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Pentingnya Karbohidrat, Lemak dan Protein di dalam Pakan
Tim Nutrisi Dasar Hewan
KARBOHIDRAT
Definisi Karbohidrat
Senyawa kimia netral yang mengandung unsur-unsur karbon, hidrogen, dan oksigen.
Rumus empiris (CH2O)n
• n = 3 atau lebih
Tubuh hewan mengandung <1 % karbohidrat yang berada di darah, otot, dan hati.
– Diketahui sebagai animal starch atau glikogen
Klasifikasi Berdasarkan kelarutan dan kecernaan dibagi
menjadi 2 :
Soluble carbohydrates
• Nitrogen free extract (NFE)
• Simple sugar, starch, hemicellulose
• Easily digestible
Insoluble carbohydrates
• Hard fibrous substance
• Crude fibre, cellulose and lignin
• Less digestible by non-ruminants and easily digested in ruminants (by rumen microflora and microfauna)
Functions of Carbohydrates
1. Carbohydrates serve as a major source of energy in animal body.
2. They are essential components of production, temperature control and proper functioning of the different parts of the animal body.
3. They are essential components of milk as lactose.
4. They are stored as glycogen, excess of carbohydrates in the diet is converted into fat and stored in the fat depot.
Functions of Carbohydrates
5. Carbohydrates are helpful in absorption of calcium and phosphorus in younger animals.
6. They help the secretion of digestive juices in gastrointestinal tract.
7. They provide suitable environment for the growth of rumen bacteria and protozoa.
8. They help in peristaltic movement of food.
Functions of Carbohydrates
9. They maintain the glucose level of plasma.
10. They are also component of several important bio-chemical compounds such as nucleic acids, coenzymes and blood group substance.
11. They play a key role in the metabolism of amino acids and fatty acids.
Sources
Grains (wheat, corn, etc.)
Rice
Beans
Sugars
– Honey
– Cane sugar
– Molasses
Sugars (Simple Carbohydrates)
Divided into two categories
– Single sugars (monosaccharide)
– Double sugars (disaccharides)
Names of sugars usually end in –ose
Monosaccahridesare the building blocks of complex carbs
Monosaccharides
Glucose (also called dextrose) – Body’s main source of energy
– Body converts other sugar into glucose for use by the body
– Found in fruits and honey
Fructose – Sweetest natural sugar
– Found in honey and fruit
Galactose – Not found alone in nature
Disaccharides
Sucrose
– Cane sugar
– Combination of glucose an fructose
Maltose
– Does not occur in nature
Lactose
– Natural only in milk
Complex Carbohydrate
Also known as polysaccharides
Starch : root vegetables (carrot, parsnips), potatoes, yam, plantain
Fiber
Starch
Made up of many glucose linked together
Found only in plant foods
Found in grains
– Wheat, corn, rice, rye, barley, and oats
Tickens liquids when heated (gelatinization)
Fiber
Edible but not digestible Fiber moves through the body unchanged Two categories
– Soluble – pectins, gums, mucilages – Insoluble – cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin
Found in dried beans, peas, lentils, also found in the peelings of fruits and vegetables
Not an essential component of a diet, but it is important and does affect the health and efficient functioning of the GI tract
Fiber
Found in whole grains
Whole grains include :
– Endopesrm
– Bran
– Germ
Peranan Fiber terhadap Saluran Cerna
Memperlama pengosongan lambung
Merubah absorbsi, adsorpsi, dan metabolisme nutrien
Menormalkan waktu transit pakan di usus
Mempertahankan integritas struktur mukosa usus
Meningkatkan kapasitas feses dalam menahan air
Menambah massa feses
Defisiensi Karbohidrat
Kadar glukosa darah rendah
Kehilangan berat badan
Laju pertumbuhan rendah
Kehilangan lemak tubuh
– Tubuh akan menggunakan protein dan lemak untuk energi
Ketosis (acetonemia) pada sapi
– Gangguan metabolik
LIPIDS
Introduction
Fats (solid at room temperature)
Oils (liquid at room temperature)
Fat molecules are made up of one part glycerol and three parts fatty acids – a triglyceride
Functions of Fats
1. Supply energy to the animal body.
2. They provide essential fatty acids (linoleic, arachidonic and linolenic) to the body.
3. It is an essential component of milk.
4. It helps in the absorption of calcium and phosphorus in the body.
Functions of Fats
5. Absorption of fat-soluble vitamins – A, D, E, and K
6. It is an essential constituent of the body protoplasm.
7. Phospholipids are the essential constituent of cell wall and play an important role in cell nutrition.
8. It helps in temperature regulation & insulation for the vital organ, protecting them from shock.
Functions of Fats
9. It is required for the lubrication of joints.
10. Fats are important nutrient of nervous metabolism.
11. It delays the sensation' of hunger.
12. Polyunsaturated F.A. particularly arachidonic acid, are the precursor of highly active prostaglandins.
Source
Fats occur in both animal and plant foods
– Pork fat and sunflower oil
– Arachidonic acid only found in fats from animal source
Classification of the Lipids
Glyserol-based Lipids :
Simple Lipids
– E.g. Short- medium- and long-chain fatty acids and esters of fatty acids with glycerol
– Most common in food
Compound lipid
– Lipids combined with other product
– E.g. Phospholipids and lipoproteins
Types of Lipids
Types of Fats
Saturated fat – Found in animal foods
– Some vegetable oils (coconut, palm kernel, palm oil)
Mono-unsaturated – Olive oil, canola oil, peanut oil
Poly-unsaturated – Safflower, corn, soybean, sesame,
and sunflower oil
Asam lemak
Tubuh hewan dapat mensintesis asam lemak jenuh (saturated)
Hewan tidak dapat mensintesis asam lemak tak jenuh (unsaturated) yang berikatan rangkap
– Asam linoleat dan linolenat
– Hanya disintesis oleh tanaman
– Asam lemak esensial (EFA)
Sumber Asam lemak esensial (EFA)
Minyak tanaman
– Alfa linolenat
– Asam linoleat
Hewan laut yang memakan fitoplankton
– Asam eikosapentanoat (EPA)
– Asam lemak dekosaheksanoat (DHA)
Kekurangan Asam Lemak Esensial
pertumbuhan yang menurun serta efisiensi konversi pakan yang rendah.
Fosfolipid
Fosfolipid merupakan komponen lipid terbesar kedua setelah trigliserida lemak dan minyak pada tubuh hewan.
Fospfolipid berperan penting sebagai pengemulsi dalam sistem biologis dan secara khusus dilibatkan dalam transportasi lemak dalam tubuh.
Fospfolipid berperan dalam pengemulsian lipid dalam saluran pencernaan dan sebagai unsur lipoprotein
Sumber : telur dan minyak kedelai
Wax
Lanolin (pada wool)
Beeswax (sekresi insekta/lebah)
Spermaceti dari sperma hewan (unggas dan monogastrik paus)
Tidak memiliki nilai nutrisi nyata
Hanya sebagai sumber energi
Steroid
Steroid adalah zat yang sangat penting dan tersebar luas dalam tubuh hewan.
Steroid meliputi sterol, asam empedu, hormon adrenal, dan hormon sex.
Kolesterol
Kolesterol adalah steroid yang tersebar luas dalam tubuh hewan :
– otak dan jaringan saraf, darah, empedu, hati dan kulit.
Komponen yang sangat penting dalam sistem membran dari spesies hewan eukariotik, bersama dengan phospholipid dan protein.
Prekursor senyawa sterol penting yang terdapat dalam tubuh, yaitu :
– Asam empedu, hormon steroid, vitamin D3
PROTEIN
Definisi
Senyawa organik kompleks berbobot molekul tinggi yang merupakan polimer dari monomer-monomer asam amino yang terhubung oleh ikatan peptida.
Semua protein mengandung karbon, hidrogen, oksigen, nitrogen, dan umumnya mengandung sulphur, banyak yang mengandung fosfor.
Protein
Building block of cells
Essential for the growth and development of the body.
Made up of long chains of amino acids
20 different kinds of amino acids
10 amino acids must come from food
– Essential amino acids
Function of Protein
1. Proteins form muscles and tissues of the body
2. They help in maintaining the loss of body tissues and muscles.
3. They help in the formation of enzymes, hormones, antigen, antibody, digestive juices of the body and regulate body osmotic pressure and acid-base balance.
Function of Protein
4. They help in the repair of body cells as well as for the production of new cells.
5. They also supply energy to the body.
6. They are essential for the formation of egg, milk protein, wool and hairs of the animals.
Function of Protein
7. They provide the basic cellular matrix within which the bone mineral matter is deposited.
8. Movement by muscle contraction
9. Transport (haemoglobin) and storage of oxygen in muscle (myoglobin)
Protein serve as :
Enzym
• Catalyst in many metabolic reactions
Hormones
• Controlling metabolism, growth and reproduction
Body protection
• Lubricants in mucus help prevent physical damage
• Innate imunity, skin, nails, claws, etc.
• Adaptive immunity, antibodies
An energy source
Sources of Protein
High Biological Value (HBV
– Protein contain all of the essential amino acids
– Meat, poultry, eggs, fish, soya bean and dairy product
Low Biological Value (LBV)
– Protein are missing one or more of the essential amino acids
– E.g : cereals, pulses, beans, some nuts, seeds
Akibat defisiensi
• Anoreksia
• penurunan rataan pertumbuhan
• penurunan atau ketidakseimbangan N
• penurunan efisiensi penggunaan pakan
• penurunan konsentrasi protein serum
• anemia
• akumulasi lemak pada hati
• edema
• pada beberapa kasus)
• penurunan bobot lahir
• penurunan produksi susu
• penurunan sintesis enzim dan hormon tertentu.
Beberapa Akibat Defisiensi Asam Amino
defisiensi triptopan mengakibatkan katarak mata
defisiensi metionin atau treonin menyebabkan perlemakan hati
defisiensi lisin pada unggas menyebabkan ketidaknormalan bulu.