Perl Tk Tutorial

Perl/TkTutorialCreateGUIwithPerl'sTkModule

Introduction ......................................................................................................................................................................... 2Applications ................................................................................................................................................................... 2Philosophy ...................................................................................................................................................................... 2Perl/TkRequirements ..................................................................................................................................................... 3Installing/UsingPerl ....................................................................................................................................................... 3

HelloWorld ......................................................................................................................................................................... 3Widgets1:Button,Entry,Label ........................................................................................................................................ 5

Button ............................................................................................................................................................................. 6Entry ............................................................................................................................................................................... 6Label ............................................................................................................................................................................... 7

Widgets2:Frame,Text,Scrollbar,Scale ........................................................................................................................... 8Frame ............................................................................................................................................................................. 8Text ................................................................................................................................................................................. 8Scrollbar ......................................................................................................................................................................... 9Scale ............................................................................................................................................................................. 11

Dialogs .............................................................................................................................................................................. 12 messageBox .................................................................................................................................................................. 12 chooseColor .................................................................................................................................................................. 13 getOpenFile .................................................................................................................................................................. 13 Toplevel ........................................................................................................................................................................ 14

Widgets3:Radiobutton,Checkbutton ............................................................................................................................. 15 Radiobutton .................................................................................................................................................................. 15 Checkbutton .................................................................................................................................................................. 16

Widgets4:Listbox ........................................................................................................................................................... 18 Listbox .......................................................................................................................................................................... 18

Widgets5:Menubutton,Menu,Optionmenu .................................................................................................................. 20 Menubutton .................................................................................................................................................................. 20 Menu ............................................................................................................................................................................. 21 Optionmenu ................................................................................................................................................................. 23

SomemoreWidgetsCanvas,Message,Adjuster,Scrolled ............................................................................................ 24 Canvas .......................................................................................................................................................................... 24 Message ........................................................................................................................................................................ 24 Adjuster ........................................................................................................................................................................ 24 Scrolled ........................................................................................................................................................................ 25

GeometryManagement:Grid,Pack ................................................................................................................................ 26 grid ............................................................................................................................................................................... 26 pack ............................................................................................................................................................................. 27

SomeCommonWidgetOptions ....................................................................................................................................... 28 SomeTkCommands ......................................................................................................................................................... 29

Bind .............................................................................................................................................................................. 29 NowWhat? ........................................................................................................................................................................ 31 Reference ........................................................................................................................................................................... 31

Books ........................................................................................................................................................................... 31

Manual .......................................................................................................................................................................... 31 ExternalSites ................................................................................................................................................................ 31

Appendix ........................................................................................................................................................................... 31 AppendixA:AbouttheAuthor ................................................................................................................................... 31 AppendixB:CommonlyMademistakesinPerl/Tk ................................................................................................... 32 AppendixC:Tcl/TkAndPerl/Tk ................................................................................................................................ 32

AppendixD:Codes ..................................................................................................................................................... 32 AppendixE:FeedBacks .............................................................................................................................................. 33 AppendixF:Comments .............................................................................................................................................. 33

Index ........................................................................................................................................................................ 33 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................. 33 HelloWorld ............................................................................................................................................................. 36 Widget1 .................................................................................................................................................................. 38 Widget2 .................................................................................................................................................................. 40 Widget5 .................................................................................................................................................................. 43 Widget6 .................................................................................................................................................................. 44 GeometryManagement ........................................................................................................................................... 44 NowWhat? .............................................................................................................................................................. 46 Appendix ................................................................................................................................................................. 48

IntroductionPerl/Tk(alsoknownaspTk)isacollectionofmodulesandcodethatattemptstowedtheeasilyconfiguredTk8widgettoolkittothepowerfullexigraphic,dynamicmemory,I/O,andobjectorientedcapabilitiesofPerl5Inotherwords,itisaninterpretedscriptinglanguageformakingwidgetsandprogramswithGraphicalUserInterfaces(GUI)

PerlorPracticalExtractionandReportLanguageisdescribedbyLarryWall,Perl'sauthor,asfollows:"Perlisaninterpretedlanguageoptimizedforscanningarbitrarytextfiles,extractinginformationfromthosetextfiles,andprintingreportsbasedonthatinformationIt'salsoagoodlanguageforanysystemmanagementtasksThelanguageisintendedtobepractical(easytouse,efficient,complete)ratherthanbeautiful(tiny,elegant,minimal)"Theperlintromanpagehasthistosay

Perlisageneralpurposeprogramminglanguageoriginallydevelopedfortextmanipulationandnowusedforawiderangeoftasksincludingsystemadministration,webdevelopment,networkprogramming,GUIdevelopment,andmore

Tk,theextension(ormodule)thatmakesGUIprogramminginperlpossible,istakenfromTcl/TkTcl(ToolCommandLanguage)andTk(ToolKit)wascreatedbyProfessorJohnOusterhoutoftheUniversityofCalifornia,BerkeleyTclisascriptinglanguagethatrunsonWindows,UNIXandMacintoshplatformsTkisastandardaddontoTclthatprovidescommandstoquicklyandeasilycreateuserinterfacesLateronTkwasusedbyalotofotherscriptinglanguageslikePerl,Python,Rubyetc

ApplicationsPerlhasbeenusedsincetheearlydaysofthewebtowriteCGIscripts,andisnowacomponentofthepopularLAMP(Linux/Apache/MySQL/Perl)platformforwebdevelopmentPerlhasbeencalled"thegluethatholdsthewebtogether"LargesystemswritteninPerlincludeSlashdot,andearlyimplementationsofWikipediaandPHP

Perlfindsmanyapplicationsasagluelanguage,tyingtogethersystemsandinterfacesthatwerenotspecificallydesignedtointeroperateSystemsadministratorsusePerlasanallpurposetool;shortPerlprogramscanbeenteredandrunonasinglecommandline

PhilosophyPerlhasseveralmottosthatconveyaspectsofitsdesignanduseOneisThere'smorethanonewaytodoit(TMTOWTDIusuallypronounced'TimToady')AnotherisPerl:theSwissArmyChainsawofProgrammingLanguagesAstateddesigngoalofPerlisto"makeeasytaskseasyanddifficulttaskspossible"

Perlisfreesoftware,andmaybedistributedundereithertheArtisticortheGPLLicenseItisavailableformostoperatingsystemsbutisparticularlyprevalentonUnixandUnixlikesystems(suchasLinux,FreeBSD,andMacOSX),andisgrowinginpopularityonMicrosoftWindowssystems

Perl/TkRequirementsBeforestartingwiththetutorial,makesureyouhavethefollowingthingsIfsomearemissingyoustillcanlearnperlbutyouwillnotbeabletouseittoitsfullpower

1. ActivePerl fromhttp://wwwactivestatecom/ActivePerl/forwindowsforprogramminginWindowsLinuxdon'tneedanyspecialoutsideinterpreterbecauseitalreadyhasitinmostofthedistributions

2. AgoodtexteditorIwouldrecommendCrimsonEditor(http://wwwcrimsoneditorcom/)forWindowsandXEmacsforLinux

Installing/UsingPerlInUnix/Linuxyoucanexecuteyourperlscriptsbytyping"perl"atcommandpromptButbeforeyoudothatmakesureyouhavebothPerlanditsTkmoduleMostlinuxdistributionshaveperlbutquiteafewdon'thavetheTkmoduleMakesurethatthesystemyouareusinghavetheTkmoduleIfyoudon'thaveit,gotohttp://wwwcpanorganddownloadtheperlmoduleOryoucanusetheperl'sCPANmoduletoinstalltheTkmoduleTodothis,openaterminalandenterthefollowingcommandperl -MCPAN -e shellcpan> install Bundle::CPANcpan> reload cpancpan> install TkAnother(andamucheasier)waytodothisistogetarpmofPerl/Tkandinstallingitwiththecommandrpm -ivh FILENAMEIfyouareusingUbuntu,aeasywayofinstallingPerl/Tkisusingthiscommand

sudo apt-get install perl-tkIfyouareusingWindows,downloadActivePerlandinstallitThenyoucanexecuteanyperlfilebydoubleclickingit

TwomorethingsbeforewebeginthetutorialIwillbeteachingperl/tkandIexpectyoutoknowhowtoprograminperlImayignoresomeoftheperlcodingconventionslikeincludinguse strict;,-woruse warnings;inmyexamplesTheexampleshaveonlyonepurposetodemonstratethefeaturethatwillbetaughtinthatpartofthetutorialSorryaboutthatbutIhavetokeepmytutorial'sexamplescriptsshortandtothepoint

Finally,thisisatutorialforPerl/TkonlyIwillnotbeteachingperlhereSoifyouknowperl,continueButifyouareabeginnertoperl,Iwouldrecommendthatyoureadmyperltutorial

HelloWorldLetusbegin,asallothertutorialsbegin,withthe"HelloWorld"programCreateafilecalled"Hellopl"andenterthefollowingintoit

#!/usr/local/bin/perluse Tk;# Main Windowmy $mw = new MainWindow;my $label = $mw -> Label(-text=>"Hello World") -> pack();my $button = $mw -> Button(-text => "Quit", -command => sub { exit }) -> pack();MainLoop;

Thefirstline#!/usr/local/bin/perlisnotneededinwindowsInLinux,ittellsthenameofthescriptlanguageprocessorInourcaseitisperlDon'tunderstandwhatthatmeans?Don'tworryyourgraycellsoveritJustputitatthetopofthefile

Thesecondlineuse Tk;tellstheinterpreterthatourprogramwillusetheTkmoduleThislineisanabsolutemust

inallGUIprogramsyoumakeusingperlWhentheinterpreterencountersthisline,itwillloadtheTkcomponentsthatwewillbeusingtocreateourprogram

ThethirdlineThisisacommentAnylinethatstartswitha'#'charisacommentCommentsarenotofanyuseintheprogramItisusedbyprogrammertotalktothemselvesAprogrammercannotbeexpectedtoremembereverythingascriptdoesSoheusesacommenttowriteitdownNexttimeheeditsthescript,hecanreadthecommentandunderstandwhattheprogramisforItisgoodpracticetomakeasmuchcommentsaspossible

Thefourthline,my $mw = new MainWindow;,willcreateawindowintowhichtheGUIelementswillbeplacedThevariable$mwisaobjectoftype'MainWindow'Wewillhavetousethiselementwhenwewanttoplaceanywidgetinsideit

Thefifthline$mw -> Label(-text=>"Hello World") -> pack();makesalabelandwrites"Helloworld"initYoucanchangethetexttoanythingyoulikeNotethestructureofthecommand

$labelThisvariableassignedtothatparticularwidgetEverwidgetmusthaveaUNIQUEvariableThisnamewillbeusedwheneverthatwidgetmustbeaccessed

$mw -> $mwistheMainWindow'sobjectWewillbeplacingourlabelwidgetinsidethiswindowLabel(-text=>"Hello World")'Label'isthenameofthewidgetAwidgetisauserinterfaceobjectinXgraphicaluserinterfacesConfused?LetsjustsaythatitisthenameoftheobjectthatappearsonscreenTherearemanyotherwidgetstooIfyouwanttodisplayabutton,youusethebuttonwidgetFortext,youusethetextwidgetForentry,youguessedit,theentrywidgetIfyouwant,youcanseemoreaboutwidgets

text=>"HelloWorld"TheoptionforthiswidgetThisoptionsaysthatthiswidgetmustbegiventhetext"HelloWorld"OptionschangeaccordingtothewidgetsabuttonwidgetwillnothavealltheoptionsofthelabelwidgetandviseversaButtherewillbemanycommononesPleasenotethatoperatorusedhereis'=>'asopposedtotheoneusedearlier'>'in$mw ->Oneusestheminus()signwhiletheotherusestheequals(=)signDonotconfusebetweenthesetwoYoucankeepwritingotheroptionscanalsobewrittenhereForexample,letusmakealabelforshowingthetext"HelloWorld"TheotherlinesaresameastheHelloWorldprogram

$mw -> Label(-text=>"Hello World",-font=>"courierfont",-relief=>"raised") -> pack();Inthisexample,alotmoreoptionsareusedThefontoptionisusedtotellwhichfontmustbeusedtomakethetextandthereliefoptiontellswhetherthetextshouldappearraised,sunken,flatetcToknowalltheoptionsforaparticularwidget,readthemanualthatcomeswithPerlItlistseverywidgetandeveryoptiontheyhaveIfyouaregoingtoprograminPerl,youwillfindyourselfpeekingintothemanualeveryfewminutesThemostimportantandmostcommonlyusedoptionsarelistedhere

AlloptionsmustseparatedbyacommaButasyouhavenoted,thislineisalittledifficulttoreadAsthenumberofoptionsincrease,themoredifficulttoreaditSoamorereadableversionis

$mw -> Label(-text=>"Hello World", -font=>"courierfont", -relief=>"raised") -> pack();

Nextcomesthe-> pack();Thiswillpackthewidget'$label'intothewindow'$mw''pack'isageometrymanagerAnothergeometrymanageris'grid'Personally,IlikegridbetterOnceagain,puttingallthisinonelineisaneyesoresoyoucanputthispartinthenextline

my $label = $mw -> Label(-text=>"Hello World") -> pack();

Inthiscase,packhasnooptionswithinitButthatisnotalwaysthecase

my $label = $mw -> Label(-text=>"Hello World") -> pack(-side=>"left", -anchor=>'w');

Youdon'thavetopackthewidgetinthesamelineofcreatingitbutitisconvenientinsmallprogramsYoucanpackthewidgetlaterusingthewidget'svariableForexample

my $label = $mw -> Label(-text=>"Hello World"); #We created the widget$label -> pack(-side=>"left", -anchor=>'w'); #We pack it in another line

Sowehavethefinalsyntaxofhowtocreateanddisplayawidgetmy $WidgetVariable = $Window -> WidgetType(?Option 1=>Value 1, ?Option 2=>Value 2 ??) -> pack();Thenextthreelines

my $button = $mw -> Button(-text => "Quit", -command => sub { exit }) -> pack();

willcreateanddisplayabuttonHerethewidgetvariableis'$button'Whenwelookattheoptions,wewillfindtwooptions'text'and'command'ThegiventextisQuitsothebuttonwillhavethetext"Quit"onitThecommandoptiondetermineswhatshouldhappenwhentheuserclickonthebuttonYoucanspecifyafunctiontoexecutewhentheuserclicksonthebuttonInthiscasetheprogramwillexitwhenthisbuttonispressedOnecanalsocallfunctionsthatyouhavecreatedfromhere

#!/usr/local/bin/perl

use Tk;# Main Windowmy $mw = new MainWindow;my $label = $mw -> Label(-text=>"Hello World") -> pack();my $button = $mw -> Button(-text => "Quit", -command =>\&exitProgam) -> pack();MainLoop;

sub exitProgam { $mw->messageBox(-message=>"Goodbye"); exit;}

ThenextlineMainLoop;istheMainLooportheEventLoopItsjobistoinvokecallbacksinresponsetoeventssuchasbuttonpressesortimerexpirationsIfthislineismissing,theprogramwillrunandexitwithoutwaitingfortheusertodoanythingThisisanotheroneofthose'absolutemusts'ofPerl/Tkprogramming

NowPerlpuritanswillraiseagreathueandcryandsaythatthisisnotthewaytoprint"HelloWorld"The"pure"methodisthefollowing

#!/usr/local/bin/perlprint "Hello World"Puttingthingsinperspective,IamteachingPerl/TknotPerlTheaboveisthePerlmethodofdoingitMymethodisthepTkmethodofdoingit

Widgets1:Button,Entry,LabelAwidgetisauserinterfaceobjectinXgraphicaluserinterfacesConfused?LetsjustsaythatitisthenameoftheobjectthatappearsonscreenTherearemanytypeswidgetsIfyouwanttodisplayabutton,youusethebuttonwidgetFortext,youusethetextwidgetForentry,youguessedit,theentrywidgetSyntax:my$WidgetVariable=$Window>WidgetType(?Option1=>Value1,?Option2=>Value2??)>pack();

ThreethingsneedtobesaidaboutwidgetsFirstisthewidgetvariableThisIhaveexplainedearlierThewidgetvariableofallwidgetsmustbeuniqueandwillbeusedwheneverthatwidgetneedstobeaccessedSecondistheoptionsEachwidgethassomeoptionswhichcanbeusedtoconfigureitThisisusuallydonewhenthewidgetisdeclared,butitcanbedoneafterwardalsoThefinalthingiscommandsEachwidgethassomecommandswhichalso

canbeusedtoconfigureitormakeitdosomething

Butbeforewebegin,weneedtoknowalittleaboutthepackcommandIhaveexplainedthisearlierbutjustdoingitonemoretimesothatyoudon'thavetopushthebackbuttonPackisageometrymanagerAnothergeometrymanageris'grid'wewillexplorethatlatterPackismuchmoresimplerthangridTheline$hello>pack;tellstheinterpretertopackthewidgetcalled"$hello"

ButtonThiswillmakeabuttonItcanbeconfiguredtoexecutesomecodewhenthebuttonispushedThiswillusuallyrefertoafunctionsowhenthebuttonispushed,thefunctionwillrunAnbuttonisshownbelowThisbuttoniscreatedusingHTMLinputtag

SomeOptionstext=>"TEXT" TEXTwillbethetextdisplayedonthebutton

command=>CALLBACK CALLBACKwillbethecodethatiscalledwhenthebuttonispushed

#!/usr/local/bin/perluse Tk;

# Main Windowmy $mw = new MainWindow;

my $but = $mw -> Button(-text => "Push Me", -command =>\&push_button);$but -> pack();

MainLoop;

#This is executed when the button is pressed sub push_button { whatever }

YoumayhavenoticedthatIusedaslash(\)inthecommandcallback(-command =>\&push_button);)Makesurethattheslashstaystheretoseewhy,gototheMostcommonmistakesbyPerl/Tkbeginners

EntryAnentryisawidgetthatdisplaysaonelinetextstringandallowstheusertoinputandedittextinitWhenanentryhastheinputfocusitdisplaysaninsertioncursortoindicatewherenewcharacterswillbeinsertedAnentryelementisshownusingHTML

SomeOptionswidth=>NUMBER WidthoftheinputfieldNUMBERshouldbeaninteger

textvariable=>\$VARIABLE ThecontentsofthevariableVARIABLEwillbedisplayedinthewidgetIfthetextinthewidgetisedited,thevariablewillbeeditedautomatically

state=>STATEThestateoftheinputfieldItcanbenormal,disabled,orreadonlyIfitisreadonlythetextcan'tbeedited

SomeCommands

Syntax Description Example

$widget>get(); Thetextinsideinputfieldcanbetakenbythiscommand

$name=$ent>get();

$widget>delete(FIRST?,LAST?); DeleteoneormoreelementsoftheentryFIRSTis $ent>delete(0,'end');

theindexofthefirstcharactertodelete,andLASTistheindexofthecharacterjustafterthelastonetodeleteIflastisn'tspecifieditdefaultstoFIRST+1,ieasinglecharacterisdeletedThiscommandreturnsanemptystring

$widget>insert(index,"STRING");

InsertthecharactersofSTRINGjustbeforethecharacterindicatedbyindexIndexis0forthefirstcharacterTheword"end"canbeusedforthelastcharacter

$ent>insert('end',"Hello");

Example



#GUI Building Areamy $ent = $mw -> Entry() -> pack();my $but = $mw -> Button(-text => "Push Me", -command =>\&push_button);$but -> pack();

MainLoop;

#This is executed when the button is pressed sub push_button { $ent -> insert('end',"Hello");}

LabelThiswidgetdisplaytextmessages

SomeOptionstext=>"TEXT" TEXTwillbethetextdisplayedonthebutton

font=>FONT SpecifiesthefonttousewhendrawingtextinsidethewidgetYoucanspecifyjustthefontoryoucangiveitinthisformat"FONTNAMESIZESTYLE"TheSTYLEcanbebold,normaletc

Example


my $mw = new MainWindow; # Main Window

my $lab = $mw -> Label(-text=>"Enter name:") -> pack();my $ent = $mw -> Entry() -> pack();my $but = $mw -> Button(-text => "Push Me", -command =>\&push_button);$but -> pack();

MainLoop;

#This is executed when the button is pressedsub push_button { $ent -> insert(0,"Hello, ");}

Widgets2:Frame,Text,Scrollbar,Scale

FrameAframeisasimplewidgetItsprimarypurposeistoactasaspacerorcontainerforcomplexwindowlayoutsTheonlyfeaturesofaframeareitsbackgroundcolorandanoptional3DbordertomaketheframeappearraisedorsunkenFramecanbecreatedjustlikeanyotherwidgetmy $frm = $mw -> Frame();Toplaceotherwidgetsinthisframe,youshouldusetheframewidgetvariableasitsparentNormallytheparentis'$mw'ortheMainWindowButifwewishtoputawidgetinsideaframe,usetheframevariable('$frm'inthiscase)inplaceof'$mw'Likethismy $lab = $frm_name -> Label(-text=>"Name:") -> pack();SomeOptions

relief=>STYLE

Specifiesthe3DeffectdesiredforthewidgetAcceptablevaluesareraised,sunken,flat,ridge,solid,andgrooveThevalueindicateshowtheinteriorofthewidgetshouldappearrelativetoitsexterior;forexample,raisedmeanstheinteriorofthewidgetshouldappeartoprotrudefromthescreen,relativetotheexteriorofthewidget

Example



my $frm_name = $mw -> Frame() -> pack(); #New Framemy $lab = $frm_name -> Label(-text=>"Name:") -> pack();my $ent = $frm_name -> Entry() -> pack();

my $but = $mw -> Button(-text=>"Push Me", -command =>\&push_button) -> pack();

MainLoop;

#This function will be executed when the button is pushedsub push_button { $ent -> insert(0,"Hello, ");}

TextAtextwidgetdisplaysoneormorelinesoftextandallowsthattexttobeeditedSimilartotheentrywidgetbutalargerversionofit

SomeOptions

xscrollcommand=>COMMAND ThisistoenablecommunicationbetweenatextwidgetandascrollbarwidgetThereisayscrollcommandsimillertothisone

font=>FONTNAME Specifiesthefonttousewhendrawingtextinsidethewidget

width=>NUMBER Specifiesthewidthofthewidget

height=>NUMBER Specifiesthe,youguessedit,heightofthewidget


$widget>get(index1,?index2?);

ReturnarangeofcharactersfromthetextThereturnvaluewillbeallthecharactersinthetextstartingwiththeonewhoseindexisindex1andendingjustbeforetheonewhoseindexisindex2(thecharacteratindex2willnotbereturned)Ifindex2isomittedthenthesinglecharacteratindex1isreturnedNotethattheindexoftextisdifferentfromthatoftheentrywidgetTheindexoftextwidgetisintheformLINE_NOCHARECTER_NOThismeansthat10meansthefirstcharacterinthefirstline

$contents=$txt>get(10,'end');

$widget>insert(index,DATA);

InsertsallofthecharsargumentsjustbeforethecharacteratindexIfindexreferstotheendofthetext(thecharacterafterthelastnewline)thenthenewtextisinsertedjustbeforethelastnewlineinstead

$txt>inset('end',"HelloWorld");

Example



my $frm_name = $mw -> Frame() -> pack();my $lab = $frm_name -> Label(-text=>"Name:") -> pack();my $ent = $frm_name -> Entry() -> pack();

my $but = $mw -> Button(-text=>"Push Me", -command =>\&push_button) -> pack();#Text Areamy $txt = $mw -> Text(-width=>40, -height=>10) -> pack();

MainLoop;

#This function will be executed when the button is pushedsub push_button { my $name = $ent -> get(); $txt -> insert('end',"Hello, $name");}

ScrollbarAscrollbarisawidgetthatdisplaystwoarrows,oneateachendofthescrollbar,andasliderinthemiddleportionofthescrollbarItprovidesinformationaboutwhatisvisibleinanassociatedwindowthatdisplaysandocumentofsomesort(suchasafilebeingeditedoradrawing)ThepositionandsizeofthesliderindicatewhichportionofthedocumentisvisibleintheassociatedwindowForexample,ifthesliderinaverticalscrollbarcoversthetopthirdoftheareabetweenthetwoarrows,itmeansthattheassociatedwindowdisplaysthetopthirdofitsdocumentItismadetoworkwithotherwidgetsliketextSomeOptions

orient=>DIRECTIONForwidgetsthatcanlaythemselvesoutwitheitherahorizontalorverticalorientation,suchasscrollbars,thisoptionspecifieswhichorientationshouldbeusedDIRECTIONmustbeeitherhorizontalorverticaloranabbreviationofoneofthese

command=>COMMAND ThiscommandgetsexecutedwhenthescrollbarismovedThisoptionalmostalwayshas

avaluesuchastxviewortyview,consistingofthenameofawidgetandeitherxview(ifthescrollbarisforhorizontalscrolling)oryview(forverticalscrolling)Allscrollablewidgetshavexviewandyviewcommandsthattakeexactlytheadditionalargumentsappendedbythescrollbar

Example



my $frm_name = $mw -> Frame();my $lab = $frm_name -> Label(-text=>"Name:");my $ent = $frm_name -> Entry();

my $but = $mw -> Button(-text=>"Push Me", -command =>\&push_button);

my $textarea = $mw -> Frame(); #Creating Another Framemy $txt = $textarea -> Text(-width=>40, -height=>10);my $srl_y = $textarea -> Scrollbar(-orient=>'v',-command=>[yview => $txt]);my $srl_x = $textarea -> Scrollbar(-orient=>'h',-command=>[xview => $txt]);$txt -> configure(-yscrollcommand=>['set', $srl_y], -xscrollcommand=>['set',$srl_x]);

$lab -> grid(-row=>1,-column=>1);$ent -> grid(-row=>1,-column=>2);$frm_name -> grid(-row=>1,-column=>1,-columnspan=>2);

$but -> grid(-row=>4,-column=>1,-columnspan=>2);

$txt -> grid(-row=>1,-column=>1);$srl_y -> grid(-row=>1,-column=>2,-sticky=>"ns");$srl_x -> grid(-row=>2,-column=>1,-sticky=>"ew");$textarea -> grid(-row=>5,-column=>1,-columnspan=>2);

MainLoop;

#This function will be executed when the button is pushedsub push_button { my $name = $ent -> get(); $txt -> insert('end',"Hello, $name");}

grid

AsyoucanseeIhaveused'grid'hereGridisNOTawidgetItisageometrymanagerlikepackbutmoreadvancedLetstakeacloserlookatthecommands$widget -> grid(-row=>1, -column=>1);Thislinewilltelltheinterpretertoputthewidgetcalled'$txt'inthefirstrowofthefirstcolumnofitsparentwidgetThebelowdigramwillhelpyouunderstand

Column1 Column2

Row1 '$txt'widgetwillbehere '$srl_y'widget'splace

Row2 '$srl_x'widget'sposition

SomeOptions

sticky=>STYLE

Thisoptionmaybeusedtoposition(orstretch)thewidgetwithinitscellSTYLEisastringthatcontainszeroormoreofthecharactersn,s,eorwEachletterreferstoaside(north,south,east,orwest)thattheslavewill"stick"toIfbothnands(oreandw)arespecified,theslavewillbestretchedtofilltheentireheight(orwidth)ofitscavity

ipadx=>AMOUNT TheAMOUNTspecifieshowmuchhorizontalinternalpaddingtoleaveoneachsideoftheslave(s)Thisisspaceisaddedinsidetheslave(s)border

ipady=>AMOUNT TheAMOUNTspecifieshowmuchverticalinternalpaddingtoleaveoneachsideoftheslave(s)Optionssameasipadx

padx=>AMOUNTTheamountspecifieshowmuchhorizontalexternalpaddingtoleaveoneachsideoftheslave(s),inscreenunitsAMOUNTmaybealistoftwovaluestospecifypaddingforleftandrightseparately

pady=>AMOUNT Theamountspecifieshowmuchverticalexternalpaddingtoleaveonthetopandbottomoftheslave(s),inscreenunitsOptionssameaspadx

row=>NInserttheslavesothatitoccupiestheNthrowinthegridRownumbersstartwith0Ifthisoptionisnotsupplied,thentheslaveisarrangedonthesamerowasthepreviousslavespecifiedonthiscalltogrid,orthefirstunoccupiedrowifthisisthefirstslave

column=>N InserttheslavesothatitoccupiestheN'thcolumninthegridOptionssameasrow

rowspan=>N InserttheslavesothatitoccupiesNrowsinthegridThedefaultisonerow

columnspan=>N InserttheslavesothatitoccupiesNcolumnsinthegrid

UsinggridrequiresabitofexperiencebutifyouknowHTMLitwouldhelpalotTherowsandcolumnsarejustlikethoseinHTMLtablesalthoughthecodesareverydifferent

Scale

Makesasliderthatcanbeadjustedbytheusertoinputavariable

SomeOptionsfrom=>NUMBER StartingNumber

to=>NUMBER EndingNumber

tickinterval=>NUMBER Determinesthespacingbetweennumericaltickmarksdisplayedbelowortotheleftoftheslider

varable=>NAMESpecifiesthenameofaglobalvariabletolinktothescaleWheneverthevalueofthevariablechanges,thescalewillupdatetoreflectthisvalueWheneverthescaleismanipulatedinteractively,thevariablewillbemodifiedtoreflectthescale'snewvalue


$widget>get(); Getthecurrentvalueofthescale my$age=$scl>get();

$widget>set(value); Givethescaleanewvalue $scl>set(20);

Example


#Global Variablesmy $age = 10;


#GUI Building Areamy $frm_name = $mw -> Frame();my $lab = $frm_name -> Label(-text=>"Name:");my $ent = $frm_name -> Entry();#Agemy $scl = $mw -> Scale(-label=>"Age :", -orient=>'v', -digit=>1, -from=>10, -to=>50, -variable=>\$age, -tickinterval=>10);


#Text Areamy $textarea = $mw -> Frame();my $txt = $textarea -> Text(-width=>40, -height=>10);my $srl_y = $textarea -> Scrollbar(-orient=>'v',-command=>[yview => $txt]);my $srl_x = $textarea -> Scrollbar(-orient=>'h',-command=>[xview => $txt]);$txt -> configure(-yscrollcommand=>['set', $srl_y], -xscrollcommand=>['set',$srl_x]);

#Geometry Management$lab -> grid(-row=>1,-column=>1);$ent -> grid(-row=>1,-column=>2);$scl -> grid(-row=>2,-column=>1);$frm_name -> grid(-row=>1,-column=>1,-columnspan=>2);



MainLoop;

## Functions#This function will be exected when the button is pushedsub push_button { my $name = $ent -> get(); $txt -> insert('end',"$name is $age years old");}

NowourlittleexampleisbecomingmoreandmorelikeaprogramWehaveaddedthecommentstoitasithasgrownbigandisdifficulttounderstandNowwehaveaddedasliderwithwhichagecanbeinputed

DialogsDialogscanbecalledtheelementsinaprogramthatdetachesitselffromthemainwindowThisisaVERYgeneraldefinitionandhasmanyproblemsButforthemoment,itwilldoTkprovidesmanydialogs

messageBoxThisprocedurecreatesanddisplaysamessagewindowwithanapplicationspecifiedmessage,aniconandasetofbuttonsEachofthebuttonsinthemessagewindowisidentifiedbyauniquesymbolicname(seethetypeoptions)Afterthemessagewindowispoppedup,messageBoxwaitsfortheusertoselectoneofthebuttonsPushthebelowbuttontoseeanexampleofmessageBox

SomeOptionsdefault=>name Namegivesthesymbolicnameofthedefaultbuttonforthismessagewindow('ok','cancel',

andsoon)SeetypeforalistofthesymbolicnamesIfthisoptionisnotspecified,thefirst

buttoninthedialogwillbemadethedefault

icon>iconImage SpecifiesanicontodisplayIconImagemustbeoneofthefollowing:error,info,questionorwarningIfthisoptionisnotspecified,thentheinfoiconwillbedisplayed

message>string Specifiesthemessagetodisplayinthismessagebox

title>String SpecifiesastringtodisplayasthetitleofthemessageboxThedefaultvalueisanemptystring

type>predefinedType

ArrangesforapredefinedsetofbuttonstobedisplayedThefollowingvaluesarepossibleforpredefinedType:abortretryignore Displaysthreebuttonswhosesymbolicnamesareabort,retryandignoreok Displaysonebuttonwhosesymbolicnameisokokcancel Displaystwobuttonswhosesymbolicnamesareokandcancelretrycancel Displaystwobuttonswhosesymbolicnamesareretryandcancelyesno Displaystwobuttonswhosesymbolicnamesareyesandnoyesnocancel Displaysthreebuttonswhosesymbolicnamesareyes,noandcancel

Example

#!/usr/local/bin/perluse Tk;use strict;

# Main Windowmy $mw = new MainWindow;my $button = $mw-

providingaseparateNewmenucommand

ThegetSaveFilecommandisusuallyassociatedwiththeSaveascommandintheFilemenuIftheuserentersafilethatalreadyexists,thedialogboxpromptstheuserforconfirmationwhethertheexistingfileshouldbeoverwrittenornot

SomeOptions

initialdir=>DIRNAME

SpecifiesthatthedirectoriesindirectoryshouldbedisplayedwhenthedialogpopsupIfthisparameterisnotspecified,thenthedirectoriesinthecurrentworkingdirectoryaredisplayedIftheparameterspecifiesarelativepath,thereturnvaluewillconverttherelativepathtoanabsolutepath

defaultextension=>EXTENSIONSpecifiesastringthatwillbeappendedtothefilenameiftheuserentersafilenamewithoutanextensionThedefaultvalueistheemptystring,whichmeansnoextensionwillbeappendedtothefilenameinanycase

filetypes=>filePatternList

IfaFiletypeslistboxexistsinthefiledialogontheparticularplatform,thisoptiongivesthefiletypesinthislistboxWhentheuserchooseafiletypeinthelistbox,onlythefilesofthattypearelistedIfthisoptionisunspecified,orifitissettotheemptylist,oriftheFiletypeslistboxisnotsupportedbytheparticularplatformthenallfilesarelistedregardlessoftheirtypesThisisalittletrickyseemanualforinformation

initialfile=>FILENAME Specifiesafilenametobedisplayedinthedialogwhenitpopsup

multiple AllowstheusertochoosemultiplefilesfromtheOpendialog

TopleveltoplevelisawidgetThiscanbeusedtocreatecustomdialogboxesAtoplevelissimilartoaframeexceptthatitiscreatedasatoplevelwindow:itsXparentistherootwindowofascreenratherthanthelogicalparentfromitspathnameTheprimarypurposeofatoplevelistoserveasacontainerfordialogboxesandothercollectionsofwidgetsTheonlyvisiblefeaturesofatoplevelareitsbackgroundcolorandanoptional3Dbordertomakethetoplevelappearraisedorsunken

OnecanusetopleveltocreatenewwindowsThewidgetscanbepackedinsideitinthesamewaywidgetsarepackedinsideaframeAnexample

#!/usr/local/bin/perluse Tk;# Main Window$mw = new MainWindow;

my $lab = $mw -> Label(-text=>"This is the root window", -font=>"ansi 12 bold") -> pack;my $but = $mw -> Button(-text=>"Click to Create Toplevel", -command=>\&makeTop) -> pack;

MainLoop;

#A function to make a toplevel windowsub makeTop { my $top = $mw -> Toplevel(); #Make the window #Put things in it my $top_lab = $top -> Label(-text=>"This is the Toplevel window", -font=>"ansi 12 bold") -> pack; my $txt = $top -> Text() -> pack; $txt -> insert('end', "Widgets can be packed in this window"); #An option to close the window my $but_close = $top -> Button(-text=>"Close", -command => sub { destroy $top; } ) -> pack;}

Widgets3:Radiobutton,Checkbutton

Radiobutton

RadiobuttonisaninputwhereanyoneofmanychoicesMUSTbechosenIfoneischosenandanotherbuttonisclicked,thelastchosenwillloseitsstateandtheclickedbuttonwillbechosenAgraphicexample(inHTML)isgivenbelow

Choices 1| 2| 3

SomeOptions

command=>COMMAND SpecifiesacommandtoassociatewiththebuttonThiscommandistypicallyinvokedwhenmousebutton1isreleasedoverthebuttonwindow

variable=>\$VARIABLE Specifiesnameofglobalvariabletosettoindicatewhetherornotthisbuttonisselected

value=>VALUE Specifiesvaluetostoreinthebutton'sassociatedvariablewheneverthisbuttonisselected


$widget>deselect(); Deselectsthecheckbuttonandsetstheassociatedvariabletoits"off"value

$rdb_m>deselect();

$widget>select() Selectsthecheckbuttonandsetstheassociatedvariabletoits"on"value $rdb_m>select();

Example


#Global Variablesmy $age = 10;my $gender = "Male";



#Gendermy $frm_gender = $mw -> Frame();my $lbl_gender = $frm_gender -> Label(-text=>"Sex ");my $rdb_m = $frm_gender -> Radiobutton(-text=>"Male", -value=>"Male", -variable=>\$gender);my $rdb_f = $frm_gender -> Radiobutton(-text=>"Female", -value=>"Female",-variable=>\$gender);


#Text Areamy $textarea = $mw -> Frame();

my $txt = $textarea -> Text(-width=>40, -height=>10);my $srl_y = $textarea -> Scrollbar(-orient=>'v',-command=>[yview => $txt]);my $srl_x = $textarea -> Scrollbar(-orient=>'h',-command=>[xview => $txt]);$txt -> configure(-yscrollcommand=>['set', $srl_y], -xscrollcommand=>['set',$srl_x]);


$lbl_gender -> grid(-row=>1,-column=>1);$rdb_m -> grid(-row=>1,-column=>2);$rdb_f -> grid(-row=>1,-column=>3);$frm_gender -> grid(-row=>3,-column=>1,-columnspan=>2);



MainLoop;

## Functions#This function will be executed when the button is pushedsub push_button { my $name = $ent -> get(); $txt -> insert('end',"$name$$gender$ is $age years old");}

ThistimetheprogramissubjectedtoevenmorechangethegeometrymanagerisfullygridnowThereisnoinstancesofpackYouwillfindthisnecessarywhenthelayoutbecomesmorecomplicatedIhopeyoucanstaywithmeinsuchtryingtimes

Checkbutton

CheckbottonisainputwithtwooptionsOfforOnithastobeeitheroneThestatecanbechangedbyclickingonitAnexampleisshownbelow

checkbox

SomeOptions

offvalue=>VALUE Specifiesvaluetostoreinthebutton'sassociatedvariablewheneverthisbuttonisdeselectedDefaultsto``0''

onvalue=>VALUE Specifiesvaluetostoreinthebutton'sassociatedvariablewheneverthisbuttonisselectedDefaultsto``1''

command=>CALLBACK SpecifiesacommandtoassociatewiththebuttonThiscommandistypicallyinvokedwhenmousebutton1isreleasedoverthebuttonwindow

variable=>\$VARABLE Specifiesnameofglobalvariabletosettoindicatewhetherornotthisbuttonisselected


$widget>deselect(); Deselectsthecheckbuttonandsetstheassociatedvariabletoits``off''value $chk>deselect();

$widget>select(); Selectsthecheckbuttonandsetstheassociatedvariabletoits``on''value $chk>select();

$widget>toggle(); Togglestheselectionstateofthebutton,redisplayingitandmodifyingitsassociatedvariabletoreflectthenewstate $chk>toggle();

Example


#Global Variablesmy $age = 10;my $gender = "Male";my $occupied = 1;


#GUI Building Areamy $frm_name = $mw -> Frame();my $lab = $frm_name -> Label(-text=>"Name:");my $ent = $frm_name -> Entry();#Agemy $scl = $mw -> Scale(-label=>"Age :", -orient=>'v', -digit=>1, -from=>10, -to=>50, -variable=>\$age, -tickinterval=>10); #Jobsmy $chk = $mw -> Checkbutton(-text=>"Occupied", -variable=>\$occupied);$chk -> deselect();




#Geometry Management$lab -> grid(-row=>1,-column=>1);$ent -> grid(-row=>1,-column=>2);$frm_name -> grid(-row=>1,-column=>1,-columnspan=>2);

$scl -> grid(-row=>2,-column=>1);$chk -> grid(-row=>2,-column=>2,-sticky=>'w');



$txt -> grid(-row=>1,-column=>1);$srl_y -> grid(-row=>1,-column=>2,-sticky=>"ns");

$srl_x -> grid(-row=>2,-column=>1,-sticky=>"ew");$textarea -> grid(-row=>5,-column=>1,-columnspan=>2);

MainLoop;

## Functions#This function will be executed when the button is pushedsub push_button { my $name = $ent -> get(); $txt -> insert('end',"$name$$gender$ is $age years old");}

Widgets4:Listbox

ListboxAlistboxisawidgetthatdisplaysalistofstrings,oneperlineWhenfirstcreated,anewlistboxhasnoelementsElementsmaybeaddedordeletedusingwidgetcommandsdescribedbelow

SomeOptions

selectmode=>MODESpecifiesoneofseveralstylesformanipulatingtheselectionTheMODEmaybearbitrary,butthedefaultbindingsexpectittobeeithersingle,browse,multiple,orextended;thedefaultvalueisbrowse

SomeCommands


$widget>curselection();

ReturnsalistcontainingthenumericalindicesofalloftheelementsinthelistboxthatarecurrentlyselectedIftherearenoelementsselectedinthelistboxthenanemptystringisreturned

$sel=$lst>curselection();

$widget>delete(first,?last?);

DeletesoneormoreelementsofthelistboxFirstandlastareindicesspecifyingthefirstandlastelementsintherangetodeleteIflastisn'tspecifieditdefaultstofirst,ieasingleelementisdeleted

$lst>delete(5);

$widget>get(first,?last?);

Iflastisomitted,returnsthecontentsofthelistboxelementindicatedbyfirst,oranemptystringiffirstreferstoanonexistentelementIflastisspecified,thecommandreturnsalistwhoseelementsareallofthelistboxelementsbetweenfirstandlast,inclusive

$lst>get(5,end);

$widget>index(index);

ReturnstheintegerindexvaluethatcorrespondstoindexIfindexisendthereturnvalueisacountofthenumberofelementsinthelistbox(nottheindexofthelastelement)

$lst>index(5);

$widget>insert(index,?elementelement?);

InsertszeroormorenewelementsinthelistjustbeforetheelementgivenbyindexIfindexisspecifiedasendthenthenewelementsareaddedtotheendofthelistReturnsanemptystring

$lst>insert('end',"me");

$widget>size(); Returnsadecimalstringindicatingthetotalnumberofelementsinthelistbox

$count=$lst>size();

Example


#Global Variablesmy $age = 10;my $occupied = 1;my $gender = "Male";



#Jobsmy $frm_job = $mw -> Frame();my $chk = $frm_job -> Checkbutton(-text=>"Occupied", -variable=>\$occupied);$chk -> deselect();my $lst = $frm_job -> Listbox(-selectmode=>'single');

#Adding jobs$lst -> insert('end',"Student","Teacher","Clerk","Business Man", "Militry Personal","Computer Expert","Others");





$chk -> grid(-row=>1,-column=>1,-sticky=>'w');$lst -> grid(-row=>2,-column=>1);$frm_job -> grid(-row=>2,-column=>2);



$txt -> grid(-row=>1,-column=>1);$srl_y -> grid(-row=>1,-column=>2,-sticky=>"ns");

$srl_x -> grid(-row=>2,-column=>1,-sticky=>"ew");$textarea -> grid(-row=>5,-column=>1,-columnspan=>2);

MainLoop;

## Functions#This function will be executed when the button is pushedsub push_button { my $name = $ent -> get(); $txt -> insert('end',"$name$$gender$ is $age years old and is "); my $job = ""; #See whether he is employed if ( $occupied == 1 ) { my $job_id = $lst -> curselection(); #Get the no of selected jobs if ( $job_id eq "" ) { #If there is no job $job = "a Non worker"; } else { $job = $lst -> get($job_id) ;#Get the name of the job $txt -> insert('end',"a $job"); } } else { $txt -> insert('end',"unemployed"); }}

Wow!Our'little'exampleisabig(andutterlypointless)programnowIamgoingtostop'exampling'fromnowonThisisquitecomplicatedisn'tit?Whydon'tyourunthescriptandseewhatabeautifulscriptwemadeCopytheabovescriptandpasteitinafilecalled"infopl"anddoubleclickthefileVoila!WearePerl/Tkprogrammers

Widgets5:Menubutton,Menu,Optionmenu

MenubuttonAmenubuttonisawidgetthatdisplaysatextualstring,bitmap,orimageandisassociatedwithamenuwidgetInnormalusage,pressingleftclickingthemenubuttoncausestheassociatedmenutobepostedjustunderneaththemenubutton

SomeOptions

direction=>DIRECTION

Specifieswherethemenuisgoingtobepopupupabovetriestopopthemenuabovethemenubuttonbelowtriestopopthemenubelowthemenubuttonlefttriestopopthemenutotheleftofthemenubuttonrighttriestopopthemenutotherightofthemenubuttonflushpopsthemenudirectlyoverthemenubutton

menu=>NAME SpecifiesthepathnameofthemenuassociatedwiththismenubuttonThemenumustbeachildofthemenubutton

MenuAmenuisawidgetthatdisplaysacollectionofonelineentriesarrangedinoneormorecolumnsThereexistseveraldifferenttypesofentries,eachwithdifferentpropertiesEntriesofdifferenttypesmaybecombinedinasinglemenuMenuentriesarenotthesameasentrywidgetsInfact,menuentriesarenotevendistinctwidgets;theentiremenuisonewidget

SomeOptions

tearoff=>BOOLEAN

Thisoptionmusthaveaproperbooleanvalue,whichspecifieswhetherornotthemenushouldincludeatearoffentryatthetopIfso,itwillexistasentry0ofthemenuandtheotherentrieswillnumberstartingat1Thedefaultmenubindingsarrangeforthemenutobetornoffwhenthetearoffentryisinvoked

title=>STRINGThestringwillbeusedtotitlethewindowcreatedwhenthismenuistornoffIfthetitleisNULL,thenthewindowwillhavethetitleofthemenubuttonorthetextofthecascadeitemfromwhichthismenuwasinvoked

type=>OPTIONThisoptioncanbeoneofmenubar,tearoff,ornormal,andissetwhenthemenuiscreatedWhilethestringreturnedbytheconfigurationdatabasewillchangeifthisoptionischanged,thisdoesnotaffectthemenuwidget'sbehavior

SomeCommands

Syntax Description

$widget>TYPE(?option=>value,option=>value,?);

AddanewentrytothebottomofthemenuThenewentry'stypeisgivenbyTYPEandmustbeoneofcascade,checkbutton,command,radiobutton,orseparator,orauniqueabbreviationofoneoftheaboveIfadditionalargumentsarepresent,theyspecifyanyofthefollowingoptions:

accelerator=>VALUE

SpecifiesastringtodisplayattherightsideofthemenuentryNormallydescribesanacceleratorkeystrokesequencethatmaybetypedtoinvokethesamefunctionasthemenuentryThisoptionisnotavailableforseparatorortearoffentries

columnbreak=>VALUEWhenthisoptioniszero,theappearsbelowthepreviousentryWhenthisoptionisone,themenuappearsatthetopofanewcolumninthemenu

label=>VALUE SpecifiesastringtodisplayasanidentifyinglabelinthemenuentryNotavailableforseparatorortearoffentries

compound=>VALUE

Specifieswhetherthemenuentryshoulddisplaybothanimageandtext,andifso,wheretheimageshouldbeplacedrelativetothetextValidvaluesforthisoptionarebottom,center,left,none,rightandtop

image=>VALUE

SpecifiesanimagetodisplayinthemenuinsteadofatextstringorbitmapTheimagemusthavebeencreatedbysomepreviousinvocationofimagecreateThisoptionoverridesthelabelandbitmapoptionsbutmayberesettoanemptystringtoenableatextualorbitmaplabeltobedisplayedThisoptionisnotavailableforseparatorortearoffentries

underline=>VALUE

SpecifiestheintegerindexofacharactertounderlineintheentryThisoptionisusedtomakekeyboardshortcuts0correspondstothefirstcharacterofthetextdisplayedintheentry,1tothenextcharacter,andsoon

$widget>delete(index1,?index2?);

Deleteallofthemenuentriesbetweenindex1andindex2inclusiveIfindex2isomittedthenitdefaultstoindex1Attemptstodeleteatearoffmenuentryareignored(instead,youshouldchangethetearOffoptiontoremovethetearoffentry)

$widget>insert(index,type,?option=>value?);

Sameastheaddwidgetcommandexceptthatitinsertsthenewentryjustbeforetheentrygivenbyindex,insteadofappendingtotheendofthemenuThetype,option,andvalueargumentshavethesameinterpretationasfortheaddwidgetcommandItisnotpossibletoinsertnewmenuentriesbeforethetearoffentry,ifthemenuhasone

Example

#!/usr/local/bin/perluse Tk;# Main Windowmy $mw = new MainWindow;

#Making a text areamy $txt = $mw -> Scrolled('Text',-width => 50,-scrollbars=>'e') -> pack ();

#Declare that there is a menumy $mbar = $mw -> Menu();$mw -> configure(-menu => $mbar);

#The Main Buttonsmy $file = $mbar -> cascade(-label=>"File", -underline=>0, -tearoff => 0);my $others = $mbar -> cascade(-label =>"Others", -underline=>0, -tearoff => 0);my $help = $mbar -> cascade(-label =>"Help", -underline=>0, -tearoff => 0);

## File Menu ##$file -> command(-label => "New", -underline=>0, -command=>sub { $txt -> delete('10','end');} );$file -> checkbutton(-label =>"Open", -underline => 0, -command => [\&menuClicked, "Open"]);$file -> command(-label =>"Save", -underline => 0, -command => [\&menuClicked, "Save"]);$file -> separator();$file -> command(-label =>"Exit", -underline => 1, -command => sub { exit } );

## Others Menu ##my $insert = $others -> cascade(-label =>"Insert", -underline => 0, -tearoff => 0);$insert -> command(-label =>"Name", -command => sub { $txt->insert('end',"Name : Binny V A\n");});$insert -> command(-label =>"Website", -command=>sub { $txt->insert('end',"Website : http://wwwgeocitiescom/binnyva/\n");});$insert -> command(-label =>"Email", -command=> sub {$txt->insert('end',"E-Mail : binnyva\@hotmailcom\n");});$others -> command(-label =>"Insert All", -underline => 7, -command => sub { $txt->insert('end',"Name : Binny V AWebsite : http://wwwgeocitiescom/binnyva/E-Mail : binnyva\@hotmailcom"); });

## Help ##$help -> command(-label =>"About", -command => sub { $txt->delete('10','end'); $txt->insert('end', "About----------This script was created to make a menu for a\nPerl/Tk tutorialMade by Binny V AWebsite : http://wwwgeocitiescom/binnyva/codeE-Mail : binnyva\@hotmailcom"); });

MainLoop;

sub menuClicked { my ($opt) = @_; $mw->messageBox(-message=>"You have clicked $optThis function is not implanted yet");}

CreatethemainbuttonsascascademenusandcreatethemenusastheirslavesFormoreinformationseethemanual

OptionmenuMakesabutton,whichwhenclickedonshowsalistwithavailableoptionsUsefulwhenuserhastomakeonechoicewhenmultiplechoicesaregivenBelowisaoptionsmenuinHTMLAwordofcautionthoughPerl/Tk'soptionmenuhasaverydifferentappearance

Syntaxmy $widget = $mw -> Optionmenu(?option=>value,option=>value,?);

Options

Syntax Description

options=>OPTIONS (Re)setsthelistofoptionspresented

command=>CALLBACK Definesthecallbackthatisinvokeswhenanewoptionisselected

variable=>\$VARIABLE Referencetoascalarthatcontainsthecurrentvalueoftheselectedoption

Methords


$widget>addOptions([Option1=>Value1],?[Option2=>Value2]?);

Addsnewlygivenoptionstothealreadyavailableoptions

$opt>addOptions([May=>5],[June=>6],[July=>7],[Augest=>8]);

Example

#!/usr/local/bin/perluse Tk;# Main Window$mw = new MainWindow;

my $var;my $opt = $mw -> Optionmenu(-options => [qw(January February March April)], -command => sub { print "got: ", shift, "\n" }, -variable => \$var, )->pack;$opt->addOptions([May=>5],[June=>6],[July=>7],[Augest=>8]);

$mw->Label(-textvariable=>\$var, -relief=>'groove')->pack;$mw->Button(-text=>'Exit', -command=>sub{$mw->destroy})->pack;

MainLoop;

SomemoreWidgetsCanvas,Message,Adjuster,Scrolled

CanvasThecanvaswidgetisaveryimportantwidgetasallpointsareaddressablegraphicaldrawingareaCanvaswidgetsimplementstructuredgraphicsAcanvasdisplaysanynumberofitems,whichmaybethingslikerectangles,circles,lines,andtextItemsmaybemanipulated(egmovedorrecolored)andcommandsmaybeassociatedwithitemsSoifyoudon'tlikethepaintprograminwindows,youcanmakeyourownprogramusingthiswidget

Go

Thecommand$widget -> create typeoptionsisusedtomakedifferentstructuresAfewexamplesaregivenbelowFormoreinformationreadthemanual

Example


my $cns = $mw -> Canvas(-relief=>"sunken", -background=>"blue");$cns -> create('polygon',5,100,50,5,150,5,200,100,5,100, -joinstyle=>"bevel", -fill=>"red", -outline=>"white", -width=>5);$cns -> create('oval',200,100,300,200, -fill=>"green");$cns -> create('oval',100,150,300,100, -fill=>"white", -width=>0);$cns -> create('rectangle',10,150,100,250, -dash=>[6,4,2,4,2,4]);$cns -> pack;

MainLoop;

MessageAmessageisawidgetthatdisplaysatextualstringMuchlikethelabelwidgetbutthiscanbeusedtomakeamultilinetext

ThejustifyoptionspecifieshowtojustifylinesoftextMustbeoneofleft,center,orrightDefaultstoleftThisoptionworkstogetherwiththeanchor,aspect,padX,padY,andwidthoptionstoprovideavarietyofarrangementsofthetextwithinthewindow

Adjuster

AnadjusteractsliketheframewidgetwithonenotableexceptionTheborderscanbedraggedandexpendedThiswidgetcontainsanynumberofpanes,arrangedhorizontallyorvertically,accordingtothevalueoftheorientoptionEachpanecontainsonewidget,andeachpairofpanesisseparatedbyamovablesashMovingasashcanbedonebydraggingitThiscausesthewidgetsoneithersideofthesashtoberesized

SomeOptions

side=>DIRECTIONSpecifiesthesideonwhichthemanagedwidgetliesrelativetotheAdjusterInconjunctionwiththepackgeometrymanager,thisrelatestothesideofthemasteragainstwhichthemanagedwidgetandtheAdjusterarepackedMustbeleft,right,top,orbottomDefaultstotop

SomeMethods

$adjuster>packAfter($widget,?pack_options?)

ThiscommandconfigurestheAdjuster'swidgetandsideoptionsrespectivelyto'$widget'andthesidevaluespecifiedinpack_options(topifnotspecified)ItthenpackstheAdjusterafter'$widget',withfillsettoxoryasappropriate

Exampleuse Tk;use Tk::Adjuster;my $mw = new MainWindow;

my $adj = $mw -> Adjuster();my $lst = $mw -> Listbox();

$lst -> insert('end', "Item 1");$lst -> insert('end', "Item 2");$lst -> insert('end', "Item 3");$lst -> insert('end', "Item 4");$lst -> insert('end', "Item 5");

my $txt = $mw -> Scrolled("Text",-scrollbars=>'e');$txt -> insert('end',"To Hack With It

To Compute Or Not To Compute That Is The Question Whether 'Tis Nobler In The Memory Bank To Suffer The Slings And Circuits Of Outrageous Functions Or To Take Up Arms Against A Sea OfTransistors, Or Rather Transponders Transcondu-- Trans Er Oh, To Hack With It");

my $side = "left";$lst -> pack(-side => $side, -fill => 'both', -expand => 1);$adj -> packAfter($lst, -side => $side);$txt -> pack(-side => $side, -fill => 'both', -expand => 1);

MainLoop;

Scrolled

Scrolledisaderivedwidgetthatcreatesawidgetwithattachedscrollbar(s)Ifyouhavetriedtocreateawidgetandattachscrollbarstoit,youwilldoubtlesslyunderstandtheusefulnessofthisfeatureItgreatlyreducesthenumberofcodeforthesesituations

my $widget = $parent -> Scrolled('WIDGET' ?,-scrollbars=>WHERE? ?,?);WIDGETcanbeanywidgetthatsupportsscrollingForexample,Text,Listbox,etc

SomeOptions

scrollbars=>SIDEExpectsasargumentthepositionwherethescrollbarsshouldbecreated:w,eorn,soracombinationofthemIftheoneorbothpositionsareprefixedwithothescrollbarwillonlyshowupifthereisa'real'needtoscroll

Example:use Tk;my $mw = new MainWindow;

my $txt = $mw -> Scrolled('Text',-scrollbars=>"oe") -> pack;$txt -> insert('end',"Arthur: \"It's at times like this I wish I'd listened to my mother\"Ford : \"Why, what did she say?\"Arthur: \"I don't know, I never listened\" Douglas Adams");

MainLoop;

Thesameexampleusinghandcodedscrollbarsuse Tk;my $mw = new MainWindow;

my $textarea = $mw -> Frame();my $txt = $textarea -> Text(-width=>40, -height=>10);my $srl_y = $textarea -> Scrollbar(-orient=>'v',-command=>[yview => $txt]);my $srl_x = $textarea -> Scrollbar(-orient=>'h',-command=>[xview => $txt]);$txt -> configure(-yscrollcommand=>['set', $srl_y], -xscrollcommand=>['set',$srl_x]);$txt -> insert('end',"Arthur: \"It's at times like this I wish I'd listened to my mother\"Ford : \"Why, what did she say?\"Arthur: \"I don't know, I never listened\" Douglas Adams");

#Geometry$txt -> grid(-row=>1,-column=>1);$srl_y -> grid(-row=>1,-column=>2,-sticky=>"ns");$srl_x -> grid(-row=>2,-column=>1,-sticky=>"ew");$textarea -> grid(-row=>1,-column=>1,-columnspan=>2);

MainLoop;

Asyoucansee,theScrolledwidgetsavesquiteabitoftyping

GeometryManagement:Grid,Pack

gridThegridcommandisusedtocommunicatewiththegridgeometrymanagerthatarrangeswidgetsinrowsandcolumnsinsideofanotherwindow,calledthegeometrymaster(ormasterwindow)Thegridcommandcanhaveanyofseveralforms,dependingontheoptionargumentInshort,gridisthenamegiventothethingythatwillplaceyourwidgetwhereyouwantittobeplaced

SomeOptions

sticky=>STYLE

Thisoptionmaybeusedtoposition(orstretch)thewidgetwithinitscellSTYLEisastringthatcontainszeroormoreofthecharactersn,s,eorwEachletterreferstoaside(north,south,east,orwest)thattheslavewill"stick"toIfbothnands(oreandw)arespecified,theslavewillbestretchedtofilltheentireheight(orwidth)ofitscavity

ipadx=>AMOUNT TheAMOUNTspecifieshowmuchhorizontalinternalpaddingtoleaveoneachsideoftheslave(s)Thisisspaceisaddedinsidetheslave(s)border

ipady=>AMOUNT TheAMOUNTspecifieshowmuchverticalinternalpaddingtoleaveoneachsideoftheslave(s)Optionssameasipadx

padx=>AMOUNTTheamountspecifieshowmuchhorizontalexternalpaddingtoleaveoneachsideoftheslave(s),inscreenunitsAMOUNTmaybealistoftwovaluestospecifypaddingforleftandrightseparately

pady=>AMOUNT Theamountspecifieshowmuchverticalexternalpaddingtoleaveonthetopandbottomoftheslave(s),inscreenunitsOptionssameaspadx

row=>NInserttheslavesothatitoccupiestheNthrowinthegridRownumbersstartwith0Ifthisoptionisnotsupplied,thentheslaveisarrangedonthesamerowasthepreviousslavespecifiedonthiscalltogrid,orthefirstunoccupiedrowifthisisthefirstslave

column=>N InserttheslavesothatitoccupiestheN'thcolumninthegridOptionssameasrow

rowspan=>N InserttheslavesothatitoccupiesNrowsinthegridThedefaultisonerow

columnspan=>N InserttheslavesothatitoccupiesNcolumnsinthegrid

Example


# Main Windowmy $mw = new MainWindow;#Text Areamy $txt = $mw -> Text(-width=>40, -height=>10);my $srl_y = $mw -> Scrollbar(-orient=>'v',-command=>[yview => $txt]);my $srl_x = $mw -> Scrollbar(-orient=>'h',-command=>[xview => $txt]);$txt -> configure(-yscrollcommand=>['set', $srl_y], -xscrollcommand=>['set',$srl_x]);

#Geometry Management$txt -> grid(-row=>1,-column=>1);$srl_y -> grid(-row=>1,-column=>2,-sticky=>"ns");$srl_x -> grid(-row=>2,-column=>1,-sticky=>"ew");

MainLoop;

Letstakeacloserlookatthecommands$txt>grid(row=>1,column=>1);Thislinewilltelltheinterpretertoputthewidgetcalled'$txt'inthefirstrowofthefirstcolumnofitsparentwidgetThebelowdigramwillhelpyouunderstand

Column1 Column2

Row1 '$xt'widgetwillbehere '$srl_y'widget'splace

Row2 '$srl_x'widget'sposition

UsinggridrequiresabitofexperiencebutifyouknowHTMLitwouldhelpalotTherowsandcolumnsarejustlikethoseinHTMLtablesTheconceptisthesamebutthecodesareverydifferent

packPackisalsoageometrymanagerlikeGridbutmuchsimplerYoudon'thavetospecifytherowsandcolumnsasyoudidforgridThisisforyoulazybonesoutthereJustput$widget -> pack;andthewidgetwillbepackedButformorecomplexarrangementswithpackonemustuseframes

SomeOptions

expand=>BOOLEANSpecifieswhethertheslavesshouldbeexpandedtoconsumeextraspaceintheirmasterSoundsalotlikeslaveseatinguptheirmasters,don'tit?Itjustmeansthatwhentheapplicationisresizedthewidgetswillautomaticallyfillthespace

fill=>STYLE Thiswillstretchthewidgetinxdirection,ydirectionorbothdirections

side=>SIDESpecifieswhichsideofthemastertheslave(s)willbepackedagainstMustbeleft,right,top,orbottomDefaultstotop

Nowfortheexample


# Main Windowmy $mw = new MainWindow;my $lab = $mw -> Label(-text=>"Do You Remember When");my $txt = $mw -> Text();$txt->insert('end',"A Computer Was Something On TV From A Science Fiction ShowA Window Was Something You Hated To CleanAnd Ram Was The Cousin Of A Goat

Meg Was The Name Of My GirlfriendAnd Gig Was Your Thumb UprightNow They All Mean Different ThingsAnd That Mega Bytes

An Application Was For EmploymentA Program Was A TV ShowA Cursor Used ProfanityA Keyboard Was A Piano Compress Was Something You Did To The GarbageNot Something You Did To A FileAnd If You Unzipped Anything In PublicYou'd Be In Jail For A While

Log On Was Adding Wood To The FireHard Drive Was A Long Trip On The RoadA Mouse Pad Was Where A Mouse LivedAnd A Backup Happened To Your Commode

Cut You Did With A Pocket KnifePaste You Did With GlueA Web Was A Spider's HomeAnd A Virus Was The Flu

I Guess I'll Stick To My Pad And PaperAnd The Memory In My HeadI Hear Nobody's Been Killed In A Computer CrashBut, When It Happens They Wish They Were Dead");

my $srl = $mw -> Scrollbar(-command=>[$txt,'yview']);$txt -> configure(-yscrollcommand=>[$srl,'set']);

#The packing commands$lab -> pack;$txt -> pack(-expand => 1, -fill => "both", -side => "left");$srl -> pack(-expand => 1, -fill => "y");

MainLoop;

SomeCommonWidgetOptionsThecapitalizedwordmustbereplacedwithanyoftheboldwordsCheckthemanualforalltheoptionsAlsomakesurethatthewidgetyouareusingsupporttheoptionyouareusing

anchor=>POSITION Positionwidgetrelativeto:nnenwssesweworcenter

background=>COLOR Backgroundcolor

borderwidth=>WIDTH WidthofborderChoosing'0'willhidetheborder

command=>SCRIPT ExecutesSCRIPTwheninvoked

cursor=>CURSOR Mousecursortodisplaywhenmouseinthiswidget

disabledforeground=>COLOR

Foregroundcolorwhenthewidgetisdisabled

font=>FONTNAMEUseFONTNAMEfortextstyleItisgiveninthisformatFONTNAMESIZESTYLEForexample,-font => "fixed 12 bold"

foreground=>COLOR Foregroundwhenthestateofthewidgetisnormal

Cansetshorizontal(andoptionallyvertical)widgetsize

geometry=>WIDTHxHEIGHT

height=>VALUE Setverticalheightofthewidget

image=>IMAGE Theimagetodisplayinwidget

justify=>JUSTIFICATION

Multilinejustification:left,rightorcenter

orient=>ORIENTATION

ForobjectslikescaleandscrollbarMustbehorizontalorvertical(orhorv)

padx=>NUMBER HorizontalpaddingThespaceontopandbottomofthegivenwidgetForexample,padx=>5

pady=>NUMBER VerticalpaddingThisisthespaceoneithersideofthegivenwidgetForexample,pady=>2

relief=>RELIEF3DbevelborderRELIEFmustbeflat,groove,raised,ridge,solidorsunkenVeryusefulwhenusingframe

state=>STATE Setwidgetto:normal,disabledoractive

text=>STRING Displaytextstring

variable=>VARNAMEDisplaytextvariableIfthewidgetismanipulated,thevalueofthevariablewillchangeautomaticallyandifthisvariable'svalueischanged,thewidgetwillchangetoreflectthechangesinthevariable

underline=>CHAR WhichcharacterpositioninstringtounderlineThismustbeanumber0forthefirstcharacter,1forthesecondandsoon

width=>WIDTH Setshorizontalwidgetsize

wraplength=>LENGTH Wordwrappingmaximumstringlength

SomeTkCommands

BindThebindcommandassociatesPerlcodewitheventsIfyouwanttodosomethingwhentheuserdoubleclicksaiteminalistboxorwhenhe/shepressanybutton(sayF1),bindiswhatyouneedLetsbindsomethinginthenextexample

Syntax:$widget -> bind(, Callback);standsforthesequenceofbutton/mousepressesItshouldbegiveninthefollowingpatternForexampleControl+Alt+TControlandAltarethemodifiersandKeyisthetypewithtasthedetailSeethenextexampleandyouwillunderstand


my $lab = $mw -> Label(-text=> " The Bind command ", -font=>"ansi 12 bold") -> pack;my $lst = $mw -> Listbox() -> pack;$lst -> insert('end',"Don't double-click this");$lst -> insert('end',"Don't double-click this either");

$lst -> insert('end',"Don't even think of double-clicking this");$lst -> insert('end',"You may double-click this");$lst -> insert('end',"No Negative Nay Nope Get the message?");#Bind the double click event to the list box$lst -> bind ('', sub { double() });

my $all_keys = $mw -> Label(-justify=>"left", -text=>"Press any of the followingControl+AControl+Shift+AControl+Alt+TRight clickControl+Escape") -> pack;

#Exit when the escape key is pressed$mw -> bind('', sub { exit });#Shows a helping dialog box when F1 is pressed$mw -> bind('',sub { help(); });#Binds misc keys$mw -> bind('', sub { $mw -> messageBox(-message=>"You pressed Control+A, did'nt you?")});#Control+A$mw -> bind('', sub { $mw -> messageBox(-message => "Control+Shift+A, right?"); });#Control+Shift+A$mw -> bind('', sub { $mw -> messageBox(-message => "Control, Alt and T"); });#Control+Alt+T$mw -> bind('', sub { $mw -> messageBox(-message => "The right way to click"); });#Right click$mw -> bind('', sub { $mw -> messageBox(-message => "You must be a married man What you pressed remindes married men of what they never will have - Control or Escape");});#Control+Escape

MainLoop;

#The helping functionsub help { $mw -> messageBox(-message=>"Did you ask of help?You ain't getting anyHa Ha Ha!");}

#This happens at double-clicksub double { $mw -> messageBox(-message=>"You double clicked somethingThis script is simple - so it won't display what you clicked onBut if you want a sript that is able to do that, write to me at binnyva$at$hotmail$dot$comand I will send you a better script");}

NowWhat?Perilousseascrossed,thoughtscorchingdesert,wehavecomehereafterovercomingcountlessdangerstolifeandlimbWehavereachedtheendofourquest,theendofourjourneyNowWhat?

NowyouareonyourownYoumuststrivetoachieveexcellenceinthefieldofPerl/TkprogrammingBuybooks,visitwebsites,stealcodesDoanythingtoincreaseyourknowledgeonthissubjectThereareanamazingarrayofwebsitesouttherethatwouldsupplyyouwithtutorials,programs,gamesetconPerl/TkGogetthemReadcodeofotherpeopleandstudyfromthemRemember,creativityisgreat,butplagiarismisfaster

ButthemostimportantthingprogramGetthosefingerstyping,makeprogramsinPerl/TkExperimentMake

mistakesCorrectthemThereisnobetterwayoflearningasubjectthanbydoingit

SeereferencesformorelinksonPerl/Tk

Reference

Books'MasteringPerl/Tk'bySteveLidieandNancyWalshisagoodbookthatteacheshowtocreateGraphicalUserInterfacesinPerl

LearningPerl/Tk

ProgrammingPerl'byLarryWallisthestandardbookonPerlIfyouconsiderseriousPerlprogramming,thisisamustThisisaboutPerlratherthanaboutPerl/Tk

GetMoreBooksonPerl/Tk

ManualMakeyourselffamiliarwiththemanualthatcomeswithPerlToknowmoreaboutanycommands,sayprint,justtypeperldoc -f printinthecommandpromptThisworksonbothUnixandwindowsmachinesOtherthatthat,PerlshipswithtonsofHTMLtutorialsthatteacheseverythinginperl

ExternalSitesPerl'sUsenetgroupatcomplangperltkisofgreathelptoanyPerlTkprogrammer

http://wwwperlorg/hasbeenforagestheprimaryresourcesiteformanyperldevelopers

http://learnperlorg/isasitethathasresourcesforbothbeginnersandadvancedperlprogrammers

Appendix

AppendixA:AbouttheAuthorMynameisBinnyVAIhavebeenprogramminginPerlandTcl/TkforawhilenowbutonlyrecentlyhaveIstartedprogrammingwithPerl/TkSoIamnotanexpertinPerl/TkButIhavealreadywrittenatutorialforTcl/TkSoIthoughtthatIwilltranslatetheTkpartstoperlandgivetheworldanewPerl/TkprogramSodon'tbeangryifyouseealotofsimilaritiesbetweenTcl/TkTutorialandthisPerl/TktutorialIcanplagiarisefrommyself,can'tI?Anyway,allquestions,suggestions,criticismsetccanbedirectedtobinnyva@gmailcomYoucanknowmoreaboutmeatmywebsiteForalltheprogramsthatImadeinPerl,gototheperlpageinmysite

Ifyouhavelikedthistutorial,IhavewroteanothertutorialonTcl/TklanguageCheckitoutIalsowrotetutorialsonCGIPerlandJavaScript

AppendixB:CommonlyMademistakesinPerl/TkThereareafew'irregularities'attheplaceswherePerlandTkmeetTheseplacesareoftenasourceofproblemsfornewPerl/TkprogrammersHereisalistofmostcommonmistakesmadebynewPerl/TkprogrammersImadequiteafewofthemmyself

Callbacks

CallingafunctionfromabuttonisalmostalwaystroublefortheinexperiencedAssumethatyoucreatedafunctioncalledshowGreeting$button = $mw -> Button(-text=>"Hello",-command=>showGreeting);#Won'twork$button = $mw -> Button(-text=>"Hello",-command=>showGreeting());#Again,won'twork$button = $mw -> Button(-text=>"Hello",-command=>&showGreeting);#WillnotworkThisistheporperwayofdoingit$button = $mw -> Button(-text=>"Hello",-command=>\&showGreeting);#FinallySomethingthatworks$button = $mw -> Button(-text=>"Hello",-command=>sub { showGreeting(); } );#Anothermethodofdoingit

VariablesThishasasimilareffectastheaboveproblem$entry = $mw -> Entry(-textvariable=>$var);#Thisisnottherightway$entry = $mw -> Entry(-textvariable=>\$var);#CorrectwayUsingqw//Don'tuseawhitespaceinsideavalueifyouareusingtheqw//methodtoconfigureoptionsSeebelowformoredetails

AppendixC:Tcl/TkAndPerl/TkIfyouaremoresquintedwiththeTcl/Tk'swayofdoingit,youwillbehappytoknowthatthereisawayofgivingtheoptionsintheTcl/Tkstyle$label = $mw -> Label(qw/-text Hello -font courierfont -relief raised/) -> pack();qwfunctionwillsplitthegivenstringatwhitespaceItcanbeunderstoodasbeingroughlyequivalentto:split(' ', q/STRING/);SothenospaceisallowedinsidevaluesifyouareusingthisForexample,thefollowinglinewillcreateanerror$label = $mw -> Label(qw/-text "Hello World" -font courierfont -relief raised/) -> pack();Evenusingquotes(")willgiveunexpectedresults$label = $mw -> Label(qw/-text "Hello" -font courierfont -relief "raised"/) -> pack();

AppendixD:CodesAlmostalltheprogramsinthetutorialareavailableinazippedformatfordownload

AppendixE:FeedBacksHowdoyoulikethistutorial?Pensomecommentsbelow

Ifyouhaveanyquestionssendmeanemailatbinnyva@gmailcomIfyouleaveaquestionintheabovefeedbackform,besuretogiveyouemailaddressifyouwantmetorespond

AppendixF:Comments

IndexAnonymousat11Mar,200804:26

HieverytimeitrytoaccessperltkmoduleitgivessegmentationfaultiusedaptgettoinstallperlandperltkmodulesAnonymousat01Jun,200810:30tryinstallingthemwithCMA

IntroductionAnshumanAtreat26Feb,200708:41Hi,

IhavejustfinishedagreattoolwithmanycommandlineoptionsItalsohasabasicCLIbaseduserinterfacetomakeitinteractive

IhappentoaowntheO'Rielly"Perl/Tk"thatIboughtforastealafewyearsago,andamconsideringaddingaGUItomytoolSoIdownloadedthePerl/TksourcecodefromCPANandfailedtocompileitusinggcconSolarisHowever,itcompiledfineonmyLinuxbox

ItriedoutafewcodesnippetsandthesearemyfirstimpressionsaboutPerl/Tk:

1Yes,it'spowerfulenoughtoprovideacoolfrontendtomytool2Thecodingseemsprettystraightforward,thoughrepeatativeandmonotonous(withlotsoftrialanderroriterations)3Theenduser,howeverwouldneedPerl/Tkinstalledonhis/herboxtoabletorunmyPerl/Tk,whichisNOTshippedbydefaultHowdoIconvincehim/hertospendagoodpartofanhourtogetPerl/Tkinstalled,sothathecanusemytool!?It'dbeeasierforhim/hertousethe(ample)commandlineoptionsIgive,orusetherudimentarytextbasedinterface

Somyquestion:IfIspendagoodpartofamonthwritingaPerl/Tkinterface,whatarethechancesthatanaverage(notaprogrammer/admin)user/operatorgetstouseit?

Thanks!BinnyVAat27Feb,200705:04Tkinterface,unfortunately,looksreallyoutdatedinlinuxsystemsHowever,inwindowssystemstheylookgreatIftowantcoollookinginterfacesinLinux,trysomethinglikeGtkforperl

MyadviceistoprovidetheGUIalongwiththeapplicationbutafterseparatingtheapplicationfromtheGUITheappshouldworkwithouttheGUIifthatishowtheuserwantsitTheGUIwillbeavalueaddMarianoat27Mar,200705:22IftheuseriscurrentlyusingaWindowsterminalyoucouldgenerateanexewithyourappinwichyoucanincludealltheusedlibraries(ieTk)

Ifnot,itmeansitisveryeasytoinstallthemoduleAnonymousat14Mar,200808:37UsePerl2Exetocompileitintoaexe,itautomaticallyincludesthePerl/Tkbinaries(Ifyouronwindows,otherwise,lullinuxfails)Useserialswstofindaserialforperl2exepurnachanderat05Jul,200708:08Hi,

I'mtryingtoaddGUItomytoolSoistartedlearningPerl/TkmoduleCanyoutellmewhereIcangetdocumentationfordifferentvaluesofanoption

Foreg,Theoption"background"isusedtosetthebackgroundcolorIknowhowtosetmybackgroundtocommoncolorslike,green,black,etcHowever,ifI'dliketochoosemyowncolorfromRGBHowcanIdoit?

Similarly,ifineedtoknowvariousvaluesavailableforanoption,whereshouldisearchfordocumentationBinnyVAat05Jul,200711:07JustsearchthenetyouwillgetPerl/TkDocswithoutmuchdifficultyForinstancePerl/TkDocumentationAnonymousat30Aug,200711:58IdonotseetheanswerinthatdocumentationI"mlookingforthepropersyntaxtospecifythecolorinRGBinsteadofacolornamepurnachander,didyoueverfindit?balajiat30Jul,200709:46hi,iscriptingatoolforvlsidesignusingperlButidontknowhowtomaketheguiforitCanuelaboratelytellmewatarallstepstobecarriedoutAnonymousat09Aug,200703:21ifiusethismethodforinstallingTk

perlMCPANeshellcpan>installBundle::CPANcpan>reloadcpancpan>installTk

iamfindingthiserrorFetchingwithLWP:wwwperlorg/CPAN/authors/id/N/NI/NIS/Tk804027targzLWPfailedwithcode[500]message[readtimeout]

cansomebodyhelpmepls!!!!!BinnyVAat09Aug,200707:04YourbestbetisjusttotryagainIthinkitisatemporaryserverissuesenthilat04Sep,200706:10hi,iamsenthilineedacodeofperltkineedtogetainputfromuserusingtheoneinputlikevisualbasicsogetvaluetoassigntheonevariablelike"$input=ccnb"

ccnbisgetfromusersenthil_v@newgenimagingcomBinnyVAat04Sep,200709:11ThedetailsareavailableintheEntrypageaflexoat11Dec,200704:07Greatsamplesintutorial!ThesejusthelpedmetounderstandthewholethingaboutPerl/TKprogramming))dswat18Dec,200708:50ThisinterfacedoesnotlookoutdatedIfyouarelookingforsomethingmorepolished,thenIsuggestyouwriteatutorialaboutusingQTOldschoolistheonlyschool:)

BinnyVAat18Dec,200711:08Unfortunately,youarerightinthecaseofLinuxTkinterfaceinLinuxisjusthorribleButitlooksrathergoodinWindowsPlusIhavenotlookedatQTyetIhavelearnedabitofGtkbutnowhereenoughtowriteatutorialPhillCat10Jan,200807:21First,thanksforagreattutorialusingPerlTKYourstyleandexamplesworkformeverywell

I'membarkingonmyfirstPerlGUIprogrammingexperienceAfterinvestigatinganumberofoptionssuchatGTK2andwxWindows,IthinkTkappealstomemostWhilethePerlTkGUIlookandfeelmaybealittleoutdated,IlikethesyntaxusedtocreateitIespeciallylikethegridpackagingsystem

I'vebeenreadingabouttheTcl::TkmodulecurrentlyavailableinCPANItseemsthatithassomeadvantagesoverPerlTK,specificallyspeedandtheabilitytousethelatestTcl/Tk85widgetssuchasTileItalsoappearstosupportPerlTKsyntax,butofcoursetherearesomedifferences

Iwaswonderingifyou'dconsideratutorialhighlightingtheTcl::TkmodulevsPerlTkdifferences,andespeciallywhichwidgetsareincludedinTcl:TkbydefaultandhowtocallexternalTclwidgetsInfact,maybejustasinglepageexplainingthesedifferencesmightbereallyuseful

Regards,Phill

BinnyVAat13Jan,200807:21I'lllookintoitbutchancesarethatIwillnotbeabletodothisstudyCurrentlyIaminWebDevelopmentIhavenotbeenactiveattheTkfrontSo,myknowledgeaboutthosesystemsareabitoutdatedAnyway,thanksforthesuggestionIwilllookintoitAnonymousat27Feb,200804:58assigningavariabletobackgroundsandthingslikethattextvariableisfortext,butIcannotfindasimilarentryforframesoranythingelseoutsideoftextinalabelIgetamessagethatsaysunknowncolorname"SCALAR(0x18a3f6c)"ifIusecodesimilarto$frame=$mw>Frame(background=>\$variable)>pack();butifIuse$frame=$mw>Frame(background=>$variable)>pack();withouttheslashthewidgetisassignedtotheonecolorpermanentlythisisasignificantproblemtomeandIwouldappreciatesomeoneelsetryingtosolvethis,becauseIhavebeenunabletofindDocsmyselftoassistmeChanioat03Mar,200805:20Iappreciateverymuchyourgreatandhonestwork!Thiscompletetutorialisaveryhelpfultoolforboth:theusersandtheperl/Tkcommunity

Wouldn'titsuitbetterifyoursitehadawikistyle?Iimagineperldocspublishedonlineinawikifashion,allfullofhyperlinks

THXS!Haveaniceyear!Alberto(Argentina)Anonymousat14Mar,200806:23FinallyfiguredouthowtospecifyrgbcolorsforwidgetsPostingithereincaseanybodyelseislooking

Puta#infrontofthe6digitrgbcodeandencloseitwithsinglequotes

Ex

background=>'#ff0000'

KumarPat03Apr,200806:45IhaveanassignmenttocreateaGUI,whichshouldbeabletoparsetheMPEGVideoBitStreamandshowusvariousproperties/semanticsoftheunderlyingvideoIsperl/TKtherightchoicefordevelopingsuchapplication?Jefffreyat04Apr,200810:35I'vestartedwritingadatabaseandpointofsalefrontendformydiveshopI'musingperlbecauseit'stheonlylanguageI'msomewhatfluentinIhaveusedTkbeforebutnotGtk2CananyonetellmeifthereisenoughinfoouttheretogetthehangofGtk2fairlyquicklyoristherealearningcurveChanioat10Apr,200808:04IfsomeonewantstogetamoreVBlikeresultwithTkyoumightwanttousethefree:ZoozGUIbuilder

ItisnotbetterthandoingitallbycodingItisjustanotherwayofcomplementingyourknowledgeofPerlTkAnd,perhaps,learningsomethingnew!

Rathnakarat21Apr,200809:41TogetGuiyoucanuseperl/TkmoduleswhichwouldgivemoreflexibilityIfounditveryusefulRefertotheexamplesinthesitetogetabetterpictureAnonymousat07May,200807:47AwonderfulltutorialthathelpedmealotandIstillkeepforreferences!

MyThanksAnonymousat20May,200812:51ThanksBinny,YouhavedoneagreatjobontheTktutorialIamactuallylookingforhelponWindows(active_state)basedTksInparticularutf8supportforTksusingforeignlanguagefontssuchasRussian,Mongolian,ChineseDoyouknowwhetherTkswillsupportutf8?Vanilla

HelloWorldAnonymousat30Jan,200705:34

couldn'tconnecttodisplay":0"at/opt/perl/lib/site_perl/582/PARISC11threadmulti/Tk/MainWindowpmline55MainWindow>new()atwelcomeplline5BinnyVAat31Jan,200704:31IhaveneverseenthiserrorbutdoyouhaveXserverrunning?TkneedsaGUIdisplayAnonymousat17Apr,200712:16youneedtosetyourdisplayenvironmentvariable,andthenalsoifyouaretelnetingandhavefurtherproblems'xhost+'fromtheoriginatingmachinefredat28Apr,200704:54Hello,

WhenIrunthehelloexampleonmywinxpboxitopensacommandpromptItstaysopenuntil

Iclosetheexample

IsthisthewayallPTKprogramswork?

ThanksBinnyVAat28Apr,200705:38YesthatshowtheyworkDon'tworryaboutitJaysonat19Jun,200703:52ldso1:/usr/local/bin/perl:fatal:libctso:openfailed:NosuchfileordirectoryPleasehelpBinnyVAat19Jun,200709:31ThereissomeissuewithyourperlinstallationsomelibrariesaremissingTrydownloadingperlandinstallingitAMPat03Aug,200708:56Probablynotaproblemw/installation,Perlismostlikelyin/usr/bin/perlinsteadAlltheLinuxdistributionsIhaveworkedonhaveitinthislocationkittuat21Jun,200708:57HIFriendsihavesomeissuesplshelpmeonthisactuallycgi/peralwithNT40environmentismovingbyLinuxanydisadvantagesandsuggestifthatisreengineeringwithjava,linuxandgivemesomepointsandpresentlyexistingsystemhaving5003wanttochangeto583soanydeprcciationididnotfindanyproblemsplshelponthatandwithlinuxhowtodeploycgi/pearlprogramsJonathanat03Aug,200703:07Kittu,CongratulationsonyourpostIhaveneverreadanythingmorecompletelyincomprehensibleplskeppupthegoodwerkuntrtanemeAnonymousat21Sep,200710:59ThanksforthetutorialBinnyIt'sverygood!Anonymousat24Nov,200708:49VeryclearandunderstandableNicetutorialThankYoutotheauthorOddChildat09May,200808:29thankyouforputtingthistogether,itwasmosthelpfulAnonymousat21May,200807:00thislineisveryslow:

$mw>messageBox(message=>"Goodbye");

Isthatsupposedtobe?Orjustmyenvironmentissue?

ThanksAnonymousat21May,200807:02MessageboxlineisveryslowIsthatsupposedtobe?Oritismyenvironmentissue?ThanksSidat21May,200809:01NewtopTk,pullingperloutofcoldstorageYourtutorialishelpfulThankyou

Widget1Anonymousat31Jul,200702:49Theexampleabovewiththefunctionpush_buttonisnotshowingthetext"whatever"Alsoifiusethecommandusestrict,howdoiwritethebaretextwhateverBinnyVAat01Aug,200706:19NoyoumisunderstoodmeThat'whatever'isnottheoutputImeantyoucanputthecodeyouwantinitsplaceOnhindsight,IthinkIshouldhavecommenteditAnonymousat31Jul,200704:31Ithinkthefunctionbody(sub)shouldbewritteninsideMainLoopitselfIhadpostedthesamequestionandIthinktheansweristhisdescription

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