Haryo Tomo

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Air Toxics

PM

Acid Rain

Visibility

Ozone

Modeling Framework

Mobile

Sources

Industrial

Sources

Area

Sources

(Cars, trucks, planes,

boats, etc.)

(Power plants, refineries/

chemical plants, etc.)

(Residential, farming

commercial, biogenic, etc.)

NOx, VOC,

PM, Toxics

NOx, VOC,

SOx, PM,

Toxics

NOx, VOC,

PM, Toxics

Chemistry

Meteorology

Atmospheric

Deposition

Climate

Change

Air Pollution Chemicals added to the atmosphere by natural

events or human activities in high enough concentrations to be harmful

Two categories Primary Air Pollutant

▪ Harmful substance that is emitted directly into the atmosphere

Secondary Air Pollutant ▪ Harmful substance formed in the atmosphere when a

primary air pollutant reacts with substances normally found in the atmosphere or with other air pollutants

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Diasumsikan sebagai “one point” secara geografis

Arah vektor kecepatan vertikal Tidak terdapat distribusi kecepatan secara

horizontal. Besarnya exit velocity didasarkan pada hasil

pengukuran stack. Why? Adakah cara lain? Industrial Type

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Diasumsikan sebagai sumber continuous yang bergerak secara horizontal.

Arah vektor kecepatan dominan horizontal Tidak terdapat distribusi kecepatan secara

vertikal Besarnya exit velocity didasarkan kecepatan

gerakan objek penghasil emisi. Transportation type

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Diasumsikan sebagai “area” (berdimensi luas) secara geografis.

Arah vektor kecepatan dominan vertikal Terdapat distribusi kecepatan dan distribusi

konsentrasi pencemar Besarnya exit velocity berdasarkan

perbedaan temperatur dengan udara di atas “area” tersebut.

Urban type

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Jelaskan menggunakan model matematik sederhana tentang kepulan advektif dari ketiga jenis sumber pencemar!

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Acid Rain (NO3- deposition)

Water Quality

(Nitrogen deposition,

Lake Acidification)

NOx

Visibility (Fine PM)

(NOx + VOC + hv) -->

Ozone

(NO3-, NH4+)

PM

NOx-Related Air Quality Issues

Acid Rain (SO42- deposition)

SOx

(Fine PM)

Visibility (SO42-, NH4+)

PM

SOx-Related Air Quality Issues

Water Quality (Lake acidification,

Toxics deposition)

Air Toxics

Ozone

Acid Rain

Visibility

PM2.5

Water Quality

.OH

.OH role in pollutants formation

NOx + VOC + OH + hv ---> O3

SOx [or NOx] + NH3 + OH ---> (NH4)2SO4 [or NH4NO3]

SO2 + OH ---> H2SO4

NO2 + OH ---> HNO3

VOC + OH ---> Orgainic PM

OH <---> Air Toxics (POM, PAH, Hg(II), etc.)

Fine PM (Nitrate, Sulfate, Organic PM)

NOx + SOx + OH (Lake Acidification,

Eutrophication)

Formation of Secondary PM :

Sulfate PM formation: H2SO4 + 2 NH3 ---> (NH4)2SO4 (s)

Gas Phase: O2,H2O

SO2 + OH ---> H2SO4

Aqueous Phase: H2O

SO2 + H2O2 ---> H2SO4 (Dominate over low pH)

SO2 + O3 ---> H2SO4

Nitrate PM formation: HNO3 + NH3 <---> NH4NO3 (aq,s)

Gas Phase : (daytime)

NO2 + OH ---> HNO3

Gas &Aq Phase : (nighttime)

N2O5 + H2O ---> HNO3

Oraginc PM formation:

Gas Phase :

VOC + OH ---> Organic PM(semi-

volatile)

(Long-chain VOCs, Aromatics, Biogenic VOCs)

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