PLAN NACIONAL DE DESCENTRALIZACIÓN DEL ECUADOR 2012-2015

7/31/2019 PLAN NACIONAL DE DESCENTRALIZACIN DEL ECUADOR 2012-2015

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Eox hoj}`jkmox mè }`r}o x` ~p`m`j hk}a| { |`~|omphk|% xk`f~|` qp` xà xkjj`x hof`|hkae`x% { hoj ea hojmkhkj m` |`hojoh`| eox h|mk}oxHo||`x~ojmk`j}`x |`|k`jmo a ea gp`j}` lklekoi|ha*

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qp` a~pj}aeaj ea gjaekmam e}kfa m` ea m`xh`j&}|aektahkj4 aehajta| è Lp`j Wkwk|*

Pjo m` eox `d`x m` jp`x}|o jp`wo @x}amo hojx&}k}phkojae m` m`|`hbox { dpx}khka `x è bal`|hojxai|amo ea ~a|}khk~ahkj hkpmamaja hofof`hajkxfo m` eìk}kfkmam m`foh|}kha qp`hof~e`f`j}a { `j|kqp`h` a eax o|fax }|amk&hkojae`x m` m`foh|ahka |`~|`x`j}a}kwa3 `j `x`x`j}kmo% m`l`fox |è`wa| ea p`|ta ~a|}khk~a}kwa`j ea hojx}|phhkj mè eaj Jahkojae m` M`xh`j&}|aektahkj% ~p`x x` hoj}% ~|`hkxaf`j}`% hojea xpl|a{ama ~a|}khk~ahkj ah}kwa m` ae|`m`&mo| m` 8>>> ~`|xojax% `j `j}kmam`x `j}|` o|iajktahkoj`x xohkae`x%IAM { `d`hp}kwo m`xhojh`j}|amo* @x}` êaj xki&

jkgh pj `d`|hkhko m`foh|}kho qp` bkto |àek&mam ea hojx}|phhkj m` ~oe}kha m` m`xh`j}|aek&tahkj m` alado bahka a||kla `j hpf~ekfk`j}om` eax mkx~oxkhkoj`x m` jp`x}|o jp`wo fa|hohojx}k}phkojae*

@e êaj Jahkojae m` M`xh`j}|aektahkj jo~p`m` xkjo }`j`| hofo pjmaf`j}o }`|kho&hojh`~}pae è êaj Jahkojae mè Lp`j Wkwk|>;&18% `j wk|}pm mè ~|kjhk~ko m` hof~e`&f`j}a|k`mam { `j hojxkm`|ahkj a qp` pjo m`xpx old`}kwox h`j}|ae`x `x hojx}|pk| pj @x}amo

m`foh|}kho ~a|a è Lp`j Wkwk|% `j è hpae xìa|aj}kh`j eox m`|`hbox m` ea hkpmamaja% ~p`&leox% jahkojaekmam`x% hofpjax { hofpjkmam`x*

Ea m`xh`j}|aektahkj jo `x pj ~|oh`xo j`p}|o%`x pj ~|oh`xo `fkj`j}`f`j}` ~oe}kho% qp`lpxha f`do|a| `j è }`||k}o|ko ea `x~`|ajta{ haekmam m` wkma m` ea ~oleahkj3 `x}ale`h`|pj |ikf`j `hojfkho ~|omph}kwo ~o~pea|%xoekma|ko { xox}`jkle`3 of`j}a| ea ~a|}khk~a&hkj { hoj}|oe xohkae3 axìp|a| a ea ~oleahkjè ahh`xo `qpk}a}kwo% ~`|faj`j}` { m` haekmamae aipa% ak|` { xpèo3 ~|o}ì`| ea mkw`|xkmamhpe}p|ae3 {% xol|` }omo% ~|ofow`| pj o|m`ja&fk`j}o }`||k}o|kae qpkekl|amo { qpk}a}kwo qp`kj}ì|` { a|}khpe` eax ah}kwkmam`x xohkohpe}p|a&e`x% amfkjkx}|a}kwax% `hojfkhax { m` i`x}kj

qp` hoam{pw`j a ea pjkmam mè @x}amo*

X` }|a}a m` pj haflko m` ~oha* @e @x}amoa }p eamo `x jp`x}|a hojxkija* Eox }`||k}o|koxxoj {a ~a|}` mè }`||k}o|ko jahkojae* Eax ap}o&jofax xkijkghaj kj}ì|ahkj { jo ap}oakxea&fk`j}o jk |aif`j}ahkj*

Hoj `x}` fa|ho% ~|`x`j}afox a hoj}kjpahkjè eaj Jahkojae m` M`xh`j}|aektahkj qp` mk|k&ik| ea kf~e`f`j}ahkj m` `x}` ~|oh`xo `jjp`x}|o ~ax `j}|` è ao 1< { è 10*

KJ]@I\AJ]@X M@E HOJX@DO JAHKOJAE M@ HOF^@]@JHKAX

Gajm`| Gaehoj L`j}`t^\@XKM@J]@ M@E HOJX@DO JAHKOJAE M@ HOF^@]@JHKAX

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Ipx}awo L`mj ]afa{oX@H\@]A\KO @D@HP]KWO% @*


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m`xa||oeeo% ~a|}khk~ahkj { pjkmam mè @x}amo*

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dpx}khka `j }omax xpx mkf`jxkoj`x*

Ea m`xh`j}|aektahkj `j ea jp`wa Hojx}k}p&hkj }aflkj `x} xo~o|}ama ~o| pja jp`wakjx}k}phkojaekmam hoj ea |`x~ojxalkekmam m`~|ofow`|% |ìpea| { o|iajkta| è }|ax~axo {è `d`|hkhko m` eax hof~`}`jhkax `rhepxkwax {hojhp||`j}`x% m` aqpèeax {a `rkx}`j}`x { mèax jp`wax qp` baj `f~`tamo a }|ajx`|k|x`*@eeo wpèw` kjmkx~`jxale` hoj}a| hoj `x}` êajJahkojae m` M`xh`j}|aektahkj ~a|a mkjafkta|{ o|m`ja| è ~|oh`xo*

Ea hojx}|phhkj mè êaj Jahkojae m` M`xh`j}|a&ektahkj |`x~ojm` a pj ~|oh`mkfk`j}o xox}`jkmo

m` hojxpe}a% mkeoio { hojh`|}ahkj m` ah}o|`xxohkae`x ` kjx}k}phkojae`x* â|a èeo% hofo ~|k&f`|a ahhkj x` m`x~eìa|oj f`hajkxfox m` mk&eoio ~a|a a|}khpea| ea ~eajkghahkj hoj eox a~o|&}`x m` ae|`m`mo| m` 718 |`~|`x`j}aj}`x m` eaxkjx}k}phkoj`x m`xhojh`j}|amax mè `d`hp}kwo `jeax ; tojax m` ~eajkghahkj* Am`fx x` kjhep{`&|oj olx`|wahkoj`x m` eox i|`fkox { axohkahkoj`xm` eox Iolk`|jox Ap}jofox M`xh`j}|aektamox%ah}o|`x qp` hp`j}aj hoj `r~`|k`jhka { eìk}kfk&mam `j è }`||k}o|ko { qp` baj kf~pexamo ~|oh`&xox `rk}oxox m` i`x}kj ~a|}khk~a}kwa*

Ea o|fpeahkj mè êaj x` ee`w a halof`mkaj}` ea ~a|}khk~ahkj m` ~|``h}ox% aehae&m`x% hojh`dae`x% ~|`xkm`j}`x { wohae`x mìolk`|jox ~a||oqpkae`x |p|ae`x% pjhkoja|kox

Kj}|omphhkj

@j @hpamo| ea m`xh`j}|aektahkj amqpk|k pjkf~o|}aj}` ~|o}aiojkxfo a f`mkamox m` eamhama m` eox ;>% hpajmo ea ai`jma jòekl`|ae

a}|aw`xala xp f`do| fof`j}o* Gp` pj ~pj}ae`j eox mkxhp|xox m` eax ai`jhkax m` hoo~`|a&hkj kj}`|jahkojae% eox h`j}|ox m` kjw`x}kia&hkj agj`x a ea o|}omorka mè fof`j}o { eax`j}kmam`x ipl`|jaf`j}ae`x `jha|iamax mèa fom`|jktahkj { è ahbkhafk`j}o mè@x}amo*

Xk lk`j xpx ~|o~xk}ox hoj}a|oj hoj ea a~|o&lahkj { hojx`jxo m` fphbox x`h}o|`x xohka&e`x% kjhep{`jmo eox jkwè`x m` iolk`|jo xplja&hkojae`x% }pwo fp{ ~oho kf~ah}o a ea bo|a m`|`mkx}|klpk| ~om`| j e }`||k}o|ko { f`do|a| eoxx`|wkhkox ~lekhox { eax hojmkhkoj`x m` wkma `jeax eohaekmam`x* @x` fomèo m` m`xh`j}|aekta&hkj `x}pwo fa|hamo ~o| pj p`|}` woepj}a&|kxfo% ~o| ea ae}a m` a|}khpeahkj `j}|` }|ajx&`|`jhka m` hof~`}`jhkax { m` |`hp|xox { ~o|ea apx`jhka m` ha~ahkmam`x m` i`x}kj `j èiolk`|jo h`j}|ae { `j eox iolk`|jox eohae`x*

Eo m`xh|k}o fp`x}|a qp` ea m`xh`j}|aektahkjba }`jkmo pja ho||`x~ojm`jhka mk|`h}a hoj è|ikf`j m` m`xa||oeeo kf~`|aj}` {% ~o| }aj}o%hoj è fomèo m` @x}amo hojxai|amo hojx}k&

}phkojaef`j}`3 èeo `x ~a|}khpea|f`j}` jo}o&|ko `j eax mox e}kfax hojx}k}phkoj`x mè ~ax*

Ea a~|olahkj m`foh|}kha m` ea Hojx}k}phkjm` >2 xp~pxo pj jp`wo |ikf`j m` m`xa&||oeeo% h`j}|amo `j è Lp`j Wkwk|% { pj @x}amohojx}k}phkojae m` m`|`hbox { dpx}khka3 `x}okjhep{ ea |ò|iajktahkj }`||k}o|kae mè @x}amo{ ea |`hp~`|ahkj m` xpx ahpe}am`x x`jhka&e`x hofo eax m` ~eajkghahkj% mkx}|klphkj%|`h}o|a% |ìpeahkj { hoj}|oe* Ea Hojx}k}phkjhojxai| pj Xkx}`fa Jahkojae m` Hof~`}`j&hkax a|}khpeamo ae m` ~eajkghahkj { pj jp`wo

`xqp`fa m` m`xh`j}|aektahkj pjmaf`j}amo`j pja }|ajx`|`jhka olekia}o|ka% ~|oi|`xkwa{ m`gjk}kwa m` hof~`}`jhkax% hp{o old`}kwopjmaf`j}ae `x i`j`|a| `qpkmam }`||k}o|kae


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mèìamox m` eox IAM% mèìamox mè `d`hp&}kwo `j è }`||k}o|ko { |`~|`x`j}aj}`x m` o|ia&jktahkoj`x m` ea xohk`mam hkwke% `j >> ~a|}khk&~aj}`x mkxhp}k`|oj xol|` hpa}|o `d`x }`f}k&hox4 1+ Wkaekmam% ]|jxk}o% ]|ajx~o|}` { Xìp|k&mam Wkae3


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Ea m`xh`j}|aektahkj amqpk`|` xkijkkhajhka a~a|}k| m` eox aox ;>% ~oha `j ea qp` x` `x}a&le`h` hofo }a|à pjmaf`j}ae ea |ò|fa {ea |`hojx}|phhkj mè @x}amo m`xm` è `jo&qp` jòekl`|ae3 xkj `fla|io% ~a|a hof&~|`jm`| ea hof~e`dkmam m` x}` ~|oh`xo { èjp`wo fomèo ~|o~p`x}o a ~a|}k| mè >2%`x kf~|`xhkjmkle` |`wkxa| eox fomèox qp` e`~|`h`mk`|oj* X` balea mè }|jxk}o `j}|` pjfomèo m`xa||oeekx}a% a~ekhamo `j eax mhamam` eox x`x`j}a { x`}`j}a% a pj fomèo jòek&

l`|ae kf~e`f`j}amo m`xm` f`mkamox m` eoxohb`j}a { è eoi|o m` xpx awajh`x fx ~|o&pjmox `j ea mhama m` eox ;>* G|`j}` a `x}`fomèo x` ~|o~oj` pj fomèo qp` kf~ekha eahojx}|phhkj m` pj @x}amo M`foh|}kho ladopja jp`wa hojh`~hkj m` m`xa||oeeo*

]|ax ea i|aj m`~|`xkj m` eox aox 8> ~o| èfae pjhkojafk`j}o mè f`|hamo% eax `hojo&fax ha~k}aekx}ax `j}|a|oj `j h|kxkx { hoj èeax}aflkj `j}| `j h|kxkx è @x}amo ekl`|ae% `x}omko ~axo a ea `f`|i`jhka mè @x}amo xohkaelp|oh|}kho% qp` `j eox ~ax`x m`xa||oeeamox

x` }|amph` `j è @x}amo m` lk`j`x}a| fk`j&}|ax qp` `j eox ~ax`x m` Af|kha Ea}kja% `jè `x}amo m`xa||oeekx}a { ~|o}`hhkojkx}a* Ax`j}|` eax mhamax mè 7> { 9> è @x}amo x`hojwk`|}` `j è ah}o| m` m`xa||oeeo `hoj&fkho { xohkae lado ea kmà m` ~o}`jhka| è ~|o&h`xo m` kjmpx}|kaektahkj kjmkx~`jxale` ~a|aea `r~ajxkj { mkw`|xkkhahkj mèkl`|ama mèf`|hamo kj}`|jo% hp{o pjmaf`j}o }`|khop` èalo|amo ~o| ea Hofkxkj @hojfkha~a|a Af|kha Eaj}kja { è Ha|kl` H@ÂE a~a|}k| m` eox aox 0>*

M`j}|o m` ea mkjfkha `woep}kwa a ea|io ~eatomè xkx}`fa `hojfkho fpjmkae% ea ~`|k`|kah|`h`| a f`jo| |k}fo qp` ea ~|omph}kwkmam mè}|alado i`j`|ajmo jo xoeo ea m`xkipaemam j eox

|k}fox m` `x}a ~|omph}kwkmam% xkjo qp` am`fxeox |p}ox m` `x}` ~|oi|`xo }hjkho x` hojh`j&}|a|j `j è h`j}|o% `x}o kf~ekha jo xoeo ea ~|&mkma m` xpx |p}ox xkjo ea }|ajx`|`jhka m` xp~|o~ko ~|oi|`xo bahka eox h`j}|ox* @x}ox mk`&|`j}`x |k}fox m` ~|omph}kwkmam maj hp`j}a mèa m`xkipaemam `j}|` eax `x}|ph}p|ax qp` kf~k&m`j a ea ~`|k`|ka aehajta| jkwè`x m` abo||o{ }axax m` ahpfpeahkj è`wamox ekfk}ajmo ea~oxklkekmam m` èkfkja| è |`taio `x}|ph}p|ae `j|èahkj hoj eox h`j}|ox* @x}o ee`w a h|k}kha| eox

`||o|`x m` ea }ò|a jòhexkha { ~|o~oj`| pjaae}`|ja}kwa m` }|ajxo|fahkj `hojfkha wkj&hpeama a pja ~|o~p`x}a }kha*

@e ekm`|atio axpfkmo ~o| è @x}amo `jfa|&hamo `j ea ~oe}kha m`xa||oeekx}a kf~ekhala eaa~ekhahkj { mkw`|xkkhahkj m` ea `x}|ph}p|aamfkjkx}|a}kwa mè iolk`|jo { x` }|ampdo `jea h|àhkj { o|}ae`hkfk`j}o m` pja wa|k`mamm` m`~`jm`jhkax ~lekhax { ~|kwamax% am`fxm` pja ahhkj fx mk|`h}a ~a|a ea kj}ì|ahkjxohkae { ~eajkkhahkj mè m`xa||oeeo jahkojae*@j `x}` fa|ho x` }|ata ea }`jm`jhka h`j}|a&

ekx}a qp` af~ekala è ~a~è mè @x}amo `j eox~|oh`xox m` m`xa||oeeo `hojfkho% ax hofo|àk|fala ea `rkx}`jhka m` x`h}o|`x `x}|a}&ikho `j ea `hojofa*

ôx}`|ko|f`j}`% ea h|}kha jòhexkha |`x&~ojxalkekt ae ~eaj}àfk`j}o h`~aekjo m`pja kjmpx}|ka kj`khk`j}` { xkj ha~ahkmam m``r~o|}ahkj m`lkmo a qp` jo mkx~oj` m` w`j&}adax hof~a|a}kwax { ~o| }aj}o leoqpà eahof~`}`jhka* @j hojx`hp`jhka% ea ha~ahkmamm` kj}`|w`jhkj mè @x}amo mkxfkjp{` m|x}k&haf`j}` { x` }|ajxo|fa m` ai`j}` m` m`xa&||oeeo `j è olx}hpeo m` x}`*

@x}a `r~ekhahkj p` p}kektama ~o| ea oeajòhojx`|wamo|a ~a|a | x}ap|a| è o~}kfkxfo

Fa|ho hojh`~}pae 1


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\`ha~k}peajmo% `x}` ~|kf`| `d` { |p~}p|a~a|amkif}kha m`}`|fkja è jp`wo fomèom` @x}amo `hpa}o|kajo qp`% m` hojo|fkmamhoj ea Hojx}k}phkj% }k`j` è m`l`| m` ^|o&

fow`| è m`xa||oeeo `qpk}a}kwo { xoekma|ko m`}omo è }`||k}o|ko% f`mkaj}` è ~|oh`xo m` ap}o&jofax { m`xh`j}|aektahkj3 am`fx% ea Ha|}aXp~|`fa xk}a hofo è fx ae}o m`l`| mè@x}amo |`x~`}a| { bah`| |`x~`}a| eox m`|`&hbox ia|aj}ktamox `j ea Hojx}k}phkj3 ~o|e}kfo% }omox eox ah}ox ~lekhox qp` m`xa&||oee`j è ~|oh`xo m` m`xh`j}|aektahkj `x}jxpd`}ox ae hoj}|oe mè |iajo m` hk`||` hojx&}k}phkojae4 ea Ho|}` Hojx}k}phkojae*

Hojhofk}aj}`f`j}`% è Hmkio O|ijkho mÒ|iajktahkj ]`||k}o|kae% Ap}ojofa { M`xh`j&

}|aektahkj "HOO]AM+% ae fof`j}o m` m`}`|&fkja| eax gjaekmam`x m` ea m`xh`j}|aektahkj%m`xa||oeea m` i|aj faj`|a e x~|k}p mè @x}amohojx}k}phkojae m` m`|`hbox { dpx}khka3 ax% èa|}hpeo 1>7 m` HOO]AM mkx~oj`4 A }|awx mèa m`xh`j}|aektahkj x` kf~pexa| è m`xa||oeeo`qpk}a}kwo% xoekma|ko { `qpkekl|amo `j }omo è}`||k}o|ko jahkojae% a kj m` ia|aj}kta| ea |à&ektahkj mè lp`j wkwk| { ea `qpkmam kj}`|}`||k&}o|kae% { jkwè`x m` haekmam m` wkma xkfkea|`x `j}omox eox x`h}o|`x m` ea ~oleahkj% f`mkaj}`è o|}ae`hkfk`j}o m` eox iolk`|jox ap}jofoxm`xh`j}|aektamox { è `d`|hkhko m` eox m`|`hbox

m` ~a|}khk~ahkj% ah`|hajmo ea amfkjkx}|ahkja ea hkpmamaja*

1*1*< @x}amo ~ep|kjahkojae

` kj}`|hpe}p|ae

@e |`hojohkfk`j}o mè ha|h}`| ~ep|kjahkojae` kj}`|hpe}p|ae mè @x}amo `j ea Hojx}k}phkjm` >2% xkj mpma `x pja m` eax |`kwkjmkha&hkoj`x fx |è`waj}` m` eax jahkojaekmam`x%~p`leox% hofpjkmam`x { hofpjax% kjmi`&jax% a|o`hpa}o|kajax { foj}plkax `hpa}o&|kajax* @x}a m`hea|a}o|ka |`~|`x`j}a pj m`xa&o `jo|f` ~a|a ea xohk`mam `j xp hojdpj}o% {fx aj ~a|a è @x}amo*


17/78

10

\`xpe}a hof~e`do ~a|a pja xohk`mam b`}`|oi&jà% ~oho }oe`|aj}` { }omawa `rhep{`j}`% ~`j&xa|x` a x fkxfa m` faj`|a mkx}kj}a% ~o|abo|a |`xpe}a ~oho ~|olale` xk}pa| `j èfkxfo jkwè m` waekm`t a hox}pfl|`x% blk&}ox% ~|h}khax ` kjx}k}phkoj`x qp` jo baj xkmoeìk}kfamax dp|mkha% `hojfkha { ~oe}kha&f`j}` ~`|o qp` wk`j`j a~ekhjmox` mp|aj}`xkieox m` pj xox}`jkmo ` kjahalamo ~|oh`xom` hoeojktahkj* Xkj `fla|io% `x` `x è |`}om` ea kj}`|hpe}p|aekmam { ea ~ep|kjahkojaekmam%a~|`jm`| a hojwkwk| `j ea mkw`|xkmam ~`|oa~|o~kjmox` hama `}jka o hpe}p|a m` eo f`do|m` hama pja m` èeax% `j pj ~|oh`xo m` a~|`j&mktad` ` kj}`|haflko fp}po { hoj}kjpo m`xal`|`x3 m` aee ea j`h`xkmam m` hoj}a| hoj pj@x}amo ha~at m`% ~o| pj eamo% o|fpea| ~oe}k&

hax { h|à| kjx}k}phkoj`x qp` ~`|fk}aj i`j`&|a| eox `x~ahkox kjmkx~`jxale`x ~a|a ia|aj}k&ta| `x` a~|`jmktad` ` kj}`|haflko {% ~o| o}|o%m` }p}èa| eox m`|`hbox hoe`h}kwox m` jahko&jaekmam`x% ~p`leox% hofpjkmam`x { hofpjaxbkx}|khaf`j}` `rhepkmax* Af~ekajmo ea ah`~&hkj m` xohk`mam kjmi`ja a ea }o}aekmam mì|p~ox }jkhox { hpe}p|ae`x qp` hobalk}aj è@hpamo| x` `j}k`jm` qp` Ea w`|mam`|a kj}`|&hpe}p|aekmam jo `x xoeaf`j}` qp` eax xohk`ma&m`x kjmi`jax a~|`jmaj a hojwkwk| { `j|kqp`&h`|x` hoj ea xohk`mam f`x}kta% xkjo qp` eax

xohk`mam`x f`x}ktax a~|`jmaj a hojwkwk|% `j|k&

qp`h`|x` { waeo|a| eax ~|h}khax ~oe}khax { hpe&}p|ae`x kjmkax* "Ox~kja% ^*3 1>4 +

@j fa}`|ka m` o|iajktahkj }`||k}o|kae% ea Hojx&}k}phkj m` >2 `j xp A|}* 7> hojxai|a hofom`|`hbo hoe`h}kwo m` eox ~p`leox ajh`x}|ae`x%kjmi`jax% a|o`hpa}o|kajox { foj}plkox% ea~o}`x}am ~a|a hojx}k}pk|x` hofo hk|hpjxh|k~&hkoj`x }`||k}o|kae`x "H]+ hoj è old`}o m` ~|`&x`|wa| xp hpe}p|a3 ~ox}`|ko|f`j}` ea Hojx}k&}phkj { è HOO]AM m`xa||oeeaj `x}` m`|`hbo{ hk|hpjxh|kl`j a eax H] a ea mkwkxkj ~oe}khoamfkjkx}|a}kwa% `x m`hk|% ~om|j hojo|fa|x`

hofo }ae`x eax ~a||oqpkax% haj}oj`x { ~|owkj&hkax hoj ~|`x`jhka }jkha fa{o|k}a|ka% epìo m`hojxpe}a ~o~pea| a~|olama hoj fx m` eax mox}`|h`|ax ~a|}`x m` eox wo}ox wekmox* Ea |è`&wajhka m` eax H] wk`j` mama ~o| ea ~oxklkekmamo|fae qp` }k`j`j eox i|p~ox }jkhox `hpa}o&|kajox% `j `d`|hkhko m` xp ekl|` m`}`|fkjahkj%~a|a hojx}k}pk| pj }`||k}o|ko `j è qp` xpx ~|o&~kax ap}o|kmam`x xàj eax ia|aj}`x m` eox ~|kj&hk~kox m` ~ep|kjahkojaekmam ` kj}`|hpe}p|aekmam{ wè`j ~o| è |`x~`}o a eox m`|`hbox hoe`h}k&wox% `j `x~`hkae è m` faj}`j`| ea ~ox`xkj `kf~|`xh|k~}klkekmam m` xpx }k`||ax { }`||k}o|koxajh`x}|ae`x { ~|`x`|wa| xkj hojmkhkojafk`j}oxxp km`j}kmam% }|amkhkoj`x { o|fax m` o|iajkta&hkj xohkae3 ~`|o xkj ~`|m`| m` wkx}a ea wki`jhka

mè ~|kjhk~ko m` pjkmam }`||k}o|kae*

1*1*8 Ea ~a|}khk~ahkj hofo

~k`m|a ajipea| m` ea m`foh|ahka

{ ea ~oe}kha ~lekha

Ea af~ekahkj m` ea ~a|}khk~ahkj a hofpjk&mam`x% ~p`leox { jahkojaekmam`x% { ea olek&iahkj hojx}k}phkojae m` hoj}a| hoj kjx}aj&hkax m` ~a|}khk~ahkj hkpmamaja ae fof`j}om` o|fpea|% `d`hp}a|% `waepa| { hoj}|oea| eax~oe}khax ~lekhax { eox x`|wkhkox ~lekhox%fa|haj pja |p~}p|a hoj è aj}`|ko| fomèom` @x}amo4 {a jo xoj xoeo eox hkpmamajox eoxqp` }k`j`j m`|`hbo a ah}kwa| f`hajkxfoxm` hoj}|oe xohkae }ae`x hofo ea |`jmkhkj m`hp`j}ax o ea |`woha}o|ka m` fajma}o% abo|a ea~a|}khk~ahkj x` hojwk`|}` `j pj m`l`| xohkae

{ pja olekiahkj `x}a}ae ae fof`j}o m` `d`|&h`| xpx ahpe}am`x m` ~eajkkhahkj% |`h}o|a{ i`x}kj* Ea m`foh|ahka x` w` `j|kqp`hkma}aj}o `j xp o|fa |`~|`x`j}a}kwa% ~`|o fxaj `j xp o|fa mèkl`|a}kwa*

Ea ~a|}khk~ahkj }k`j` pj ~a~è pjmaf`j}ae `jea jp`wa o|iajktahkj }`||k}o|kae { `j è ~|o~koxkx}`fa jahkojae m` hof~`}`jhkax* Eox iolk`|&jox ap}jofox m`xh`j}|aektamox "IAM+ m`l`jhoj}a| hoj ea ~a|}khk~ahkj kjmkwkmpae { hoe`h&}kwa `j ea }ofa m` m`hkxkoj`x% ea ~eajkghahkj {i`x}kj m` axpj}ox ~lekhox { è hoj}|oe xohkae3

`x xp m`l`| |`hojoh`| }omax eax o|fax m` ~a|&}khk~ahkj hkpmamaja% `j `x~`hkae eax qp` xì`j`|`j `j eax pjkmam`x }`||k}o|kae`x m` lax`hofo la||kox% hofpjkmam`x% hofpjax% |`hkj}ox{ eax m` eox ~p`leox { jahkojaekmam`x* @e HOO&]AM |`hojoh` è m`|`hbo a ea hojxpe}a m` eox~p`leox { jahkojaekmam`x% ia|aj}kta a ea hkpma&maja ea a}|klphkj ~a|a ~|`x`j}a| ~|o{`h}oxjo|fa}kwox eohae`x { e` ahpe}a a ~a|}khk~a| `japmk`jhkax ~lekhax% axafleàx% halkemox ~o~p&ea|`x { hojx`dox hojxpe}kwox% ax hofo è |`ho&johkfk`j}o ae m`|`hbo m` hojxpe}a ~o~pea| ~a|a}|a}a| hpaeqpk`| axpj}o m` kj}`|x m` ea hofpjk&

mam { ~a|a |`woha}o|ka m` fajma}o* Kjhepxo x`~|`w ea gip|a m` ea xkeea waha qp` ~`|fk}` a eahkpmamaja hoj}a| hoj pj |`~|`x`j}aj}` `j eaxx`xkoj`x m` eox IAM hoj è old`}o m` qp` x}`~p`ma kj}`|w`jk| `j ea mèkl`|ahkj { }ofa m`m`hkxkoj`x `j axpj}ox m` kj}`|x i`j`|ae*

Ea ~a|}khk~ahkj xohkae x` `|ki` hofo pjo mèox hof~oj`j}`x f`mpea|`x { a|}khpeamo|`xmè xkx}`fa jahkojae m` hof~`}`jhkax% axè Hojx`do Jahkojae m` Hof~`}`jhkax }k`j`hofo pjhkj ~|ofow`| { wkikea| qp` x` hpf&~ea hoj eox f`hajkxfox m` ~a|}khk~ahkj hkp&mamaja `j ea i`x}kj m` eox IAM3 am`fx% ea~|o~ka hojx}|phhkj m` `x}` êaj Jahkojae m`M`xh`j}|aektahkj ba hoj}amo hoj ea ~a|}khk&~ahkj ah}kwa m` ea hkpmamaja% xà kjmkwkmpae


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19/78

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G|`j}` a `xa |àekmam% è jp`wo fomèo m`m`xh`j}|aektahkj x` |ki` ~o| eox ~|kjhk~koxm` olekia}o|k`mam% ~|oi|`xkwkmam% `qpkmam%xoekma|kmam% xplxkmka|k`mam% hof~e`f`j}a&|k`mam% hoo|mkjahkj { ho||`x~ojxalkekmam%xpx}`j}alkekmam { ~a|}khk~ahkj3 am`fx% x`hojxai|a hojx}k}phkojaef`j}` pj xkx}`fajahkojae m` hof~`}`jhkax qp` a }|awx m`pj o|iajkxfo }hjkho% è Hojx`do Jahkojaem` Hof~`}`jhkax% |ìpea è ~|oh`mkfk`j}o {ea }|ajx`|`jhka m` eax hof~`}`jhkax `rhep&xkwax% amkhkojae`x% |`xkmpae`x { hojhp||`j&}`x% { ea |`xoephkj `j x`m` amfkjkx}|a}kwa m`hojekh}ox m` hof~`}`jhkax `j}|` jkwè`x mìolk`|jo*

ôx}`|ko|f`j}`% ea Axafleà Jahkojae% hpf&

~ek`jmo fajma}o hojx}k}phkojae% a~|p`la èHmkio O|ijkho m` O|iajktahkj ]`||k}o|kae%Ap}ojofa { M`xh`j}|aektahkj% ~plekhamo j eXp~e`f`j}o mè \ìkx}|o Oghkae Jo* 8>8 m` 1; mòh}pl|` m` 1>* @x}` hp`|~o jo|fa}kwo m`xa&||oeea ea o|iajktahkj }`||k}o|kae { è xkx}`fa m`hof~`}`jhkax `x}ale`hkmox `j ea Hojx}k}phkj%`j eo ~|kjhk~ae èkfkja ea mkx~`|xkj jo|fa}kwa`rkx}`j}` ae|`m`mo| m` ea fa}`|ka% |àg|fa eaap}ojofa m` eox jkwè`x m` iolk`|jo% |ìpeaè xkx}`fa m` hof~`}`jhkax { xp kjx}k}phkoja&ekmam% gda eox f`hajkxfox ~a|a hof~`jxa| eoxm`x`qpkekl|kox `j è m`xa||oeeo }`||k}o|kae { `x}a&

le`h` eox ~|kjhk~kox lxkhox qp` m`l`j olx`|&wa| eox iolk`|jox ap}jofox m`xh`j}|aektamox`j è `d`|hkhko m` xp ap}o|kmam { m` xpx ~o}`x}a&m`x% `j `x~`hkae è m` ~a|}khk~ahkj*

@j eo pjmaf`j}ae% è HOO]AM m`gj` è xkx&}`fa jahkojae m` hof~`}`jhkax { xpx hof~o&j`j}`x ~|kjhk~ae`x% gda xpx ~|kjhk~kox { gjaek&mam`x% { m`xa||oeea ea kj}ì|ahkj { ahpe}am`xmè Hojx`do Jahkojae m` Hof~`}`jhkax% `j}``jha|iamo m` o|iajkta| ` kf~e`f`j}a| è ~|o&h`xo m` m`xh`j}|aektahkj { qp` }k`j` hofo~|kjhk~ae`x a}|klphkoj`x% a~a|}` m` eax hojx&

}k}phkojae`x {a `jpjhkamax aj}`|ko|f`j}`% eam` a~|ola| pj eaj Jahkojae m` M`xh`j}|aekta&hkj% kj}`|w`jk| }`f~o|aef`j}` `j ea i`x}kjm` pja hof~`}`jhka m` pj jkwè m` iolk`|jo%~|ofow`| { wkikea| x` hpf~ea hoj eox f`ha&jkxfox m` ~a|}khk~ahkj hkpmamaja% a~ekha| eahpaj}kghahkj m` eox hox}ox mk|`h}ox ` kjmk|`h&}ox mè `d`|hkhko m` eax hof~`}`jhkax m`xh`j&}|aektamax qp` m`l`|j x`| }|ajx`|kmax a eoxIAM% hoo|mkja| { d`|h`| ea |`h}o|a j fa}`|kam` o|}ae`hkfk`j}o m` eox IAM% fojk}o|à| {`waepa| ea i`x}kj am`hpama m` eax hof~`}`j&hkax }|ajx`|kmax% `j}|` eax ~|kjhk~ae`x* @x m`hk|%è Hojx`do Jahkojae m` Hof~`}`jhkax% hojo|&famo ~o| }omox eox jkwè`x m` iolk`|jo% `x èia|aj}` m` qp` è jp`wo fomèo m` m`xh`j&}|aektahkj hpf~ea hoj xp old`}kwo ~|kfo|mkae%

`x}o x% aehajta| pj m`xa||oeeo }`||k}o|kae qpk&}a}kwo { xoekma|ko% ah`|hajmo è @x}amo a eahkpmamaja { ~|`hap}èajmo x` eo baia `j pjfa|ho m` ~a|}khk~ahkj hkpmamaja*

Ha~}peo a~a|}` f`|`h` è }`fa mè o|}ae`hk&fk`j}o kjx}k}phkojae% ~p`x}o qp` xk eox iolk`|&jox ap}jofox m`xh`j}|aektamox jo hp`j}ajhoj `x}|ph}p|ax amfkjkx}|a}kwax adpx}amax aeax jp`wax hof~`}`jhkax hojx}k}phkojae`x% jkhoj ha~ahkmam`x o~`|a}kwax xpkhk`j}`x ~a|aaxpfk| pja i`x}kj `khk`j}` { ``h}kwa m` xpxahpe}am`x% `j}ojh`x è jp`wo fomèo m` m`x&h`j}|aektahkj ho||` è kjfkj`j}` |k`xio m`jo kjhkmk| `j è f`do|afk`j}o m` eax hojmk&hkoj`x m` wkma m` eax ~`|xojax { hoe`h}kwkma&m`x `j è }`||k}o|ko% ~p`x jo `rkx}k|a ia|aj}a

aeipja m` qp` eox x`|wkhkox ~lekhox f`do|`j`j haekmam { hol`|}p|a3 m` aee ea j`h`xkmamm` hoj}a| hoj ~eaj`x m` o|}ae`hkfk`j}o kjx&}k}phkojae { pja |`m m` o|fahkj { ha~ahk}a&hkj% qp` lado ea |`h}o|a mè Hojx`do Jahko&jae m` Hof~`}`jhkax { `j hoo|mkjahkj hojeax `j}kmam`x axohka}kwax m` eox IAM% a|}khp&e`j hof~`}`jhkax { m`fajmax kjx}k}phkoja&e`x { eohae`x* Axkfkxfo% `x m` wk}ae kf~o|}aj&hka è |oe m` eax pjkw`|xkmam`x% `j `x~`hkae mèa Pjkw`|xkmam mè @x}amo "Kjx}k}p}o m` Ae}ox@x}pmkox Jahkojae`x+% ~p`x m` hojo|fkmamhoj è ~|kjhk~ko m` ~`|}`j`jhka hojxai|amo

`j ea E`{ O|ijkha m` @mphahkj Xp~`|ko|%ea pjkw`|xkmam `hpa}o|kaja m`l` |`x~ojm`|a eax `r~`h}a}kwax { j`h`xkmam`x m` ea xohk`&mam% m` ea ~eajkkhahkj jahkojae { mè |ik&f`j m` m`xa||oeeo*

@e jp`wo fomèo m` m`xh`j}|aektahkj }k`j` `jea xoekma|kmam { ea `qpkmam kj}`|}`||k}o|kae mox m`xpx ~|kjhk~kox pjmaf`j}ae`x3 `j `x` x`j}kmo% eam`xh`j}|aektahkj gxhae x` }|ajxo|fa `j hof&~oj`j}` h`j}|ae m`j}|o mè jp`wo fomèo3 ~o|pj eamo% x` lpxha pja }|ajx`|`jhka m` |`hp|xoxmè ~|`xp~p`x}o i`j`|ae mè @x}amo a }|awx mè

fomèo m` `qpkmam }`||k}o|kae `j ea ~|owkxkj m`lk`j`x { x`|wkhkox ~lekhox ~a|a ea }|ajx`|`jhkamè m` eox kji|`xox jo ~`|faj`j}`x% qp` }k`j` ~o|old`}o mkx}|klpk| xoekma|kaf`j}` `xox |`hp|xoxlado h|k}`|kox m` }afao m` ~oleahkj% m`jxkmamm` ea ~oleahkj% j`h`xkmam`x lxkhax kjxa}kx`&hbax% eoi|ox `j è f`do|afk`j}o m` eox jkwè`xm` wkma% ha~ahkmam gxhae% `xp`|to amfkjkx}|a&}kwo { hpf~ekfk`j}o m` f`}ax mè êaj Jahkojaem` M`xa||oeeo { mè ~eaj m` m`xa||oeeo m` hamaIAM* @x}ox h|k}`|kox x`|j ~ojm`|amox hama =aox hoj è old`}kwo m` aehajta| `qpkmam kj}`|&}`||k}o|kae3 am`fx% jo x` ~om| m`x}kja| hoj èwaeo| m` `x}ax }|ajx`|`jhkax xkjo bax}a è 8>m` iax}ox ~`|faj`j}`x { pj fjkfo mè 9>~a|a iax}ox jo ~`|faj`j}`x j`h`xa|kox ~a|a è


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21/78

1;

2 `rkx}k pj m`xa||oeeo jo|fa&}kwo `j |èahkj a ea m`xh`j}|aektahkj% hoj}`&jkmo% `x~`hkaef`j}`% `j ea Hojx}k}phkj ôe}kham` ea \`~lekha m` 1;;2 { ea homkghahkj m` eaE`{ O|ijkha m` \ikf`j Fpjkhk~ae mè >0*

@j ea Hojx}k}phkj m` 1;;2% lado pj fa|ho hojh`~&}pae kjmkwkmpaekx}a% x` kj}|omph` pj |ikf`j alk`|}o`j fa}`|ka m` m`xh`j}|aektahkj% hp{ox ax~`h}ox~|kjhk~ae`x x` |`g`|`j a4 ea ~oxklkekmam m` }|ajx`&|`jhka m` }omax eax hof~`}`jhkax a `rh`~hkj m`xìp|kmam jahkojae% mk|`hhkj m` ea ~oe}kha `r}`&|ko| { eax |èahkoj`x kj}`|jahkojae`x% ea ~oe}kha

`hojfkha { }|klp}a|ka mè @x}amo% { ea i`x}kj mè`jm`pmafk`j}o `r}`|jo3 ea }|ajx`|`jhka woepj&}a|ka ~a|a eox iolk`|jox x`hhkojae`x { olekia}o|ka~a|a è iolk`|jo h`j}|ae% `j ~|oh`xox m` jìohka&hkj kjmkwkmpae`x3 { ea h|àhkj m` pj }`|h`| jkwè mìolk`|jo x`hhkojae ap}jofo% xkj hof~`}`jhkax jk|`hp|xox4 eax dpj}ax ~a||oqpkae`x |p|ae`x*

â|a è haxo m` eox fpjkhk~kox% `j ea homkghahkjm` ea E`{ O|ijkha m` \ikf`j Fpjkhk~ae% x``x}ale`hk`|oj kjhepxo }|fkjox ~`|`j}o|kox olek&

ia}o|kox ~a|a ea }|ajx`|`jhka m` eax hof~`}`j&hkax { |`hp|xox xoekhk}amox% lado ~`ja m` m`x}k&}phkj m` eox fkjkx}|ox qp` kjhpf~eaj mkhbox~eatox* Xkj `fla|io% jo bplo `r~`|k`jhkax xki&jkgha}kwax `j }|ajx`|`jhka m` hof~`}`jhkax hojxpx |`x~`h}kwox |`hp|xox* "L`mj% >;+

Eox ~|oh`xox x` ekfk}a|oj a ea xpxh|k~hkj hojfpjkhk~kox { hojx`dox ~|owkjhkae`x m` hojw`jkoxkja~ekhale`x% x~`hkaef`j}` j x`h}o|`x hofo4}p|kxfo "a~|orkfamaf`j}` 97+ { aflk`j}`"a~|orkfamaf`j}` 72+% { fphbo f`jox `j x`h&}o|`x hofo4 xaepm "2+% `mphahkj "18+% ai|khpe}p|a

"+% }|jxk}o { }|ajx~o|}` "7+*

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Mkaijx}kho m` ea M`xh`j}|aektahkj`j è @hpamo|


22/78

@j hojho|majhka% Apipx}o La||`|a xàea qp` j eae}kfa mhama `rkx}`j haxox x~`hghox { x`h}o|`xfx mkjfkhox `j }|fkjox m` m`xh`j}|aektahkj%~`|o jo rkx}` jkjij ~|oh`xo ieolae rk}oxo { hpe&fkjamo m` }|ajx`|`jhka m` hof~`}`jhkax m`xm` eIolk`|jo h`j}|ae a aeipjo m` eox iolk`|jox eohae`x"+ è fomèo m` woepj}a|k`mam { m` hojw`jko pjoa pjo ba ~|opjmktamo è m`xo|m`j `j ea amfkjkx&}|ahkj ~lekha* "La||`|a% A3 >=4192+*

Pja i|aj ekfk}ahkj dp|mkha p` qp` ea Hojx}k}p&hkj mè ;2 jo `x}pwo ahof~aama m` pja e`{ho||`x~ojmk`j}` qp` ~`|fk}k`|a }|ajx`|k| hof~`&}`jhkax mè `d`hp}kwo a eox iolk`|jox x`hhkojae`x*"Fpot% Ea||à% Ia|ha% >2+* @j ``h}o% ea E`{@x~`hkae m` M`xh`j}|aektahkj mè @x}amo { â|}k&hk~ahkj Xohkae `|a aj}`|ko| a ea Hojx}k}phkj* A

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23/78

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25/78

mè HOO]AM+

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26/78


27/78

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29/78


30/78

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31/78

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8>

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34/78

8;*

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37/78

80

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87

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@x j`h`xa|ko awajta| bahka pj `xqp`fa m` o|fa&hkj% axkx}`jhka }hjkha { ha~ahk}ahkj ieolae `jpjhkj m` eax jp`wax a}|klphkoj`x m` hama jkwèm` iolk`|jo { m` eax j`h`xkmam`x hofpj`x m` o|&}ae`hkfk`j}o kjx}k}phkojae* M` ahp`|mo a eox m`la&}`x ~|omphkmox j eox }aee`|`x ~a|}khk~a}kwox ~a|a eahojx}|phhkj m` `x}` ~eaj% ea ~|ole`f}khax pjma&f`j}ae`x qp` eox IAM w`j `j è ~|oh`xo m` m`x&h`j}|aektahkj% hoj ea m`lkekmam kjx}k}phkojae ~a|aaxpfk| jp`wax hof~`}`jhkax% ea ae}a m` hoo|mkja&hkj kj}`|kjx}k}phkojae `j}|` jkwè`x m` iolk`|jo {ea m`lkekmam j ea a|}khpeahkj hoj ea ~eajkghahkj*

Gkjaef`j}`% x` ~p`m` a}`jm`| eax j`h`xkmam`xm` axkx}`jhka }hjkha ~a|a è o|}ae`hkfk`j}o m`ha~ahkmam`x% a }|awx m` ea hoo~`|ahkj kj}`|ja&hkojae jo |``floexale`% hp{a i`x}kj `x hof~`&}`jhka m` }omox eox jkwè`x m` iolk`|jo { m`l`|x`| `d`|hkma m` faj`|a a|}khpeama hoj eax ~oe}k&hax jahkojae`x { hoj eax j`h`xkmam`x |àe`x m` eox}`||k}o|kox*


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Hofo x` ~p`m` w`| `j è i|kho { `j eoxma}ox qp` x` baj `r~p`x}o* @j}|` è >={ è >7 eox i|amox m` hojkajta x` m`}`&|ko|a|oj `j ae f`jox }|`x ~pj}ox `j }omaxeax kjx}k}phkoj`x mè xkx}`fa ~oe}kho* Eoxi|amox m` hojkajta `r~|`xamox ~o| ea~oleahkj bahka eox ~a|}kmox ~oe}khox { èiolk`|jo jahkojae balaj m`xh`jmkmo jo}a&le`f`j}` a eo ea|io m` ea e}kfa mhama*Xìj ma}ox mè ^|o{`h}o m` O~kjkj^lekha% `j è >0 è @hpamo| }`ja eoxe}kfox ~p`x}ox `j eìk}kfkmam { hojkajtamè xkx}`fa ~oe}kho* Eox fpjkhk~kox ~o| xp~a|}` iotalaj m` pja f`do| haekkhahkj~o| ~a|}` m` eox hkpmamajox% `x}o x` ~p`m`m`l`| a qp` mp|aj}` è ~`|komo jòekl`|ae%ea ~a|}khk~ahkj { ahhkj hoe`h}kwa m` eax

o|iajktahkoj`x { fowkfk`j}ox xohkae`x }pwo

pja wa m` `r~|`xkj `j eax kjx}k}phkoj`xeohae`x% `x~`hkaef`j}` `j eox fpjkhk~kox*

A ~a|}k| mè >9 x` ~p`m` w`| qp` e fowkfk`j}oqp` eax wa|kale`x a||ax}|alaj `j aox ~axamoxhaflkaj* Ea hojgajta `j è iolk`|jo jahkojaex` kjh|`f`j}a jo}ale`f`j}` eeìajmo a `x}a|~o| `jhkfa m` ea hojgajta `j }omox eox flk}ox%kjhepkma ea `r~|`xama ~o| eox fpjkhk~kox `j aoxaj}`|ko|`x qp` x` faj}k`j` `x}ale` { jo f`do|a a~a|}k| mè >7*

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hoj eox x`|wkhkox m e @x}amo4

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Gp`j}`4 Ho|~o|ahkj Ea}kjola|f`}|o 11


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8;

Xkj `fla|io% è i|gho qp` x` `r~|`xa a hoj}k&jpahkj m`fp`x}|a hpj}o x` baj ah`|hamo eox

hkpmamajox a eax kjx}k}phkoj`x ~lekhax `j e } ||k}o|ko`j jp`x}|o ~ax% `j pja ejà ~|oi| xkwa m e }k f~o*

Kepx}|ahkj 10*^`|h`~hkjhkpmamaja xol|èa haekmam mèox x`|wkhkox `jè @hpamo|

Kepx}|ahkj 1=*Xoekhk}pm`x mà{pma `j eaeohaekmam `jè @hpamo|

Gp`j}`4 |o{`h}o m` O~kjkj^lekha Pjkw`|xkmam m` Wajm`|lke}EAÔ^

Gp`j}`4 |o{`h}o m` O~kjkj^lekha Pjkw`|xkmam m` Wajm`|lke}EAÔ^

Ba xoekhk}amo a{pma o ba ~|`x`j}amo pja ~`}khkj a aeipja ofihkja% gpjhkoja|ko% hojx`dae o xjmkhom` ea eohaekmam `j eox e}kfox 1< f`x`x?

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fx |`x~ojxalkekmam`x?


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44/78

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%2 mè }o}ae m` IAM ~a||oqpkae`x |p|ae`x`rkx}`j}`x a jkwè jahkojae* M` eox IAM fpjk&hk~ae`x x` |ìkx}|a ea ~a|}khk~ahkj m` 1


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=0

Ea fa{o|a m f`xax j }omo e ~ax hoj} hoj pja ~a|&}khk~ahkj mkw |xa { al|k pj mkeoio }hjkho~oe}khoxol| eax mk | j} x mkf`jxkoj`x m ea m`xh`j}|aekta&hkj* â||oqpkax% fpjkhk~kox% ~|owkjhkax% | ~| x j}aj&} x m e d hp}kwo j e } ||k}o|ko { o|iajktahkoj`x m eaxohk mam hkwke x kj} i|a|oj a eax do|jamax m mkxhpxkj

8*=*1 A~o|}`x ae êaj Jahkojae

m` M`xh`j}|aektahkj

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|p~}p|ax hoj | x~ h}o ae aj} |ko| fom eo*

{ ~`|fk}k km`j}kkha| ~|ole`f}khax |`hp&||`j}`x `j è }`||k}o|ko* M` `x}a faj`|a xèoi| hojxoekma| { a|}khpea| eox ~eaj}àfk`j&}ox }hjkhox hoj ea |àekmam eohae ~a|a ~ox&}`|ko|f`j}` m`kjk| ~oe}khax { f`}ax xol|`

ea m`xh`j}|aektahkj `j o|fa hojdpj}a { ~a|&}khk~a}kwa* A hoj}kjpahkj eax ~|ole`f}khax{ ~|o~p`x}ax m` ~oe}khax |`xpe}aj}`x m` eox}aee`|`x ~o| x`h}o|4

]alea 19* ]`fax |`hp||`j}`x `j eox }aee`|`x m` hojxpe}a a jkwè jahkojae

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}`||k}o|ko*

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IAM xkj qp` x` ~k`|ma è hojohk&

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hpama ` kj}ì|ae m` ea wkaekmam*

Go|}ae`h`| eox ~|oh`xox { f`hajkx&

fox m` ~eajkghahkj `j è }`||k}o&

|ko { a|}khpea| eax ~eajkghahkoj`x mèox mk`|`j}`x jkwè`x m` iolk`|jo*

Ea wkaekmam `j eax tojax |p|ae`x ba xkmo

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\àekta| hojw`jkox hoj iolk`|jox

~a||oqpkae`x ~a|a ea ~eajkghahkjam`hpama m` ea wkaekmam |p|ae*


48/78

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Gof`j}o |omph}kwo {

xìp|kmam aekf`j}a|ka

]|amkhkojaef`j}` x` ba `j}`jmkmo è

of`j}o ~|omph}kwo hofo eax ah}kwkma&

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m` ea ~|omphhkj { è fomèo m`

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jkghahkj m` `jham`jafk`j}ox

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x` e`waj}a m`xo|m`jamaf j}`*

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jahkojae`x xol|` ea fkj`|a { o}|ax

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m`gjkmax `j è êaj Jahkojae mè

Lp`j Wkwk|*

Jo `rkx}` ha~ahkmam kjx}k}phkojae `j eox

IAM ~a|a e hoj}|oe m` maox aflk`j}ae`x*

Go|}ae`h`| eax ha~ahkmam`x m` hoj&

}|oe aflk`j}ae m` eox IAM*


49/78

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Am`fx m` ea km`j}kkhahkj m` eox ~|ole`fax`j è }`||k}o|ko hoj | x~`h}o ae ~|oh`xo m`m`xh`j}|aektahkj% eox ~a|}khk~aj}`x m` }omax

eax ~|owkjhkax mè ~ax |àekta|oj pj `d`|hk&hko m` ~|ko|ktahkj m` eax hof~`}`jhkax* Apj&qp` x` ba ~eaj}àmo e ao 10 hofo }k`f~oefk}` ~a|a ea }|ajx`|`jhka olekia}o|ka m` eaxhof~`}`jhkax `rhepxkwax hojx}k}phkojae`x%è ~|oh`xo ba kjkhkamo hoj aeipjax }|ajx`&|`jhkax wa e`{% o}|ax x` faj}k`j`j wki`j&}`x ~o| hojw`jkox aj}`|ko|`x { eax hof~`&}`jhkax m` |kìo { i`x}kj m` ea hoo~`|ahkj

kj}`|jahkojae x` }|ajxk|k`|oj {a hoj ea jp`wakjx}k}phkojaekmam h|àma ~a|a è ``h}o "Hoj&x`do Jahkojae m` Hof~`}`jhkax+* Mè ~|oh`xo

~a|}khk~a}kwo ba |`xpe}amo ea ~|ko|ktahkjm` hof~`}`jhkax ~a|a eox xkipk`j}`x hpa}|oaox4 ea hof~`}`jhka m` wkaekmam% of`j}o~|omph}kwo ` kj|a`x}|ph}p|a `j xaepm xoj eaxfx xoekhk}amax a jkwè jahkojae* Eox h|k}`|koxqp` hojxkm`|a|oj eox ~a|}khk~aj}`x ~a|a `x}``d`|hkhko p`|oj ea j`h`xkmam m` ea ~oleahkj{ ea ha~ahkmam kjx}k}phkojae qp` }`jm|a èIAM ~a|a axpfk| ea hof~`}`jhka4

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50/78

=2

8*0 I|p~ox gohae`x

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@j `x}` ha~}peo x` ~|`hkxaj eax o|k`j}ahko&j`x ~oe}khax { eax m`kjkhkoj`x o~`|a}kwaxmè êaj Jahkojae m` M`xh`j}|aektahkj% hoj&o|f` a eo qp` kjmkha ea Hojx}k}phkj m` ea\`~lekha% eax |ìpeahkoj`x mè Hmkio O|i&jkho m` O|iajktahkj ]`||k}o|kae% Ap}ojofa{ M`xh`j}|aektahkj { è Hmkio O|ijkho m`êajkkhahkj { Gkjajtax ^lekhax* Xp hoj}`&jkmo x` `x}ale`h` }aflkj ~o| eax |`xoep&hkoj`x `fk}kmax ~o| è Hojx`do Jahkojae m`Hof~`}`jhkax3 { x` pjmaf`j}a hojh`~}pae&

f`j}` lado è jp`wo fomèo m` m`xh`j}|aek&tahkj qp` x` ha|ah}`|kta ~o| x`| |ìpeamo%olekia}o|ko { ~|oi|`xkwo* Am`fx% x` jp}|` mèox a~o|}`x m` pj p`|}` ~|oh`xo ~a|}khk~a}kwoa jkwè jahkojae { x` aekf`j}a m` ea |è`rkjm` ~|oh`xox m` m`xh`j}|aektahkj aj}`|ko|`x {m` eax e`hhkoj`x a~|`jmkmax*

@e êaj Jahkojae m` M`xh`j}|aektahkj ae a|}k&hpea|x` hoj ea ~eajkkhahkj jahkojae |`hoi``j xpx ekjàfk`j}ox hojxkm`|ahkoj`x pjma&f`j}ae`x xol|` è `x}amo ah}pae mè m`xa&||oeeo% `j }|fkjox m` `qpkmam m` ea ~olea&

hkj% ahh`xo a eox m`|`hbox hkpmamajox% a eamkx}|klphkj a|fjkha m` eox lk`j`x |`hp|&xox ~lekhox `j a}`jhkj a eax hojmkhkoj`x}`||k}o|kae`x { x`h}o|kae`x mè m`xa||oeeo% mèa o|iajktahkj ~oe}kha { amfkjkx}|a}kwa mèax pjhkoj`x ~lekhax `d`hp}kwax% m` ea mkx}|k&lphkj m` eax |`x~ojxalkekmam`x% hof~`}`j&hkax { |`hp|xox qp` hojkip|aj è `xqp`fa mò|iajktahkj ~oe}kha mè `x}amo `j jkwè`x mìolk`|jo% `x`|ax m` hof~`}`jhka { wjhpeoxm` ho||`x~ojxalkekmam% hof~e`f`j}a|k`mam%xplxkmka|kmam { ia|aj}a m` ~|`x}ahkj m` x`|&wkhkox% pjhkoj`x { xkx}`fax% `j ea jahkj {hama pja m` xpx jkwè`x }`||k}o|kae`x*

M` `x}` fomo% è jkwè ~|oi|af}kho mè ~eaj x`hojwk`|}` j pj kjx}|pf`j}o qp` ~`|fk}` o|k`j}a|

@x}|a}ìkax m` m`xh`j}|aektahkj~a|a è ~`|omo 1


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0;+ @e Hojx}k}phkojaekxfo @hpa}o|kajo* L|`w` ha|ah}`|ktahkj m` ea Hojx}k}phkj m`>2* Kjx}k}p}o m` Kjw`x}kiahkoj`x Dp|mkhax m` ea PJAF% Frkho% M* G*

Lajho mè @x}amo ">;+% Eax Gkjajtax Xpljahkojae`x `j è @hpamo| 1;;8&>2* |kf`|a `mkhkj*Qpk}o% @hpamo|*

Lajho Fpjmkae "1;;1+% Yo|em M`wèo~f`j} \`~o|}% 1;;1* ]b` Hbaee`ji` o

Lajho Fpjmkae "1;;9+* Kjo|f` xol|` è M`xa||oeeo Fpjmkae4 @e @x}amo `j pj fpjmo m` }|ajxo|fa&hkj% Yaxbkji}oj% M*H*% 1;;9

Lajho Fpjmkae ">=+ @x}amo ah}pae { ~`|x~`h}kwax mè ~|oh`xo m` m`xh`j}|aektahkj a jkwèkj}`|f`mko* Kjo|f` m` hojxpe}o|a |àektama ~a|a HOJHO^@&PJM^

La||`|a% Apipx}o ">9+ Aio}afk j}o m ea m`xh`j}|aektahkj { o~o|}pjkmam`x m haflko `j e @hpamo|* Eam`xh`j}|aektahkj j e @hpamo|4 o~hkoj`x hof~a|amax* GEAHXO% x`m @hpamo| { o}|ox% Qpk}o

L`mj% Ipx}awo "11+ Ea m`xh`j}|aektahkj { eox IAM j è fa|ho m` ea Hojx}k}phkj { mè HOO]AM4mè m`xfaj}èafk`j}o a ea |`hp~`|ahkj mè |oe mè @x}amo* io|a ôe}kha% Qpk}o

L|`xx`|% `|`k|a "1;;2+* Ea \ò|fa mè @x}amo m` eox aox jow`j}a4 Eikha { f`hajkxfox m` hoj}|oe*M`xa||oeeo @hojfkho% Woe* 82% Jo* 10>

Ha||kj% G`|jajmo "1;;;+ Ea m`xh`j}|aektahkj `j è @hpamo| m` bo{4 xpx ae}`|ja}kwax F`fo|ka mèKK X`fkja|ko Kj}`|jahkojae xol|` fa|hox { ~oe}khax ~a|a ea ~a|}khk~ahkj hkpmamaja a jkwè fpjkhk&

~ae* Lp`jox Ak|`x*

Ha||kj% G`|jajmo "hof~keamo|+ ">2+% M`xh`j}|aekta| pj m`||o}`|o a xìpk|% X@JÊAM@X GEA&HXO% @hpamo|

M`wèo~f`j}% Oro|m% Oro|m Pjkw`|xk}{ ^|`xx

@hpamo|% HK^ @HOXOHKAE ">;+% Loe`}j @HOX j* 7% `l|`|o al|ke* GEAHXO% Qpk}o* @hpamo|

G`|jjm`t ]alae`x A* { o}|ox ">;+% @e Hojh`~}o m` hob`xkj }`||k}o|kae* @xhaeax m` a~ekhahkj% xkx}`faxm` f`mkhkj { ~oe}khax m`|kwamax* Loe`}j m` ea A*I*@* Jo* 0>* Pjkw`|xkmam m` X`wkeea*

Lklekoi|aa 9


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Goj}akj`% Ipkeeapf` "11+% Eox Hojkh}ox aflk`j}ae`x ~o| ~`}|eò { h|kxkx aflk`j}ae j Kjo|f` mÈalo|`x Axafleà Jahkojae mè Lp`j Wkwk|% Kjo|f` >; 11* Kjo|f` m` Ealo|`x mè Hoj&x`do m` â|}khk~ahkj Hkpmamaja { Hoj}|oe Xohkae

Fpot% ^*% Ea||à% A* { Ia|ha% D* ">2+* @e jp`wo ~ah}o }`||k}o|kae4 m`xh`j}|aektahkj { ap}ojofax`j ea jp`wa Hojx}k}phkj* X@JÊAM@X* Mohpf`j}o kjmk}o*

Jo||kx% ^k~~a ">>+* Ea m`xh`j}|aektahkj j è @hpamo|4 Awa}a|`x m` pj ~|oh`xo kjhojhepxo* Al{a[aea% @hpamo|

O|}kt% Xaj}kaio ">7+* Ho}ahahbk% pja a~p`x}a ~o| ea m`foh|ahka ~a|}khk~a}kwa% >=%

Ox~kja% âleo "1>+* @x}amo ~ep|kjahkojae { ap}oiolk`|jo }`||k}o|kae* M`fajmax kjmi`jax `j è@hpamo|% `j Ea ap}ojofa a m`la}`% Geahxo% x`m` @hpamo| { o}|ox% Qpk}o*

êaj m` Iolk`|jo mè Fowkfk`j}o âx >9&11

^p}faj% \ol`|} "1;;=+* Fackji m`foh|ah{ yo|c4 hkwkh }|amk}kojx kj Fom`|j K}ae{* J`y D`|x`{* ^|kj&h`}oj Pjkw`|xk}{ ^|`xx

\om|ip`t% Oh}awko "1;21+* Ea }ò|a mè xplm`xa||oeeo `j ea H@ÂE% Xj}`xkx { H|}khax% `j è Ajek&xkx @x}|ph}p|ae m` ea @hojofa% @jxa{ox m` Af|kha Ea}kja { @x~aa% Gojmo m` Hpe}p|a @hoj&fkha% Frkho

Xjhb`x% Ofa| ">2+* ]|ajxo|fa}koj ajm M`ha{4 }b` m`&kjx}k}p}kojaekxa}koj o ~a|}{ x{x}`fx kjXop}b Af`|kha% ]bk|m Yo|em Qpa|}`|e{*

X`h|`}a|a Jahkojae m` êajkghahkj { M`xa||oeeo ">;+* êaj Jahkojae ~a|a è Lp`j Wkwk| &>;&184 Hojx}|p{`jmo pj @x}amo êp|kjahkojae ` Kj}`|hpe}p|ae* Qpk}o& @hpamo|

Xcoh~oe% ]b`ma ">9+* @e @x}amo |ì|`xa ae ~|kf`| ~eajo4 @x}|a}ìkax m` ajekxkx `j ea kjw`x}kiahkjah}pae% j E`h}p|ax xol|` e @x}amo { eax ~oe}khax ~lekhax4 \`}ofamo e m`la}` m` a{`| ~a|a o|&}ae`h`| è ah}pae* ^|o{`h}o m` fom`|jktahkj mè @x}amo* Dà}p|a m` Ialkj`}` m` Fkjkx}|ox mèa Jahkj* Lp`jox Ak|`x*

]o||`x% Fa|hèo ">;+% Eax Dpj}ax â||oqpkae`x |p|ae`x mè @hpamo| hofo jp`wa kjx}ajhka mìolk`|jo% GEAHXO% @hpamo|

]o||`x% Wkh}o| Bpio { \afj Iaeo* @e M`xa||oeeo Eohae `j è @hpamo|* >=% Al{a [aea% Qpk}o& @hpamo|*

Pjkw`|xkmam m` Wajm`|lke}% ^|o{`h}o m` O~kjkj ^lekha4 `jhp`x}ax >7 1>*


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@e ^eaj Jahkojae m` M`xh`j}|aektahkj 1

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PLAN NACIONAL DE DESCENTRALIZACIÓN DEL ECUADOR 2012-2015