13
Penyelesaian Potensial Gendenshtein IV dengan PD Hypergeometry Oleh : ISMAIL (S911408001) PROGRAM STUDI ILMU FISIKA PROGRAM PASCASARJANA 1

Penyelesaian Potensial Gendenshtein IV Dengan PD Hypergeometry

Embed Size (px)

DESCRIPTION

Mekanika Kuantum, Potensial Gendenshtein IV

Citation preview

Penyelesaian Potensial Gendenshtein IV dengan PD Hypergeometry

Oleh :

ISMAIL (S911408001)

PROGRAM STUDI ILMU FISIKA

PROGRAM PASCASARJANA

UNIVERSITAS SEBELAS MARET SURAKARTA

2015

Penyelesaian Potensial Gendenshtein IV dengan PD Hypergeometry

Persamaan potensial Gendenshtein IV dinyatakan dengan :

(1)

Persamaan Schrodinger untuk potensial Gendenshtein IV dapat dinyatakan sebagai :

(2)

dimisalkan

Dengan substitusi persamaan (3) dan (4) ke persamaan (2) diperoleh hasil :

dengan mengalikan semua suku dengan diperoleh hasil :

Dengan memisalkan diperoleh hasil :

Persamaan (I) dapat diubah menjadi

(Catatan Penting)

(Catatan Penting)

Sehingga persamaan (6) menjadi

Persamaan (7) merupakan persamaan differensial orde dua homogeny yang mempunyai titik regular singular di titik z = 0 atau z = 1

Untuk titik z = 0

Suku dan diabaikan terhadap suku , sehingga persamaan (7) menjadi :

Sedangkan untuk z = 1

Suku dan diabaikan terhadap suku sehingga persamaan (7) menjadi :

Fungsi Baru

Dari persamaan fungsi baru di atas, persamaan (7) menjadi :

Persamaan (a)

Persamaan (b)

Persamaan (c)

Persamaan (d)

Sehingga persamaannya menjadi :

Pengubahan parameter

Untuk

Untuk

Disubtitusikan kembali ke persamaan diperoleh :

Persamaan di atas identik dengan PD orde dua Fungsi Hypergeometry

dimana

Penentuan nilai dan

Menentukan spectrum energy

dengan memilih a = - n

Menentukan fungsi gelombang tingkat dasar

10

{

}

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

n

a

m

E

n

a

E

m

n

a

E

m

n

a

E

m

n

a

k

n

a

k

n

k

a

n

k

a

n

k

b

a

b

a

n

k

n

n

n

n

+

=

+

=

+

=

+

-

=

+

-

=

-

-

=

-

=

+

-

=

+

-

=

+

-

+

+

-

=

+

+

h

h

h

h

b

a

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

b

b

a

b

b

a

b

a

b

a

b

a

b

a

b

a

b

a

b

a

b

a

b

b

a

b

b

a

a

b

a

b

a

b

a

b

a

b

a

b

a

b

a

b

a

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

z

f

z

z

-

+

-

-

-

+

-

+

-

+

+

=

+

=

+

=

+

=

+

=

+

=

+

=

+

+

+

-

-

=

+

-

-

=

+

-

-

=

+

-

-

=

+

-

+

-

=

+

+

-

-

=

+

-

=

-

-

-

=

-

-

-

=

-

=

2

sin

1

2

cos

sin

1

2

2

cos

2

cos

sin

1

2

2

cos

2

cos

2

2

sin

1

cos

2

cos

sin

1

cos

2

cos

sin

1

cos

2

cos

sin

1

cos

4

cos

sin

1

sin

1

sin

1

sin

1

4

sin

1

sin

1

sin

1

4

sin

1

sin

1

2

2

sin

1

4

sin

1

2

sin

1

2

sin

1

4

sin

1

2

sin

1

2

sin

1

2

sin

1

2

sin

1

2

sin

1

2

sin

1

2

sin

1

2

sin

1

2

sin

1

2

sin

1

2

sin

1

2

2

2

sin

1

2

sin

1

1

2

sin

1

1

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

b

a

c

(

)

(

)

(

)

z

z

z

z

x

dx

dz

dz

xdx

z

d

x

d

z

x

-

-

=

-

-

=

-

=

-

=

-

=

-

=

1

2

1

2

2

cos

2

cos

2

1

sin

2

1

sin

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

z

z

z

z

x

z

z

x

z

z

x

z

z

x

z

x

x

x

x

x

-

=

-

=

-

=

-

=

+

-

-

=

-

-

=

-

=

=

+

1

2

1

4

cos

1

4

cos

4

4

cos

4

4

1

1

cos

2

1

1

cos

sin

1

cos

1

cos

sin

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

dz

d

z

dz

d

z

z

dx

d

dz

d

z

z

dz

d

z

dx

d

dz

d

z

z

dz

d

z

z

z

z

z

dx

d

dz

d

z

z

dz

d

z

z

z

z

z

dx

d

dz

d

z

z

dz

d

z

z

dx

d

dz

d

z

z

dz

d

z

z

dx

d

dz

d

dx

dz

dz

d

dx

dz

dx

d

-

+

-

=

-

+

-

=

-

+

-

-

-

-

-

=

-

-

+

-

-

-

-

-

=

-

-

-

-

=

-

-

-

-

=

=

-

2

1

1

1

2

1

2

1

1

1

2

1

2

1

1

1

2

1

1

2

1

1

1

1

1

1

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

1

2

1

2

2

2

1

2

2

2

2

2

2

(

)

(

)

(

)

c

c

c

c

E

x

x

a

b

m

x

a

a

b

m

dz

d

z

dz

d

z

z

m

=

-

+

-

+

+

-

+

-

-

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

cos

sin

2

1

2

2

cos

1

2

2

1

1

2

h

h

h

2

2

h

m

-

(

)

(

)

(

)

c

c

c

c

E

m

x

x

a

b

x

a

a

b

dz

d

z

dz

d

z

z

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

cos

sin

2

1

2

cos

1

2

1

1

h

-

=

-

+

-

+

-

-

+

-

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

c

c

c

c

E

m

z

z

z

a

b

z

z

a

a

b

dz

d

z

dz

d

z

z

2

2

2

2

2

1

4

2

1

2

1

2

1

4

1

2

1

1

h

-

=

-

-

-

+

-

-

+

-

-

+

-

2

2

2

k

E

m

=

h

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

c

c

c

c

2

)

(

2

2

2

1

4

2

1

2

1

2

1

4

1

2

1

1

k

z

z

z

a

b

z

z

a

a

b

dz

d

z

dz

d

z

z

I

-

=

-

-

-

+

-

-

+

-

-

+

-

4

4

4

4

4

4

3

4

4

4

4

4

4

2

1

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

z

z

z

a

b

z

z

a

a

b

-

-

-

+

-

-

+

1

4

2

1

2

1

2

1

4

1

2

(

)

z

z

z

z

-

+

=

-

1

1

1

1

1

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

z

a

b

z

a

b

z

a

b

z

a

a

b

z

a

a

b

z

a

b

z

z

a

b

z

z

a

a

b

z

z

a

z

b

z

z

a

b

z

z

a

a

b

z

z

a

z

a

b

z

z

a

a

b

-

-

-

-

-

+

-

+

-

-

+

+

-

+

=

-

-

-

-

-

+

-

-

+

=

-

-

-

-

-

+

-

-

+

=

-

-

-

-

+

-

-

+

=

1

4

2

1

4

1

4

2

1

2

4

2

1

2

1

4

1

4

1

1

4

2

1

4

1

4

2

1

2

1

4

1

1

4

2

1

2

2

1

4

2

1

2

1

4

1

1

4

2

1

2

2

1

2

1

4

1

2

2

2

2

2

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

z

a

b

a

b

z

a

b

a

b

z

a

b

a

b

z

a

b

a

b

z

a

b

a

a

b

z

a

b

a

a

b

z

a

b

z

a

b

z

a

a

b

z

a

b

z

a

a

b

-

-

-

-

-

+

+

-

-

+

-

+

=

-

-

-

-

-

+

+

-

+

-

-

+

=

-

-

-

-

+

+

-

+

-

+

=

-

-

-

-

-

+

-

-

+

+

-

+

-

+

=

1

4

4

1

2

1

2

2

1

4

4

1

2

1

2

2

1

1

4

2

1

2

4

1

2

1

4

2

1

2

4

1

2

1

1

4

2

1

2

1

4

2

1

2

1

1

4

2

1

4

1

4

2

1

2

1

4

1

4

2

1

2

4

1

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

1

2

1

2

2

1

2

1

2

1

2

2

1

-

-

=

-

-

-

+

-

+

=

-

+

-

+

a

b

a

b

a

b

a

b

a

b

a

b

(

)

z

a

b

z

a

b

-

-

-

-

+

-

-

+

=

1

4

4

1

2

1

4

4

1

2

1

2

2

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

0

1

4

4

1

2

1

4

4

1

2

1

2

1

1

0

1

4

4

1

2

1

4

4

1

2

1

2

1

1

1

4

4

1

2

1

4

4

1

2

1

2

1

1

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

=

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

+

-

+

-

+

-

=

+

-

-

-

-

+

-

-

+

-

-

+

-

-

=

-

-

-

-

+

-

-

+

-

-

+

-

c

c

c

c

c

c

c

c

c

c

z

a

b

z

a

b

k

dz

d

z

dz

d

z

z

k

z

a

b

z

a

b

dz

d

z

dz

d

z

z

k

z

a

b

z

a

b

dz

d

z

dz

d

z

z

2

k

(

)

z

a

b

-

-

-

-

1

4

4

1

2

1

2

z

a

b

4

4

1

2

1

2

-

-

+

(

)

(

)

0

4

4

1

2

1

2

1

1

2

2

2

=

-

-

+

-

-

+

-

c

c

c

z

a

b

dz

d

z

dz

d

z

z

(

)

(

)

(

)

0

1

4

4

1

2

1

2

1

1

2

2

2

=

-

-

-

-

-

-

+

-

c

c

c

z

z

a

b

dz

d

z

dz

d

z

z

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

+

-

-

-

-

+

+

-

-

-

-

=

+

-

-

-

-

+

+

-

-

-

-

=

-

+

-

-

-

-

+

-

+

-

-

-

-

=

-

+

-

-

-

+

-

-

-

-

+

-

-

-

+

-

-

-

-

=

-

+

-

-

-

=

-

=

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

z

f

z

f

z

z

f

z

z

f

z

z

f

z

z

z

f

z

z

z

z

f

z

f

z

z

f

z

z

f

z

z

f

z

z

z

f

z

z

z

z

f

z

z

z

f

z

z

z

f

z

z

z

f

z

z

z

f

z

z

z

f

z

z

z

f

z

z

z

f

z

z

z

f

z

z

z

f

z

z

z

f

z

z

z

f

z

z

z

f

z

z

z

f

z

z

z

f

z

z

dz

d

z

f

z

z

z

f

z

z

z

f

z

z

dz

d

z

f

z

z

a

a

"

'

1

2

'

1

1

1

2

"

'

1

2

'

1

1

1

2

"

'

1

2

'

1

1

1

2

"

'

1

'

1

'

1

2

1

1

'

1

1

1

2

2

2

'

1

1

1

2

1

1

2

1

2

1

1

1

2

1

1

2

1

2

1

1

1

1

2

1

1

1

2

1

2

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

b

b

b

a

ab

a

a

b

b

b

a

b

a

a

a

b

b

b

a

b

a

a

a

b

a

b

b

b

ab

a

b

a

a

a

c

b

a

c

c

b

a

b

a

b

a

b

a

b

b

a

b

a

b

a

b

a

b

a

b

a

b

a

b

b

a

b

a

b

a

b

a

b

a

b

a

b

a

b

a

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

[

]

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

{

}

[

]

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

{

}

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

0

1

4

4

1

2

1

4

4

1

2

1

2

1

1

2

1

2

1

1

2

1

1

2

2

1

2

1

1

0

1

4

4

1

2

1

4

4

1

2

1

1

2

1

1

2

1

1

2

1

2

1

1

0

1

1

4

4

1

2

1

4

4

1

2

1

1

1

2

1

1

2

1

1

2

1

2

1

1

1

0

1

1

4

4

1

2

1

4

4

1

2

1

1

1

1

2

1

1

2

1

1

2

1

2

1

1

1

2

2

2

'

"

'

2

'

2

2

2

'

1

1

"

'

1

2

'

2

2

2

2

'

1

1

"

'

1

2

'

1

1

1

2

2

2

2

'

1

1

"

'

1

2

'

1

1

1

2

=

+

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

+

-

+

-

-

-

-

-

-

+

-

+

-

-

-

+

-

+

-

-

-

=

=

+

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

+

-

+

+

-

-

-

+

+

-

-

-

-

+

+

-

-

-

-

=

=

-

+

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

+

-

+

+

-

-

-

-

+

+

-

-

-

-

+

+

-

-

-

-

-

=

=

-

+

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

+

-

+

-

+

-

-

-

-

+

+

-

-

-

-

+

+

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

z

f

k

z

a

b

z

a

b

z

f

z

z

f

z

z

z

f

z

z

z

f

z

z

z

zf

z

f

z

z

f

z

z

f

z

f

z

z

z

f

k

z

a

b

z

a

b

z

f

z

f

z

z

f

z

z

z

f

z

f

z

z

f

z

z

f

z

z

f

z

z

z

f

z

z

z

z

f

z

z

k

z

a

b

z

a

b

z

f

z

f

z

z

f

z

z

z

z

z

f

z

f

z

z

f

z

z

f

z

z

f

z

z

z

f

z

z

z

z

z

z

f

z

z

k

z

a

b

z

a

b

z

f

z

z

z

f

z

z

z

f

z

z

z

z

f

z

f

z

z

f

z

z

f

z

z

f

z

z

z

f

z

z

z

z

z

b

a

b

b

b

a

ab

a

a

b

a

b

b

b

a

ab

a

a

b

a

b

b

b

a

ab

a

a

b

a

b

b

b

a

ab

a

a

b

a

b

a

b

a

b

a

b

a

b

a

b

a

b

a

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

0

1

4

4

1

2

1

4

4

1

2

1

2

1

1

2

1

2

1

1

2

1

1

2

1

2

1

1

2

2

2

'

)

(

)

(

"

'

)

(

'

)

(

=

+

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

+

-

+

-

-

-

-

-

-

+

-

+

-

-

-

+

-

+

-

-

-

=

z

f

k

z

a

b

z

a

b

z

f

z

z

f

z

z

z

f

z

z

z

f

z

z

z

zf

z

f

z

z

z

f

z

z

f

z

f

z

z

d

c

b

a

4

3

4

2

1

4

3

4

2

1

4

3

4

2

1

4

4

3

4

4

2

1

b

a

b

b

b

a

ab

a

a

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

-

-

-

=

-

-

-

=

-

-

-

=

-

-

-

=

-

-

=

-

-

=

a

a

a

a

a

a

a

a

a

a

a

a

a

a

a

a

a

a

a

z

z

z

z

z

z

z

z

z

z

z

z

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

z

z

z

z

z

z

z

z

z

z

z

-

-

+

-

-

=

-

-

+

-

-

-

=

-

-

+

-

-

-

=

-

-

-

-

+

-

=

-

-

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

b

b

b

b

b

b

b

b

b

b

b

b

b

b

b

b

b

b

b

b

b

a

a

a

a

-

=

-

=

-

z

z

z

z

z

2

2

1

2

1

(

)

(

)

(

)

z

z

z

z

z

z

z

z

z

z

z

-

-

=

-

-

-

=

-

-

-

=

-

-

+

-

=

-

-

=

-

-

1

2

2

1

1

1

2

1

1

1

2

1

2

1

2

1

1

2

1

1

1

2

1

b

b

b

b

b

b

b

(

)

-

+

-

+

=

x

x

a

b

x

a

a

b

m

V

eff

2

2

2

2

cos

sin

2

1

2

cos

1

2

h

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

0

1

2

1

2

2

1

1

4

4

1

2

1

4

4

1

2

1

1

2

2

1

1

1

2

1

1

0

1

4

4

1

2

1

4

4

1

2

1

1

2

2

1

1

2

2

1

1

1

2

1

2

1

1

"

'

2

2

2

2

2

2

"

'

'

'

=

-

+

-

+

-

-

+

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

+

-

-

+

-

-

+

-

-

+

-

-

-

-

-

-

=

=

+

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

+

-

+

-

+

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

+

-

-

+

-

-

+

-

+

-

-

-

-

=

z

f

z

z

z

f

z

z

z

z

f

z

a

b

z

a

b

k

z

z

z

z

z

f

k

z

a

b

z

a

b

z

f

z

z

z

zf

z

f

z

z

f

z

z

f

z

z

f

z

z

f

z

z

f

z

f

z

b

a

b

b

a

a

b

b

b

b

ab

a

a

a

a

b

b

b

a

a

b

b

b

b

a

ab

a

a

a

a

(

)

1

2

2

4

1

2

1

2

-

=

-

-

+

a

a

a

b

(

)

1

2

2

4

1

2

1

2

-

=

-

-

-

b

b

a

b

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

{

}

(

)

(

)

{

}

(

)

z

f

k

z

f

k

z

f

z

z

k

z

z

z

f

z

z

k

z

z

z

z

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

1

4

1

2

2

4

1

2

2

2

1

4

1

2

2

4

1

2

2

1

4

1

2

2

4

1

2

2

1

2

2

1

1

1

2

1

1

b

a

ab

b

a

b

b

a

a

ab

b

a

b

b

a

a

b

b

a

a

b

b

a

a

b

b

b

b

ab

a

a

a

a

+

-

=

+

-

-

-

=

-

-

-

-

-

+

-

-

-

-

-

+

-

=

-

-

-

-

-

-

+

-

-

+

-

-

+

-

-

-

-

-

-

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

z

f

z

z

f

z

z

z

z

f

z

z

z

f

z

z

z

'

'

"

'

1

2

2

2

1

2

2

1

2

2

2

1

2

1

2

2

1

+

+

-

+

=

-

+

-

-

=

-

+

-

+

-

-

b

a

a

b

a

a

b

a

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

{

}

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

{

}

0

1

2

2

2

1

2

1

0

1

2

2

2

1

2

1

2

2

2

2

2

2

'

"

=

+

-

+

+

+

-

+

+

-

=

=

+

-

+

+

+

-

+

+

-

f

k

dz

df

z

dz

f

d

z

z

z

f

k

z

f

z

z

f

z

z

b

a

b

a

a

b

a

b

a

a

(

)

(

)

{

}

0

1

1

2

2

=

-

+

+

-

+

-

f

f

f

ab

dz

d

z

b

a

c

dz

d

z

z

(

)

{

}

(

)

{

}

{

}

{

}

{

}

{

}

k

b

k

a

k

k

k

ab

k

ab

b

a

-

+

=

+

+

=

-

+

+

+

=

-

+

=

+

-

=

-

b

a

b

a

b

a

b

a

b

a

b

a

4

3

4

2

1

4

3

4

2

1

2

2

2

2

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

a

a

a

a

a

a

a

a

2

4

1

2

2

4

1

4

1

2

1

2

2

4

1

2

1

2

1

2

1

2

2

4

1

2

1

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

-

=

-

-

+

-

=

-

+

-

+

-

+

-

=

-

-

+

-

+

-

=

-

-

+

b

a

b

a

a

a

b

ab

b

a

a

b

b

a

b

(

)

c

c

c

E

x

x

a

b

m

x

a

a

b

m

dx

d

m

=

-

+

-

+

+

-

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

cos

sin

2

1

2

2

cos

1

2

2

h

h

h

(

)

(

)

2

4

4

2

2

2

2

b

a

b

a

b

a

+

=

+

=

+

=

a

a

a

2

2

2

b

a

b

a

b

a

+

=

-

-

-

=

-

-

=

-

a

a

a

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

b

b

b

b

b

b

b

b

2

4

1

2

2

4

1

4

1

2

1

2

2

4

1

2

1

2

1

2

1

2

2

4

1

2

1

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

-

=

+

-

-

-

=

-

+

-

+

+

-

-

=

-

-

+

-

-

-

=

-

-

-

b

a

b

a

a

a

b

ab

b

a

a

b

b

a

b

(

)

(

)

2

4

4

2

2

2

2

b

a

b

a

b

a

-

=

-

=

-

=

b

b

b

2

2

2

b

a

b

a

b

a

-

=

-

+

-

=

+

-

=

-

b

b

b