Phuong p Hap Trac Quang

8/2/2019 Phuong p Hap Trac Quang

1/43

TIU LUN:PHNG PHP TRC QUANG

GVHD: HONG XUN THNHM THC HIN: NHM 3

B CNG THNGTRNG CAO NG CNG NGHIP

THC PHM TP.HCMLP 08CDSH


2/43

UV /Vis spectral region

Violet: 400 - 420 nm

Indigo: 420 - 440 nm

Blue: 440 - 490 nm

Green: 490 - 570 nm

Yellow: 570 - 585 nm

Orange: 585 - 620 nm

Red: 620 - 780 nm


3/43

i cng v bc x in t v ph:

Bc x in t v ph nh ngha: Bc x in t l mt dng nng lng

c tnh sng v ht

c im: Bc x in c c trng bng bcsng, ln bc sng ca bc x thng nmtrong vng 109nm n hng ngn km. Khi chuyn

ng trong khng gian,n di chuyn di dng sng,v vy n cn c gi l sng in t. Tp hp ccbc in t c bc sng khc nhau gi l ph


4/43

Nguyn nhn to ra bc x in t: Bc x in

t thng c to ra bi s tng tc ca mtngun nng lng no vi vt cht chnghn nh c nng, nhit nng, in nngNgoi

ra, s gii phng nng lng ca vt cht trng thi nng lng cao khng bn nh spht x ca nguyn t, phn r phng x, s

pht hunh quang


5/43

S phn chia ph bc x in t:c 2 cch

Cch1: Theo di ca bc sng


6/43

STT Tn bc x Vng Gii thch

1 Tia Sng siu ngn

2 Gama ray Nh hn 1A Ph Gama

3 X-ray 110A Ph tia X ronghen

4 Sorft X-Ray 10100A Ph tia X ronghen

5 Vacuum UV 100A200nm Ph t ngoi chnkhng

6 UV 200400nm Ph t ngoi

7 VIS 400800nm Ph kh kin8 Near IR 8000.8m Ph hng ngoi gn


7/43

9 IR 0.82.5m Ph hng ngoi

10 Far IR 2.5400m Ph hng ngoi xa11 Micro Wave 0.0425cm Ph vi sng

12 Short wave 0.0251m Ph sng ngn

13 UV&FM 110m Ph sng TV v UF

14 Radio wave 102500m Ph sng radio

15 Long wave >2500m Ph sng di16 Very long >10km Ph sng rt di


8/43

Nhn xt: theo cch phn loi ny th

tnh tun t di theo sng, nnglng s gim dn, bc sng tngdn. Nhc im ca cch phn chiany khng r rng gia cc vngsng, khng ni ln c bn cht

ca vng ph


9/43

Cch2: Theo bn cht ca mi loiph:

Ph nguyn tgm 2 loi:

Ca in t ha tr t do khi chuyn mc nnglng. Thuc dng ny c ph pht x nguynt, ph hp thu nguyn t, ph hunh quangnguyn t.

Ca cc in t ni bn trong nh cc in tlp K, lp L hoc st ht nhn. Thuc loi nyc ph tia X v ph .


10/43

Ph phn t:cc ph phn t ny l do

s chuyn mc nng lng ca cc int ha tr trng thi lin kt v cp int ha tr t do ca cc nhm phn t,

hoc cc gc t do c trong phn t quytnh. Thuc loi ny gm c ph hp thUV, ph hp th vng VIS, ph hng

ngoi IR, ph tn x Raman, ph pht xhunh quang phn t.


11/43

Ph khi lng:c sinh ra v quytnh bi khi lng ca cc nguyn t vng v hoc do khi lng cc mnh,cc nhom 1phn t cht hp th to nn.

Ph cng hng t:Do in t trongphn t hoc do proton trong phn tquyt nh. Tng ng vi 2 c ch c

ph cng hng t ca in t v cnghng t ht nhn


12/43

THUYT VN O PHN TMO (MOLECULAR ORBITAL)

Nhng lun im c bn ca thuyt MO: Nu trong nguyn t mi electron c miu t

bng mt hm sng Orbital nguyn t th trong

phn t mi electron c miu t bng mt hmsng Orbital phn t (MO). Xc xut tm thyelectron trong mt th tch dv ca phn t cng l2dv tng t nguyn t.

Trong mi Orbital phn t electron c trng bngmt b s cc lng t, cc Orbital phn t vi cctn: ,,,


13/43

Cc electron ca phn t c phn b trn ccMO theo: nguyn l Pauli (Mi MO ch cha tia 2electron), nguyn l vng bn ( trng thic bn , trong nguyn t,cc electron s channhng mc nng lng thp trc ri n trng

thi nng lng c mc cao hn tip theo), quitc Hund (Trong mt phn lp, cc electron csp xp sao cho tng s cc spin l cc i).

T cc AO ca cc nguyn t tham gia to thnhlin kt, suy ra MO ca cc phn t mi tothnh bng cch t hp tuyn tnh cc AO banu. n AO t hp cho nMO.


14/43

Yu cu cc AO tham gia t hp lin

kt:-C nng lng gn bng nhau.

-C mc xen ph ng k.

-C tnh i xng ging nhau i vitrc ni tm 2 nguyn t.


15/43

T hp tuyn tnh 2 Orbital

Gi s mt phn t to thnh 2 nguyn t Av B, mi nguyn t c mt AO tham gia linkt a, b th MO phn t to thnh c hm

sng = caa cbb ca, cb: H s nh gi s ng gp cc AO

vo s to thnh MO

T hp tuyn tnh cng cc AO cho MO cnng lng thp hn AO xut pht (MO linkt): += caa + cbb


16/43

T hp tuyn tnh tr cc AO to ra choMO c nng lng ln hn AO xut pht

(MO phn lin kt_MO*):-=caa - cbb

bi= bc lin kt= (s e trn MO linkt-s e trn MO phn lin kt)/2

Bc lin kt cng lnlin kt cng bn

di lin kt cng ngn Bc lin kt =0lin kt khng hnh

thnh


17/43
http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=vi&sl=en&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MO_diagram_pi_orbitals.png&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dmolecular%2Borbital%26hl%3Dvi%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26channel%3Ds%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:en-US:official%26sa%3DN&rurl=translate.google.com.vn&usg=ALkJrhjrWcPVeuY0Ay_jVsMefNgRUjIjIA


18/43

S chuy n mc nng lng electronvi hp th bc x UV_VIS:

Cc bc x UV_vis c

nng lng kh ln nnc kh nng lm thay imc nng lng ca ccelectron t trng thi c

bn kch thch. Cc electron trong lin

kt n C-C, C-H. Cc electron trong

lin kt bi, h thngthm.

Cc electron n ca cp

electron t do khngtham gia kin kt ca


19/43

C S L THUYETCac phan t, ieu kien bnh thng, chung

ton tai trang thai c ban,trang thai nay co

nang lng thap va ben vng.

Khi co mot chum sang (chum proton) kch thch

vi tan so thch hp,th cac ien t hoa tr(ien

t lien ket) trong phan t se hap thu nang

lng cua chum sang va chuyen len trang thai

co kch thch co nang lng cao hn.


20/43

Theo c hoc nang lng t, trang thai

c ban cua phan t,cac ien t lien ket

c sap ay vao cac orbital lien ket co

mc nang lng thap.Khi kch thch chung

se co s di chuyen len cac mc co

nang lng cao.


21/43

Luc nay phan t a b kch thch.Hieu so

gia hai mc nang lng c ban va kch thch

chnh la nang lng ma phan t a

hap thu e chuyen t mc nang lng cban. Nang lng b phan t hap thu chnh la

nang lng cua nguon sang . Qua trnh nay

c bieu th theo he thc sau:

E(e)=E*-E0=h=hc


22/43

Trong qua trnh kch thch , cung vi s chuyen mc

nang lng cua cac electron lien ket , con kem theo s

quay va dao ong cua nguyen t trong phan t di tac

dung cua nguon sang.

Tong nang lng ma phan t nhan c khi b kch

thch bao gom ba thanh phan:

Ets=E(e)+E(d)+E(q)

E(e)>E(d)>E(q)V the ma pho UV-VIS khong phai lapho vach nh pho AES hay AAS.


23/43

Nh vay,pho hap thu phan t UV-VIS la pho chnh thanh do s tng tac cua cac ien t hoa tr

trong phan t hay nhom phan t vi chum nguon sang

kch thch (chum tia bc xa trong vung UV-VIS)tao ra.La pho to hp s di chuyen mc nang lng cua

cac ien t lien ket,cua s quay va s dao ong cua

phan t.Pho UV-VIS la pho am ch khong phai la

pho vach, nh AES,AAS.


24/43

C S NH TNH CA PHNGPHP

nh tnh ca phng php ny lda vo bc sng hp th.

nh tnh ngi ta qut sng,thng l ngi ta o hp thu cadung dch cc bc sng khc

nhau. o t nh ln. Bc sng no ln nht th c

trng.


25/43

C S NH LNG CAPHNG PHP:

Khi ta chiu 1 chm sng c cng banu l I0vo 1 cuvet cha dung dch mu c dy l L th c 3 hin tng xy ra :

Phn chm sng i qua cuvet c cng IT Phn phn x v tn x theo mi phng c

cng l Ir ; Ip Phn b cc phn t cuvet hp thu c cng

l IA : Io=IA + IT + Ir + Ip


26/43

- Gi A c hp thu quang ca

phn t xc nh trong dd cha trongcuvet 1 bc sng xc nh th:A

=Lg100/T=2-LgT=LgIo/I

T

-Nu trong cuvet c nng l C(mol/l), trong 1 phm vi nht nh

ca C th mi quan h ca A va C tac nh lut Beer

A= L Cb


27/43

Trong :

b: l 1 hng s ,0


28/43

GII HN PHT HIN V GII HNNH LNG CA PHNG PHP

Cc mu o UV-VIS l cc dng dungdch. C nhiu yu t nh hng n kh

nng hp th UV-VIS ca mu. C th: Cc yu t thuc v cu trc phn t cacht tan:

+ Nhm mang mu v nhm tr mu+ nh hng ca v tr khng gian

+ Mt s nhm mang mu c trng


29/43

Cc yu t thuc v mi trng:+ Dung mi+ Tng tc gia cc lng cc

(dipole-dipole)+ Lin kt Hydro

+ nh hng pH+ Nng v cc tng tc khctrong dung dch


30/43

Cc yu t thuc v thit b:nhlut Lambert-Beer ch han tanng vi chm tia n sc.

nh hng ca cc hin tng quang

hc khc:phn x, khuch tn,cbit l hin tng tn x do dungdch khng ng nht v mt quanghc. Do dung dch phi trong suthn ch hin tng tn x, phn x,

khuch tn nh sng


31/43

iu kin p dng nh lut Beer:

Thit b phi c kh nng to ra chm tian sc nht nh. n sc cng caocng tt.

Cht th phi bn trong dung dch v bndi tc dng ca tia UV-VIS.

Dung dch phi nm trong khong nng

thch hp. Dung dch phi trong sut hn ch ti

a cc hin tng quang hc khc.


32/43

HP TH PHN T S hp thu bi cc phn t cha nhiu nguyn

t, c bit trong trng thi ng t,l mt qutrnh phc tp hn v s cc trng thi nnglng c th tng nhanh. C th biu din nnglng chung ca phn t nh sau:

E= Ee+Ev+Ej (2.17) Eel nng lng c lin quan n cc obitan

khc nhau ca cc electron ben ngoi ca phn

t; Ev- nng lng cc dao ng gia cc nguynt ca c phn t;

Ej-nng lng quay ca cc phn t xung quanh

trng tm.


33/43

S HP THU TRONG CC VNG VISNG V VNG HNG NGAI(IR)

pt (2.17), nng lng mi bc s hnggim so vi s hng trc 2 bc.

Ph hp th quay thun ty khng c ccs chuyn electron v dao ng c thnhn c di tc dng ca bc x vi

sng m nng lng ca n nh hn bcx hng ngai nghin cu quang phcc cht hi.


34/43

Trong vng hng ngai, quan st c hp thdao ng. Trong ph, xut hin cc pic hp.

Trong khi hp th mt photon ca nng lngbc x th bin dao ng cc nguyn ttrong phn t tng. xy ra hp th qu

trnh dao ng cn km theo s thay i chungca lng cc

S cc trng thi dao ng ca phn t mt

mc ng k xc nh bng s ccnguyn t (s cc lin kt c to ra bichng).


35/43

Ph hng ngai, hp th phn t chthu c, cc lin kt CHT kim lai-

Ligan cng nhy vi bc x hngngai sng di nghin cu ph trcquang v cc Ion phc ca cc kim

lai.


36/43

S HP TH TRONG CC VNGKH KIN & T NGOI

Eephi ln hn Ev,Ej chuyn cc electronbn ngai phi i hi c nng lng bc xvng kh kin & t ngai.

Khc vi ph hp thu nguyn tcc ph hpthu phn t gm mt khang rng cc . Mi mt trng tha electron tng ng vi nhiu

trng tha nng lng dao ng&quay ph

phn t thng gm nhiu dy hp th phn bgn nhau.


37/43

S HP TH TRONG T TRNG

Khi c s tc ng ln cc electron, haycc ht nhn ca nguyn t bng mt ttrng mnhxut hin cc mc lng

t b sung ca nng lng. Cc mc nylin quan n cc tnh cht t ca ccphn t

Khi hp th bc x c di hay tn sthps khc nhau trong nng lng cacc trng thi b kch thch nh& chuyn

mt trng thi vo trng thi khc.


38/43

Cc ht nhn, ngi ta dng sng radio t10-200MHz

Cc electron, ngi ta dng sng radio t1000-25000MHz

Nghin cu s hp th bi cc htnhn&cc electron trong t trng bngcc phng php cng hng t ht nhn

(NMR)& cng hng thun t electron(EPR) tng ng.

Phc hnh thanh gia thuoc hu c vi cac ion kim loai


39/43

g

thng co mau , co o nhay rat cao va co he so hap thu

ln thng khoang 20.000100.000.

Nhieu hp chat phc gia thuoc th hu c vi cac ion

kim loai rat ben co hang so bn t 1071020 nen o hap thuquang A rat on nh trong mot thi gian t 10 phut24 gi,

nh vay ma co o lap lai o hap thu quang A gia caclan o lien tiep neu nh may quang pho hoat ong on nh.

V the ma cac thuoc th hu c c s dung rat nhieu

trong phep o pho hap thu phan t UV-VIS .

Stt Thuoc th hu c Nguyen to xac nh


40/43

1 Arsenazo III,I Th,ca,sr

2 Dithizone Ag,bi,cd.pb.zn

3 Eriocromcyanin R Al

4 Alizarin S Al,zn,th

5 Diphenylcarbazide Cr,co,cu,ni,hg,zn

6 Dimethyglyoxim Ni,Fe2+

7 1,10-phenantroline Fe2+

,cu8 Formandoxine Mn,Ni,Fe

9 8-Hydroxyquinoline Al,Cu,Fe,Bi,La

10 PAN(1-(2-pyridylazo) Co,Pb,Fe.Zn..

11 2-naphtol,4-(2- pyridylazo) Cd,Cu,Bi,Co,Mn,ZnDanh sach mot so thuoc th hu c thong dung c s

dung trong phep o pho hap thu phan t UV-VIS e xac nh

cac kim loai:

Nh vay, vi cac chat hu c ta co pho UV-VIS ,th


41/43

N vay, v cac c at u c ta co p o UV V S ,tch can hoa tan chung vao mot dung moi phu

hp tao mot dung dch ong nhato mot

bc song thch hp thu c pho (o hap thuquang cua chung).

Cac dung moi hay c dung la

:H2O,C6H6,CHCl3,CCl4,MIBK(Metylisobutylkentone),Pyridyn

Cac ion kim loai cho chung tac dung chon loc

vi mot thuoc th hu c (ieu kien nhat nh)

tao ra hp chat phc hap thu bc xa va coo nhay cao.

i u kin to ra hp ch t phc:


42/43

p p Xay ra nhanh, hoan toan theo mot hng co tnh chat nh lng.

Tao san pham la hp chat ben,on nh,khong thay oi thanh phan

trong mot khoang thi gian toi thieu.

San pham phai co he so hap thu phan t >1000 va cang ln

cang tot.

Khong co phan ng phu xay ra (phan ng gia ion xac nh vi

thuoc th)phn ng c tnh chn lc. Cc ai hap thu cua san pham sinh ra t phan ng phai khac vi

cc ai hap thu cua thuoc th va cua dung moi, s khac biet cang

ln cang tot. Tot nhat la dung moi va thuoc th khong co cc aihap thu trong vung song o san pham tao phc la tot nhat.


43/43

1. LNG THY NGN 3008080050

2. T DUY KIT 3008080031

3. PHM TH LIU 30080801164. TRN TH LUYN 3008080039

5. TRM HNG MNH 3008070036

6. NGUYN TH NGC NG 30080800477. V TH KIM NGN 3008080048

8. NGUYN TH HNG NGC 3008080051

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