D R N

L A P O R A N A K H I R

I N D E K S K E L I M P A H A N S T O K D A N T I N G K A T

P E M A N F A A T A N S U M B E R D A Y A I K A N D E M E R S A L

D I W P P L A U T J A W A

O l e h :

B a d r u d i n , A i s y a h d a n

N . N . W i a d n y a n a

P R O G R A M I N S E N T I F

P E N I N G K A T A N K E M A M P U A N P E N E L I T I

D A N P E R E K A Y A

D E W A N R I S E T N A S I O N A L

K E M E N T E R I A N N E G A R A R I S E T D A N T E K N O L O G I

k e r j a - s a m a d e n g a n

B A D A N P E N E L I T I A N D A N P E N G E M B A N G A N K E L A U T A N D A N P E R I K A N A N

K E M E N T E R I A N K E L A U T A N D A N P E R I K A N A N

J A K A R T A

- 2 0 1 0 -

L E M B A R I D E N T I T A S D A N P E N G E S A H A N

1 . J u d u l P e n e l i t i a n

2 . J e n i s I n s e n t i f

3 . B i d a n g F o k u s

4 . S a t u a n K e r j a / A l a m a t

5 . P e n a n g g u n g J a w a b

6 . T i m P e n e l i t i

N o . N a m a

1 .

P r o f . B a d r u d i n , M . S c

: I n d e k s K e l i m p a h a n S t o k d a n T i n g k a t P e m a n f a a t a n

S u m b e r d a y a l k a n D e m e r s a l d i W i l a y a h P e n g e l o l a a n

P e r i k a n a n L a u t J a w a

: R i s e t T e r a p a n

: K e t a h a n a n P a n g a n

: P u s a t P e n e l i t i a n P e n g e l o l a a n P e r i k a n a n d a n K o n s e r v a s i

S u m b e r d a y a l k a n

J l . P a s i r P u t i h I A n c o l T i m u r J a k a r t a U t a r a 1 4 4 3 0

: P r o f . B a d r u d i n

N I P J a b . F u n g s i o n a l

1 9 4 5 1 2 2 7 1 9 7 4 1 0 1 0 0 1 P e n e l i t i U t a m a

2 . P r o f . D r . N g u r a h N . W i a d n y a n a 1 9 5 9 1 2 3 1 1 9 8 4 0 1 1 0 0 2 P e n e l i t i U t a m a

3 . A i s y a h , S T

8 . T o t a l B i a y a P e n e l i t i a n

L s . . P h . D

3 1 9 8 1 0 3 1 ' 0 0 2

1 9 7 9 1 1 0 5 2 0 0 5 0 2 2 0 0 1 P e n e l i t i P e r t a m a

: R p . 8 5 . 0 0 6 . 0 9 1 ( D e l a t a n P u l u h L i m a J u t a E n a m R i b u

S e m b i l a n P u l u h S a t u R u p i a h )

J a k a r t a , 2 2 N o v e m b e r 2 0 1 0

P r i [ ( B a d r u d i n , M . S c

N I . 1 9 4 5 1 2 2 7 1 9 7 4 1 0 1 0 0 1

R I N G K A S A N

Y a n g d i m a k s u d d e n g a n i n d e k s k e l i m p a h a n s t o k s u m b e r d a y a i k a n a d a l a h h a s i l

t a n g k a p a n p e r - s a t u a n u p a y a a t a u ' c a t c h p e r - u n i t o f e f f o r t ' ( C P V E ) . A d a n y a f l u k t u a s i

C P U E m e r u p a k a n r e s p o n s s u m b e r d a y a t e r h a d a p p e n g a r u h d a r i l u a r , d i m a n a p e ' l a n g k a p a n

d a p a t d i a n g g a p s e b a g a i p e n g a r u h u t a m a . I n d e k s k e l i m p a h a n s t o k s u m b e r d a y a i k a n

d e m e r s a l d i P e r a i r a n U t a r a J a w a T e n g a h p a d a t i g a t a h u n s e b e l u m d a n s e s u d a h

p e l a r a n g a n p e n g g u n a a n t r a w l ( K e p p r e s 3 9 - 1 9 8 0 ) t r e n d C P U E c e n d e r u n g m e n u r u n . H a l

i n i d i d u g a a k i b a t t i n g g i n y a t e k a n a n p e n a n g k a p a n . S e b a l i k n y a a n t a r a t a h u n 1 9 8 4 - 1 9 8 6

C P U E m e n u n j u k k a n k e n a i k a n y a n g s i g n i f i k a n a k i b a t d i l a r a n g n y a p e n a n g k a p a n i k a n

d e n g a n t r a w l . B e r a p a b a n y a k i k a n y a n g d a p a t d i t a n g k a p t a n p a m e r u s a k s t o k n y a ? .

P e r t a n y a a n s e d e r h a n a t e r s e b u t m e r u p a k a n d a s a r b a g i a n a l i s i s p r o d u k s i p e r i k a n a n .

K e g a g a l a n d a l a m m e n j a w a b s e c a r a m e m a d a i t e l a h m e n y u m b a n g k e s a l a h a n d a l a m

p e n g e l o l a a n s u m b e r d a y a p e r i k a n a n p a d a m a s a l a l u . M e l a l u i a n a l i s i s c a t c h , e f f o r t d a n

C P U E p e r i o d e 1 9 9 7 - 2 0 0 8 d a n a p l i k a s i M o d e l P r o d u k s i S u r p l u s ( M P S ) b e s a r n y a

' m a x i m u m s u s t a i n a b l e y i e l d ' ( M S Y ) t e l a h d i e s t i m a s i d a n m e r u p a k a n s a l a h s a t u d a s a r b a g i

l a n g k a h p e n g e l o l a a n . P a d a d a s a r n y a l a n g k a h p e n g e l o l a a n s u m b e r d a y a i k a n d a p a t

d i k e l o m p o k k a n k e d a 1 a m d u a k a t a g o r i , y a i t u ; a ) P e n g e n d a l i a n k e g i a t a n p e n a n g k a p a n d a n

b ) P e n g e n d a l i a n u p a y a p e n a n g k a p a n . K e s e l u r u h a n l a n g k a h p e n g e l o l a a n a k a n b e r m u a r a

k e p a d a s a l a h s a t u o p s i l a n g k a h t e r s e b u t . D a r i i n v e n t a r i s a s i o p s i - o p s i l a n g k a h p e n g e l o l a a n

y a n g m u n g k i n d i t e r a p k a n d i I n d o n e s i a a n t a r a l a i n a d a l a h : P e n g e n d a l i a n j u m l a h / k a p a s i t a s

p e n a n g k a p a n ; u k u r a n i k a n y a n g t e r t a n g k a p ; p e m b a t a s a n u p a y a ; p e m b a t a s a n j u m l a h h a s i l

t a n g k a p a n d a n p e m b a t a s a n d i m e n s i a l a t d a n k a p a l p e n a n g k a p a n . L a n g k a h t e r s e b u t t e l a h

d i u r a i k a n t e r m a s u k s e j u m l a h l a n g k a h l a i n n y a . D e w a s a i n i p e n a n g k a p a n i k a n d e m e r s a l d i

L a u t J a w a , d e n g a n m e n ' g g u n a k a n c a n t r a n g d i l a k u k a n h a m p i r t a n p a l a n g k a h p e n g e l o l a a n

y a n g m e m a d a i . H a s i l t a n g k a p a n y a n g d i p e r o l e h p a d a u m u m n y a t i d a k t e r c a t a t / d i l a p o r k a n

d a n k a l a u p u n d i l a p o r k a n h a n y a t e r b a t a s k e p a d a s e k i t a r s e p u l u h j e n i s i k a n y a n g s a n g a t

u m u m . D a p a t d i p a s t i k a n b a h w a h a s i l t a n g k a p a n t e r s e b u t t i d a k a k a n t e r l i p u t d a l a m

s t a t i s t i k p r o d u k s i p e r i k a n a n b a i k d a l a m s t a t i s t i k d a e r a h a t a u p u n s t a t i s t i k n a s i o n a l .

L a n g k a h p e n g e l o l a a n s u m b e r d a y a i k a n d e m e r s a l d i L a u t J a w a i n i d a p a t m e n g a d o p s i

l a n g k a h A u s t r a l i a y a n g l e b i h b e r s i f a t k o n s e r v a t i f , y a i t u m e n e k a n k a n l a n g k a h p e n g e l o l a a n

k e p a d a j e n i s d e m e r s a l t e r t e n t u , s e p e r t i k a k a p m e r a h ( L u t j a n u s m a l a b a r i c u s ) , s e h i n g g a

s e m u a j e n i s i k a n d e m e r s a l t e r k e l o l a d e n g a n b a i k .

K a t a k u n c i : i n d e k s k e l i m p a h a n s t o k - d e m e r s a l - a n a l i s i s d a t a c a t c h d a n e f f o r t - m o d e l

p r o d u k s i s u r p l u s - m a x i m u m s u s t a i n a b l e y i e l d .

I I

P R A K A T A

L a p o r a n b e r i k u t a d a l a b b a s i l k a j i a n t e n t a n g s u m b e r d a y a i k a n d e m e r s a l d i W i l a y a b

P e n g e l o l a a n P e r i k a n a n ( W P P ) L a u t J a w a . S u m b e r d a y a i k a n d e m e r s a l a d a l a b j e n i s - j e n i s

i k a n y a n g s e b a g i a n b e s a r d a r i s i k l u s b i d u p n y a b e r a d a d i / m e n g b u n i d a s a r a t a u d e k a t d a s a r

p e r a i r a n , d e n g a n c i r i - c i r i : P e r g e r a k a n y a n g l a m b a n d a n m i g r a s i y a n g t i d a k j a u b . D a r i

s i f a t - s i f a t t e r s e b u t m e n g a k i b a t k a n k e r e n t a n a n ( v u l n e r a b i l i t y ) y a n g t i n g g i a t a u d a y a t a b a n

t e r b a d a p t e k a n a n p e n a n g k a p a n a d a l a b r e n d a b . A l a t - a l a t t a n g k a p y a n g d i g u n a k a n d a l a m

e k s p l o i t a s i s u m b e r d a y a i k a n d e m e r s a l a n t a r a l a i n a d a l a b c a n t r a n g , p u k a t i k a n ( t r a w l ) , g i l l

n e t d a s a r d a n b u b u . D e n g a n d i l a r a n g n y a p e n g o p e r a s i a n t r a w l m e l a l u i K e p u t u s a n P r e s i d e n

N o m o r 3 9 - 1 9 8 0 , a l a t t a n g k a p t e r s e b u t s e c a r a y u r i d i s t i d a k d i i z i n k a n u n t u k d i o p e r a s i k a n

d i L a u t J a w a . D e w a s a i n i a l a t t a n g k a p y a n g p a l i n g e f e k t i f y a n g d i g u n a k a n d i L a u t J a w a

a d a l a b c a n t r a n g / d o g o l . D e n g a n d e m i k i a n , s u m b e r d a y a i k a n d e m e r s a l y a n g d i d a r a t k a n d i

s e p a n j a n g p a n t a i u t a r a J a w a s e b a g i a n b e s a r m e r u p a k a n b a s i l t a n g k a p a n c a n t r a n g / d o g o l .

U c a p a n t e r i m a k a s i b k a m i s a m p a i k a n k e p a d a D e w a n R i s e t N a s i o n a l ( D R N ) -

K e m e n t e r i a n R i s e t d a n T e k n o l o g i - D e p u t i B i d a n g P e n g e m b a n g a n S I P T E K N A S y a n g

t e l a b m e n g a l o k a s i k a n d a n a r i s e t d a l a m r a n g k a p e n i n g k a t a n s u m b e r d a y a m a n u s i a m e l a l u i

P r o g r a m I n s e n t i f P e n i n g k a t a n K e m a m p u a n P e n e l i t i d a n P e r e k a y a s a y a n g t e l a b

d i s a m p a i k a n k e p a d a B a d a n P e n e l i t i a n d a n Pengembanga~ K e l a u t a n d a n P e r i k a n a n .

S e m o g a l a p o r a n i n i d a p a t m e m b e r i k a n m a n f a a t d a n m e r u p a k a n t a m b a b a n

i n f o r m a s i b a g i k b a z a n a b i l m u p e n g e t a b u a n d a n t e k n o l o g i d i b i d a n g p e r i k a n a n .

.

J a k a r t a , N o v e m b e r 2 0 1 0

T i m P e n y u s u n

i i i

D A F T A R I S I

L E M B A R I D E N T I T A S D A N P E N G E S A H A N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i

R I N G K A S A N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i i

P R A K A T A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i i i

D A F T A R l S I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i v

D A F T A R G A M B A R . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v

D A F T A R T A B E L . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v i

D A F T A R L A M P I R A N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v i i

1 . P E N D A H U L U A N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

1 . 1 L a t a r B e l a k a n g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

1 . 2 R u a n g L i n g k u p . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

2 . T I N J A U A N P U S T A K A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

3 . T U J U A N D A N M A N F A A T . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

4 . M E T O D O L O G I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

5 . H A S I L D A N P E M B A H A S A N

5 . 1 W P P L a u t J a w a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

5 . 1 . 1 K l i m a t o l o g i d a n O s e a n o g r a f i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 0

5 . 1 . 2 S u m b e r d a y a I k a n D e m e r s a l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2

5 . 2 S e b a r a n I n d e k s K e l i m p a h a n S t o k . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 5

5 . 2 . 1 P o t e n t i a l y i e l d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 7

5 . 2 . 2 S u b A r e a P e r a i r a n P a n t a i U t a r a J a w a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 9

5 . 2 . 3 S u b A r e a P e r a i r a n S e l a t a n K a l i m a n t a n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2

5 . 2 . 4 S u b A r e a P e r a i r a n O f f s h o r e L . J a w a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 3

5 . 3 A n a l i s i s D a t a ' C a t c h ' d a n ' E f f o r t ' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 7

5 . 3 . 1 S u m b e r d a y a I k a n D e m e r s a l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 8

5 . 3 . 2 A l a t T a n g k a p C a n t r a n g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2

5 . 3 . 3 M e n g h i t u n g ' F i s h i n g P o w e r I n d e x ' ( F P I ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 3

5 . 3 . 4 M a x i m u m S u s t a i n a b l e Y i e l d ( M S Y ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 4

5 . 4 T i n g k a t P e m a n f a a t a n S u m b e r d a y a I k a n De~ersal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 7

5 . 5 O p s i - O p s i L a n g k a h P e n g e l o l a a n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1

6 . K E S I M P U L A N D A N S A R A N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 6

6 . 1 K e s i m p u l a n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 8

6 . 2 S a r a n . . . . . . . . . . . ' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 9

D A F T A R P U S T A K A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 0

L A M P I R A N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2

I V

D A F T A R T A B E L

T a b e l 1 . I n d e k s k e l i m p a h a n s t o k ( L a j u t a n g k a p ) , k e p a d a t a n s t o k

d a n P o t e n t i a l y i e l d s u m b e r d a y a i k a n d e m e r s a l d i L a u t J a w a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 8

T a b e l 2 . I n d e k s k e l i m p a h a n s t o k j e n i s - j e n i s i k a n d e m e r s a l ( k g / j a m ) d i p e r a i r a n

L a u t J a w a s u b a r e a T a n j u n g S e l a t a n - K a l i m a n t a n S e l a t a n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 3

T a b e l 3 . P e r s e n t a s e k o m p o s i s i j e n i s h a s i l t a n g k a p a n u t a m a c a n t r a n g d i p e r a i r a n

o f f s h o r e d a n i n s h o r e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 4

T a b e l 4 . ' F i s h i n g p o w e r i n d e x ' a l a t - a l a t t a n g k a p y a n g d i g u n a k a n u n t u k

m e n a n g k a p i k a n d e m e r s a l d i W P P L a u t J a w a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 4

T a b e l 5 . P r o d u k s i , t o t a l u p a y a d a n C P U E s u m b e r d a y a i k a n d e m e r s a l d i W P P

L a u t J a w a ( 1 9 9 7 - 2 0 0 8 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 5

T a b e l 6 . K l a s i f i k a s i s t a t u s s t o k s u m b e r d a y a i k a n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 0

v

D A F T A R G A M B A R

G a m b a r 1 . W i l a y a h P e n g e l o l a a n P e r i k a n a n ( W P P ) L a u t J a w a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

G a m b a r 2 . S e b a r a n i n d e k s k e l i m p a h a n s t o k d i s u b a r e a L a u t J a w a

( A j 1 = I n s h o r e T i m u r L a m p u n g / S u m S e l ;

A j 2 , A j 3 , A j 4 = I n s h o r e P a n t u r a J a w a ;

A j 5 , A j 6 ; A j 7 = I n s h o r e S e l a t a n K a l i m a n t a n ;

A j 8 , A j 9 , A j 1 0 , A j 1 1 = O f f s h o r e L a u t J a w a * ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 6

G a m b a r 3 . T r e n d i n d e k k e l i m p a h a n s t o k ( C P U E ) t o t a l , t o t a l d e m e r s a l

d a n i k a n p e p e r e k ( L e i o g n a t h i d a e ) p a d a p e r i o d e s e b e l u m d a n s e s u d a h

p e n g h a p u s a n t r a w l d i p a n t a i U t a r a J a w a T e n g a h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 0

G a m b a r 4 . T r e n d i n d e k s k e l i m p a h a n s t o k l i m a k e l o m p o k i k a n d e m e r s a l

p a d a p e r i o d e s e b e l u m d a n s e s u d a h p e n g h a p u s a n t r a w l

d i S u b A r e a P e r a i r a n P a n t a i U t a r a J a w a T e n g a h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1

G a m b a r 5 . T r e n d i n d e k s k e l i m p a h a n s t o k l i m a k e l o m p o k i k a n d e m e r s a l

p a d a p e r i o d e s e b e l u m d a n s e s u d a h p e n g h a p u s a n t r a w l

d i S u b A r e a P e r a i r a n P a n t a i U t a r a J a w a T e n g a h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2

G a m b a r 6 a . C o n t o h s e b a r a n f r e k u e n s i p a n j a n g i k a n s w a n g g i , P r i a c a n t h u s t a y e n u s

( 1 4 - 2 3 e m ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 5

G a m b a r 6 b . C o n t o h s e b a r a n f r e k u e n s i p a n j a n g i k a n k u r i s i , N e m i p t u r u s h e x o d o n

( 9 - 2 9 e m ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 5

G a m b a r 6 e . C o n t o h s e b a r a n f r e k u e n s i p a n j a n g i k a n e o k l a t a n ,

S c o l o p s i s t a e n i o p t e r u s ( 1 0 - 2 0 . 5 e m ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 5

G a m b a r 7 . P o s i s i M S Y d a n u p a y a o p t i m u m s u m b e r d a y a p e r i k a n a n

d e m e r s a l d i L a u t J a w a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 7

G a m b a r 8 . P l o t h a s i l t a n g k a p a n ( c a t c h ) , u p a y a ( e f f o r t ) d a n h a s i l t a n g k a p a n

p e r - s a t u a n u p a y a ( C P U E ) p e r i k a n a n d e m e r s a l d i W P P L a u t J a w a . . . . . . . . 3 8

V l

D A F T A R L A M P I R A N

L a m p i r a n 1 . J e n i s - j e n i s i k a n d e m e r s a l y a n g t e r t a n g k a p d i L a u t J a w a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2

L a m p i r a n 2 . J e n i s - j e n i s i k a n ' t r a s h j i s h ' ( b e l u m b i a s a d i k o n s u m s i ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 6

L a m p i r a n 3 . D e s a i n a l a t t a n g k a p c a n t r a n g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 7

L a m p i r a n 4 . E s t i m a s i t o t a l u p a y a b a k u ( s t a n d a r d e f f o r t ) t a h u n a n

S u m b e r d a y a p e r i k a n a n d e m e r s a l d i W P P L a u t J a w a ( 1 9 9 7 - 2 0 0 8 ) . . . . . . 5 9

L a m p i r a n 5 . N a m a - n a m a j e n i s i k a n H T S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 0

V l l

B A B I P E N D A H U L U A N

1 . 1 L a t a r B e l a k a n g

S u m b e r d a y a i k a n d e m e r s a l a d a l a h j e n i s - j e n i s i k a n y a n g s e b a g i a n b e s a r d a r i s i k l u s

h i d u p n y a b e r a d a / m e n g h u n i d a s a r a t a u d e k a t d a s a r p e r a i r a n , d e n g a n c i r i - c i r i : P e r g e r a k a n

y a n g r e n d a h / l a m b a n d a n m i g r a s i y a n g t i d a k j a u h ( A o y a m a , 1 9 7 3 ) . L a u t J a w a m e r u p a k a n

s a l a h s a t u s u m b e r b a h a n m a k a n a n b e r u p a i k a n y a n g t e r d e k a t k e P u l a u J a w a d i m a n a

s e b a g i a n b e s a r p e n d u d u k I n d o n e s i a b e r m u k i m . E k s p l o i t a s i s u m b e r d a y a i k a n d e m e r s a l d i

L a u t J a w a s u d a h b e r l a n g s u n g s e j a k l a m a d a n m e n c a p a i p u n c a k n y a p a d a s e k i t a r t a h u n

1 9 8 0 - a n d i m a n a t r a w l d i o p e r a s i k a n s e c a r a b e s a r - b e s a r a n . B e r k e m b a n g p e s a t n y a u s a h a

p e r i k a n a n t r a w l t e r s e b u t t e l a h m e r a m b a h s e d e m i k i a n r u p a s e h i n g g a k e l u a r d a r i j a l u r

p e n a n g k a p a n y a n g s e h a r u s n y a . A m a t l a h d i s e s a l k a n b a h w a l : e g i a t a n t e r s e b u t t e r u s

b e r l a n g s u n g t a n p a u p a y a p e n g e n d a l i a n y a n g m e m a d a i y a n g a k h i m y a m e n g a r a h k e p a d a

k o n f l i k s o s i a l a n t a r a n e l a y a n k e c i l d e n g a n n e l a y a n t r a w l t e r s e b u t y a n g a k h i m y a

k e m u d i a n P e m e r i n t a h m e n g h a p u s u s a h a p e n a n g k a p a n i k a n d e n g a n t r a w l t e r s e b u t m e l a l u i

K e p u t u s a n P r e s i d e n N o . 3 9 / 1 9 8 0 .

P a r a l e l d e n g a n k o n d i s i t e r s e b u t t i m b u l p e r t a n y a a n b a g a i m a n a s t a t u s p e m a n f a a t a n

s u m b e r d a y a i k a n d e m e r s a l d i L a u t J a w a . H a l i n i p e n t i n g u n t u k d i k e t a h u i m e n g i n g a t

b a h w a s e j a k d u a - t i g a d e k a d e t e r a k h i r i n i s u m b e r d a y a i k a n d e m e r s a l d i L a u t J a w a

d i n y a t a k a n s u d a h ' o v e r f i s h i n g ' .

S e j u m l a h p e r t a n y a a n y a n g a k a n d i j a w a b m e l a l u i p e n e l i t i a n i n i a d a l a h :

.

B a g a i m a n a t i n g k a t e k s p l o i t a s i s u m b e r d a y a i k a n d e m e r s a l d i L a u t J a w a d e w a s a

i n i ?

P a d a t i n g k a t u p a y a ( f i s h i n g e f f o r t ) b e r a p a s t o k i k a n d e m e r s a l t e r s e b u t d a p a t

b e r t a h a n s e c a r a berla~ut ( s u s t a i n a b l e ) ?

P a d a t i n g k a t i n d e k s k e l i m p a h a n s t o k b e r a p a u s a h a p e n a n g k a p a n i k a n t e r s e b u t

m a s i h m e n g u n t u n g k a n ?

T e r s e d i a n y a d a t a d a n i n f o r m a s i t e r s e b u t a k a n m e r u p a k a n d a s a r b a g i p e r u m u s a n

l a n g k a h - l a n g k a h p e n g e l o l a a n y a n g r a s i o n a l d a l a m r a n g k a m e m p e r o l e h m a n f a a t y a n g

o p t i m a l d a n b e r l a n j u t d a r i s u m b e r d a y a i k a n d e m e r s a l .

1

1 . 2 R u a n g L i n g k u p

Y a n g d i m a k s u d d e n g a n i n d e k s k e l i m p a h a n s t o k s u m b e r d a y a i k a n a d a l a h h a s i l

t a n g k a p a n p e r - s a t u a n u p a y a a t a u ' c a t c h p e r - u n i t o f e f f o r t ' ( C P U E ) . A d a n y a f l u k t u a s i

C P U E m e r u p a k a n r e s p o n s u m b e r d a y a t e r h a d a p p e n g a r u h d a r l l u a r , d i m a n a k e g i a t a n

p e n a n g k a p a n d a p a t d i a s u m s i k a n s e b a g a i p e n g a r u h u t a m a . S e b a g a i m a n a d i k e t a h u i b a h w a

f a k t o r l a i n y a n g d i d u g a m e m p e n g a r u h i k e l i m p a h a n s t o k s u m b e r d a y a i k a n a d a l a h

l i n g k u n g a n ( p e r u b a h a n h a b i t a t , s u h u , s a l i n i t a s d a n d i n a m i k a o s e a n o g r a f i s ) , i n t e r a k s i a n t a r

j e n i s , d e n s i t y d e p e n d e n t a t a u d e n s i t y i n d e p e n d e n t ' , d a n s e j u m l a h f a k t o r f i s i o l o g i s i k a n .

I n d e k s K e l i m p a h a n S t o k s u m b e r d a y a i k a n d e m e r s a l y a n g d i a n a l i s i s m e r u p a k a n h a s i l

s a m p l i n g p e n a n g k a p a n d e n g a n ' t r a w l ' y a n g d i l a k u k a n o l e h p a r a p e n e l i t i B a l a i R i s e t

P e r i k a n a n L a u t ( B R P L - P R P T - B R K P ) p a d a t a h u n 2 0 0 9 . C P U E t e r s e b u t k e m u d i a n

d i b a n d i n g k a n d e n g a n h a s i l s a m p l i n g m e l a l u i w a w a n c a r a d e n g a n p a r a n e l a y a n ' c a n t r a n g '

y a n g b e r b a s i s d i B l a n a k a n d a n T e g a l . S e b a g a i m a n a d i k e t a h u i b a h w a d e w a s a i n i , s e t e l a h

d i l a r a n g n y a ' t r a w l ' m e l a l u i K e p p r e s N o . 3 9 / 1 9 8 0 , a l a t t a n g k a p ' c a n t r a n g ' d i L a u t J a w a

m e r u p a k a n a l a t t a n g k a p y a n g p a l i n g e f e k t i f y a n g d i g u n a k a n u n t u k 1 1 1 e n a n g k a p

s u m b e r d a y a i k a n d e m e r s a l . K e m u d i a n h a s i l a n a l i s i s d a t a t e r s e b u t d i b a n d i n g k a n d e n g a n

h a s i l - h a s i l p e n e l i t i a n t e r d a h u l u s e r t a a n a l i s i s d a t a s t a t i s t i k ( s t a t i s t i c a l c a t c h a n d e f f o r t

d a t a ) r u n t u n w a k t u y a n g s e l a m a i n i d i k u m p u l k a n o l e h D i r e k t o r a t J e n d e r a l P e r i k a n a n

T a n g k a p , K e m e n t e r i a n K e l a u t a n d a n P e r i k a n a n . A n a l i s i s l a n j u t a n t e r h a d a p d a t a s t a t i s t i k

t e r s e b u t a k a n m e n g a r a h k e p a d a t e r i d e n t i f i k a s i n y a b e s a m y a d u g a a n M S Y ( t h e m a x i m u m

s u s t a i n a b l e y i e l d ) a t a u h a s i l t a n g k a p a n m a k s i m u m y a n g b e r l a n j u t d a n u p a y a o p t i m u m

a t a u j u m l a h ' e f f o r t ' y a i t u b a n y a k n y a k a p a l / a l a t t a n g k a p y a n g s e b a i k n y a d i b e r i i z i n u n t u k

.

m e m a n f a a t k a n s u m b e r d a y a i k a n s a m p a i m e n c a p a i t i t i k M S Y t e r s e b u t .

2

B A B I I T I N J A U A N P U S T A K A

S u m b e r d a y a i k a n d e m e r s a l a d a l a h j e n i s - j e n i s i k a n y a n g s e b a g i a n b e s a r d a r i s i k l u s

h i d u p n y a b e r a d a / m e n g h u n i d a s a r a t a u d e k a t d a s a r p e r a i r a n , d e n g a n c i r i - c i r i : P e r g e r a k a n

y a n g r e n d a h / l a m b a n d a n m i g r a s i y a n g t i d a k j a u h ( A o y a m a , 1 9 7 3 ) . D a r i s i f a t - s i f a t

t e r s e b u t m e n g a k i b a t k a n k e r e n t a n a n ( v u l n e r a b i l i t y ) y a n g r e l a t i f t i n g g i a t a u d a y a t a h a n

t e r h a d a p t e k a n a n p e n a n g k a p a n a d a l a h r e n d a h . D e n g a n d e m i k i a n , j i k a u p a y a p e n a n g k a p a n

d i t i n g k a t k a n t a n p a p e n g e n d a l i a n y a n g m e m a d a i , m a k a a k a n s e g e r a m e n u n j u k k a n t a n d a -

t a n d a ' k e j e n u h a n ' u p a y a y a n g s e t e r u s n y a a k a n m e n g a r a h k e p a d a ' o v e r f i s h i n g ' . D i L a u t

J a w a t e r c a t a t l e b i h d a r i 1 0 0 s p e s i e s i k a n d e m e r s a l y a n g b i a s a t e r t a n g k a p d e n g a n t i n g k a t

k e r e n t a n a n y a n g b e r v a r i a s i , d i m a n a i k a n d e m e r s a l b e r u k u r a n b e s a r , s e p e r t i k a k a p m e r a h ,

b a w a l p u t i h d a n m a n y u n g m e m p u n y a i k e r e n t a n a n y a n g t i n g g i d i b a n d i n g k a n d e n g a n i k a n

y a n g b e r u k u r a n k e c i l , s e p e r t i p e t e k , k u n i r a n d a n k a p a s - k a p a s .

S e j u m l a h p e n e l i t i a n t e n t a n g k e p a d a t a n s t o k s u m b e r d a y a i k a n d e m e r s a l d i L a u t

J a w a t e l a h d i l a k u k a n s e j a k t a h u n 1 9 7 4 s a m p a i d e n g a n 1 9 7 9 s e b a g a i m a n a d i l a p o r k a n o l e h

S a e g e r e t a l . , ( 1 9 7 6 ) ; L o s s e a n d D w i p o n g g o ( 1 9 7 7 ) ; S u d r a d j a t a n d B e c k ( 1 9 7 8 ) ;

D w i p o n g g o a n d B a d r u d i n ( 1 9 7 8 ; 1 9 7 9 ; 1 9 8 0 ) . S e k i t a r e m p a t t a h u n k e m u d i a n d i p e r o l e h

i n f o r m a s i b a h w a s t o k s u m b e r d a y a i k a n d i p e r a i r a n L a u t J a w a t e r s e b u t t e l a h p u l i h

( B a d r u d i n , 1 9 8 7 ) . S e b a g a i s u m b e r d a y a i k a n p e r a i r a n t r o p i s , d e n g a n l a j u p e r t u m b u h a n

y a n g c u k u p t i n g g i p u l i h n y a s t o k i k a n d e m e r s a l t e r s e b u t d i d u g a c u k u p c e p a t d i b a n d i n g k a n

d e n g a n s u m b e r d a y a i k a n d i p e r a i r a n ' t e m p e r a t e ' . S e b a g a i m a n a d i k e t a h u i b a h w a

.

s u m b e r d a y a i k a n a d a l a h s u m b e r d a y a b i o l o g i s y a n g d a p a t m e m p e r b a h a r u i d i r i n y a

( r e n e w a b l e r e s o u r c e s ) y a n g a p a b i l a d i k e l o l a d e n g a n b a i k d a p a t m e m b e r i k a n p r o d u k d a n

p e r o l e h a n y a n g b e r k e l a n j u t a n ( A n o n y m o u s , 1 9 8 9 ) . P e m a h a m a n t e n t a n g u k u r a n b e s a r n y a ,

s e b a r a n d a n d i n a m i k a p o p u l a s i d a r i s u a t u j e n i s i k a n y a n g d i e k s p l o i t a s i m e r u p a k a n h a l

y a n g s a n g a t p e n t i n g b a g i p e n g e l o l a a n y a n g e f e k t i f d a r i s u a t u p e r i k a n a n ( G u l l a n d , 1 9 8 3 ) ,

u n t u k m e m p e r o l e h h a s i l y a n g b e r l a n j u t . S u m b e r d a y a p e r i k a n a n y a n g b e r s i f a t m i l i k u m u m

( c o m m o n p r o p e r t y ) d a n p e m a n f a a t a n y a n g b e r s i f a t t e r b u k a b a g i s i a p a s a j a ( o p e n a c c e s ) ,

t e l a h m e m a c u t e k a n a n p e n a n g k a p a n y a n g m e l e b i h i d a y a d u k u n g s u m b e r d a y a y a n g a d a .

D e n g a n d e m i k i a n , p e r i k a n a n c e n d e r u n g m e n y e r a p i n v e s t a s i d a n k a p a s i t a s p e n a n g k a p a n

y a n g b e r l e b i h ( e x c e s s i v e i n v e s t m e n t , e x c e s s i v e f i s h i n g c a p a c i t y ) , y a n g m e n g a r a h k e p a d a

3

o v e r - e k s p l o i t a s i d a n m e n g a k i b a t k a n k e r a g a a n e k o n o m i s u m b e r d a y a y a n g r e n d a h ,

s e b a g a i m a n a t e r j a d i p a d a p e r i k a n a n d e m e r s a l k h u s u s n y a d e m e r s a l d i p e r a i r a n L a u t

A r a f u r a s e k t o r A u s t r a l i a ( R a m m a n d X i a o , 1 9 9 4 ) . H a l y a n g s a m a d i d u g a t e l a h t e r j a d i

p u l a t e r h a d a p s u m b e r d a y a P e n k a n a n d e m e r s a l d i L a u t J a w a . S e b a g a i m a n a d i l a p o r k a n

o l e h F A O ( 2 0 0 9 ) b a h w a s e c a r a g l o b a l s t a t u s e k s p l o i t a s i s u m b e r d a y a i k a n d i b e r b a g a i

b e l a h a n b u m i b e r v a r i a s i , d i m a n a p r o p o r s i y a n g ' u n d e r e x p l o i t e d ' d a n ' m o d e r a t e l y

e x p l o i t e d ' m e n u r u n s e c a r a l i n e a r d a r i s e k i t a r 4 0 % p a d a t a h u n 1 9 7 0 - a n m e n j a d i h a n y a

s e k i t a r 2 0 % p a d a t a h u n 2 0 0 7 , s e d a n g k a n p r o p o r s i y a n g ' f u l l y e x p l o i t e d ' r e l a t i v e t e t a p

p a d a t i n g k a t s e k i t a r 5 0 % . N a m u n d e m i k i a n , p e r n y a t a a n b a h w a s t a t u s s u m b e r d a y a i k a n

d e m e r s a l k h u s u s n y a j e n i s i k a n k a k a p m e r a h ( L u t j a n i d a e ) d i L a u t A r a f u r a , j i k a t i n g k a t

p r o d u k s i s e b e s a r 4 0 0 0 t o n d a n u p a y a d i p e r t a h a n k a n p a d a t i n g k a t y a n g s a m a d e n g a n t a h u n

2 0 0 2 , m a k a p a d a t a h u n 2 0 0 6 / 2 0 0 7 ' c o l l a p s e i s u n d e r w a y ' ( B i a b e r e t a l . , 2 0 0 5 ) , t e r n y a t a

t e r l a l u d i n i , k a r e n a s a m p a i d e n g a n s a a t i n i ( 2 0 0 9 ) , p e r i k a n a n d e r n e r s a l L a u t A r a f u r a

t e r s e b u t m a s i h b e r a d a p a d a t i n g k a t p r o d u k s i y a n g c u k u p t i n g g i ( N u r a i n i , 2 0 0 8 ; B a d r u d i n

e t a l . , 2 0 0 9 ) . H a l i n i d i d u g a t e r k a i t d e n g a n p r o d u k t i f i t a s p r i m e r L a u t A r a f u r a s e k t o r

I n d o n e s i a y a n g r e l a t i f t i n g g i ( P u r w a n t o , 2 0 0 8 ) d i b a n d i n g k a n d e n g a n s e k t o r A u s t r a l i a .

K o n d i s i t e r s e b u t d i d u g a t e l a h m e n y e b a b k a n t i n g k a t k e s u b u r a n p e r a i r a n y a n g l e b i h t i n g g i

y a n g k e m u d i a n l a j u p e r t u m b u h a n i k a n d e m e r s a l , s e p e r t i k a k a p m e r a h L u t j a n u s

m a l a b a r i c u s , s~bagai s a l a h s a t u j e n i s i k a n d e m e r s a l , y a n g l e b i h t i n g g i d i b a n d i n g k a n

d e n g a n i k a n y a n g s a m a d i s e k t o r A u s t r a l i a ( A n o n y m o u s , 2 0 0 3 ) . P a r a l e l d e n g a n k o n d i s i

t e r s e b u t t i m b u l p e r t a n y a a n b a g a i m a n a s t a t u s p e m a n f a a t a n s u m b e r d a y a i k a n d e m e r s a l d i

.

L a u t J a w a . H a l i n i p e n t i n g u n t u k d i k e t a h u i m e n g i n g a t b a h w a s e j a k d u a - t i g a d e k a d e

t e r a k h i r i n i s u m b e r d a y a i k a n d e m e r s a l d i L a u t J a w a d i n y a t a k a n s u d a h ' o v e r f i s h i n g ' .

4

B A B I I I T U J U A N D A N M A N F A A T

T u j u a n p e n e l i t i a n a d a l a h u n t u k m e n g h i m p u n d a t a d a n i n f o r m a s i p e n u n J a n g

p e n g e l o l a a n s u m b e r d a y a i k a n d e m e r s a l y a n g o p t i m a l d a n b e r k e l a n j u t a n s e c a r a r a s i o n a l .

M a n f a a t p e n e l i t i a n d i a n t a r a n y a t e r s u s u n n y a s u a t u k o n s e p k e b i j a k a n p e m a n f a a t a n

d a n p e n g e l o l a a n s u m b e r d a y a i k a n d e m e r s a l y a n g o p t i m a l y a n g b e r b a s i s b i o l o g i /

s u m b e r d a y a , t e k n o l o g i p e n a n g k a p a n d a n s o s i a l - e k o n o m i s e r t a a d a n y a s e j u m l a h o p s i

k e b i j a k a n p e n g e l o l a a n d a n p e n g e m b a n g a n p r o d u k s i i k a n d e m e r s a l d a n i k a n b e r u k u r a n

b e s a r l a i n n y a b a g i p e m a n f a a t a n y a n g o p t i m a l d a n b e r l a n j u t

5

B A B I V M E T O D O L O G I

K e g i a t a n p e n e l i t i a n y a n g t e l a h d i l a k u k a n l e b i h b e r s i f a t ' d e s k s t u d y ' d a n

p e n g u m p u l a n d a t a t a m b a h a n t e r k i n i s e b a g a i s a m p e l t e l a h d i l a k u k a n d i P u s a t P e n d a r a t a n

I k a n ( P P I ) B e l a n a k a n , K a b u p a t e n S u b a n g , J a w a B a r a t d a n P e l a b u h a n P e r i k a n a n P a n t a i

T e g a l s a r i , K o t a T e g a l , J a w a T e n g a h . D i p i l i h n y a k e d u a l o k a s i t e r s e b u t d i d a s a r k a n a t a s

p e r t i m b a n g a n b a h w a k e d u a t e m p a t t e r s e b u t m e r u p a k a n k a w a s a n p e l a b u h a n p e r i k a n a n

d e n g a n t i n g k a t k e g i a t a n p e r i k a n a n c a n t r a n g y a n g c u k u p d o m i n a n .

K o m p o n e n k e g i a t a n y a n g a k a n d i l a k u k a n m e l i p u t i :

a . P e n g u m p u l a n d a t a s t a t i s t i k ' c a t c h ' d a n ' e f f o r t ' d a n i n f o r m a s i l a i n y a n g b e r k a i t a n

d e n g a n k e g i a t a n u s a h a p e r i k a n a r . d e m e r s a l d a n a s p e k - a s p e k t e r k a i t l a i n n y a b a i k d i

t i n g k a t p u s a t , p r o v i n s i m a u p u n k a b u p a t e n .

b . P e n g a m a t a n d a n w a w a n c a r a d i l a p a n g a n d e n g a n p a r a p e l a k u u s a h a p e r i k a n a n

d e m e r s a l t e r k a i t d e n g a n i m p l e m e n t a s i p e r a t u r a n - p e r a t u r a n y a n g a d a s e r t a

i d e n t i f i k a s i p e r m a s a l a h a n y a n g d i h a d a p i d a n a s p e k - a s p e k t e r k a i t l a i n n y a .

c . I n f o r m a s i / d a t a y a n g d i p e r o l e h a k a n d i s u s u n d a l a m s u a t u k e r a n g k a t u l i s a n t e n t a n g

k e b i j a k a n p e m a n f a a t a n s u m b e r d a y a p e r i k a n a n d e m e r s a l d i p e r a i r a n L a u t J a w a .

d . P e r t e m u a n i n f o r m a l d e n g a n p a r a p a k a r / n a r a s u m b e r d a n l a t a u s t a k e h o l d e r y a n g

a k a n m e m b a h a s s e c a r a l e b i h m e n d a l a m h a s i l d a r i k a j i a n p e m a n f a a t a n s u m b e r d a y a

i k a n d e m e r s a l .

6

B A B V H A S I L D A N P E M B A H A S A N

5 . 1 W P P L A U T J A W A

B e r d a s a r k a n p e m b a g i a n d a e r a h s t a t i s t i k F A O ( F A O S t a t i s t i c a l A r e a ) , P e r a i r a n

I n d o n e s i a d i b a g i k e d a l a m d u a w i l a y a h s t a t i s t i k , y a i t u S a m u d e r a H i n d i a d e n g a n K o d e

A r e a 5 7 d a n S a m u d e r a P a s i f i k d e n g a n K o d e A r e a 7 1 . D a r i k e d u a d a e r a h s t a t i s t i k F A O

t e r s e b u t I n d o n e s i a m e m b a g i p e r a i r a n n y a m e n j a d i 1 1 W i l a y a h P e n g e l o l a a n P e r i k a n a n

( W P P ) d i m a n a L a u t J a w a m e r u p a k a n s a l a h s a t u p e r a i r a n d e n g a n K o d e W P P 7 1 2 y a n g

m e r u p a k a n s e b a g i a n k e c i l d a r i S t a t i s t i c a l A r e a 7 1 F A O ( G a m b a r I ) . L a u t J a w a

m e r u p a k a n b a g i a n d a r i P e r a i r a n P a p a r a n S u n d a y a n g r e l a t i f d a n g k a l . P e r a i r a n p a p a r a n

y a n g r e l a t i f d a n g k a l d a n b a n y a k n y a s u n g a i y a n g b e r m u a r a k e p e r a i r a n t e r s e b u t b i a s a n y a

m e r u p a k a n d a e r a h p e n y e b a r a n ( h a b i t a t ) s u m b e r d a y a i k a n d e m e r s a l y a n g s u b u r .

S e b a g a i m a n a d i k e t a h u i b a h w a s u n g a i - s u n g a i y a n g c u k u p b e s a r y a n g b e r m u a r a k e L a u t

J a w a m u l a i d a r i t i m u r L a m p u n g / S u m a t e r a S e l a t a n , p a n t a i u t a r a J a w a d a n S e l a t a n

K a l i m a n t a n a n t a r a l a i n a d a l a h S u n g a i T u l a n g B a w a n g , C i u j u n g , C i s a d a n e , C i t a r u m ,

C i m a n u k , K a l i P e m a l i - C o m a l , J r a g u n g - T u n t a n g - S e r a n g - L u s i - J u a w a n a , B e n g a w a n S o l o ,

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G a m b a r 1 . W i l a y a h P e n g e l o l a a n P e r i k a n a n ( W P P ) L a u t J a w a ( A n o n y m o u s , 2 0 0 9 )

7

S u m b e r d a y a i k a n d e m e r s a l d i L a u t J a w a s u d a h d i e k s p l o i t a s i s e j a k l a m a . P e r i k a n a n

t r a w l d i L a u t J a w a b a r n d i k e n a l p a d a s e k i t a r t a h u n 1 9 7 0 - 7 1 y a n g d i m u l a i d e n g a n

b e r d a t a n g a n n y a k a p a l - k a p a l t r a w l d a r i S e l a t M a l a k a . M i g r a s i k a p a l - k a p a l t r a w l d a r i S e l a t

M a l a k a k e L a u t J a w a t e r s e b u t p a l i n g t i d a k d i d u k u n g o l e h d u a f a k t o r . P e r t a m a ,

p e n g o p e r a s i a n t r a w l d i p e r a i r a n S e l a t M a l a k a s u d a h m u l a i k u r a n g m e n g u n t u n g k a n a k i b a t

t i n g k a t p e n a n g k a p a n y a n g c u k u p t i n g g i ( h e a v y e x p l o i t a t i o n ) . K e d u a , d i b a n g u n n y a

s e j u m l a h s a r a n a / i n d u s t r i p e n g o l a h a n u d a n g p a d a a w a l t a h u n 1 9 7 0 d i s e p a n j a n g p a n t a i

u t a r a J a w a , s e p e r t i d i J a k a r t a , C i r e b o n , S e m a r a n g d a n S u r a b a y a a k i b a t t e r b u k a n y a

k e s e m p a t a n u n t u k e k p o r ( M a r t o s u b r o t o , 1 9 8 2 ) .

O p e r a s i p e n a n g k a p a n d e n g a n t r a w l t e r u s b e r k e m b a n g y a n g m e n u r u t d a t a s t a t i s t i k

D i r e k t o r a t J e n d e r a l P e r i k a n a n T a n g k a p t a h u n 1 9 7 9 j u m l a h n y a s u d a h m e n c a p a i l e b i h d a r i

6 0 0 - a n u n i t ( A n o n y m o u s , 1 9 8 1 ) . P e r k e m b a n g a n y a n g b e g i t u c e p a t d e n g a n e f e k t i f i t a s

d a y a t a n g k a p y a n g t i n g g i b e r s a m a a n d e n g a n m e n i n g k a t n y a t e k a n a n p e n a n g k a p a n o l e h

s e j u m l a h p e r a h u n e l a y a n t r a d i s i o n a l , t e l a h m e n y e b a b k a n t i m b u l n y a s e j u m l a h k o n f l i k

y a n g m e r u n c i n g a n t a r a n e l a y a n t r a d i s i o n a l d a n n e l a y a n t r a w l . A k h i m y a M e n t e r i P e r t a n i a n

m e n g e l u a r k a n p e r a t u r a n b e r u p a S K . N o . 7 6 / 1 9 7 6 , y a n g m e l a r a n g k a p a l t r a w l u n t u k

m e n a n g k a p i k a n p a d a p e r a i r a n k u r a n g d a r i 7 m i l l a u t d a r i g a r i s p a n t a i . S a y a n g n y a ,

p e r a t u r a n t e r s e b u t t i d a k d a p a t d i l a k s a n a k a n d e n g a n b a i k . K a p a l - k a p a l t r a w l y a n g t e r u s

b e r o p e r a s i m e m a s u k i k a w a s a n p e r a i r a n t e r s e b u t y a n g t e n t u n y a a k a n m e n g a r a h k e p a d a

' p e n g e r u k a n ' s u m b e r d a y a i k a n , t i d a k d a p a t d i ' t o l e r i r ' o l e h n e l a y a n t r a d i s i o n a l , y a n g

k e m u d i a n m e n y u l u t t e r j a d i n y a k o n f l i k f i s i k d i s e j u m l a h d a e r a h . K e a d a a n t e r s e b u t t e l a h

b e r k e m b a n g s e d e m i k i a n r u p a s e h i n g g a p a d a a k h i m y a P e m e r i n t a h m e l a r a n g s e c a r a t o t a l

.

p e n g o p e r a s i a n t r a w l d i d a e r a h S u m a t e r a , J a w a d a n B a l i m e l a l u i K e p u t u s a n P r e s i d e n N o .

3 9 / 1 9 8 0 . P e l a r a n g a n a l a t t a n g k a p t r a w l m e m b e r i k a n d a m p a k k e p a d a b e r k e m b a n g n y a a l a t

t a n g k a p t r a d i s i o n a l y a n g d i a n g g a p e f e k t i f u n t u k m e n a n g k a p u d a n g d a n i k a n d e m e r s a l .

B e b e r a p a j e n i s a l a t t a n g k a p u n t u k u d a n g d a n i k a n d e m e r s a l t e l a h d i m o d i f i k a s i s e t e l a h

p e n e m u a n p e n g g u n a a n ' g a r d a n ' ( t a h u n 1 9 8 7 ) u n t u k m e n a r i k j a r i n g . C a n t r a n g

m e n g g u n a k a n d a n l e n o ( b a h a n b a m b u ) u n t u k p e m b u k a a n m u l u t j a r i n g s e c a r a v e r t i k a l , d a n

j a r i n g a r a d d i l e n g k a p i d e n g a n s e p a s a n g a l a t p e m b u k a m u l u t j a r i n g y a i t u ' s e w a k a n ' ( o t t e r

b o a r d ) y a n g t e r b u a t d a r i p a p a n d a n p e m b e r a t b e s i , d a n ' c o t o k ' y a n g m e n g g u n a k a n

g a w a n g ( b e a m ) , d a n p e n g a k t i f a n j a r i n g t r a m m e l n e t d e n g a n c a r a p e n g o p e r a s i a n n y a y a n g

d i t a r i k o l e h d u a p e r a h u / k a p a l .

8

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S u a t u f e n o m e n a b i a s a y a n g t e r j a d i a d a l a h a d a n y a p e r g e s e r a n d a l a m k e g i a t a n

e k s p l o i t a s i s u m b e r d a y a i k a n , s e p e r t i k e t i k a s t o k i k a n p a d a p e r a i r a n d a n g k a l s u d a h

b e r k u r a n g , d a e r a h p e n a n g k a p a n n e l a y a n b e r g e s e r k e p e r a i r a n l e b i h d a l a m , d a n / a t a u

b e r a l i h d a l a m p e n g g u n a a n a l a t t a n g k a p . D a l a m k a s u s P e r i k a n a n d e m e r s a l d i W P P L a u t

J a w a f e n o m e n a y a n g t e i j a d i d i d u g a a g a k b e r b e d a , p a l i n g t i d a k u n t u k p e r i o d e 1 9 8 0 - 2 0 1 0 .

D e n g a n ' m e n g h i l a n g ' n y a a r m a d a p e r i k a n a n t r a w l ( d i l a r a n g m e l a l u i K e p p r e s 3 9 / 1 9 8 0 )

t e l a h b e r k e m b a n g a l a t t a n g k a p y a n g d i s e b u t ' c a n t r a n g ' . S e b e n a m y a a l a t c a n t r a n g t e r s e b u t

m e r u p a k a n s a t u t a h a p a n a w a l d a r i p e r k e m b a n g a n a l a t t a n g k a p s e b e l u m s a m p a i p a d a

b e n t u k a l a t t a n g k a p t r a w l i t u s e n d i r i . P a d a k a s u s p e r i k a n a n c a n t r a n g , k e g i a t a n

p e n a n g k a p a n i k a n b e r l a n g s u n g p a d a p e r a i r a n p a p a r a n y a n g r e l a t i f d a n g k a l , y a i t u p a d a

k e d a l a m a n k u r a n g d a r i 4 0 m . D e n g a n d e m i k i a n d a e r a h p e n a n g k a p a n i k a n d e m e r s a l

b u k a n n y a b e r g e r a k k e p e r a i r a ' l y a n g l e b i h d a l a m , t a p i b e r g e r a k k e p e r a i r a n y a n g d a n g k a l

y a n g m e r u p a k a n b a g i a n t i m u r L a m p u n g / S u m a t e r a S e l a t a n d a n s e p a n j a n g p e r a i r a n s e l a t a n

K a l i m a n t a n , y a i t u p e r a i r a n s e l a t a n p r o v i n s i K a l i m a n t a n T e n g a h d a n K a l i m a n t a n S e l a t a n .

P e r a i r a n b a g i a n t e n g a h L a u t J a w a , a t a u p e r a i r a n ' o f f s h o r e ' L a u t J a w a d i d u g a b a r u

d i e k s p l o i t a s i p a d a a k h i r d e k a d e t a h u n 2 0 0 0 - a n .

S e c a r a a l a m i a h , n e l a y a n j u g a m e r e s p o n p e n y u s u t a n s t o k i k a n m e l a l u i r e k a y a s a

a l a t b a n t u p e n a n g k a p a n d e n g a n m e n g g u n a k a n t e k n o l o g i y a n g l e b i h m a j u . P e n i n g k a t a n

k e m a m p u a n d a l a m a d a p t a s i u n t u k m e n g h i n d a r i k e l u a r d a r i p e r i k a n a n , n e l a y a n j u g a

b e r a l i h d e n g a n m e n g g u n a k a n a l a t t a n g k a p y a n g l e b i h e f e k t i f , a t a u m e n c a r i j e n i s i k a n l a i n

y a n g m a s i h c u k u p b a n y a k .

P a d a d a s a m y a , n e l a y a n t e l a h m e n g e t a h u i k a r a k t e r i s t i k d a r i s u m b e r d a y a i k a n t r o p i s

.

y a n g b e r s i f a t m u l t i - s p e s i e s , p e n u r u n a n h a s i l t a n g k a p a n s p e s i e s u t a m a ( k e y s p e c i e s ) , y a n g

k e m u d i a n m a s i h d i d u k u n g o l e h s a t u a t a u l e b i h m i n o r s p e s i e s y a n g m e m b e r i k a n

k e u n t u n g a n s e c a r a e k o n o m i d a n b e r l a n j u t n y a a k t i v i t a s p e n a n g k a p a n . H a l y a n g p e r l u

d i p a h a m i a d a l a h b a h w a d i L a u t J a w a a t a u d i I n d o n e s i a p a d a u m u m n y a t i d a k d i k e n a l

a d a n y a s u a t u k e g i a t a n p e r i k a n a n y a n g m e n ' t a r g e t ' k a n h a n y a u n t u k m e n a n g k a p i k a n

t e r t e n t u s e b a g a i m a n a t e r j a d i d i n e g a r a t e t a n g g a , A u s t r a l i a . D i A u s t r a l i a , p a d a f o r m u l i r

i z i n p e n a n g k a p a n h a r u s m e n c a n t u m k a n j e n i s i k a n ( s p e c i e s ) y a n g a k a n m e n j a d i s a s a r a n

p e n a n g k a p a n ( L a r c o m b e a n d M c L o u g h l i n , 2 0 0 7 ) . H a l i n i d i d u g a k a r e n a i k a n a p a p u n

y a n g t e r t a n g k a p d a n d i d a r a t k a n d i p e l a b u h a n a t a u P P I I T P I ( P u s a t P e n d a r a t a n I k a n / T e m p a t

P e l e l a n g a n I k a n ) a k a n s e l a l u d i s e r a p o l e h p a s a r . H a l t e r s e b u t t e r l i h a t d a r i h a s i l

p e n g a m a t a n l a n g s u n g y a n g d i l a k u k a n d i P e l a b u h a n P e r i k a n a n P a n t a i T e g a l s a r i , K o t a

9

T e g a l , J a w a T e n g a h . K o n d i s i l a i n y a n g m e m p e r k u a t k e a d a a n t e r s e b u t a d a l a h b e r b e d a n y a

k o m p o s i s i h a s i l t a n g k a p a n y a n g d i p e r o l e h d a r i c a n t r a n g y a n g b e r o p e r a s i h a r i a n

d i b a n d i n g k a n d e n g a n h a s i l t a n g k a p a n c a n t r a n g y a n g o p e r a s i p e n a n g k a p a n n y a s e k i t a r d u a

m m g g u a n .

5 . 1 . 1 K l i m a t o l o g i d a n O s e a n o g r a f i

A n g i n m u s i m y a n g b e r h e m b u s d i a t a s w i l a y a h A s i a T e n g g a r a t e m y a t a

b e r p e n g a r u h b e s a r t e r h a d a p s i r k u l a s i a i r l a u t d i p e r a i r a n I n d o n e s i a . D i n a m i k a m a s s a a i r

l a u t t e r s e b u t m e r u p a k a n f e n o m e n a y a n g t i d a k t e r p i s a h k a n d a r i s u m b e r d a y a l a u t d e n g a n

s e g a l a a s p e k k e h i d u p a n n y a , t e r m a s u k p e r i l a k u p e n g e l o m p o k k a n d a n p o l a r u a y a b e b e r a p a

j e n i s i k a n , y a n g k e m u d i a n m e m p e n g a r u h i i n d e k s k e l i m p a h a n s t o k d a n k e g i a t a n

p e r i k a n a n n y a . A n g i n f f i l l s i m m e m p u n y a i s t a b i l i t a s y a n g t i n g g i y a n g b e r g a n t i d u a k a l i

s e t a h u n d e n g a n a r a h y a n g b e r l a w a n a n , y a n g d i i k u t i o l e h s i r k u l a s i a i r l a u t , m e r u p a k a n c i r i

k h a s p e r a i r a n I n d o n e s i a d a n s e k i t a m y a , t e r m a s u k L a u t J a w a . M e r u j u k k e p a d a S u g i a r t o

d a n B i r o w o ( 1 9 7 5 ) , s e c a r a u m u m k e a d a a n a n g i n m u s i m d i p e r a i r a n A s i a T e n g g a r a d a p a t

d i u r a i k a n s e b a g a i b e r i k u t :

P a d a b u l a n J a n u a r i m u s i m u t a r a t e r j a d i p a d a p u n c a k n y a , d i m a n a t e k a n a n t i n g g i

t e r d a p a t d i a t a s B e n u a A s i a d a n t e k a n a n r e n d a h k a t u l i s t i w a t e r l e t a k d i s e b e l a h

u t a r a A u s t r a l i a . D i a t a s L a u t C i n a , L a u t A n d a m a n b e r e m b u s m u s i m t i m u r l a u t

( n o r t h e a s t ) d a n b e r s a m b u n g k e a r a h S a m u d e r a P a s i f i k . A n g i n m u s i m u t a r a i n i

m e l i n t a s i k a t u l i s t i w a d a n b e r b e l o k k e a r a h t i m u r y a n g d i L a u t J a w a d i k e n a l

s e b a g a i m u s i m b a r a t ( a t a u b a r a t l a u t ) . D i s e b e l a h s e l a t a n g a r i s l i n t a n g k i r a - k i r a 1 0

.

L S d i m a n a t e k a n a n r e n d a h k a t u l i s t i w a b e r a d a d i a t a s S a m u d e r a H i n d i a ,

b e r k e m b a n g a n g i n t e n g g a r a .

P a d a b u l a n M a r e t a n g i n t e n g g a r a d i S a m u d e r a H i n d i a m e l e b a r k e a r a h u t a r a d a n

k e a r a h t i m u r d a n s e m e n t a r a i t u a n g i n b a r a t d a y a m a s i h b e r t i u p d i d a e r a h T i m o r

d a n A r a f u r a . D i a t a s L a u t C i n a a n g i n t i m u r - l a u t t e l a h m e r e d a .

P a d a b u l a n A p r i l t e k a n a n r e n d a h k a t u l i s t i w a b e r g e r a k d e n g a n c e p a t k e u t a r a d a n

b e r a d a d i a t a s k a t u l i s t i w a . A n g i n t e n g g a r a ( s o u t h e a s t t r a d e s ) m e n c a p a i l i n t a n g 5

L S y a i t u k e a r a h s e b e l a h u t a r a d a r i N u s a T e n g g a r a d a n d i s i n i d i k e n a l s e b a g a i

m u s i m t e n g g a r a . S e b e l a h u t a r a k a t u l i s t i w a , d i a t a s L a u t C i n a S e l a t a n d a n F i l i p i n a

a n g i n t i m u r l a u t m a s i h b e r t i u p t e t a p i s u d a h s a n g a t l e m a h .

1 0

P a d a b u l a n M e i k e a d a a n n y a b e r u b a h s a m a s e k a l i . A n g i n t i m u r l a u t d i L a u t C i n a

d a n F i l i p i n a t e r h e n t i , d a n m u s i m s e l a t a n t e r j a d i d i a t a s s e l u r u h w i l a y a h a s i a

t e n g g a r a y a n g m e l a n j u t k a n k e S a m u d e r a H i n d i a s e b a g a i a n g i n t e n g g a r a . D i a t a s

k a t u l i s t i w a b e r e m b u s a n g i n s e l a t a n , s e d a n g k a n d i s e b e l a h u t a r a b e r e m b u s m u s i m

b a r a t - d a y a . D i F i l i p i n a d a n L a u t S u l a w e s i a n g i n b e g i t u l e m a h d a n t i d a k t e t a p .

M e l a l u i w a w a n c a r a d e n g a n s e j u m l a h n e l a y a n d i s e p a n j a n g p a n t a i U t a r a J a w a ,

b u l a n - b u l a n A p r i l - M e i t e r s e b u t d i L a u t J a w a d i k e n a l s e b a g a i m u s i m p e r a l i h a n I I

p a n c a r o b a a t a u i n t e r m o n s o o n .

P a d a b u l a n J u n i a n g i n m e n j a d i l e b i h k u a t d a n d a l a m b u l a n - b u l a n J u l i d a n A g u s t u s

a d a l a h p u n c a k d a r i m u s i m s e l a t a n . D a l a m b u l a n - b u l a n J u l i d a n A g u s t u s t e k a n a n

r e n d a h d i a t a s A s i a d a n t e k a n a n t i n g g i d i a t a s A u s t r a l i a m e n c a p a i m a k s i m u m d a n

s e b a g a i a k i c a t n y a s i r k u l a s i m e n j a d i m a k s i m u m p u l a . P a d a w a k t u i t u a n g i n y a n g

l e b i h k u a t a k a n t e r d a p a t d i p e r a i r a n t e r b u k a . U n t u k K e p u l a u a n I n d o n e s i a d a n

F i l i p i n a r a t a - r a t a m a s i h b e r a d a d i b a w a h k e k u a t a n e m p a t . B u l a n - b u l a n t e r s e b u t d i

L a u t J a w a d i k e n a l s e b a g a i m u s 1 m t i m u r .

D a l a m b u l a n S e p t e m b e r t e k a n a n r e n d a h A s i a m u l a i m e n j a d i l e m a h d a n m u s i m

s e l a t a n m u l a i s e d i k i t b e r k u r a n g . B u l a n i n i d i L a u t J a w a m e r u p a k a n a w a l m u s i m

p e r a l i h a n I I ( i n t e r m o n s o o n ) .

D a l a m b u l a n O k t o b e r t e k a n a n r e n d a h k a t u l i s t i w a m u l a i b e r g e r a k d e n g a n c e p a t k e

s e l a t a n , d a n p a d a p e r t e n g a h a n b u l a n a k a n b e r a d a s e p a n j a n g g a r i s m u l a i d a r i T e l u k

B e n g g a l a s a m p a i p a n t a i u t a r a I r i a n . D i s e b e l a h u t a r a d a r i g a r i s i n i b e r k e m b a n g

a n g i n t i m u r l a u t , d a n s e b e l a h s e l a t a n n y a m a s i h t e t a p b e r e m b u s m u s i m t e n g g a r a .

.

D a l a m b u l a n N o v e m b e r t e k a n a n r e n d a h k a t u l i s t i w a b e r g e r a k l e b i h j a u h k e s e l a t a n .

M u s i m t i m u r ] a u t d i L a u t C i n a S e l a t a n m e n c a p a i p u n c a k n y a d a n m e l i n t a s i

k a t u l i s t i w a s e b a g a i a n g i n u t a r a d a n d i L a u t J a w a m e r u p a k a n a w a l d a r i

b e r k e m b a n g n y a m u s i m a n g i n b a r a t .

P r o s e s t e r s e b u t k e m u d i a n t e r j a d i b e r u l a n g - u l a n g d a n m e r u p a k a n s i k l u s m u s i m a n

s e b a g a i m a n a d i k e n a l d e w a s a i n i . M u s i m b a r a t d i L a u t J a w a b i a s a n y a d i c i r i k a n

o l e h t e r j a d i n y a c u r a h h u j a n y a n g t i n g g i ( m u s i m h u j a n ) , s e b a l i k n y a m u s i m t i m u r

l e b i h d i k e n a l s e b a g a i m u s i m k e m a r a u a t a u m u s i m k e r i n g .

1 1

K e a d a a n a r u s - a r u s p e r m u k a a n d i p e r a i r a n I n d o n e s i a p a d a a z a s n y a d i t e n t u k a n o l e h

p e r g e s e r a n m u s i m . H a l i n i d i s e b a b k a n o l e h d u a k e a d a a n y a i t u : a ) A n g i n m u s i m b e r t i u p

d e n g a n k o n s t a n ( h i g h c o n s t a n c y ) , d a n b ) L e t a k g e o g r a f i s p e r a i r a n I n d o n e s i a .

P a d a m u s i m b a r a t l a u t / b a r a t d a n t e n g g a r a / t i m u r , a n g i n s e l a m a t i g a b u l a n b e r t i u p

t e r u s m e n e r u s d a l a m s a t u a r a h s a j a ( d e n g a n k e c e p a t a n a n t a r a 3 0 - 4 5 k m / j a m ) . K e b e t u l a n

p u l a l e t a k g a r i s l a u t C i n a , S e l a t K a r i m a t a , L a u t J a w a , L a u t F l o r e s , L a u t B a n d a S e l a t a n

d a n L a u t A r a f u r a a d a l a h s e d e m i k i a n d a n h a m p i r b e r i m p i t d e n g a n s u m b u b e r t i u p n y a

a n g i n . O l e h s e b a b i t u p a d a m u s i m b a r a t l a u t l b a r a t t e r j a d i l a h a r u s - a r u s m u s i m d a r i L a u t

C i n a S e l a t a n m a s u k L a u t J a w a t e r u s k e L a u t F l o r e s , L a u t B a n d a S e l a t a n , L a u t A r a f u r a

d a n s e b a g a i a r u s k o n p e n s a s i b e r c a b a n g d u a , s a t u m e n u j u S a m u d e r a P a s i f i k d a n s a t u n y a

l a g i l e w a t L a u t T i m o r m e n u j u S a m u d e r a H i n d i a . C a b a n g p e r t a m a y a n g m e n u j u S a m u d e r a

H i n d i a b e r a s a l d a r i L a u t B a n d a S e l a t a n l e w a t L a u t T i m o r , s e d a n g c a b a n g k e d u a y a n g

m e n u j u S a m u d e r a P a s i f i k b e r a s a l d a r i L a u t F l o r e s l e w a t l a u t B a n d a U t a r a , L a u t S e r a m

d a n L a u t H a l m a h e r a . A r u s k o n p e n s a s i l a i n n y a b e r a s a l d a r i A r u s K a t u l i s t i w a P a s i f i k U t a r a

( N o r t h P a c i f i c E q u a t o r i a l C u r r e n t ) y a n g l e w a t L a u t S u l a w e s i , S e l a t M a k a s s a r d a n

s e l a n j u t n y a k e L a u t F l o r e s . A r u s m u s i m l a i n n y a i a l a h y a n g t e r d a p a t d i s e b e l a h s e l a t a n

P a n t a i J a w a y a n g d i n a m a i A r u s P a n t a i J a w a d a n y a n g t e r d a p a t d i s e b e l a h u t a r a I r i a n J a y a

y a n g d i n a m a i A r u s P a n t a i I r i a n / P a p u a .

P a d a m u s i m t e n g g a r a / t i m u r t e i j a d i k e a d a a n y a n g s e b a l i k n y a . A r u s d a r i L a u t B a n d a

d a n L a u t A r a f u r a m a s u k k e L a u t F l o r e s t e r u s k e L a u t J a w a d a n L a u t C i n a S e l a t a n . A r u s

i n i d i p e r k u a t o l e h a r u s - a r u s k o n p e n s a s i y a n g d a t a n g d a r i S a m u d e r a P a s i f i k , s a t u m e l e w a t i

L a u t H a l m a h e r a , L a u t S e r a m d a n L a u t B a n d a U t a r a , y a n g l a i n n y a m e l e w a t i L a u t

S u l a w e s i d a n S e l a t M a k a s s a r . S e m e n t a r a i t u a r u s k o n p e n s a s i d i p a n t a i S u m a t e r a d a n L a u t

T i m o r t e t a p p a d a a r a h n y a s e m u l a . A r u s p a n t a i J a w a d a n A r u s P a n t a i I r i a n p a d a m u s i m i n i

l e n y a p , d i g a n t i m a s i n g - m a s i n g o l e h p e l e b a r a n A r u s K a t u l i s t i w a S e l a t a n S a m u d e r a H i n d i a

d a n S a m u d e r a P a s i f i k .

5 . 1 . 2 S u m b e r d a y a I k a n D e m e r s a l

S u m b e r d a y a i k a n d e m e r s a l a d a l a h j e n i s - j e n i s i k a n y a n g s e b a g i a n b e s a r d a r i s i k l u s

h i d u p n y a b e r a d a d i / m e n g h u n i d a s a r p e r a i r a n . P e n e l i t i a n s u m b e r d a y a i k a n d e m e r s a l d i

L a u t J a w a s e c a r a t e r a t u r b a r u d i m u l a i p a d a s e k i t a r t a h u n 1 9 7 0 - a n , s a a t d i m u l a i n y a k e r j a -

s a m a I n d o n e s i a - J e r m a n , y a i t u ' I n d o n e s i a n - G e r m a n D e m e r s a l F i s h e r i e s D e v e l o p m e n t

1 2

P r o j e c t ' y a n g b e r l a n g s u n g s e l a m a l i m a t a h u n a n t a r a t a h u n 1 9 7 4 - 1 9 7 9 . K e g i a t a n

p e n e l i t i a n t e r s e b u t m e l i p u t i P e r a i r a n S e l a t M a l a k a , L a u t C i n a S e l a t a n d a n L a u t J a w a .

P a d a p e r i o d e t a h u n b e r i k u t n y a d e n g a n m e n g i n g a t b a h w a s e b a g i a n b e s a r p e n d u d u k

I n d o n e s i a b e r a d a d i P u l a u J a w a , m a k a k e g i a t a n p e n e l i t i a n s e l a n j u t n y a l e b i h d i t i t i k -

b e r a t k a n d i L a u t J a w a . B e r d a s a r k a n s e b a r a n s a t u j e n i s i k a n p e p e r e k y a n g d o m i n a n ,

p e r a i r a n L a u t J a w a d i b a g i m e n j a d i d u a k a w a s a n , y a i t u k a w a s a n p e r a i r a n i n s h o r e y a n g

d i c i r i k a n o l e h d i t e m u k a n n y a j e n i s L e i o g n a t h u s s p l e n d e n s d a n p e r a i r a n o f f s h o r e , d i m a n a

t i d a k d i t e m u k a n l a g i a d a n y a j e n i s i k a n t e r s e b u t ( G a m b a r 2 ) . P e r a i r a n i n s h o r e L a u t J a w a

d i b a g i l a g i m e n j a d i p e r a i r a n i n s h o r e U t a r a J a w a , T i m u r L a m p u n g / S u m a t e r a S e l a t a n ,

S e l a t a n K a l i m a n t a n d a n p e r a i r a n o f f s h o r e L a u t J a w a .

D a r i s e j u m l a h k e g i a t a n s u r v e i d i p e r a i r a n i n s h o r e d a n o f f s h o r e t e r s e b u t d i p e r o l e h

i n f o r m a s i a d a n y a k e c e n d e r u n g a n d a r i k e l o m p o k i k a n d e m e r s a l u n t u k m e n g g e r o m b o l d i

p e r a i r a n i n s h o r e t e r t e n t u d a l a m k a i t a n n y a d e n g a n m u s i m t i m u r d a n m u s i m b a r a t . P a d a

m u s i m t i m u r d i m a n a a n g i n t e n g g a r a b e r h e m b u s k e n c a n g t e l a h m e n y e b a b k a n t i m b u l n y a

k a w a s a n - k a w a s a n p e r a i r a n y a n g ' t e d u h ' ( l e e a r e a ) d i p e r a i r a n T a n j u n g S e l a t a n - M u a r a

B a r i t o d a n T a n j u n g P u t i n g - T e l u k K u r n a i . K e g i a t a n s a m p l i n g p e n a n g k a p a n p a d a m u s i m

t i m u r d i k a w a s a n p e r a i r a n t e r s e b u t m e n g h a s i l k a n l a j u t a n g k a p y a n g l e b i h t i n g g i

d i b a n d i n g k a n d e n g a n k a w a s a n p e r a i r a n l a i n n y a . S e b a l i k n y a p a d a p e r i o d e m u s i m b a r a t

d i m a n a k a w a s a n y a n g r e l a t i f t e d u h t e r j a d i d i p e r a i r a n p a n t a i t i m u r L a m p u n g / S u m a t e r a

S e l a t a n , t e l a h m e n g h a s i l t a n l a j u t a n g k a p y a n g t i n g g i d i b a n d i n g k a n d e n g a n k a w a s a n

l a i n n y a . P e r i l a k u p e n g e l o m p o k k a n i k a n d e m e r s a l t e r s e b u t d i d u g a b e r k a i t a n e r a t d e n g a n

a d a n y a a r u s / m a s s a a i r d e n g a n o r g a n i s m e / i k a n y a n g a d a d i d a l a r n n y a y a n g m e m b e n t u k

.

s e j e n i s p u s a r a n y a n g k e m u d i a n m e m b e n t u k k a w a s a n p e r a i r a n y a n g t e d u h .

D a r i t a b e l d i s t r i b u s i i k a n d e m e r s a l m e n u r u t k e d a l a m a n p e r a i r a n t a m p a k b a h w a

a d a k e c e n d e r u n g a n b a h w a s e b a r a n i k a n d e m e r s a l t a m p a k m e n u r u n s e s u a i d e n g a n

b e r t a m b a h n y a k e d a l a m a n ( S a e g e r , e t a ! . , 1 9 7 6 ) . D e n g a n k a t a l a i n b a h w a m a k i n d a l a m

s u a t u p e r a i r a n k e p a d a t a n s t o k n y a s e m a k i n k e c i l . U n t u k p e r a i r a n P a p a r a n S u n d a

k e p a d a t a n s t o k y a n g t i n g g i b e r a d a p a d a k e d a l a m a n s a m p a i 4 0 m . K e a d a a n i n i d i d u g a

b e r l a k u u m u m u n t u k k a w a s a n p e r a i r a n P a p a r a n S u n d a t e r m a s u k p e r a i r a n T e l u k T h a i l a n d .

N a m u n f e n o m e n a u m u m t e r s e b u t d i d u g a t i d a k b e r l a k u b a g i L a u t J a w a y a n g r e l a t i f

d a n g k a l d i m a n a k e d a l a m a n t e r t i n g g i y a n g b e r a d a d i b a g i a n t i m u r h a n y a s a m p a i s e k i t a r

8 0 - a n m e t e r . D i b a g i a n b a r a t L a u t J a w a k e d a l a m a n t e r t i n g g i h a n y a s a m p a i 7 0 - a n m e t e r .

D e n g a n d e m i k i a n , b i s a t e r j a d i s u a t u k e a d a a n d i m a n a i n d e k s k e p a d a t a n s t o k y a n g l e b i h

1 3

t i n g g i t e r d a p a t p a d a p e r a i r a n y a n g l e b i h d a l a m , s e d a n g k a n p a d a p e r a i r a n y a n g d a n g k a l

i n d e k s k e p a d a t a n s t o k n y a l e b i h r e n d a h s e b a g a i m a n a t e l a h t e r j a d i d e w a s a i n i . H a l i n i

d i d u g a a k i b a t t i n g g i n y a t e k a n a n p e n a n g k a p a n d i k a w a s a n P e r a i r a n y a n g r e l a t i f r e n d a h

s e p e r t i d i p a n t a i u t a r a J a w a .

1 4

5 . 2 S e b a r a n l n d e k s K e l i m p a h a n S t o k

E k s p l o i t a s i s u m b e r d a y a i k a n d e m e r s a l d i I n d o n e s i a s u d a h b e r l a n g s u n g s e j a k l a m a .

D e n g a n b e r k e m b a n g n y a t e k n o l o g i a l a t t a n g k a p d a n p e n a n g k a p a n h i n g g a d e w a s a i n i

n y a r i s d a p a t d i k a t a k a n t i d a k a d a l a g i d a e r a h p e n a n g k a p a n i k a n ' k o n v e n s i o n a l ' y a n g

' v i r g i n ' . D e n g a n d e m i k i a n , a s u m s i d a s a r y a n g s e r i n g d i t e r a p k a n d a l a m p e n d u g a a n p o t e n s i

s u m b e r d a y a i k a n d e m e r s a l , s e p e r t i P o t e n t i a l y i e l d = 0 , 5 B i o m a s s a , m e s t i n y a s u d a h t i d a k

a k u r a t l a g i .

P e r a i r a n y a n g r e l a t i f d a n g k a l y a n g d i k e n a l s e b a g a i ' c o n t i n e n t a l s h e l f d e n g a n

d a s a r y a n g r e l a t i f r a t a d a n b e r l u m p u r b i a s a n y a m e r u p a k a n d a e r a h p e n a n g k a p a n

s u m b e r d a y a i k a n d e m e r s a l . P e r a i r a n y a n g c u k u p l u a s d e n g a n k o n d i s i y a n g d e m i k i a n

h a n y a t e r d a p a t d i k a w a s a n P a p a r a n S u n d a d a n P a p a r a n S a h u l . D a e r a h p e n a n g k a p a n i k a n

d e m e r s a l d i k a w a s a n I n d o n e s i a l a i n n y a r e l a t i f s e m p i t .

K a w a s a n P a p a r a n S u n d a t e r d i r i d a r i p e r a i r a n S e l a t M a l a k a , p e r a i r a n s e k i t a r

K e p u l a u a n R i a u y a n g m e r u p a k a n p e r l u a s a n d a r i b a g i a n s e l a t a n T e l u k T h a i l a n d / L a u t C i n a

S e l a t a n , p e r a i r a n u t a r a S e l a t K a r i m a t a d a n L a u t J a w a . P e m a n f a a t a n s u m b e r d a y a i k a n

d e m e r s a l d i p e r a i r a n P a p a r a n S u n d a d i d u g a s u d a h b e r l a n g s u n g s e j a k l a m a , m e n g i n g a t

b a h w a s e b a g i a n b e s a r p e n d u d u k I n d o n e s i a b e r a d a d i k a w a s a n b a r a t . D e m i k i a n j u g a

h a l n y a d e n g a n k e g i a t a n p e n g k a j i a n d a n p e n e l i t i a n n y a . P e l a k s a n a a n k e r j a - s a m a p e n e l i t i a n

s u m b e r d a y a i k a n d e m e r s a l I n d o n e s i a - J e r m a n y a n g d i m u l a i p a d a t a h u n 1 9 7 4 d a p a t

d i a n g g a p s e b a g a i ' b e n c h m a r k ' b a g i p e n e l i t i a n s u m b e r d a y a i k a n d e m e r s a l y a n g

d i l a k s a n a k a n s e c a r a t e r a t u r d i k a w a s a n b a r a t I n d o n e s i a . P a d a a w a l p e r i o d e k e r j a - s a m a

p e n e l i t i a n , p e r a i r a n Papa~an S u n d a d i b a g i m e n j a d i e n a m l e g , y a i t u : 1 ) P a n t a i U t a r a J a w a

T i m u r ; 2 ) P a n t a i U t a r a J a w a T e n g a h / J a w a B a r a t ; 3 ) P e r a i r a n s e l a t a n K a l i m a n t a n ; 4 )

b a g i a n s e l a t a n L a u t C i n a S e l a t a n ; 5 ) P e r a i r a n s e l a t a n B a n g k a - B e l i t u n g d a n 6 ) P e r a i r a n

S e l a t M a l a k a .

D a t a d a s a r y a n g d i p e r o l e h d a r i k e e n a m l e g t e r s e b u t a d a l a h l a j u t a n g k a p s e b a g a i

i n d e k s k e l i m p a h a n s t o k y a n g d i j a d i k a n d a s a r b a g i p e n g h i t u n g a n k e p a d a t a n s t o k ( s t o c k

d e n s i t y ) , b i o m a s s a ( s t a n d i n g s t o c k ) d a n p o t e n s i ( P o t e n t i a l y i e l d ) y a n g s e t a r a d e n g a n M S Y

( M a x i m u m S u s t a i n a b l e Y i e l d ) . S e b a g a i m a n a d i k e t a h u i b a h w a i n d e k s k e l i m p a h a n s t o k

( s t o c k a b u n d a n c e ) m e r u p a k a n s a l a h s a t u i n d i k a t o r d a r i k e b e r l a n j u t a n p e n g e m b a n g a n

( s u s t a i n a b i l i t y d e v e l o p m e n t ) s u m b e r d a y a i k a n ( j i s h r e s o u r c e s ) s e c a r a r u n t u n w a k t u . S a l a h

s a t u i n d e k s k e l i m p a h a n s t o k a d a l a h C P U E ( c a t c h p e r - u n i t o f e f f o r t a t a u c a t c h r a t e ) .

1 5

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G a m b a r 2 . / G a r i s i m a j i n e r s e b a r a n L e i o g n a t h u s s p l e n d e n s . S e b a r a n i n d e k s k e l i m p a h a n

s t o k d i s u b a r e a L a u t J a w a ( A j 1 = I n s h o r e T i m u r L a m p u n g / S u m S e l ; A j 2 ,

A j 3 , A j 4 = I n s h o r e P a n t u r a J a w a ; A j 5 , A j 6 ; A j 7 = I n s h o r e S e l a t a n

K a l i m a n t a n ; A j 8 , A j 9 , A j 1 0 , A j 1 1 = O f f s h o r e L a u t J a w a * )

* ) Deskrir ~ ; . : ; u b a r e a L a u t J a w a ( L o s s e a n d D w i p o n g g o , 1 9 7 7 ) .

S u b A r e a ' i n s h o r e ' L a u t J a w a

R e p o r t e d l y e x p l o i t e d b y t r a w l e r s f r o m J a k a r t a

A j 1 =

A j 2 =

A j 3 =

R e p o r t e d l y e x p l o i t e d b y t r a w l e r s f r o m J a k a r t a , C i r e b o n a n d p u r s e s e i n e f r o m T e g a l

R e p o r t e d l y e x p l o i t e d b y t r a w l e r s f r o m S e m a r a n g , P e k a l o n g a n , p u r s e s e i n e

P e k a l o n g a n a n d T e g a l , g i l l n e t t e r s a n d b a g a n

A j 4 =

A j S =

A j 6 =

A j 7 =

R e p o r t e d l y e x p l o i t e d b y t r a w l e r s f r o m S u r a b a y a , g i l l n e t t e r s a n d s u b s i s t e n t f r o m M a d u r a

R e p o r t e d l y e x p l o i t e d s e a s o n a l l y b y t r a w l e r s f r o m J a k a r t a

R e p o r t e d l y e x p l o i t e d s e a s o n a l l y b y s h r i m p t r a w l e r s f r o m K o t a b a r u

R e p o r t e d l y e x p l o i t e d b y t r a w l e r s f r o m K o t a b a r u ( a c t i v i t e s o b s e r v e d i n J u l y 1 9 7 6 )

O f f s h o r e L a u t J a w a

A j 8 = N o f i s h i n g a c t i v i t i e s o b s e r v e d . V i r g i n g r o u n d ( ? )

A j 9 = N o f i s h i n g a c t i v i t i e s o b s e r v e d . N o t r a w l e r s . M a j o r g i a n t c u p s p o n g e s . V i r g i n g r o u n d ( ? )

A j 1 0 = N o f i s h i n g a c t i v i t i e s o b s e r v e d . T r a w l e r s f r o m S e m a r a n g r e p o r t e d l y t o f i s h o u t t o K a r i m u n

J a w a . V i r g i n g r o u n d ( ? )

A j 1 1 = N o f i s h i n g a c t i v i t i e s o b s e r v e d , e x c e p t g i l l n e t t e r f r o m B a n g k a i s l a n d s . V i r g i n g r o u n d ( ? )

P a d a p e r i o d e t a h u n b e r i k u t n y a d e n g a n m e n g i n g a t b a h w a s e b a g i a n b e s a r p e n d u d u k

I n d o n e s i a b e r a d a d i P u l a u J a w a , m a k a k e g i a t a n p e n e l i t i a n s e l a n j u t n y a l e b i h d i t i t i k -

b e r a t k a n d i L a u t J a w a . B e r d a s a r k a n s e b a r a n s a t u j e n i s i k a n p e p e r e k y a n g d o m i n a n ,

p e r a i r a n L a u t J a w a d i b a g i m e n j a d i d u a k a w a s a n , y a i t u k a w a s a n p e r a i r a n i n s h o r e y a n g

d i c i r i k a n o l e h d i t e m u k a n n y a j e n i s L e i o g n a t h u s s p l e n d e n s d a n p e r a i r a n o f f s h o r e , d i m a n a

t i d a k d i t e m u k a n l a g i a d a n y a j e n i s i k a n t e r s e b u t ( G a m b a r 2 ) . P e r a i r a n i n s h o r e L a u t J a w a

1 6

d i b a g i l a g i m e n j a d i p e r a i r a n i n s h o r e U t a r a J a w a , T i m u r L a m p u n g / S u m a t e r a S e l a t a n ,

S e l a t a n K a l i m a n t a n d a n p e r a i r a n o f f s h o r e .

D a r i s e j u m l a h k e g i a t a n s u r v e i d i p e r a i r a n i n s h o r e d a n o f f s h o r e t e r s e b u t d i p e r o l e h

i n f o r m a s i a d a n y a k e c e n d e r u n g a n d a r i k e l o m p o k i k a n d e m e r s a l u n t u k m e n g g e r o m b o l d i

p e r a i r a n i n s h o r e t e r t e n t u d a l a m k a i t a n n y a d e n g a n m u s i m t i m u r d a n m u s i m b a r a t . P a d a

m u s i m t i m u r d i m a n a a n g i n t e n g g a r a b e r h e m b u s k e n c a n g t e l a h m e n y e b a b k a n t i m b u l n y a

k a w a s a n - k a w a s a n p e r a i r a n y a n g ' t e d u h ' ( l e e a r e a ) d i p e r a i r a n T a n j u n g S e l a t a n - M u a r a

B a r i t o d a n T a n j u n g P u t i n g - T e l u k K u m a i . K e g i a t a n s a m p l i n g p e n a n g k a p a n p a d a m u s i s n

t i m u r d i k a w a s a n p e r a i r a n t e r s e b u t m e n g h a s i l k a n l a j u t a n g k a p y a n g l e b i h t i n g g i

d i b a n d i n g k a n d e n g a n k a w a s a n p e r a i r a n l a i n n y a . S e b a l i k n y a p a d a p e r i o d e m u s i m b a r a t

d i m a n a k a w a s a n y a n g r e l a t i f t e d u h t e r j a d i d i p e r a i r a n p a n t a i t i m u r L a m p u n g / S u m a t e r a

S e l a t a n , t e l a h m e n g h a s i l t a n l a j u t a n g k a p y a n g t i n g g i d i b a n d i n g k a n d e n g a n k a w a s a n

l a i n n y a . P e r i l a k u p e n g e l o m p o k k a n i k a n d e m e r s a l t e r s e b u t d i d u g a b e r k a i t a n e r a t d e n g a n

a d a n y a a r u s / m a s s a a i r d e n g a n o r g a n i s m e / i k a n y a n g a d a d i d a l a m n y a y a n g m e m b e n t u k

s e j e n i s ! J U S a r a n y a n g k e m u d i a n m e m b e n t u k k a w a s a n p e r a i r a n y a n g t e d u h .

D a r i t a b e l d i s t r i b u s i i k a n d e m e r s a l m e n u r u t k e d a l a m a n p e r a i r a n t a m p a k b a h w a

a d a k e c e n d e r u n g a n b a h w a s e b a r a n i k a n d e m e r s a l a k a n m e n u r u n s e s u a i d e n g a n

b e r t a m b a h n y a k e d a l a m a n . D e n g a n k a t a l a i n b a h w a m a k i n d a l a m s u a t u p e r a i r a n k e p a d a t a n

s t o k n y a s e m a k i n k e c i l . U n t u k p e r a i r a n P a p a r a n S u n d a k e p a d a t a n s t o k y a n g t i n g g i b e r a d a

p a d a k e d a l a m a n s a m p a i 4 0 m . K e a d a a n i n i d i d u g a b e r l a k u u m u m .

5 . 2 . 1 P o t e n t i a l y i e l d

.

P o t e n t i a l y i e l d ( P y ) a d a l a h h a s i l t a n g k a p a n y a n g d a p a t d i a m b i l d a r i s u a t u p e r a i r a n

t a n p a m e n g g a n g u k e l e s t a r i a n s t o k n y a ( S a e g e r , e t a l . , 1 9 7 6 ) . D u g a a n b e s a m y a P y t e r s e b u t

d i p e r o l e h d a r i h a s i l s u r v e y p e n a n g k a p a n d e n g a n t r a w l m e l a l u i m e t o d e ' s w e p t a r e a ' . P a d a

d a s a m y a P y t e r s e b u t a d a l a h s a m a d e n g a n M S Y ( t h e m a x i m u m s u s t a i n a b l e y i e l d ) y a n g

d i p e r o l e h d a r i a n a l i s i s d a t a c a t c h d a n e f f o r t m e l a l u i a p l i k a s i m o d e l p r o d u k s i s u r p l u s ( t h e

s u r p l u s p r o d u c t i o n m o d e l ) . D a r i s u r v e y p e n a n g k a p a n t e r s e b u t d a p a t d i p e r o l e h d u g a a n

a n g k a r a t a - r a t a l a j u t a n g k a p ( c a t c h r a t e ) s e b a g a i i n d e k s k e l i m p a h a n s t o k y a n g k e m u d i a n

d a p a t d i k e m b a n g k a n m e n j a d i d u g a a n r a t a - r a t a k e p a d a t a