28
Physiology of cell membrane and membrane transport Putcharawipa Maneesai, PhD. Department of Physiology, Faculty of medicine, KKU

Physiology of cell membrane and membrane transport...“The cell membrane is a barrier ” Chemical compositions of extracellular and intracellular fluids Cell membrane transport 1

  • Upload
    others

  • View
    2

  • Download
    0

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Page 1: Physiology of cell membrane and membrane transport...“The cell membrane is a barrier ” Chemical compositions of extracellular and intracellular fluids Cell membrane transport 1

Physiology of cell membraneand membrane transport

Putcharawipa Maneesai, PhD.

Department of Physiology, Faculty of medicine, KKU

Page 2: Physiology of cell membrane and membrane transport...“The cell membrane is a barrier ” Chemical compositions of extracellular and intracellular fluids Cell membrane transport 1

Objectives

1. การจดัระบบ การเรียงตวัของโมเลกลุของไขมนัและโปรตีนในเย่ือหุม้เซลล์2. กระบวนการขนสง่ผา่นเย่ือหุม้เซลล์3. การแพร่4. ความดนัออสโมซิสและกระบวนการเกิดออสโมซิส5. ปัจจยัท่ีมีผลตอ่การขนสง่สารผ่านเย่ือหุม้เซลล์

นักศึกษาสามารถอธิบาย

Page 3: Physiology of cell membrane and membrane transport...“The cell membrane is a barrier ” Chemical compositions of extracellular and intracellular fluids Cell membrane transport 1

Structure of Plasma Membrane

Protein

Carbohydrate

Lipids

Integral protein: ˷70% Peripheral protein

Phospholipids Cholesterol Glycolipids

+ protein-> glycoprotein + lipid -> glycolipid

Receptors, channels, enzymes, transporters

Antigen, receptorImage from Purves et al., Life: The Science of Biology, 4th Edition

Singer & Nicholson, 1972Fluid mosaic model

Page 4: Physiology of cell membrane and membrane transport...“The cell membrane is a barrier ” Chemical compositions of extracellular and intracellular fluids Cell membrane transport 1

Properties of cell membrane

Selectively permeable/ semipermeable

Cell-cell recognition

Cell-cell communication

Selective permeability restricts materials based on:

• Size• Electrical charge• Molecular shape• Lipid solubility

“The cell membrane is a barrier”

Page 5: Physiology of cell membrane and membrane transport...“The cell membrane is a barrier ” Chemical compositions of extracellular and intracellular fluids Cell membrane transport 1

Chemical compositions of extracellular and intracellular fluids

Page 6: Physiology of cell membrane and membrane transport...“The cell membrane is a barrier ” Chemical compositions of extracellular and intracellular fluids Cell membrane transport 1

Cell membrane transport

1. Passive transport (diffusion)1.1 Simple diffusion1.2 Facilitated diffusion 1.3 Osmosis

2. Active transport 2.1 Primary active transport2.2 Secondary active transport 2.3 Endocytosis & exocytosis

Mechanism of transport

Page 7: Physiology of cell membrane and membrane transport...“The cell membrane is a barrier ” Chemical compositions of extracellular and intracellular fluids Cell membrane transport 1

1.1 Simple diffusion

A B

High concentration Low concentration

- Selective permeability- Gating: Voltage gating, Chemical or ligand gating

Protein channel : water and ions

Simple diffusion is the movement of molecules from one location to another by random thermal motion

Lipid bilayer : gases and ethanol

ความเขม้ขน้เท่ากนัจุดสมดุล = หยุดแพร่

“การแพร่แบบธรรมดา”

Page 8: Physiology of cell membrane and membrane transport...“The cell membrane is a barrier ” Chemical compositions of extracellular and intracellular fluids Cell membrane transport 1

Permeability of lipid membranes

Selective permeability restricts materials based on:

• Size• Electrical charge• Molecular shape• Lipid solubility

Page 9: Physiology of cell membrane and membrane transport...“The cell membrane is a barrier ” Chemical compositions of extracellular and intracellular fluids Cell membrane transport 1

**Carriers proteins

1.2 Facilitated diffusion

2. A conformational change occurs in the carrier protein

1. A molecule binds to the specific receptor

High concentration Low concentration“การแพร่แบบอาศัยตัวพา”

Page 10: Physiology of cell membrane and membrane transport...“The cell membrane is a barrier ” Chemical compositions of extracellular and intracellular fluids Cell membrane transport 1

Simple diffusion vs Facilitated diffusion

อตัราการแพรอ่าจถกูยบัยัง้แบบแก่งแย่ง (competitive inhibition) โดยสารท่ีมีโครงสรา้งทางเคมีคลา้ยกนั

อตัราการแพรแ่ปรเป็นสดัส่วนโดยตรงกบัความเขม้ขน้ของสารมจุีดอิม่ตัว

มีความจ าเพาะในการเคลื่อนยา้ยสารท่ีมีโครงสรา้งเคมีแบบใดแบบหนึ่งเท่านัน้

อตัราการแพรเ่รว็กว่าการแพรแ่บบธรรมดา

Facilitated diffusion

Page 11: Physiology of cell membrane and membrane transport...“The cell membrane is a barrier ” Chemical compositions of extracellular and intracellular fluids Cell membrane transport 1

Factor effecting rate of diffusion

Fick’s law of diffusion

J = Net molar diffusion (mmol/sec)P = permeability (cm/sec)A = surface area (cm2)C1 = Concentration in solution 1 (mmol/L)C2 = Concentration in solution 2 (mmol/L)

J = -PA (C1-C2)

** when C1=C2

Equilibrium

Permeability

Surface area

when

Concentration difference

Electrical potential

Page 12: Physiology of cell membrane and membrane transport...“The cell membrane is a barrier ” Chemical compositions of extracellular and intracellular fluids Cell membrane transport 1

Factor effecting rate of diffusion

Temperature Higher temperature Diffuse faster

Surface area Large surface Diffuse faster

Concentration Gradient

Higher gradient Diffuse faster

Size of particles Smaller particles Diffuse faster

Diffusion Medium Solid SlowestLiquid FasterGas Fastest

Page 13: Physiology of cell membrane and membrane transport...“The cell membrane is a barrier ” Chemical compositions of extracellular and intracellular fluids Cell membrane transport 1

1.3 Osmosis

Osmotic pressure (π)is the force of a concentration

gradient of waterPressure

required to stop osmosis

Low concentrationHigh concentration

Osmosis is the movement of water across the cell membrane

Page 14: Physiology of cell membrane and membrane transport...“The cell membrane is a barrier ” Chemical compositions of extracellular and intracellular fluids Cell membrane transport 1

Osmosis

Page 15: Physiology of cell membrane and membrane transport...“The cell membrane is a barrier ” Chemical compositions of extracellular and intracellular fluids Cell membrane transport 1
Page 16: Physiology of cell membrane and membrane transport...“The cell membrane is a barrier ” Chemical compositions of extracellular and intracellular fluids Cell membrane transport 1

Osmotic Pressure (π) Calculation

π =iMRTwhere

π = osmotic pressurei = van't Hoff factorM = molar concentration of dissolved species (units of mol/L)R = the ideal gas constant (0.08206 L atm mol-1 K-1, or other

values depending on the pressure units)T = the temperature on the Kelvin scale

Morse equation

van't Hoff factor

ionic compounds dissolved in water, the van 't Hoff factor is equal to the number of discrete ions in a formula unit of the substance.

non-electrolytes dissolved in water, the van 't Hoff factor is essentially 1.

Page 17: Physiology of cell membrane and membrane transport...“The cell membrane is a barrier ” Chemical compositions of extracellular and intracellular fluids Cell membrane transport 1

Osmolality

Osmolality: the number of particles in the solution

mole = grams molecular weight

Molarity = mole of solutevolume of solution in liter

Osmolarity = 1 osmole of solute dissolved in each liter of water

Osmolality = 1 osmole of solute dissolved in each kilogram of water

Normal osmolality of ICF and ECF = 285 mOsm/L or ~300 mOsm/L

Osmole = number of particles (mole) in the solution

1 mole of solute particle =1 osmole

Ex: glucoseNon-dissociated solute

Dissociated solute 1 mole = > 1 osmoleEx: NaCl

Page 18: Physiology of cell membrane and membrane transport...“The cell membrane is a barrier ” Chemical compositions of extracellular and intracellular fluids Cell membrane transport 1

Tonicity

3 classifications of tonicity: 1. Isotonic2. Hypertonic 3. Hypotonic

12 3

Page 19: Physiology of cell membrane and membrane transport...“The cell membrane is a barrier ” Chemical compositions of extracellular and intracellular fluids Cell membrane transport 1

2. Active transport

สามารถขนส่งสารต้าน concentration gradient/ electrochemical gradient

High concentrationLow concentration

มจุีดอิม่ตัวของอัตราการขนส่ง

มคีวามจ าเพาะในการขนส่งสารบางชนิดและมีการยับยัง้แบบแก่งแย่งจากสารเคมทีีม่โีครงสร้างคล้ายกัน

ถูกยับยัง้โดยสารเคมหีรือกระบวนการใดๆทีห่ยุดการสร้างพลังงานจากเมแทบอลิซมึของเซลล์

1. Primary Active transport 2. Secondary Active transport

การขนส่งสารทีอ่าศัยพลังงานจากเมแทบอลิซมึของเซลลโ์ดยตรง การขนส่งสารทีอ่าศัยพลังงานโดยทางอ้อม

Page 20: Physiology of cell membrane and membrane transport...“The cell membrane is a barrier ” Chemical compositions of extracellular and intracellular fluids Cell membrane transport 1

2.1 Primary active transport

Energy

Energy is derived directly from

breakdown of ATP or some other

high-energy phosphate compound

Sodium potassium pump or Na, K ATPase

Animation: https://www.meduhub.com

Example : Na+-K+ ATPase pump to maintain the cell potential

: Ca2+-ATPase pump: muscle cells: H +-ATPase pump: gastric parietal cells

Page 21: Physiology of cell membrane and membrane transport...“The cell membrane is a barrier ” Chemical compositions of extracellular and intracellular fluids Cell membrane transport 1

Na+-K+-ATPase pump inhibitor

Ouabain is a cardiac glycoside that acts by inhibiting the Na+/K+-ATPase pump

Ouabain binds to ouabain binding site

increase of intracellular sodium

reduces the activity of the sodium-calcium exchanger (NCX)

elevates intracellular calcium

increase cardiac contractility increase in cardiac vagal tone cardiac arrhythmias

Page 22: Physiology of cell membrane and membrane transport...“The cell membrane is a barrier ” Chemical compositions of extracellular and intracellular fluids Cell membrane transport 1

2.2 Secondary active transport

Na+ /glucose-cotransporters

Na+

cotransport or symportEX: Na+-glucose or Na+-amino acid

:intestinal tract, renal tubule

counter transport or antiportEX: Na+-Ca2+ ; all cell membrane

: Na+-H+; proximal tubule of renal

important mechanism in transporting glucose across renal and intestinal epithelial cells

Energy is derived secondarily from energy stored in the form of ionic concentration differences of secondary molecular or ionic substances between the 2 sides of a cell membrane

1 2

Page 23: Physiology of cell membrane and membrane transport...“The cell membrane is a barrier ” Chemical compositions of extracellular and intracellular fluids Cell membrane transport 1

Co-transport and Counter transport

antiport

symport

Page 24: Physiology of cell membrane and membrane transport...“The cell membrane is a barrier ” Chemical compositions of extracellular and intracellular fluids Cell membrane transport 1

2.3 Membrane transport of macromolecule

Vesicular transport

- pinocytosis - phagocytosis - receptor-mediated endocytosis

Exocytosis

Endocytosis

https://www2.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBooktransp.html

Page 25: Physiology of cell membrane and membrane transport...“The cell membrane is a barrier ” Chemical compositions of extracellular and intracellular fluids Cell membrane transport 1

Endocytosis

Page 26: Physiology of cell membrane and membrane transport...“The cell membrane is a barrier ” Chemical compositions of extracellular and intracellular fluids Cell membrane transport 1

Movement of solutes across a typical plasma membrane involving membrane proteins

Direction of net flux across plasma membrane

Page 27: Physiology of cell membrane and membrane transport...“The cell membrane is a barrier ” Chemical compositions of extracellular and intracellular fluids Cell membrane transport 1

Resources

Widmaier, E. P., Raff, H., Strang, K. T., & Vander, A. J. (2014). Vander's Human Physiology: The Mechanisms Of Body Function.

Boston, Mcgraw-hill Higher Education.

Hall, J. E., & Guyton, A. C. (2011). Guyton And Hall Textbook Of Medical Physiology. Philadelphia, PA, Saunders Elsevier.

Barrett, K. E., & Ganong, W. F. (2012). Ganong's Review Of Medical Physiology. New York, Mcgraw-hill Medical.

e-learning KKU.

Page 28: Physiology of cell membrane and membrane transport...“The cell membrane is a barrier ” Chemical compositions of extracellular and intracellular fluids Cell membrane transport 1

ปฏบิัตกิาร Membrane Transport

เขา้เรยีนใหต้รงเวลา มี Pre-test ดว้ยนะคะ** อา่นคูมื่อปฏิบตัิการก่อนเขา้เรยีน