The miracle of reproduction and life giving

Female Reproductive physiology Puberty -is defined as

transitional period of rapid growth.

φ Physicalφ Psychological φ Sexual maturityφ Capacity to

reproduce

Physiological mechanism of puberty Brain Cortex

Hypothalamus

FSH

LH

LTH

PITUITARY PORTAL SYSTEM

ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLANDFSH,LH, LTH

OVARIES

E P

SECONDARY SEX CHARACTERISTIC

Factors affecting onset of puberty1. Heredity2. Race3. Nutritional status 4. Presence or

absence of illness 5. Environment: Ω light- blind girls

menarche earlier. Ω stress- may delay

onset of puberty Ωclimate- extreme

heat/cold

Male & Female secondary characteristicFemale Male

Body configuration

Fat deposition in breast, hips and buttocks .Breast budding-nipples & areola (thelarche)

Shoulder broaden, muscles enlarge

Hair Growth and distribution

Growth of axillary and pubic hair (pubarche). F-inverted triangle with less hair.

Beard, axillary, chest and pubic hair appear(Pubarche). M-upright triangular pattern with increase body hair and less scalp hair.

Voice Stay high pitch Voice deepens

Genitalia a.Internal

b.External

glycogen content and configuration of vaginal mucosa. Cervical glands are active. Uterus becomes enlarge.

size of penis and scrotum. They become pigmented and rugose. Seminal vessicles, prostate and bulbourethral glands enlarge and secretes.

Psychological

Attracted to opposite sex Attracted to opposite sexBecomes more aggressive and active.

Skin Sebaceous gland secretion thickens and increase predisposing to acne in 75-90 % of individuals.

Progression of Puberty Age/

Years Growth Characteristic

9-10 Growth of the bony pelvis, beginning of female contour.Fat deposition Nipple budding

10-11 Breast budding – 2-3 years before menarche Appearance of pubic hair (Pubarche). Glycogen of vaginal mucosa increases (cernification).

12-13 oPigmentation of nipples

13-14 Axillary hair increase

REPRODUCTIVE AND SEXUAL HEALTH

Secondary sex characteristic of boys occurs in order:1. increase in weight 2. growth of testes3. growth of face, axillary, and pubic hair4. voice changes5. penile growth6. increase in height 7. spermatogenesis

Secondary sex characteristic of girls occurs in order:1. growth spurt2. increase in the traverse diameter of the pelvis3. breast development (thelarche)4. growth of pubic hair (adrenarche)5. onset of menstruation (menarche 12.5 y/o ave.)6. Ovulation occurs 1 – 2 years after menarche7. growth of axillary hair (adrenarche)8. vaginal secretion

Physiology of:

Menstruation Is the periodic, physiologic discharge of blood,

mucus and epithelial cells from the uterine mucosa, every 28-30 days from menarch to menopause except during pregnancy and lactation.

Physiology of menstruation: 1.The ovarian cycle 2.Endometrial cycle Objective of the ovarian cycle: to provide an ovum

fertilization. Objective of the endometrial cycle: to provide a

suitable bed in which fertilized ovum may implant and development.

Ovarian cycle

In the cortex of the ovary are several primodial follicles:

a.Oocyte- a single large, more or less round cell with large centrally located nucleous and a well defined nucleus.

b.Layer of granulosa

Phases of ovarian cycle 1. Pre ovulatory/ follicular

phase The first half of the ovarian

cycle characterized by development of graafian follicle.

Mature graafian follicle:

1. Theca externa

2. Theca interna

3. Membrane granulose

4. Antrum

5. Discuss progligerous

6. The mature ovum

In 28 day cycle, this phase last for 14 dayof menstruation.

Ovulation and rupture of graafian follicle occurs before the onset onset of the next menses.

2. Post ovulatory or luteal phase

This is the second half of the ovarian cycle during which the corpus luteum at the site of the rupture follicle.

Last 14 days regardless of the average length of the cycle.

Corpus luteum take charge in hormaonal regulation and begins to degenerate 1 week after ovulation.

Hormonal Regulation of Ovarian & Menstrual Cycles1. Hypothalamus releases GnRH.

2. GnRH stimulates anterior pituitary to release FSH.

FSH

3. FSH stimulates a follicle to grow & produce estrogen.

Estrogen

Hormonal Regulation of Menstrual & Ovarian Cycles

FSHEstrogen

4. Rising levels of estrogen cause anterior pituitary to increase production & storage of LH.

LH

Estrogen

Hormonal Regulation of Menstrual & Ovarian Cycles

5. High estrogen causes LH to be released in a burst & the endometrium to thicken (proliferative phase).

6. High LH stimulates first meiotic division of primary oocyte.

FSHEstrogen

Estrogen

LH

Hormonal Regulation of Menstrual & Ovarian Cycles

7. High LH triggers ovulation.

FSHEstrogen

Estrogen

LH

8. High LH causes ruptured follicle to become a corpus luteum.

Hormonal Regulation of Menstrual & Ovarian Cycles

FSH

9. Corpus luteum produces progesterone.

Estrogen

Estrogen

LH

Progesterone

XX

10. Progesterone inhibits the production of FHS & LH by the anterior pituitary & stimulates secretory phase .

Hormonal Regulation of Ovarian & Menstrual Cycles11. Diminishing levels of FSH & LH

cause corpus luteum to deteriorate & produce less progesterone.

12. Dimishing levels of estrogen & progesterone cause inhibition of FSH & LH to end & thickened endometrium to slough (menses).

Estrogen

FSH

LH

ProgesteroneXX

X

Hormonal Regulation of Ovarian & Menstrual Cycles

FSH

13. Increasing levels of FSH cause a new cycle to begin.