Phylum Sarcomas Ti Gop Hora

8/14/2019 Phylum Sarcomas Ti Gop Hora

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PhylumPhylum

SarcomastigophorSarcomastigophor

aa((SarcodinaSarcodina andand MastigophoraMastigophora))


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Subphyla:Subphyla:Subphylum Mastigophora

y Have one or more flagella

Push like a boat propeller

Pull like an airplane propeller

y

longitudinal binary fissiony Two classes

Phytomastigophora

ZoomastigophoraSubphylum Sarcodina


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Characteristics:

belongs to the protistkingdom and it includes

many unicellular or

colonial, autotrophic, or

heterotrophic organisms

y 2 main subphyla are

Sarcodina and the

Mastigophora

y Possess either

pseudopodia orflagella

as locomotor organellesy Unicellularorcolonial


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It places great significance upon method of

locomotion in generating the taxonomy


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y L

ocomotion by flagella, pseudopodia orboth

y Autotrophic, saprozoic, or heterotrophic

y

Single type of nucleusy Binary fission and sexual reproduction

are common

y Sexuality -syngamyy Spores typically are not formed

y Flagella may be permanent or transient or

confined in certain part of life cycley Clinical manifestations can either be

Intestinal, Tissue or Bloodprotozoans.


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Examples:Examples:


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PhylumPhylum SarcodinaSarcodina


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PhylumPhylum SarcodinaSarcodinay primarily use pseudopodiay skeleton or "test"

y

Nutrition: dissolved nutrients, othermicroscopic organisms and tiny bits of food

y Habitat: muddy freshwaters, ocean bottom,

and in contaminated drinking water

y have contractile vacuole

y Most well-known example of a sarcodine is the

famous amoeba

y Prefer to be cysts because they can withstand

drought, heat, or being eaten by other

organisms

y Die- huge deposits of limestone called Chalk


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2 most important2 most important sarcodinessarcodines::y Foraminefran y Radiolarian

Globigerina sp. Radiolarian


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2 morphological stages:

1st Trophozoite - metabolically active

invasive stage, moves with pseudopodia,

ingests RBC, lives in colon and is found infresh diarrheal stool; divides by binary

fission.

2nd Cyst - "vegetative" inactive formresistant to unfavourable environmental

conditions outside human host;

- this is the infective form resistantto stomach acid if swallowed

- survives up to 30 days; excyst to

trophozoite on passing through stomach


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Sarcodina cyst Sarcodinatrophozoite


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-Live in the Large Intestine and canproduce deep Ulcer

-The identification of intestinal amoebae

depends on the size and shape oftrophozoites and cysts and on morphology

and number of nucleus.

-Species identification is based onmorphology of cysts (stellate, polyhedral).


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EndolimaxEndolimax nananana


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y Endolimax nana is a genus of amoebozoa

that are found in the intestines of humany The cytoplasm

y Chromatid bodies are absent

y Associated with unsanitary conditions

y Surrounding the karyosome is a clear area

called the perikaryosomal space

y Nucleus may be difficult to differentiate from

other organisms

y Mode of Transmission: ingestion of cysts

in contaminated water

y Non- pathogenic


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CystCysty Cysts are small, with a spherical to

ellipsoidal shape.

y measure 5-10 um, with a usual range of 6-8um

y cytoplasm may contain diffuse glycogen,

and chromatid bodies are absent.

y contain 4 small nuclei

with a relatively large karyosome

No chromatoid bars / bodies

Glycogen vacuoles almost never seen


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TrophozoiteTrophozoitey 6-12um, with an average range of 8-10 um

y single nucleus sometimes visible in unstained

preparationsy has karyosome (blot-like)

y Irregular shape with blunt pseudopods

y Non-directional, sluggish motility

y Numerous bacteria filled vacuoles

y One indistinct nucleus with NO peripheral

chromatin = clear zone where nuclear

membrane is present ball in socket

appearance

y Very difficult to differentiate from I.butschlii


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Irregular shape ofE. nana vs otheramoeba

E. nana trophozoite


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DiagnosisDiagnosisy Good fixation and staining, such as with

Schaudinn's fixative and an ironhematoxylin stain, allow for relatively

easy differentiation of the trophozoites

from those of the slightly larger

Iodamoeba buetschlii

y stool examination, stains, transport

preservatives


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TreatmentTreatmenty metronidazole, diodoquine,

trimethoprim/sulfa


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Recent studies:Recent studies:y recent studies have shown E. nana to

cause periodic, mild-moderate diarrheaand intestinal discomfort


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AcanthomoebaAcanthomoeba castellanicastellani-free-living amoeba common in a variety of

habitats, including fresh water, soil, and

sewage-causes subacute and chronic amoebic

keratitis

-improper cleaning of the lenses afterremoval allows the Acanthamoeba

trophozoites to grow and multiply

-the trophozoite is irregular, 15-45 m

-Does not form flagellate stage

-Double-walled cysts


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y the cysts are spherical-15-20 m in diameter,- thick double wall. (outer wall may be

spherical or wrinkled, the inner wall appearpolyhedral.)

y Has Acanthopodia

y

May encyst in tissuesy pseudopods form a clearhemispherical

lobe at the anterior, and various shortfilose extensions from the margins of thebody

y single nucleus -large centrally locatednucleolus.


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Acanthomoeba cysts Acathomoebatrophozoites


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DiagnosisDiagnosisy in Trichrome stain the cytoplasm of

trophozoites appears greenish pink,

the central located karyosome pink or red.

y With trichrome stain, the cysts stain red.

y May be cultured on non nutrient agar

flooded with Page's saline solution and

overlaid with Escherichia coli.

y Histology or culture ofAcanthamoeba

spp.

y Immunofluorescence staining

y Atautopsy


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TreatmentTreatmenty Miconazole nitrate, Propamidine

isethionate, andN

eosporin for aminimum of 3-4 weeks

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Phylum Sarcomas Ti Gop Hora