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Wind Effects in Tensile
Membrane Structures
Pedro Gil Marques de Queirós Ferreira
Elsa de Sá Caetano
2016
PhD 2016 | 2
2016 CONSTRUCT PhD Workshop
Wind Effects in Tensile Membrane Structures
• Motivation
– Growing use of tensile membranes in special
structures has brought increased demand in the
assessment of their structural behavior
– Membrane structures are characterized by: high
flexibility, leading to strong geometric nonlinear
behavior; complex shapes; slight prestress;
orthotropic materials; and construction methods
– Recent damages due to aerodynamic and
ponding effects of these lightweight structures
and lack of standards motivated this work
PhD 2016 | 3
2016 CONSTRUCT PhD Workshop
Wind Effects in Tensile Membrane Structures
• Objectives & Tasks
– The work focused two main aspects
• Form-finding
• Characterization of the wind effects in membranes
– Two types of examples
• Roof of a multisport arena
– Role of prestress & orthotropy on structural behavior
– Wind effects considering generation of stochastic wind
loads and numerical evaluation of membrane response
through a simplified model, characterizing the
aerodynamic mass, stiffness and damping
• 470 Sailboat
– Develop and validate a methodology of form-finding of
a boat sail in real-time based on strain measurements
• Case studies
– Roof
– Sailboat
PhD 2016 | 4
2016 CONSTRUCT PhD Workshop
Wind Effects in Tensile Membrane Structures
– Structural form-finding and optimization methods
• Force Density Method (FDM): 1lFDM and 2nlFDM
– Independent of the material properties and linearize the
Equilibrium equations using a force density coefficient q
= t/l for the truss elements
• Surface Stress Density Method
– Analogous to FDM setting a surface stress density
coefficient qs for the constant strain triangle elements
• Dynamic Relaxation Method: Viscous & Kinetic model
– Explicit direct time-integration of the dynamic
Equilibrium equations using central finite differences.
[Cs Xf q F]1,2 + Qz2 X t l
Cs Xf Xini qs F Xend t l S σ = 4qsS
Cs Xf Xini F (E A ti )truss el. Xend t l
kN/m
0 2 4 6 8 100
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1 2
3
4 5
6
7 8
9
Geometria Inicial - MDFl
x
y
0 2 4 6 8 100
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1
2
3
4 5
6
7 8
9
Geometria Inicial - MDFl
x
y
0 2 4 6 8 100
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1
2
3
4 5
6
7 8
9
Geometria Inicial - MDFl
x
y
0 2 4 6 8 100
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1 2
3
4 5
6
7 8
9
Geometria Inicial - MDFl
x
y
PhD 2016 | 5
2016 CONSTRUCT PhD Workshop
Wind Effects in Tensile Membrane Structures • Linear Force Density Method (lFDM)
– Example of a cooling tower
Solution is obtained iteratively: rinf ≈ 9
m, rsup ≈ 7 m, Hc ≈ 21 m e Hm ≈ 25 m
Configuração a) b) c)
qs (N/m) 400 400 400
qcomp (N/m) -2800 -3000 -3000
qc,v (N/m) 100 100 1000
qc,h (N/m) 100 100 100
Configuração a) b) c)
qs (N/m) 400 400 400
qcomp (N/m) -2800 -3000 -3000
qc,v (N/m) 100 100 1000
qc,h (N/m) 100 100 100
Suspension cables
Upper compression ring
Lateral cable net (horizontal
or circumferential and vertical
cables)
Mast
Lower compression ring
PhD 2016 | 6
2016 CONSTRUCT PhD Workshop 2016 CONSTRUCT PhD Workshop
Wind Effects in Tensile Membrane Structures • Viscous Dynamic Relaxation Method
– 1 – Evaluation of the critical damping:
– 2 – Evaluation of the static equilibrium response
• Kinetic Dynamic Relaxation Method
𝑓 =1
𝑁∆𝑡 𝑐𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡 = 4𝜋𝑚𝑓
𝑈𝑘 =1
2 𝑀𝑈
𝑥 𝑇𝑈
𝑥 + 𝑀𝑈 𝑦
𝑇𝑈
𝑦 + 𝑀𝑈 𝑧
𝑇𝑈
𝑧
0
1
2
3
4
5
0 50 100 150 200
Kin
eti
c e
nerg
y (
J)
Iterations
0.01
0.03
0.05
0.07
0.09
0 500 1000 1500 2000
u (
m)
Iterations
ξ = 0
ξ < 1
ξ = 1
ξ > 1
Equilibrium position:
→ Máx. kinetic energy 𝑢 𝑚á𝑥
𝑢 = 0
Instable position: 𝑢 = 0 𝑢 𝑚á𝑥
Vibration
F
𝜉 =𝑐
𝑐𝑐𝜉
= 0 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑖𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛< 1 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑑𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑖𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
= 1 𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦 𝑑𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑖𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛> 1 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑑𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑖𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
PhD 2016 | 7
2016 CONSTRUCT PhD Workshop
Wind Effects in Tensile Membrane Structures
– Roof of a multisport arena
• Tensile membrane roof structure located in Cartuja Island, Seville
• Doubly symmetric tubular metallic structure in plan, nearly rectangular in
plan 24 x 46 m2, including suspended cables and calibrated rods
• Tensile membrane made of PES/PVC, comprised by 4-top (hip. parab.)
and 4-lateral modules (flat)
Tubular section F 323x8 (mmxmm)
Tubular section F 200x6 (mmxmm)
Tubular section F 150x5 (mmxmm)
Cable F 36 mm
Calibrated rod F 25 mm
U – warp
T – fill
PhD 2016 | 8
2016 CONSTRUCT PhD Workshop
Wind Effects in Tensile Membrane Structures
– Roof of a multisport arena
• Form-finding of the membrane with prestress of 2 kN/m
through all implemented methods and specialized
software, and comparing the same premises of
orthotropic orientations, showed slightly different results
• Numerical simulation studies of the influence of the
prestress, orientation of orthotropic directions, and
Poisson coefficient evidenced significant differences on
the static and dynamic responses of the membrane
• Nonlinear dynamic analysis in time domain considering
geometric nonlinearity and large displacements showed
dynamic amplification coefficients Rdyn of about 0,8
• Identification of wrinkles on the corners of the lateral
modules due to non-economic shapes
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
0 10 20 30 40
Fre
qu
ên
cia
(H
z)
Fa
tor
de
pa
rtic
ipa
ção
Modo
X
Y
Z
Freq.
3.79
5.97
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1.E-12
1.E-08
1.E-04
1.E+00
0 5 10 15 20 Fato
r d
e h
ibri
diz
ação
(F
H)
Am
plitu
de
Frequência (Hz)
Dir. x
FH
Pa
rtic
ipa
tio
n f
ac
tor
Mode
Fre
qu
en
cy (
Hz)
Dis
p.
(m)
Am
plitu
de
Hy
bri
diz
ati
on
facto
r
Frequency (Hz) Time (s)
-0.002
-0.001
0.000
0.001
0.002
0.003
100 150 200 250 300
Deslo
cam
en
to (
m)
Tempo (s)
Rdin = 1.08
Ux, quasi-estático
Ux, din
quasi-static
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Ve
loc
ida
de
(m
/s)
Tempo (s)
1
534
Velo
cit
y (
m/s
)
Time (s)
PhD 2016 | 9
2016 CONSTRUCT PhD Workshop
Wind Effects in Tensile Membrane Structures
– Form-finding of a boat sail in real-time
• This work describes a monitoring system based
on fiber optic strain gauge sensors used to
reconstruct in real time the form of a sail
• The installation of FBG sensors on a beam allows
to obtain curvatures in specific cross-sections,
and evaluate, by interpolation, the coordinates of
the deformed beam and consequently the most
significant parameters of the sail shape
• Uncertainties related to optical technology,
require the calibration and validation of the results
through an alternative system.
• Since large amplitudes of deformations are
measured, the fiber optic monitoring system was
validated based on a imaging based system
Draft position
Chord
Cam
ber
(cm
)
(%)(cm)
Conclusions
• Implementation of form-finding routines
• Application to a tensile membrane roof
• Identification of more relevant aspects of
the behavior through parametric analysis
• Wind action and effects assessment
• Sail case: development, implementation
and validation of an algorithm already
patented for real-time assessment of sail
shape. This methodology can be used for
SHM of other engineering applications