Pengantar Ergo

PENGANTAR ERGONOMI

ERWIN DYAH N

ASAL KATA

• ERGOS = KERJA

• NOMOS = PERATURAN KERJA, ATURAN, KEBIASAAN KERJA

Fakta

• Tahun 1993 > 50% klaim kompensasi di Washington State Fund akibat WMSDs ( sprains, strains, nerve compression, and joint inflammation)

Biaya langsung dan tak langsung WMSDs

• Biaya langsung (pengobatan, absen) > $100 juta

• Biaya tak langsung :– investigation time,

– decreased production, – training and hiring replacement workers.Sulit dihitungDiperkirakan 2-5 kali biaya langsung

Tujuan Program Ergonomi

• prevent injuries

• manage injuries if they occur

• save company money,

• increase worker comfort and safety,

• decrease injuries & workers' compensation claims and,

• increase productivity(quantity &quality)

• Increase worker’s morale

Bukti Manfaat Ergonomi

• In a shop where aircraft interiors are installed, engineering controls and work practice changes increased productivity 10-15 percent, which translated into a benefit of more than $200,000.

• Changes made to a work process at a wire installation shop reduced stressful body posture and lowered the assembly time from eight to six and a half hours.

Komponen progran ergonomi

• Identifying musculoskeletal symptoms and their associated risk factors.

• Making changes to jobs to eliminate the risk factors.

• Preventing injuries and keeping those that occur from becoming disabling.

• Training employees on all of the above.

4 elements of an ergonomics program

• Worksite analysis

• Hazard preventio n and control

• Medical management

• Training and education

Worksite analysis• a safety and health review that identifies

jobs and workstations that may contain musculoskeletal hazards, the risk factors that pose the hazards, and the causes of the risk factors.

Hazard prevention and control:

• eliminating or minimizing the hazards identified in the worksite analysis by changing the jobs, workstations, tools or environment to fit the worker.

Medical management:• the effective use of available health-care

resources to prevent or manage work-related musculoskeletal disorders.

Training and education

• a method to give both workers and managers an understanding of the potential risk of injuries, their causes, symptoms, prevention and treatment.

ERGONOMICS TEAM MEMBERS

Small business:

• workers/union representatives

• managers/supervisors

• maintenance or facilities staff

• safety and health personnel

• purchasing personnel


• Large business:

• engineers

• human resources personnel

• health care providers

• ergonomist

• all listed under small business


• Di Indonesia >> dikerjakan oleh K3

• Di perusahaan yg > kecil 1 orang yg menjalankan program

• Ex: supervisor tg jwb dlm pembelian adanya ergonomic awareness membantu perkakas/alat kerja yang ergonomis

Ergonomi

• Pada dasarnya bukanlah suatu disiplin ilmu

• > merupakan teknik gabungan beberapa disiplin ilmu untuk memecahkan masalah yang timbul akibat pekerjaan dan lingkungan kerja.

PENGERTIAN

1. Penerapan ilmu biologi manusia dalam hubungannya dengan ilmu teknik untuk memperoleh hasil optimal dalam pengaturan manusia dan pekerjaannya dengan keuntungan berupa efisiensi dan kesejahteraan (ILO)

2. Studi ilmiah ttg pekerj. manusia (the scientific study of human work)

Fokus Perhatian Ergonomi

kapabilitas fisik dan mental keterbatasan pekerja saat

berinteraksi dg perkakas & alat kerja metode kerja pekerjaan lingkungan kerja.

Tujuan Ergonomi

• Mengurangi WMSDs dengan menyesuaikan pekerjaan dengan pekerja, bukan sebaliknya (agar pekerja menyesuaikan terhadap pekeraannya).

Bidang Ilmu Yang Mendasari

• Lihat skema

WWork-related

MMusculo

SSkeletal

DDisorderss

WMSDsWMSDs?

Injuries and risk factors

• What are WWork-related MMusculo SSkeletal DDisorders (WMSDsWMSDs)?

• Common types and symptoms of injury

• Causes and prevention of injury

What are Work-related Musculo Skeletal Disorders (WMSDs)?

• Also known as:– CCumulative TTrauma DDisorders (CTDsCTDs)– RRepetitive SStrain IInjuries (RSIsRSIs)– Overuse injuries – Work Related Upper Limb Disorders (WRULDs) – Musculo Skeletal Injuries (MSIs)– Musculo Skeletal Disorders (MSDs)– Soft tissue injuries

• Usually develop gradually, but sometimes can appear suddenly

• Can be serious, if not taken care of early

What are some of the symptoms of WMSDs?

• Discomfort

• Pain

• Numbness

• Tingling

• Burning

• Swelling

• Change in color

• Tightness, loss of flexibility

What causes WMSDs?

Risk Factors– Awkward Postures– High Hand Force– Repetitive Motions– Repeated Impacts– Heavy, Frequent, or Awkward Lifting– Moderate to High Hand-Arm Vibration

Risk Factors

Risk of injury depends upon:– Duration (how long)– Frequency (how often)– Intensity (how much)– Combinations of risk factors

Risk Factors

Duration – usually need hours of exposure before risk

factors become a concern

– Can be all at one time or cumulative over the day

Risk factors for WMSDs

Awkward posturesAwkward postures

Standing neutral posture Seated neutral posture

Head level

Shoulders relaxed

Feet supported

Wrists straight

Elbows at sidesLow back supported

Neutral postures

For more than 2 hours per day

Hands over head or elbows above shoulders


Neck bent more than 30°


Back bent more than 30°


Squatting


Kneeling

Wrists bent

Reducing awkward postures

• Change workstation heights & display heights

• Tilt or rotate the work

• Use platforms

• Bring items within easy reach

• Pause to stretch

Case Study

Reducing awkward postures

Risk Factors for WMSDs

High hand forceHigh hand force

High hand force

A power grip can be 5 times stronger than a pinch grip

=

10 lbs. of weight or force for more than 2 hours per day

Gripping with the whole hand

2 lbs. of weight or 4 lbs. of force for more than 2 hours per day

Pinching with the fingertips

Your grip strength decreases when you:

• Bend your wrists

• Pick up slippery items

• Wear poorly fitting gloves

• Have cold hands

Other factors

• Pick objects up from the bottom using whole hand

• Attach handles or use lift tools

• Build up handles on small tools to reduce grip force

Avoid pinch grips

• Pick up smaller loads

• Use power tools instead of hand tools

• Keep tools in good working order

• Use lighter tools or tool balancers

• Use two hands

• Keep your wrists straight

Reduce power grip force

• Use clamps to hold onto work

• Place items on carts rather than carrying them

• Put down a tool when not actually using it

Avoid holding onto objects for long periods

Case StudyCase Study

Use tool balancers

Working with bent wrists decreases grip strength

Use tools that let you keep your wrist straight

Tool use example


Highly repetitive motionsHighly repetitive motions


Highly repetitive motion

• Arrange work to avoid unnecessary motions

• Let power tools and machinery do the work

• Spread repetitive work out during the day

• Take stretch pauses

• Rotate task with co-workers if possible

• Change hands or motions frequently

Reducing repetition

Case Study

Reducing repetitive motions


Intensive keying

• Spread keyboard work throughout the day

• Use macros for common functions

• Take stretch pauses

• Improve your posture and move around as much as possible

Reducing intensive keying


Repeated impactsRepeated impacts

Using the hand or knee as a hammer more than 10 times per hour, more than 2 hours per day

Repeated impacts

• Use tools instead of your hand or knee

Avoiding repeated impacts


Heavy, frequent or awkward liftingHeavy, frequent or awkward lifting

• Lifting 75 lbs. once per day

• Lifting 55 lbs. more than 10 times per day

Heavy lifting

• Take smaller loads at one time

• Use mechanical assistance - handtrucks, carts, hoists, conveyors

• Get help from a co-worker

Reducing heavy lifting

• Lifting more than 10 lbs., more than twice per minute, for more than 2 hours per day

Frequent lifting

• Use mechanical assistance

• Slide objects instead of lifting them

• Rotate lifting tasks with co-workers if possible

Reducing frequent lifting

• Lifting more than 25 lbs. above the shoulders, below the knees or at arms’ length more than 25 times per day

Awkward lifting

• Store items where you won’t have to bend or reach to lift them

• Use rolling stairs to get items down from high shelves

Reducing awkward lifts

Safe lifting technique


Moderate to high hand–arm vibrationModerate to high hand–arm vibration

Moderate levels of vibration for 2 hours per day

High levels of vibration for 30 minutes per day

Vibration

• Use low vibration tools if available

• Maintain tools• Use tool wraps or

anti-vibration gloves• Keep hands warm

Reducing vibration

If you have identify a caution zone, what next ?

• Analyze it by using table 2 (do it thoroughly and systematically)– Pay attention on physical demands of the job

(body position, force, repetition)– The lay out of the work area (reaches,

working heights– The load lifting and handling requirements of

the job (object size and shape)

• If the physical risk factor exceed table 2 A HAZARD IS PRESENT TAKE ACTION !!– Changes to workstations and tools– Reducing the size and weights of loads

handled– Process redesign to eliminate unnecessary

steps or introduce task variety– Job rotation

If the action cannot reduce hazards

• While looking for alternatives to solve the problems permanently– PPE– team lifting– training of work technique

How to see the check list

• Go to acrobat reader doc.(hazard assessment check list-table 2) page 7-14

What youyou can do:

• Recognize and report symptoms earlyearly

• Get involved in ergonomics

Symptom recognition and reporting

• Report symptoms if:– Pain is persistent, severe or worsening– Pain radiates– Symptoms include numbness or tingling– Symptoms keep you from sleeping at night

Why is it important to report symptoms earlyearly?

• Chronic injuries sometimes lead to disability, even surgery

• Early treatment more successful

Getting involved

• Look at jobs and help identify problems

• Come up with solutions

• Work with solutions

• Take part in training

• Take responsibility for changing the way you do your job

• Help to make sure efforts are successful

Six key points to remember

1 Ergonomics can help you on your job

2 Employers have to implement ergonomics if caution zone jobs are present

3 Risk factors can be reduced and WMSDs prevented

4 You can help your company put ergonomics changes into place

5 WMSDs can happen in jobs with risk factors

6 Reporting symptoms earlyearly is important

Purposes

• To Identify specific work place hazards that can cause or aggravate work-related MSIs, and than to reduce the workers exposure

• It does not and cannot eliminate all MSIs among affected workers

• It’s only reduce incidence / severity of MSIs caused in whole or in part of the risk factors listed in in the hazard assessment checklist

• Non work-exposures and risk factors inherent individual worker are not addressed

• Use of this recommendation is voluntary

Is this a caution zone job?

• A caution zone job is a job where worker’s typical work activities meet one or more of the physical risk factors and level listed in table 1

• Typical work activities are those that are regular and forseeable part of the job , > 1 day/week , > 1 week/year

• Caution zone job all have sufficient degree of risk -> need some precautionary steps be taken (ergonomic awareness training and hazard assessment)-but they do not necessarily have risks great enough to require corrective action

• Caution zone may not be hazardous

The duration list in table 1 (see acrobat reader doc , page 3)

• Two hours – refer to the total amount of time workers exposed to the risk factors, not how long they spend performing the work activity that includes the risk factor

What action that employer should take

• If there are no physical risk factor exceeding the level list in table 1 NO ACTIONS ARE REQUIRED

• If ≥ 1 physical risk factors exceed the level list in table 1CAUTION ZONE JOB ergonomic awareness training to provide workers with a basic level of understanding knowledge

The training for workers should include:

• How to use their work station, including how to adjust its equipment and furnishings

• How to use or select tools appropriate to the work they are performing

• The safe work practices they are expected to follow; and

• Information describing the signs, symptoms and methods of preventing MSIs

When should a hazard performance be performed

• When work process or operation changes

• When a new work process is introduced

• Prior to the design and installation and a new workstation

• Affected worker should be involved in hazard assessment

Ergonomics Rule: Major features

Do you have “caution zone” jobs?

Reduce exposure below the hazard level

or to the degree feasible

No additional requirements

Not covered No requirements

Yes

Hazards present

No

No hazardspresent

Annual review Annual

review

Two requirements:•Awareness education•Evaluate “caution zone jobs” for hazards

Documents

Pengantar Ergo