1

Physiology of Animal Cells

Department of Animal ScienceNational Chung-Hsing University

Pin-Chi Tang

2

Reference Textbooks

Cell BiologyCell Biology 2002by Thomas D. Pollard and William C. Earnshaw

Molecular Biology of The CellMolecular Biology of The Cell 4th Ed. 2002by Bruce Alberts, Dennis Bray, Julian Lewis

Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, James D. Watson

Molecular Cell BiologyMolecular Cell Biology 5th Ed. 2004by Harvey Lodish, Arnikd Berk, Paul Matsudaira,

Chris A. Kaiser, Monty Krieger, Matthew P.Scott, Lawrence Zipursky, James Darnell

BiologyBiology 6th Ed. 2002by George B. Johnson and Peter H. Raven

3

Overview of Cell Biology

4

Biology

Historical event

chemistry physics

Origin and evolution of life on earth

5

ChanceChance

6

Cells come in an astounding assortment of shapes and sizes.(a) Eubacteria, Lactococcus lactis; (b) Archaebacteria, Methanosarcina.

a b

Molecular Cell Biology, Ch 1, 2004

7

Cells come in an astounding assortment of shapes and sizes.

c d

(c) Blood cells; (d) Fossilized dinosaur eggs.

Molecular Cell Biology, Ch 1, 2004

8

Cells come in an astounding assortment of shapes and sizes.

e f

(e) A colonial single-celled green alga, Volvox aureus; (f) A single Purkinjeneuron of the cerebellum.

Molecular Cell Biology, Ch 1, 2004

9

Cells come in an astounding assortment of shapes and sizes.

g h

(g) Cells can form an epithelial sheet; (h) Plant cells are fixed firmly in placein vascular Plants.

Molecular Cell Biology, Ch 1, 2004

10

A single cell, the human egg (~200 m), with sperm, which arealso single cells. From the union of an egg and sperm will arisethe 10 trillion cells of a human body.

11

All cells are thought to have evolved

from a common progenitor, because

the structures and molecules in all

cells have so many similarities.

12

The tree of life. Universal tree based on comparisons of ribosomalRNA sequences

Cell Biology, Ch 1, by Pollard and Earnshaw, 2002

13

The tree of life. Time line for the divergence of animals, plants, andfungi.

Cell Biology, Ch 1, by Pollard and Earnshaw, 2002

14

All organisms from simple bacteria to complex mammals probablyevolved from a common, single-celled progenitor.

the archaea and theeukaryotes divergedfrom the true bacteriabefore they divergedfrom each other.

Molecular Cell Biology, Ch 1, 2004

15

The biological universe consistsof two types of cells:

prokaryotic cells

eukaryotic cells

16Molecular Cell Biology, Ch 1, 2004

17

many proteins are preciselylocalized in their aqueousinterior, or cytosol, indicatingthe presence of internalorganization.

Molecular Cell Biology, Ch 1, 2004

18Molecular Cell Biology, Ch 1, 2004

19

cytoplasm, comprising thecytosol (aqueous phase)and the organelles.

Molecular Cell Biology, Ch 1, 2004

20

Prokaryotic cells consist of a single closedcompartment that is surrounded by the plasmamembrane, lacks a defined nucleus, and has arelatively simple internal organization.

Eukaryotic cells contain a defined membrane-boundnucleus and extensive internal membranes thatenclose other compartments, the organelles.

Prokaryotic cells have a simpler internal organizationthan eukaryotic cells.

21

Cell

NOYESCytoskeleton

NOYESCompartmentalized

Prokaryotic cellsEukaryotic cells

22

Mammalian Oocyte

Architecture

23

cytokinesis

Cell Cycle

M phase

2n, 2C

2n, 2-4C

2n, 4C

24Mitosis

25Meiosis I

Germinal vesicle (GV) stage

First polar body

26Meiosis II

Metaphase II (MII) stage

27Theriogenology 65(4):744-756, 2006

Morphology of the chromatin andthe cytoskeleton of germinalvesicle stage porcine oocytes

(A) The chromatin structure (arrow) of theGV stage oocyte.

(B) The microtubular structure (arrowheads) of a normal GV oocyte. Notethat the intensive periooplasmicmicrotubules are clearly visible.

Bars: 5 mm (A) and 20 mm (B).

A

B

28

A B

Microfilament characteristics of pig oocytes during invitro maturation.

Anim. Reprod. Sci. 103:107-119, 2008

(A)Long microfilaments are distributed in the periooplasm of a smallproportion of the GV oocytes.

(B) The majority of GV oocytes possess a short form or punctates ofmicrofilaments and the proportion of oocytes with this type ofmicrofilaments increase with maturation.

29

Microfilament characteristics of pig oocytes during invitro maturation.

(C) Some small proportions of oocytes have a disorganized or irregularmorphology of microfilament pattern.

(D) The vitelline ring of an oocyte is distinguishable from the periooplasmicactin (white arrows). Outside the vitelline ring, some transzonal processes(TZP) are still visible in a MII oocyte (Left, yellow arrow), in which the amountor intensity of TZP is much less than a GV stage oocytes (inset, yellowarrows).

C D

Anim. Reprod. Sci. 103:107-119, 2008

30

Location of mitochondria in mouse MII oocytes.The circles indicate the MII chromosomes.

J. Reprod. Dev. 52:239-248, 2006

31

Location of cortical granule (green) and microfilament(red) in mouse MII oocytes.

Arrow head: polar bodyChromotin: blue.

J. Reprod. Dev. 52:239-248, 2006