Resin Penukar IonResin Penukar Ion

Karakteristik:

• insoluble matrix (or support structure)

• Butiran (1-2 mm diameter)

• Diproduksi dari organic substrat polimer

• Punya struktur pori di permukaan yang banyak, tempat menangkap dan melepas ion

• Umur pakai resin tergantung kualitas air yang akan diolah. Biasanya 3 sampai 5 tahun

Resin Penukar Anion

Siklus OH

Resin Penukar Kation

Siklus Sodium (Na)

Resin Penukar Kation Asam Kuat

(Strong Acid Exchanger )

Resin Penukar Kation Asam Lemah (Weak Acid Exchanger )

Resin Penukar Kation

Siklus H

Resin Penukar Anion Basa Kuat

(Strong Base Exchanger )

Resin Penukar Anion Basa Lemah (Weak Base Exchanger )

Resin Penukar

Ion

typically, sulfonic acid groups, eg. sodium polystyrene sulfonate or

polyAMPS

mostly, carboxylic acid groups

quaternary amino groups, for example, trimethylammonium

groups, eg. polyAPTAC

primary, secondary, and/or ternary amino groups, eg. polyethylene

amine

SAC resins can neutralize strong bases and convert neutral salts into their SAC resins can neutralize strong bases and convert neutral salts into their corresponding acids. SBA resins can neutralize strong acids and convert neutral corresponding acids. SBA resins can neutralize strong acids and convert neutral salts into their corresponding bases salts into their corresponding bases

WAC resins remove cations that are associated with alkalinity, producing carbonic WAC resins remove cations that are associated with alkalinity, producing carbonic acid as shown: acid as shown:

WAC resins are not able to remove all of the cations in most water supplies. Their WAC resins are not able to remove all of the cations in most water supplies. Their primary asset is their high regeneration efficiency in comparison with SAC resins. primary asset is their high regeneration efficiency in comparison with SAC resins. This high efficiency reduces the amount of acid required to regenerate the resin, This high efficiency reduces the amount of acid required to regenerate the resin, thereby reducing the waste acid and minimizing disposal problems.thereby reducing the waste acid and minimizing disposal problems.

Strong acid cation exchangers function well at all pH rangesStrong acid cation exchangers function well at all pH ranges WAC resins are not able to remove all of the cations in most water supplies. Their WAC resins are not able to remove all of the cations in most water supplies. Their

primary asset is their high regeneration efficiency in comparison with SAC resins. primary asset is their high regeneration efficiency in comparison with SAC resins. This high efficiency reduces the amount of acid required to regenerate the resin, This high efficiency reduces the amount of acid required to regenerate the resin, thereby reducing the waste acid and minimizing disposal problems.thereby reducing the waste acid and minimizing disposal problems.

Pertukaran IonPertukaran Ion Proses pelunakan (softening)Proses pelunakan (softening)

– proses pengolahan air untuk mengurangi proses pengolahan air untuk mengurangi kesadahan Ca atau Mg. kesadahan Ca atau Mg.

– Melibatkan hanya resin penukar kation Melibatkan hanya resin penukar kation sajasaja

– Biasanya digunakan resin siklus Sodium Biasanya digunakan resin siklus Sodium (Na)(Na)

– Peralatan hanya satu Peralatan hanya satu jenis jenis kolom resinkolom resin– Di produk air banyak garam sodium yang Di produk air banyak garam sodium yang

berbahaya kalau dipakai air minumberbahaya kalau dipakai air minum

demineralisasi demineralisasi – ditujukan untuk mengambil semua kation ditujukan untuk mengambil semua kation

dan anion dalam airdan anion dalam air– Melibatkan dua jenis resin penukar yaitu Melibatkan dua jenis resin penukar yaitu

kation dan anionkation dan anion– Biasanya digunakan resin siklus H/OH Biasanya digunakan resin siklus H/OH – Peralatannya lebih dari satu kolom, Peralatannya lebih dari satu kolom,

biasanya 2 kolombiasanya 2 kolom

Proses Proses Pertukaran IonPertukaran Ion

Contoh aplikasi Contoh aplikasi penukar ion untuk penukar ion untuk merecovery ion logam merecovery ion logam CuCu

Reaksi Pertukaran IonReaksi Pertukaran Ion Penukar Kation Siklus HPenukar Kation Siklus H

Reaksi PertukaranReaksi Pertukaran::

Indikator Kejenuhan:Indikator Kejenuhan:FMA turun : pH mendekati netral (saat in service pH FMA turun : pH mendekati netral (saat in service pH

efluent rendah efluent rendah 4) 4) atau atau Hardness mulai naikHardness mulai naik

Regenerasi:Regenerasi:

Ca 2HCO3

Mg SO4

2Na 2Cl 2NO3

R – H2

Ca R Mg 2Na

2 H2CO3

H2SO4

2 HCl2 HNO3

Ca R Mg 2Na

H2SO4

(4 %) R – H2

CaMg SO4

Na2

Sulfuric acid is normally used due to its affordable cost and its availability. However, improper use of sulfuric acid can cause irreversible fouling of the resin with calcium sulfate. To prevent this occurrence, the sulfuric acid is usually applied at a high flow rate (1 gpm per square foot of resin) and an initial concentration of 2% or less. The acid concentration is gradually increased to 6-8% to complete regeneration

Penukar Anion Siklus OHPenukar Anion Siklus OH Reaksi Pertukaran:Reaksi Pertukaran:

Indikator Kejenuhan:Indikator Kejenuhan:

Kandungan silika (maksimum 0,12 ppm)Kandungan silika (maksimum 0,12 ppm)

Regenerasi:Regenerasi:

2 H2CO3

H2SO4

2 HCl2 HNO3

R – OH 2HCO3

R SO4 2Cl

2NO3

2H2O

Cl R SO4

CO3

NaOH (4 %)

R – OHNaClNa2SO4

Na2CO3

The above reactions indicate that demineralization completely removes the cations and anions from the water. In reality, because ion exchange reactions are equilibrium reactions, some leakage occurs. Most leakage from cation units is sodium. This sodium leakage is converted to sodium hydroxide in the anion units. There-fore, the effluent pH of a two bed cation-anion demineralizer system is slightly alkalineDemineralization using strong anion resins removes silica as well as other dissolved solids. Effluent silica and conductivity are important parameters to monitor during a demineralizer service run

To improve the removal of silica from the resin bed, the regenerant To improve the removal of silica from the resin bed, the regenerant caustic is usually heated to 120°F or to the temperature specified by caustic is usually heated to 120°F or to the temperature specified by the resin manufacturer. Silica removal is also enhanced by a resin bed the resin manufacturer. Silica removal is also enhanced by a resin bed preheat step before the introduction of warm causticpreheat step before the introduction of warm caustic

Penukar Kation Siklus NaPenukar Kation Siklus Na

Reaksi Pertukaran:Reaksi Pertukaran:

Indikator Kejenuhan:Indikator Kejenuhan:

Hardness mulai naik di effluentHardness mulai naik di effluentRegenerasi:Regenerasi:

Ca 2HCO3

Mg SO4

2ClR – Na

Ca R Mg

Na2CO3

Na2SO4

NaCl

Ca R Mg

2NaCl(4 %)

R – Na CaMg 2Cl

H2CO3 = H2O + CO2

Selektifitas Ion pada larutan Selektifitas Ion pada larutan suhu rendah dan encersuhu rendah dan encer

pertukaran ion meningkat pertukaran ion meningkat dengan peningkatan valensi dengan peningkatan valensi ion yang dipertukarkanion yang dipertukarkan– ThTh4+ 4+ > Al > Al3+3+ > Ca > Ca2+2+ > Na > Na++

– POPO443-3- > SO > SO44

2-2- > Cl > Cl--

pertukaran ion meningkat pertukaran ion meningkat dengan peningkatan berat dengan peningkatan berat atom ion yang dipertukarkan atom ion yang dipertukarkan

– CsCs++ > Rb > Rb++ > K > K++ > Na > Na++ > Li > Li++

– BaBa2+2+ > Sr > Sr2+2+ > Ca > Ca2+2+ > Mg > Mg2+2+ > > Be Be2+2+

Selektifitas Kation dan Anion

Kation Anion

Fe3+ CrO4-2

Al3+ SO4-2

Pb2+ SO3-2

Ba2+ HPO4-2

Sr2+ CNS-

Cd2+ CNO-

Zn2+ NO3-

Cu2+ NO2-

Fe2+ Br-

Mn2+ Cl-

Ca2+ CN-

Mg2+ HCO3-

K+ HsiO3-

NH4+ OH-

Na+ F-

H+ , Li +

– Kapasitas PenukaranKapasitas Penukaran

Kemampuan resin untuk menukarkan ionnya merupakan ukuran Kemampuan resin untuk menukarkan ionnya merupakan ukuran penting dalam aplikasi ndustri. Dengan mengukur kapasitas resin penting dalam aplikasi ndustri. Dengan mengukur kapasitas resin maka kita dapat memilih resin yang terbaik dengan harga murah. Selin maka kita dapat memilih resin yang terbaik dengan harga murah. Selin itu, dengan mengetahui kapasitas resin maka kita dapat mendesain itu, dengan mengetahui kapasitas resin maka kita dapat mendesain alat serta mengevaluasi kerusakan resin. Kapaitas penukaran adalah alat serta mengevaluasi kerusakan resin. Kapaitas penukaran adalah jumlah ion yang dapat ditukar oleh resin per satuan volume atau berat.jumlah ion yang dapat ditukar oleh resin per satuan volume atau berat.

Untuk kationUntuk kation : 2-3 meq/ml: 2-3 meq/ml Untuk AnionUntuk Anion : 1-2 meg/ml : 1-2 meg/ml

Data kapasitas resin mutlak diperlukan dalam setiap aplikasi Data kapasitas resin mutlak diperlukan dalam setiap aplikasi pembuatan atau desai peralatan unutk menentukan jumlah resn pembuatan atau desai peralatan unutk menentukan jumlah resn dipakai.dipakai.

Peralatan Kolom ResinPeralatan Kolom Resin Usually, the softener tank is a vertical steel pressure Usually, the softener tank is a vertical steel pressure

vesselvessel Major features of the softening vessel include an inlet Major features of the softening vessel include an inlet

distribution system, free-board space, a regenerant distribution system, free-board space, a regenerant distribution system, ion exchange resin, and a resin-distribution system, ion exchange resin, and a resin-retaining underdrain collection systemretaining underdrain collection system

The inlet distribution system is usually located at the top of The inlet distribution system is usually located at the top of the tank. The inlet system provides even distribution of the tank. The inlet system provides even distribution of influent water. This prevents the water from hollowing out influent water. This prevents the water from hollowing out flow channels in the resin bed, which would reduce system flow channels in the resin bed, which would reduce system capacity and effluent quality. The inlet system also acts as capacity and effluent quality. The inlet system also acts as a collector for backwash water. a collector for backwash water.

The volume between the inlet distributor and the top of the The volume between the inlet distributor and the top of the resin bed is called the free-board space.. The free-board resin bed is called the free-board space.. The free-board allows for the expansion of the resin during the backwash allows for the expansion of the resin during the backwash portion of the regeneration without loss of resin It should portion of the regeneration without loss of resin It should be a minimum of 50% of the resin volume (80% preferred)be a minimum of 50% of the resin volume (80% preferred)

A minimum bed depth of 24 in. is recommended for all A minimum bed depth of 24 in. is recommended for all systemssystems

The underdrain system, located at the bottom of the The underdrain system, located at the bottom of the vessel, retains ion exchange resin in the tank, evenly vessel, retains ion exchange resin in the tank, evenly collects the service flow, and evenly distributes the collects the service flow, and evenly distributes the backwash flowbackwash flow

The equipment used for cation-anion The equipment used for cation-anion demineralization is similar to that used demineralization is similar to that used in zeolite softening. The primary in zeolite softening. The primary difference is that the vessels, valves, difference is that the vessels, valves, and piping must be made of (or lined and piping must be made of (or lined with) corrosion-resistant materials. with) corrosion-resistant materials. Rubber and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) Rubber and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) are commonly used for ion exchange are commonly used for ion exchange vessel liningsvessel linings

Permasalahan Resin Penukar IonPermasalahan Resin Penukar Ion

Permasalahan Resin Penukar IonPermasalahan Resin Penukar Ion

strong acid cation exchanger

strong base anion exchanger

Fouling and

degradasi

resin fouled with iron

Fouling karena senyawa organik

Regenerasi Regenerasi SoftenerSoftener

1.1. In serviceIn service

2. Back washing2. Back washing

3. Aliran regeneran3. Aliran regeneran

4. Slow rinsing4. Slow rinsing

5. Fast rinsing5. Fast rinsing

6. Stand by6. Stand by

Anion resin is much lighter than cation resin. Therefore, the backwash flow Anion resin is much lighter than cation resin. Therefore, the backwash flow rates for anion exchange resins are much lower than those for cation resins, rates for anion exchange resins are much lower than those for cation resins, and anion resin expansion is affected by the temperature of the water more and anion resin expansion is affected by the temperature of the water more than cation resin expansion. The water used for each step of anion resin than cation resin expansion. The water used for each step of anion resin regeneration should be free from hardness, to prevent precipitation of regeneration should be free from hardness, to prevent precipitation of hardness salts in the alkaline anion resin bed. hardness salts in the alkaline anion resin bed.

MIX BED RESINMIX BED RESIN Due to increasing boiler operating pressures and the Due to increasing boiler operating pressures and the

manufacture of products requiring contaminant-free water, manufacture of products requiring contaminant-free water, there is a growing need for higher water quality than cation-there is a growing need for higher water quality than cation-anion demineralizers can produce. Therefore, it has become anion demineralizers can produce. Therefore, it has become necessary to modify the standard demineralization process to necessary to modify the standard demineralization process to increase the purity of the treated water. The most significant increase the purity of the treated water. The most significant improvements in demineralized water purity have been improvements in demineralized water purity have been produced by mixed bed exchangers. produced by mixed bed exchangers.

A mixed bed exchanger has both cation and anion resin A mixed bed exchanger has both cation and anion resin mixed together in a single vessel. As water flows through the mixed together in a single vessel. As water flows through the resin bed, the ion exchange process is repeated many times, resin bed, the ion exchange process is repeated many times, "polishing" the water to a very high purity"polishing" the water to a very high purity

Regenerasi Mix BedRegenerasi Mix Bed1.1. In serviceIn service2.2. Back washingBack washing3.3. Regenerasi resin Regenerasi resin

kationkation4.4. Regenerasi resin anionRegenerasi resin anion5.5. RinsingRinsing6.6. DrainDrain7.7. Air mixingAir mixing8.8. RefillingRefilling9.9. rinsingrinsing

Karakteristik Larutan regeneranKarakteristik Larutan regeneran

Ambil dari Ambil dari dow-ionexchangewcmanualforengineers.pdfdow-ionexchangewcmanualforengineers.pdf

Inspection and Cleaning. In addition to these preventive procedures, a program of regular inspection and cleaning of the ion exchange system helps to preserve the life of anion resin. Most cleaning procedures use one of the following:

•Warm (120°F) brine and caustic. Mild oxidants or solubilizing agents can be added to improve the cleaning.•Hydrochloric acid. When resins are also fouled with significant amounts of iron, hydrochloric acids are used.•Solutions of 0.25-0.5% sodium hypochlorite. This procedure destroys the organic material but also significantly degrades the resin. Hypochlorite cleaning is considered a last resort.

It is important to clean an organically fouled resin before excessive permanent degradation of the strong base sites occurs

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Silica tak di-permasalahkanPemisahan CO2 diperlukan

DHL 10 – 20 mhos/cmSilica tak berubah

regenerasi murahmemerlukan repumping

Air baku alkalinitas rendahPerlu penghilangan silica

DHL 5 – 15 mhos/cmSilica 0,02 – 0,1 ppm

alat murahTak ada repumpingBiaya chemical tinggi

SB

SA

Alkalinitas tinggiMemerlukan penghilangan silica

DHL 5 – 15 mhos/cmSilica 0,02 – 0,1 ppm

Biaya chemical rendahMemerlukan repumping

WB

SA D

DSA

S B

Alkalinitas, sulfat, cloride tinggiPenghilangan silica

DHL 5 – 15 mhos/cmSilica 0,02 – 0,1 ppm

Biaya chemical rendahalat mahalrepumping

WB

SA D

S B

Sistem Demineralisa

si

Aplikasi Tipikal efluent Keuntungan-kelemahan

Hardness, alka-linitas, sulfate, cloride tinggiPenghilangan silica

DHL 5 – 15 mhos/cmSilica 0,02 – 0,1 ppm

Biaya chemical paling rendahalat mahalrepumping

SA

WA D

W B

S B

alkalinitas, sodium tinggiair kualitas tinggi

DHL 1 – 5 mhos/cmSilica 0,01 – 0,05 ppm

Biaya chemical rendahalat mahalrepumping

DSA

SB

S A

S B

Total solid rendahAir kualitas tinggi

DHL kurang dari 1 mhos/cmSilica 0,01-0,05 ppm

Chemical mahalPeralatan murah

MB

Alkalinitas, TDS tinggiAir kualitas tinggi

DHL kurang dari 1 mhos/cmSilica 0,01 – 0,05 ppm

Biaya chemical lebih rendahalat mahalrepumping

DSA

SB

M B

Kekurangan & kelebihanKekurangan & kelebihan Keuntungan Keuntungan

– air terolah menjadi nonscaling (hardness efluen kurang dari air terolah menjadi nonscaling (hardness efluen kurang dari 2 ppm)2 ppm)

– operasional mudah dan handaloperasional mudah dan handal– regenerasi mudah dan murahregenerasi mudah dan murah– tidak ada limbah sludgetidak ada limbah sludge– tidak tergantung pada variasi debittidak tergantung pada variasi debit

Batasan/KendalaBatasan/Kendala– kandungan total solid, alkalinitas dan silica tak berubah kandungan total solid, alkalinitas dan silica tak berubah

(untuk penukar kation)(untuk penukar kation)– air dengan kekeruhan tinggi mengganggu efisiensi resinair dengan kekeruhan tinggi mengganggu efisiensi resin– kekeruhan influen lebih 1 JTU secara kontinu bisa jadi kekeruhan influen lebih 1 JTU secara kontinu bisa jadi

fouling, service run pendek, kualitas efluen jelekfouling, service run pendek, kualitas efluen jelek– logam berat (iron dan aluminium) bisa menyebabkan foulinglogam berat (iron dan aluminium) bisa menyebabkan fouling– zat pengoksidasi kuat dapat menyerang dan mendegradasi zat pengoksidasi kuat dapat menyerang dan mendegradasi

resin, seperti clorine.resin, seperti clorine.

CatatanCatatan

Fe2+ dan Mn2+ dapat juga dipisahkan dengan resin penukar ion, meskipun Fe2+ dan Mn2+ dapat juga dipisahkan dengan resin penukar ion, meskipun harus hati-hati karena proses oksidasi dengan adanya oksigen akan harus hati-hati karena proses oksidasi dengan adanya oksigen akan mengubah senyawa tersebut menjadi Fe3+ dan Mn4+ yang bisa mengendap mengubah senyawa tersebut menjadi Fe3+ dan Mn4+ yang bisa mengendap dan menyebabkan foulingdan menyebabkan fouling

Like other ion exchange systems, demineralizers require filtered water in order Like other ion exchange systems, demineralizers require filtered water in order to function efficientlyto function efficiently

Resin foulants and degrading agents, such as iron and chlorine, should be Resin foulants and degrading agents, such as iron and chlorine, should be avoided or removed prior to demineralization.avoided or removed prior to demineralization.

PID DemineralizerPID Demineralizer