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Hydropower

(Pembangkit Listrik

Tenaga Air)

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History of Hydro Power

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Early Irrigation Waterwheel

Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003

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Early Roman Water Mill

Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003

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Early Norse Water Mill

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Fourneyron’s Turbine

Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003

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Hydropower Design

Water Turbine

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Terminology (Jargon)

Head

Water must fall from a higher elevation to a lower one to release its stored energy.

The difference between these elevations (the water levels in the forebay and the tailbay) is called head

Dams: three categories

high-head (800 or more feet)

medium-head (100 to 800 feet)

low-head (less than 100 feet)

Power is proportional to the product of head x flow

http://www.wapa.gov/crsp/info/harhydro.htm

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SMALL HYDRO POWER SYSTEMS

CLASSIFIED AS MINI, MICRO, AND SMALL DEPENDING ON CAPACITY OF PLANT.

• MATURE TECHNOLOGY

• HIGHEST PRIME MOVING EFFICIENCY

• SPECTACULAR OPERATIONAL FLEXIBILITY

• FIRST PLACE AMONG ALL RENEWABLE SOURCES

• INSTALLED CAPACITY - WORLD 47,000 MW – INDIA 500 MW -CLASSIFICATION WORLD NORMS- 5 KW TO 50 MW

• UNTIL RECENTLY, SMALL-SCALE HYDRO POWER (SHP) IN INDIA CLASSIFIED AS BELOW (3MWGENERATING CAPACITY NOW INCREASED TO 25 MW)

CLASSIFICATION POWER RATING

MICRO-HYDRO

< 100 kW

MINI-HYDRO 100 kW – 3MW

SMALL-SCALE HYDRO

3 MW – 25 MW

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CLASSIFICATION DEPENDING ON THE HEAD

ULTRA LOW HEAD BELOW 3 METRES

MEDIUM HEAD FROM 30–75 METRES

HIGH HEAD ABOVE 75 METRES

BENEFITS:

• DOES NOT POTENTIALLY CAUSE THE SUBMERGING OF FOREST/AGRICULTURAL LAND, RESERVOIR ENLARGEMENT, RESIDENTIAL RELOCATION OR SEISMOLOGICAL THREATS.

• GENERATION OF HYDROPOWER PRODUCES NO GREENHOUSE, AIR POLLUTANTS OR ANY WASTE PRODUCTS.

ENERGY IN REMOTE AND HILLY AREAS WHERE EXTENSION OF GRID SYSTEM UN-ECONOMICAL

NON POLLUTING AND ENVIRONMENTALLY BENIGN

WATER SUPPLY

SMALL SCALE IRRIGATION

SMALL SCALE AGRICULTURE INDUSTRY – RICE & OIL MILLS, WOOD INDUSTRIES –SAW MILLS

LIKELY PROBLEMS TO BE ADDRESSED

RIPARIAN OWNERS, FISHERIES, ENVIRONMENT AGENCIES, PLANNING DEPARTMENT, LICENCING AUTHORITIES, ELECTRICAL UTILITIES, WILDLIFE PROTECTION SOCITIES AND GENERAL PUBLIC

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Scale of Hydropower Projects

Large-hydro More than 100 MW feeding into a large electricity grid

Medium-hydro 15 - 100 MW usually feeding a grid

Small-hydro 1 - 15 MW - usually feeding into a grid

Mini-hydro Above 100 kW, but below 1 MW

Either stand alone schemes or more often feeding into the grid

Micro-hydro From 5kW up to 100 kW

Usually provided power for a small community or rural industry in remote areas away from the grid.

Pico-hydro From a few hundred watts up to 5kW

Remote areas away from the grid.www.itdg.org/docs/technical_information_service/micro_hydro_power.pdf

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Types of Hydroelectric Installation

Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003

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Meeting Peak Demands

Hydroelectric plants:

Start easily and quickly and change power output rapidly

Complement large thermal plants (coal and nuclear), which are most efficient in serving base power loads.

Save millions of barrels of oil