................983/4-985 Orestes............................................986-1006 Theophilus I......................................1012-1020 Nicephorus I......................................1020-aft. 1048 Ioannicius Sophronius II..................bfr. 1059, or bfr. 1076-aft. 1064, or aft. 1083 Euthymius I...................................fl. aft. 1083 ? Symeon II....................................bfr. 1092-1099 Latin era 1099-1244. See also the Latin Patriarchs of Jerusalem. John VIII......................................c. 1099-1106/7 Sabas...........................................fl. c. 1117/8 Nicholas..........................................1122-1156 John IX.........................................fl. c. 1157 Nicephorus II.....................................1166-1171 Leontius II.....................................1174/5-1184/5 Dositheus I..................................bfr. 1187-1189 Mark II........................................1189/90-1195 Euthymius........................................d. c. 1222 Athanasios II...................................... ? -1235 ? Mamluq era 1244-1517 Sophronios III Gregory I......................................c. 1273-c. 1285 Thaddeus............................................? -1296 ? Athanasius III.................................c. 1303-bfr. 1308 Gabriel Voulas.............................fl. c. bfr. 1309 Athanasius III (restored).......................fl. c. 1309

Gregory II.......................................d. c. 1322 Lazarus Gerasimus I.....................................fl. c. 1341 Lazarus (restored)...........................bfr. 1341-c. 1367 Dorotheus I..................................c. 1377/8-1402/12 Theophilus..............................fl. btwn. 1419-1424 Theophanes II...................................... ? -1430 ? Joachim.........................................1437 ?-1464 ? Abraham.........................................fl. c. 1468 Jacob...........................................fl. c. 1482 Gregory Mark............................................fl. c. 1505 Dorotheos II......................................1506-1534 d. ? Ottoman era 1517-1918 Germanus I........................................1534-1579 d. ? Sophronius IV.....................................1579-1609 d. 1620 Theophanes III....................................1609-1644 Paisius...........................................1645-1660 Nectarius.........................................1661-1669 d. 1676 Dositheos II......................................1669-1707 Chrysanthus.......................................1707-1731 Meletius..........................................1731-1737 d. ? Parthenius........................................1737-1766 d. 1770 Ephraim II........................................1766-1771 Sophronius V......................................1771-1775 d. 1780 Avramius..........................................1775-1787 Procopius I.......................................1787-1788 Anthemus..........................................1788-1808 Polycarp..........................................1808-1827 Athanasius V......................................1827-1844 Cyril II..........................................1845-1872 d. 1877 Procopius II......................................1872-1875 d. ? Hierotheus........................................1875-1882 Nicodemus.........................................1883-1890 Gerasimus II......................................1891-1896 Damian............................................1897-1931 British Mandate era 1918-1948 vacant Timothy...........................................1935-1955 Israeli era 1948- Benedict..........................................1957-1980 Diodorus..........................................1981-2000 Ireneaus..........................................2001-

JERUSALEM: Latin Patriarchs On July 15, 1099 the City was captured by Crusaders, inaugurating a Latin Kingdom which endured almost 250 years. A Roman Catholic hierarchy was established in the Kingdom, here are the Latin Patriarchs of the era.

Arnoul Malecorne des Roches..................Aug.-Dec. 1099 d. 1118 Daimbert..........................................1099-1102 d. 1105

Evremer...........................................1102-1105 d. 1108 Daimbert (restored, but d. bfr. return)................1105 Evremar (restored)................................1105-1108 Gibelin...........................................1108-1112 Arnoul Malecorne des Roches (restored)............1112-1118 Garmond de Picquigny..............................1119-1128 Stephen...........................................1128-1130 William I de Malines..............................1130-1145 Foucher...........................................1146-1157 Amaury............................................1157-1180 Heraclius.........................................1180-1191 vacant Aymar the Monk....................................1194-1202 Soffred...........................................1202-1203/4 Albert Avogadro...................................1204-1214 Raoul de Merencourt...............................1214-1225 Thomas of Capua (elected, not confirmed)...............1225 Gerald of Lausanne................................1225-1238 vacant Robert of Nantes..................................1240-1254 Mamluq era 1244-1517 Opizo, Patr. Antioch (elected, not confirmed)..........1254 Jacques Pantaleon (pope as Urban IV)..............1255-1261 d. 1264 William II of Agen................................1261-1270 Thomas Agni of Cosenza............................1271-1277 John Ayglier, or John of Verceil..................1278-1279 Elijah............................................1279-c. 1287 Nicholas of Hanapes...............................1288-1291 With the destruction of the Kingdom of Jerusalem (Jerusalem taken 1244, Acre taken 1291), the Latin Patriarchate came to an end, although there continued to be appointments (made at a safe distance) to the See as an honorarium. Roman Catholic clergy continued to operate in the Holy Land, but at extremely reduced levels of influence. Lately though, the Latin Patriarchate has been revived after a slumber of 598 years, demonstrating that the permanent demise of anything in the Middle East is not a safe assumption. Modern Latin Patriarchs of Jerusalem Ottoman era (1517)-1918 Luigi Piavi.......................................1889-1905 vacant Filippo Camassei..................................1907-1919 British Mandate era 1918-1948 Luigi Balassina...................................1920-1947 vacant Israeli era 1948- Alberto Gori......................................1949-1970 Giacomo Giuseppi Beltritti........................1970-1987 Michel Sabah......................................1987-

JERUSALEM (ARMENIAN PATRIARCHS)Since Roman times the Holy Land has been home to a large Armenian population; this community expanded a great deal

during the centuries of Ottoman rule. In 638 the Catholicos appointed an Armenian Patriarchate in Jerusalem in opposition to the Orthodox, Nestorian, and other patriarchs already in place. Although appointments were sporadic at times (there are considerable gaps in some cases) the Armenian church in Jerusalem has been more or less continually autonomous since the Muslim conquest.

Caliphate era (Ummayad from 661) 638-750 Abraham I..........................................638-669 Krikor Yetesatzi...................................669-696 Kevork.............................................696-708 Mgrdich I..........................................708-730 Hovhannes I........................................730-758 Abbasid era 750-1099 Stepanos...........................................758-774 Yeghia.............................................774-797 vacant Abraham II.........................................885-909 vacant Krikor I...........................................981-1006 Arsen.............................................1006-1038 Mesrob I Simeon I..........................................1090-1109 Latin era 1099-1244 Movses............................................1109-1133 Esayee I..........................................1133-1152 Sahag.............................................1152-1180 Abraham III of Jerusalem..........................1180-1191 Minas.............................................1191-1205 vacant Abraham IV........................................1215-1218 Arakel............................................1218-1230 Hovhannes II......................................1230-1238 Garabed I of Jerusalem............................1238-1254 Mamluq era 1244-1517 Hagopos...........................................1254-1281 Sarkis I..........................................1281-1313 Teodoros I........................................1313-1316 David I...........................................1316-1321 Boghos I..........................................1321-1323 Vartan Areveltzi..................................1323-1332 Hovhannes III Josleen.............................1332-1341 Parsegh...........................................1341-1356 with... Garabed II.............................................1349

Krikor (coadjutor), 1356-1363 Giragos (coadjutor), 1356-1363

Mgrdich II........................................1363-1378 Hovhannes IV Lehatzee.............................1378-1386 Krikor II of Egypt................................1386-1391 Esayee II.........................................1391-1394 Sarkis II.........................................1394-1415 with...

Mardiros (coadjutor), 1399 and later... Mesrob (coadjutor), 1402

Boghos II Karnetzi................................1415-1419 Mardiros I of Egypt...............................1419-1430 with...

Minas (coadjutor), 1426 Esayee III........................................1430-1431 Hovhannes V.......................................1431-1441 Muron.............................................1436-1437 Abraham V Missirtzee..............................1441-1454 Mesrob II.........................................1454-1461 Bedros I..........................................1461-1476 Mgrdich III Elovtzee..............................1476-1479 Abraham VI Pereeahtzee............................1497-1485 Hovhannes VI Missirtzee...........................1485-1491 Mardiros II Broosatzee............................1491-1501 Bedros II.........................................1501-1507 Sarkis III........................................1507-1517 Ottoman era 1517-1918 Hovhannes VII.....................................1517-1522 vacant Teodoros II (Asdvadzadoor Merdeentzee)............1532-1542 d. 1551 Pilibos...........................................1542-1550 Teodoros II (restored)............................1550-1551 Antreas Merdeentzee...............................1551-1583 David II Merdeentzee..............................1583-1613 Krikor III Kantzagehtzee..........................1613-1645 Teodoros III (Asdvadzadoor Daronetzee)............1645-1664 d. 1666

Yeghiazar Hromglayetzee (coadjutor), 1664-1665 Teodoros III (restored)...........................1665-1666 Yeghiazar.........................................1666-1668 Teodoros IV (Asdvadzadoor)........................1668-1670 Yeghiazar (restored)..............................1670-1677 Mardiros III Khrimtzi.............................1677-1680 Hovhannes VIII Amasyatzee..............................1680 Mardiros III (restored)...........................1681-1683

(Lay Locum Tenens) 1683-1684 Hovhannes IX Bolsetzi.............................1684-1697 Simeon II.........................................1688-1691

Minas Hamtetzi (coadjutor), 1697-1704 with... Kaloosd Hetoontzi (coadjutor), 1697-1704 and then... Krikor (coadjutor; also Armenian Patriarch of Constantinople), 1704-1715

Krikor Shiravantzee the Chainbearer...............1715-1749 Hagop Nalian......................................1749-1752 d. ? Teodoros V........................................1752-1761 Garabed III Tantchagetzee.........................1761-1768 Boghos III Vanetzee...............................1768-1775 Hovhannes X Kanapertzee...........................1775-1793 Bedros III Yevtogeeyatzee.........................1793-1800 Teodoros VI Vanetzi...............................1800-1818 Kapriel Neegomeetatzee............................1818-1840 Boghos IV Atreeunoobolsetzi.......................1824-1847 with... Zakaria Gopetzi...................................1840-1846 and then... Giragos of Jerusalem..............................1846-1850 Hovhannes XI of Smyrna............................1850-1860

Vertanes (Locum Tenens), 1860-1864 Esayee IV of Talas................................1864-1885 Yeremya Der Sahagian..............................1885-1889

Harootiun Vehabedian..............................1889-1910 vacant British Mandate era 1918-1948 Yeghishe Tourian..................................1921-1929 Torkom I Koushagian...............................1929-1939 Mesrob III Nishanian..............................1939-1944 Guregh Israelian..................................1944-1949 Israeli era 1948- vacant

Tiran Nersoyan (unconsecrated), 1957-1958 vacant Yeghishe Derderian................................1960-1990 Torkom II Manoogian...............................1990-

MOSCOW The Metropolitans and Patriarchs of Muscovy are not among the Four Primates of the Greek Orthodox Church; in fact, the Russian Church is an entirely separate and independent entity from the Greek Church, and has been so since the 15th century. Nevertheless, the Russian Church is of vital significance, not only in it's own realm, but to the world at large. A listing of its leaders will be found under the Patriarchate of Moscow.

The NESTORIANS (the Church of the East [Ecclesia Orientalis]) The Church of the East was originally the Christian Church of Persia. Since Persia was incessantly at war with Rome, resident Christians would have been under some pressure to show that they were not acting as agents of Rome. Possibly for this reason the Church of the East has often distinguished itself both theologically and liturgically from its Western and Orthodox counterparts. Missionaries of this church ranged far and wide across Asia, winning huge numbers of converts in India, China, and among the nomadic peoples of Central Asia (see, e.g., Kerait, Qara-Khitai, and Naiman). The Ecclesia Orientalis is sometimes referred to as the Nestorian church, but this appellation, as discussed below, is somewhat misleading. During the ascendancy of the Mongols, many notable leaders, including Hulegu (the first Ilkhan), belonged to this church, and though reliable statistics are not available, it is likely that this church, whose remnants today number at most a few million, boasted the largest population of any Christian denomination.

N.B.!! The Assyrian and Chaldean churches each hold to different chronologies for the Patriarchs until the early 1700's. This list is an attempt to reconcile the two lists but dates given before 1700 should be regarded as approximations.

ORTHODOX PATRIARCHS Ctesiphon era Saint Thomas the Apostle.........................c. 35-c. 37 Mar Addai (St. Thaddeus the Apostle).............c. 37-c. 65 Mar Agai.........................................c. 66-c. 87 Mar Mari.........................................c. 88-c. 120 Mar Abris.......................................c. 121-c. 137 vacant ? Mar Abraham (Oraham I of Kashkar)...............c. 159-c. 171 Mar Yacob I.....................................c. 172-c. 190

Mar Ahha (Akhu d'Aboui).........................c. 190-c. 220 Mar Shahioupa (Shakhlupa of Kashkar)............c. 220-c. 240 vacant Mar Papa bar Gaggai.............................c. 317-c. 329 Mar Shimun Bar Sabba'ei.........................c. 329-c. 341 Mar Shalidoste (Shahdost).......................c. 341-c. 345 Mar Bar Bashmin.................................c. 345-c. 350 vacant Mar Toumarsa (Turmarsa).........................c. 363-c. 371 Mar Qaiyuma.....................................c. 372-c. 399 Mar Iskhaq......................................c. 399-c. 410 Mar Ahha........................................c. 410-415 Mar Yab-Alaha (Yoalaha I)..........................415-420 Maana..................................................420 Mar Frabokht (Qarabukht)...........................420-421 Mar Dadishu I......................................421-456 In 431 AD, the Third Ecumenical Council in Ephesus condemned the teachings of the Patriarch Nestorius of Constantinople. Nestorius taught that Christ had two natures (divine and human) and two wills, and that Mary had been the mother only of the human part of him. The Church of the East had not participated in the Council, and word of it took a while to reach Ctesiphon. Then, however, the Church refused to anathematize Nestorius and did not accept the decision of the Council. Since then, the Church of the East has been characterized as the "Nestorian" Church by Greek and Latin authors, and those following in their tradition. It remains a matter of dispute whether the Christology of the Church of the East is or ever was Nestorian or not, and "Nestorian" may or may not be a characterization used or accepted by Church members. Nevertheless, the Church does use Nestorius' formula for Mary as the "Mother of Christ," rather than the Orthodox and Roman formula of Mary as the "Mother of God." NESTORIAN PATRIARCHS Mar Babwahi........................................457-484 Mar Aqaq-Acace.....................................484-496 Mar Babai I.....................................c. 497-c. 503 Mar Shila/Sheela................................c. 503-c. 523 Mar Narsai Elisha...............................c. 524-c. 539 Mar Polos I.....................................c. 539-c. 540 Mar Aba I the Great.............................c. 540-552 Mar Yosip I........................................552-566 Mar Ezecbiel (Khazqiyil)...........................566-581 Mar Isho-Yab I d'Arzunaya..........................582-595 Mar Sabrisho (Shorishu) I Garmaqaya................596-604 Mar Greghor I Partaya...........................c. 605-c. 609 Babai the Great (never consecrated)................609-628 with... Mar Aba (never consecrated)........................609-628 In 604 the Assyrian Catholicos Sabrisho died and a new Catholicos had to be elected. The synod rejected the candidate of the King Chosroes II and elected Gregory instead. When this Catholicos Gregory died in 608/9 the royal physician Gabriel of Shiggar suggested Henana of Adiabene, a theologian whose ideas approached those of the Council of Chalcedon. The majority of the Church was horrified and rejected Henana. Until his death the king did not allow the Church to choose a new Catholicos of their own. To circumvent the royal proscription, Babai the Great was appointed 'visitor of the monasteries' of the north, and administered the church in collaboration with Archdeacon Mar Aba. In particular, this new position allowed Babai to investigate the orthodoxy of the monasteries and monks of northern Mesopotamia, and to enforce discipline throughout the monasteries of northern Mesopotamia, even against occasional resistance. Babai the Great and Mar Aba administered the Nestorian

Church for 17 years until Chosroes II was murdered in 628. After this Babai was promptly elected Catholicos. But he declined. Soon afterward he died in the cell of his monastery, being 75 or 77 years old. Mar Isho-Yab II.................................c. 628-c. 645 In 635 the first documented Nestorian missionaries arrived in China. Mar Immeh.......................................c. 645-c. 649 Persia conquered by the Caliphate 649/50 - most Nestorians within Muslim lands hereafter. Mar Isho-Yab III Kdayawaya.....................c. 649-660 Mar Guiwarguis I...................................661-680 Mar Yochanan I Bar Marta...........................681-683 vacant Mar Hanan-Isho (Khnanishu) I....................c. 685-700 and ?... Mar Yochanan II Garba..............................693-694 vacant Mar Sliwa Zkha.....................................714-728 vacant Mar Pethion........................................731-740 Mar Aba II.........................................741-751 Mar Sorine.............................................752 Mar Yacob II.......................................754-773 Mar Hanan-Isho II..................................774-780 Mar Timotheus I....................................780-820/3 Mar Isho bar Noun................................820/3-825/8 Mar Guiwarguisis II................................828-830 Mar Sabrisho II...................................831-836 Mar Abraham II of Margaya..........................837-850 vacant Baghdad era Mar Teadasis (Theodosius) I of Athanassious......852/3-858 vacant Mar Suwaya (Sergius) I.............................860-872 vacant Mar Israel of Kashkar..................................877 Mar Annush (Annoshel) of Beth-Garmai (Kirkuk)......877-884 Mar Yochanan III bar Narsai........................884-892 Mar Yochanan IV....................................893-899 Mar Yochanan V bar Abgar...........................900-905 Mar Abraham III Abraza............................905-937 Mar Emmanuell I.................................c. 937-960 Mar Israel (Esrail) Karkhaya.......................961-962 Mar Abdisho I of Garmaqaya.........................963-986 Mar Bar-Tobia II Mari Aturaya......................987-1000 Yochanan VI Yoannis ibn Issa......................1000-1011 Yochanan VII bar Nazuk............................1012-1020 Isho-Yab IV Bar Ezechiel..........................1020-1025 vacant Mar Eliyya I of Tehran............................1028-1049 Yochanan VIII Bar Targala......................1049/50-1057 Sabrisho III bar Zanbur........................1057/63-1071/2 Abdisho II bar Ars Autraya........................1072-1090/1 Makkikha I bar Shlemon............................1092-1108/10 Mar Eliyya II Bar Maqli...........................1110-1132 Bar Sauma I.....................................1133/4-1136

vacant Abdisho III Bar Moqli.............................1139-1148 Isho-Yab V al-Baladi..............................1148-1176 Eliyya III Abu Khalim.............................1176-1190 Yab-Alaha II bar Qaiyuma..........................1190-1222 Sabrisho IV Bar Qaioma............................1222-1226 Sabrisho V Ibn-Almassihi..........................1226-1256 Makkikha II.......................................1257-1265 Tabriz era Dinkha I Epiphane Aribilaya.......................1265-1281/2 Yab-Alaha III bar Turkaye.........................1283-1317 Timotheus II Arbilaya.............................1318-1328/32 Dinkha II Karemles.............................1329/32-1364 Dinkha III........................................1359-1368 Mosul era Mar Shimun II.....................................1368-1392 vacant Alqosh era Mar Shimun III....................................1403-1407 vacant Mar Eliyya IV.......................................c. 1437 The line of Alqosh: Mar Shimun IV Bassidi..........................c. 1437-1497 Mar Shimun V (sometimes called Mar Yochanan)...c. 1497-1501 Mar Eliyya V...................................c. 1502-1503 Mar Shimun VI.....................................1505-1538 Mar Eshuyow Shimun VI/VII......................c. 1538-1551 Patriarch Mar Shimun IV Bassidi ruled that his offic