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PERAN HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH (HRW) DALAM MENGHAPUSKAN
PEKERJA MANUAL SCAVENGING KAUM DALIT DI INDIA
Disusun dan diajukan untuk memenuhi salah satu syarat memperoleh gelar
sarjana (S.Sos) Strata-1
OLEH:
OKTAVIA ARINA HAQQA
201610360311120
PROGRAM STUDI HUBUNGAN INTERNASIONAL
FAKULTAS ILMU SOSIAL DAN ILMU POLITIK
UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG
2021
vi
ABSTRAKSI
Oktavia Arina Haqqo, 2021, 201610360311120, Program Studi Hubungan
Internasional, Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik, Universitas
Muhammadiyah Malang, Peran Human Rights Watch (HRW) dalam
Menghapuskan Pekerja Manual Scavenging Kaum Dalit di India,
Pembimbing I: M. Syaprin Zahidi, MA. Pembimbing II: Najamuddin
Khairur Rijal, M.Hub. Int.
Pekerjaan manual scavenging menjadi fenonema yang sulit ditangani sebab
keberadaannya telah ada sejak dahulu. Kebiasaan masyarakat India dalam
menggunakan toilet kering menjadi faktor utama pekerjaan ini masih ada hingga
saat ini. HRW sebagai INGO yang bergerak dalam menegakkan Hak Asasi
Manusia diseluruh dunia melihat isu ini sebagai bentuk diskriminasi kasta sebab
hanya dilakukan oleh kaum Dalit.
Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif yang dianalisa menggunakan
metode kualitatif. Penulis menggunakan konsep Global Civil Society dan
Transnational Advocacy Network sebagai alat analisa dalam penelitian ini. Guna
melengkapi analisis kasus, penulis juga melengkapi penelitian ini dengan data-
data sekunder yang berupa data pustaka dari sumber buku, berita online, dan
laman resmi. Sebagian besar data dalam penelitian ini diambil dari publikasi
dalam laman resmi HRW.
Berdasarkan analisis dan data-data pustaka yang penulis dapatkan, menunjukkan
bahwa HRW telah berhasil melakukan perannya dalam mengupayakan
implementasi kebijakan untuk menghapus pekerja manual scavenging di India.
Organisasi ini telah berkontribusi menyebarkan pengaruh kepada dunia
internasional melalui upaya strategi information politics, symbolic politics,
leverage politics dan accountability politics.
Kata-Kata Kunci: HRW, India. Manual Scavenging
Peneliti, 27 September 2021
Oktavia Arina Haqqa
Menyetujui,
Pembimbing I Pembimbing II
M. Syaprin Zahidi, MA Najamuddin Khairur Rijal, M.Hub.Int.
vii
ABSTRACT
Oktavia Arina Haqqo, 2021, 201610360311120, Department of International
Relations, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, University of
Muhammadiyah Malang, The Role of Human Rights Watch (HRW) in
Eliminating Manual Scavenging of Dalits in India Advisor I: M. Syaprin
Zahidi, MA. Advisor II: Najamuddin Khairur Rijal, M.Hub. Int
Manual scavenging is a phenomenon that is difficult to handle because its has
existed for a long time. The Indian habit of using dry latrines is the main factor in
this work, which still exists today. HRW as an INGO engaged in upholding
human rights around the world sees this issue as a form of caste discrimination
because it is only carried out by Dalits community.
This study is a descriptive study which was analyzed using qualitative methods.
The author uses the concept of Global Civil Society and Transnational Advocacy
Network as analytical tools in this study. In order to complete the case analysis,
the author also completes this research with secondary data in the form of library
data from book sources, online news, and official websites. Most of the data in
this study were taken from publications on the HRW website.
Based on the analysis and literature data that the authors obtained, it shows that
HRW has succeeded in carrying out its role in pursuing the implementation of
policies to eliminate manual scavenging workers in India. This organization has
contributed to spreading influence to the international community through
strategic efforts of information politics, symbolic politics, leverage politics and
accountability politics.
Keywords: HRW, India. Manual Scavenging
Researcher, 27 September 2021
Oktavia Arina Haqqa
Acknowledgment,
Advisor I Advisor II
M. Syaprin Zahidi, MA Najamuddin Khairur Rijal, M.Hub.Int.
viii
KATA PENGANTAR
Bismillahirrahmanirrahim
Segala puji bagi Allah S.W.T, Tuhan Yang Maha Esa, yang selalu
melimpahkan rahmat dan hidayah-Nya bagi seluruh umat manusia di muka bumi.
Puji syukur karena berkat kuasa-Nya saya dapat menyelesaikan skripsi ini dengan
baik dan lancar tanpa suatu hambatan yang berarti. Shalawat serta salam tidak
lupa saya haturkan kepada Nabi Muhammad S.A.W. yang telah mengantarkan
umat manusia menuju jalan kebenaran serta terang benderang yakni addinul
islam. Saya memohon maaf jika terdapat nama-nama yang belum sempat
disebutkan di bawah ini.
1. Saya berterimah kasih kepada orang tua saya, ibu, bapak serta saudara-
saudara saya yang memberi semangat serta doanya untuk menyelesaikan
skripsi ini.
2. Terima kasih kepada dosen pembimbing saya pak M. Syaprin Zahidi, MA
dan pak Najamuddin K. Rijal, M Hub. Int. Yang telah membimbing saya
dalam menyelesaikan proses pembuatan skripsi ini.
3. Teman-teman serta keluarga saya di Malang Dhela, Cece, Malta, Fadly,
Raffi, Wahidun, Majid, Rulas, Anin, Cindy, Ifa, Iqbal Ikom, Iqbal IP,
Silmi, kak Inur, Kak Dita, Melia, Kak Nizam, Kak Teko, Hisyam, Dhani,
Ucup, Virel, Seno, Anita, Rista, Alvisah dan masih banyak lagi yang tidak
bisa saya sebutkan satu persatu. Rumah kedua saya, Komisariat ISIP
UMM Jalan Tirto Utomo gg 2B salah satu rumah singgah bersejarah serta
ix
menjadi saksi kenangan saya selama menjadi mahasiswa di awal tahun
perkuliahan. Meskipun kemudian pindah di Jalan Dermo no. 40 namun
tampak tidak ada yang berubah, kedua tempat tersebut memiliki arti yang
berarti dalam kehidupan saya. Semoga kita semua sukses dan mampu
mencapai apa yang kita cita-citakan, selalu dalam lindungan Allah S.W.T.
dan tetap menjalin silaturrahmi.
4. Penghuni kos Jalan Tirto Utomo Gg 12, Pakde dan teman sekamar saya
Nanda termasuk kucing-kucing kos, Chio, Mowie dan Roku yang
membantu saya menghilangkan stress dikala proses penyelesaian skripsi
ini. Tidak lupa kucing-kucing saya yang telah tiada Unclebob, Yunan dan
Kimal terima kasih sudah menemani.
5. Semua pihak yang belum sempat saya sebutkan namaya yang berada
dalam kehidupan saya selama saya menjadi mahasiswa. Terima kasih
banyak telah menjadi bagian dari kehidupan saya.
Semoga hasil penelitian skripsi ini memberikan manfaat untuk dijadikan
bahan referensi bagi para peneliti selanjutnya, khususnya untuk bidang Studi
Hubungan Internasional. Penulis menyadari skripsi ini masih jauh dari
kesempurnaan, baik dalam penyusunan maupun penyajiannya.
Billahitaufiq Wal Hidayah
Wassalamu’alaikum. Wr. Wb.
x
DAFTAR ISI
HALAMAN JUDUL ................................................................................................ i
LEMBAR PERSETUJUAN.................................................................................... ii
LEMBAR PENGESAHAN SKRIPSI ................................................................... iii
BERITA ACARA BIMBINGAN SKRIPSI .......................................................... iv
PERNYATAAN ORISINALITAS ......................................................................... v
ABSTRAKSI ......................................................................................................... vi
KATA PENGANTAR ......................................................................................... viii
DAFTAR ISI ........................................................................................................... x
DAFTAR TABEL ................................................................................................ xiii
DAFTAR GAMBAR ........................................................................................... xiv
DAFTAR SINGKATAN ...................................................................................... xv
BAB I: PENDAHULUAN
1.1 Latar Belakang Masalah .................................................................................... 1
1.2 Rumusan Masalah ............................................................................................. 5
1.3 Tujuan dan Manfaat Penelitian ......................................................................... 6
1.4 Penelitian Terdahulu ......................................................................................... 7
1.5 Landasan Konsep ............................................................................................ 17
1.6 Metode Penelitian............................................................................................ 25
1.7 Argumen Pokok .............................................................................................. 28
1.8 Sistematika Penulisan ..................................................................................... 29
xi
BAB II: FENOMENA PEKERJA MANUAL SCAVENGING KAUM DALIT
SERTA KETERLIBATAN HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH DI INDIA
2.1 Gambara Pekerja Manual Scavenging Kaum Dalit di India ........................... 32
2.1.1 Kaum Dalit di India .............................................................................. 36
2.1.2 Fenomena Pekerja Manual Scavenging ................................................ 41
2.1.3 Kondisi Pekerja Manual Scavenging .................................................... 45
2.2 Profil Human Rights Watch ............................................................................ 50
2.3 Keterlibatan Human Rights Watch dalam Menangani Pekerja Manual
Scavenging di India ............................................................................................... 55
BAB III: PERAN HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH MELALUI STRATEGI
INFORMATION POLITICS DAN SYMBOLIC POLITICS
3.1 Strategi Advokasi Human Right Watch sebagai Information Politics bersama
Rashtriya Garima Abhiyan .................................................................................... 61
3.2 Human Right Watch Sebagai Symbolic Politics ............................................. 69
3.3 Publikasi Annual Report Human Right Watch ................................................ 73
BAB IV: PERAN HUMAN RIGHT WATCH MELALUI STRATEGI
LEVERAGE POLITICS DAN ACCOUNTABILITY POLITICS
4.1 Human Right Watch Sebagai Leverage Politics ............................................. 81
4.1.1 Pengaduan Human Right Watch Kepada Lembaga Internasional ........ 83
4.1.2 Program Clean India Movement Sebagai Jalan Keluar Terhadap
Permasalahan Manual Scavenging ................................................................ 87
4.2 Human Right Watch Sebagai Accountability Politics ..................................... 90
xii
4.2.1 Dampak Skema Undang-Undang 2013: The Prohibitation of
Employment as Manual Scavenging and Their Rehabilitation Terhadap
Pekerja Manual Scavenging........................................................................... 91
4.2.2 Pengajuan Rekomendasi Sasaran pada India Sustainable Development
Goals (SDG’s) 2030 ...................................................................................... 97
BAB V: PENUTUP
5.1 Kesimpulan ................................................................................................... 102
5.2 Saran Penelitian Lanjutan ............................................................................. 103
DAFTAR PUSTAKA ......................................................................................... 105
xiii
DAFTAR TABEL
Tabel 1.1 Posisi Penelitian .................................................................................... 13
Tabel 2.1 Sistematika Penulisan ........................................................................... 29
Tabel 3.1 Presentase Populasi India Berdasarkan Agama .................................... 34
Tabel 4.1 Presentase Kaum Dalit .......................................................................... 39
Tabel 5.1 Skema Rehabilitasi Manual Scavenging .............................................. 74
Tabel 6.1 Bantuan Bagi Anggota Keluarga Yang Meninggal .............................. 95
Tabel 7.1 Hasil Peran Human Rights Watch ....................................................... 100
xiv
DAFTAR GAMBAR
Gambar 1.1 Patung Brahmana .............................................................................. 37
Gambar 2.1 Women Manual Scavenging .............................................................. 46
Gambar 3.1 Sewage & Manhole/Sanitation Worker ............................................. 47
Gambar 4.1 Manual Scavenging in India Railways .............................................. 48
Gambar 5.1 Donasi Human Rights Watch ............................................................ 72
xv
DAFTAR SINGKATAN
APD : Alat Pelindung Diri
BJP : Bharatiya Janata Party
CLEAR : Country Level Engagement Assitance To Reduce Child
Labour
CRSP : Central Rural Sanitation Program
DUHAM : Deklarasi Universal Hak Asasi Manusia
ECLT : Eliminating Child Labour in Tobacco
GCS : Global Civil Society
GPS : Global Positioning System
HAM : Hak Asasi Manusia
HRC : Human Rights Council
HRW : Human Right Watch
IAG’s : Independent Advocacy Groups
IDSN : International Dalit Salidarity Network
IEC : Information, Education and Communication
ILO : International Labour Organisation
INGO : International non-governmental Organization
IPEC : International Programme on the Elimination of Child
Labour
LTTE : Liberation Tigers of Tamil Nadu
MGNREGA : Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee
MS : Manual Scavenging
MSJE : Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment
NAC : National Advisory Council
NBA : Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan
NCSK : National Commission for Safai Karamcharis
NSKFDC : National Safai Karamcharis Finance and Development
Corporation
xvi
NGO : Non-Governmental Organisations
NPA’s : Non-Profit Associations
NSSO : National Sample Survey Office
OBC : Other Backwards Castes
ODF : Open Defecation-Free
OHCHR : High Commissioner for Human Rights
PBB : Persatuan Bangsa-Bangsa
PEMS : The Prohibitation of Employment as Manual Scavenging
PINs : Principled Issue Networks
PVOs : Private Voluntary Organisations
RIC : Rakhine Investigation Commission
SC/CT : Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes
SDGs : Sustainable Development Goals
SKA : Safai Karamchari Andolan
SM : Sebelum Masehi
SOP : Standard Operating Procedure
SPINs : Segmented Polycentric Ideologically Integrated Networks
TADA : The Terrorist and Distruptive Activities
TAN : Transnational Advocacy Network
TVET-R : Technical and Vocational Education and Training Reform
UU : Undang-Undang
UNDP : United Nations Development Programme
UNICEF : United Nations Children's Fund
UN P&G : United Nations Procter & Gamble
UN Treaty Bodies : United Nations Treaty Bodies
UN Women : United Nations Women
WHO : World Health Organization
105
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fisip.umm.ac.id | [email protected]
SURAT KETERANGAN
Nomor : E.6.e/ /HI/FISIP-UMM/XI/2021
Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, Ketua Program Studi Hubungan Internasional
Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang,
menerangkan bahwa mahasiswa:
Nama : Oktavia Arina Haqqo
NIM : 201610360311120
Judul Skripsi : Peran Human Rights Watch (HRW) dalam Menghapuskan
Pekerja Manual Scavenging Kaum Dalit di India
Dosen Pembimbing : 1. M. Syaprin Zahidi, MA
2. Najamuddin Khairur Rijal, M.Hub.Int.
telah melakukan cek plagiasi pada naskah Skripsi sebagaimana judul di atas,
dengan hasil sebagai berikut:
BAB I BAB II BAB III BAB IV BAB V
Similarity 13 % 2 % 7 % 2 % 2 %
*) Similarity maksimal 15% untuk setiap Bab.
Demikian surat keterangan ini dibuat untuk dipergunakan sebagai syarat
pengurusan bebas tanggungan di UPT. Perpustakaan UMM.
Malang, 13 November 2021