Platform Annual Report 2008

7/30/2019 Platform Annual Report 2008

1/60

@hbaeh Mblbq Whe}dbqidbq Qvqeh Mftfhbwifl}

Ellveh Qfwbq} 1773

@hbaeh Mblbq Whe}dbqi

dbq Qvqeh Mftfhbwifl}


2/60

]EAHF BD KBL]FL][

]cf Whe}dbqi elm j}{ baofk}jtf{ , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , 75

Whe}dbqi {}qvk}vqf elm ifiafq{cjw , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , 71

Whe}dbqi ifiafq{ elm weq}lfq{ 1773 , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , 7;

Ekqblzi{ , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , 7=

Dbqfpbqm , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , 74

]cf Whe}dbqi jl ek}jbl , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , 73

Whe}dbqi ifiafq{ jl ek}jbl , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , 5=

Whe}dbqi iele`fifl} elm `btfqlelkf , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , =3

Hbbnjl` ecfem }b 177: , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , 65

Whe}dbqi avm`f} elm fswflmj}vqf{ 1773 , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , 61

Djlelkjeh }eahf{ , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , 6;

Wvahjke}jbl{ 1773 , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , 66

Whe}dbqi ijhf{}blf{ 17711773 , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , 64


3/60

75

]CF WHE]DBQI ELM J][ BAOFK]JTF[

]cf @hbaeh Mblbq Whe}dbqi dbq Qvqeh Mftfhbwifl} j{ e objl} jlj}je}jtf bd }cf jl}fqle}jbleh mblbq kbiivlj}zelm mftfhbwifl} bqèlj{e}jbl{, ]cf ifiafq bqèlj{e}jbl{ bd }cf Whe}dbqi pbqn }b`f}cfq jl {bhjmeqj}z

}bpeqm{ }cfjq kbiibl `beh, Jl {b mbjl`( ftfqz Whe}dbqi ifiafq j{ qfèqmfm e{ fuveh( jqqf{wfk}jtf bd etej)

heahf qf{bvqkf{( pcf}cfq cviel bq djlelkjeh,

]cf btfqehh baofk}jtf bd }cf Whe}dbqi j{ }b qfmvkf wbtfq}z elm flcelkf {v{}ejleahf fkblbijk `qbp}c jl

qvqeh eqfe{ jl mftfhbwjl` kbvl}qjf{ }cqbv`c jiwqbtfm mblbq kbbwfqe}jbl( kbhheabqe}jbl elm kbbqmjle}fm

mjehb`vf pj}c weq}lfq kbvl}qjf{,

]cf wvqwb{f bd }cf Whe}dbqi j{ }b wqbib}f ibqf fddfk}jtf jltf{}ifl} jl e`qjkvh}vqf elm qvqeh mftfhbwifl},

]b mb }cj{( ifiafq{ {vwwbq} {v{}ejleahf qvqeh mftfhbwifl}( jlkhvmjl` mfkfl}qehj{e}jbl elm fiwbpfqifl}(

weq}jkvheqhz pj}c e tjfp }b fl{vqjl` dbbm {fkvqj}z,

Jl bqmfq }b ekcjftf j}{ wvqwb{f( }cf Whe}dbqi bqèlj{f{ j}{ pbqn eqbvlm }cqff bv}wv}{?

Emtbkekz elm bv}qfekc]cf ifiafq{ bd }cf Whe}dbqi emtbke}f elm wqbtjmf e tbjkf dbq qvqeh wbtfq}z j{{vf{ jl wbhjkz mfae}f{ e}

le}jbleh( qf`jbleh elm jl}fqle}jbleh dbqe( jl bqmfq }b aqjl` ibqf wvahjk elm wqjte}f jltf{}ifl} jl}b qvqeh

eqfe{, ]cj{ jlkhvmf{ kbl}qjav}jl` }b wbhjkz mfae}f{ elm cj`chj`c}jl` }cf qfhftelkf bd e`qjkvh}vqf elm qvqeh

mftfhbwifl} pj}cjl }cf kbl}fs} bd }cf Ijhhflljvi Mftfhbwifl} @beh{,

Nlbphfm`f iele`fifl} elm jllbte}jbl]cf ifiafq{ bd }cf Whe}dbqi dekjhj}e}f jl}fq)e`flkz hfeqljl`( kbiivljke}f qf{feqkc elm wqbtjmf jl}fh)hfk}veh hfemfq{cjw jl qvqeh mftfhbwifl} {b e{ }b qej{f }cf uvehj}z elm jiwek} bd qvqeh mftfhbwifl} jltf{})

ifl}{,

Ejm fddfk}jtflf{{]cf ifiafq{ bd }cf Whe}dbqi dekjhj}e}f af}}fq ceqiblj{e}jbl elm ehj`lifl} jl e`qjkvh}vqf elm qvqeh

mftfhbwifl} #EQM* jl hjlf pj}c }cf qfkbiiflme}jbl{ bd }cf Mftfhbwifl} E{{j{}elkf Kbiij}}ff bd }cf

Bqèlj{e}jbl dbq Fkblbijk Kbbwfqe}jbl elm Mftfhbwifl} #BFKM)MEK*, Whe}dbqi ifiafq{ pbqn kbhheab)

qe}jtfhz }b qfdjlf ejm fddfk}jtflf{{ wqjlkjwhf{ dbq e`qjkvh}vqf elm qvqeh mftfhbwifl} wqb`qeiif{, ]b mb

}cj{ }cfz mfae}f elm e`qff bl kbiibl wqjlkjwhf{( elm mj{{fijle}f elm ewwhz }cf wqjlkjwhf{ e} jl}fqle}jb)

leh( qf`jbleh elm kbvl}qz hftfh{,

]cj{ Ellveh Qfwbq} j{ bqèlj{fm eqbvlm }cf ieobq bv}wv}{ bd Whe}dbqi pbqn e{ bv}hjlfm jl }cf Pbqn

Wqb`qeiif dbq 17701773,


4/60

WHE]DBQI []QVK]VQF ELM IFIAFQ[CJW

E{ bd Mfkfiafq 1773( }cf Whe}dbqi lf}pbqn kbl{j{}fm bd }fl dvhh ifiafq{( ljlf}ffl ifiafq{ elm ljlfweq}lfq{, ]cf mfkj{jbl)ienjl` abmz j{ }cf Abeqm( iemf vw bd }cf Dbkeh Wbjl}{ bd }cf }fl dvhh ifiafq{ elm

cfemfm az }cf Whe}dbqi Kcejq( Kcqj{}bwc Nbchifzfq #AI_*,

Dvhh ifiafq{ eqf bqèlj{e}jbl{ }ce} kbl}qjav}f djlelkjehhz }b }cf Whe}dbqi, E{ bd Mfkfiafq 1773( }cf

Abeqm ifiafq{ pfqf }cf @fqiel Dfmfqeh Ijlj{}qz dbq Fkblbijk Kbbwfqe}jbl elm Mftfhbwifl} #AI_*( }cf

Kelemjel Jl}fqle}jbleh Mftfhbwifl} E`flkz #KJME*( }cf Mfweq}ifl} dbq Jl}fqle}jbleh Mftfhbwifl} bd }cf

Vlj}fm Njl`mbi #MDJM*( }cf Fvqbwfel Kbiij{{jbl Mjqfk}bqe}f)@flfqeh dbq Mftfhbwifl} #FK)M@ MFT*( }cf

Dbbm elm E`qjkvh}vqf Bqèlje}jbl bd }cf Vlj}fm Le}jbl{ #DEB*( }cf Dqflkc Ijlj{}qz bd Dbqfj`l elm

Fvqbwfel Eddejq{( }cf @hbaeh Ifkcelj{i bd VLKKM #@I*( }cf Jl}fqle}jbleh Dvlm dbq E`qjkvh}vqeh

Mftfhbwifl} #JDEM*( }cf [pj{{ E`flkz dbq Mftfhbwifl} elm Kbbwfqe}jbl #[MK*( }cf Vlj}fm [}e}f{ E`flkz

dbq Jl}fqle}jbleh Mftfhbwifl} #V[EJM* elm }cf Pbqhm Aeln #PA*, ]cf Abeqm iff}{ e} hfe{} blkf e zfeq }b

kbl{jmfq }cf hbl`)}fqi {}qe}f`z bd }cf Whe}dbqi elm ewwqbtf }cf ellveh avm`f} elm pbqn whel,

]cf [}ffqjl` Kbiij}}ff( cfemfm az }cf Whe}dbqi Tjkf Kcejq( Aqjel Aehmpjl #JDEM*( kbl{j{}{ bd djtf Abeqm

ifiafq{, [}ffqjl` Kbiij}}ff ifiafq{ pfqf fhfk}fm az }cf Abeqm dbq e }pb)zfeq wfqjbm mvqjl` }cf

Ieqkc 1773 Abeqm iff}jl`, ]cfz eqf Iv{c}eu Ecifm #KJME*( Aqjel Aehmpjl #JDEM elm Kcejq bd [}ffqjl`

Kbiij}}ff*( Obcl Aeqqf}} #MDJM*( Ieqk Mfabj{ #FK)M@ MFT*( Dhbqflkf He{afllf{ #Dqflkc Ijlj{}qz bd

Dbqfj`l elm Fvqbwfel Eddejq{* elm Lpelf Bnjmfàf #PA*, ]cf [}ffqjl` Kbiij}}ff j{ qf{wbl{jahf dbq mez)

}b)mez {vwfqtj{jbl elm `vjmelkf bd }cf Whe}dbqi [fkqf}eqje},

]cf [fkqf}eqje} j{ }cf kfl}qeh iele`fifl} vlj} bd }cf Whe}dbqi elm j{ kvqqfl}hz cb{}fm az }cf AI_ jlAbll( @fqielz( elm iele`fm az }cf @fqiel E`flkz dbq ]fkcljkeh Kbbwfqe}jbl #@]_*,

71


5/60

WHE]DBQI IFIAFQ[ ELM WEQ]LFQ[ 1773

Abeqm ifiafq{ #dvhh ifiafq{*Kelemjel Jl}fqle}jbleh Mftfhbwifl} E`flkz #KJME*

Mfweq}ifl} dbq Jl}fqle}jbleh Mftfhbwifl}( VN #MDJM*

Fvqbwfel Kbiij{{jbl Mjqfk}bqe}f @flfqeh dbq Mftfhbwifl} #FK)M@ MFT*

Dfmfqeh Ijlj{}qz dbq Fkblbijk Kbbwfqe}jbl elm Mftfhbwifl}( @fqielz #AI_*

@hbaeh Ifkcelj{i bd VLKKM #@I*

Jl}fqle}jbleh Dvlm dbq E`qjkvh}vqeh Mftfhbwifl} #JDEM*

Ijlj{}qz bd Dbqfj`l elm Fvqbwfel Eddejq{( Dqelkf

[pj{{ E`flkz dbq Mftfhbwifl} elm Kbbwfqe}jbl #[MK*

Vlj}fm [}e}f{ E`flkz dbq Jl}fqle}jbleh Mftfhbwifl} #V[EJM*

Pbqhm Aeln #PA*

E{{bkje}f ifiafq{

Ev{}qjel Mftfhbwifl} E`flkz #EME*

E{jel Mftfhbwifl} Aeln #EMA*

Afh`jel Dfmfqeh Wvahjk [fqtjkf Dbqfj`l Eddejq{( Dbqfj`l ]qemf elm Mftfhbwifl} Kbbwfqe}jbl

Mjqfk}bqe}f)@flfqeh dbq Mftfhbwifl} Kbbwfqe}jbl #M@MK*

Dfmfqeh Ijlj{}qz dbq Fvqbwfel elm Jl}fqle}jbleh Eddejq{( Ev{}qje

Dbbm elm E`qjkvh}vqf Bq`elje}jbl bd }cf Vlj}fm Le}jbl{ #DEB*

Dqflkc Mftfhbwifl} E`flkz #EDM*

@fqiel E`flkz dbq ]fkcljkeh Kbbwfqe}jbl #@]_*

Jl}fq)Eifqjkel Mftfhbwifl} Aeln #JMA*

Jqj{c Ejm Mfweq}ifl} bd Dbqfj`l Eddejq{

NdP Mftfhbwifl} Aeln #NdP*

Ijlj{}qz bd Djlelkf elm Fkblbiz( J}ehz

Ijlj{}qz bd Dbqfj`l Eddejq{( Mflieqn

Ijlj{}qz bd Dbqfj`l Eddejq{( Djlhelm

Ijlj{}qz bd Dbqfj`l Eddejq{( Hvsfiabvq`

Ijlj{}qz bd Dbqfj`l Eddejq{( Lbqpez

Ijlj{}qz bd Dbqfj`l Eddejq{( }cf Lf}cfqhelm{

Bq`elj{e}jbl dbq Fkblbijk Kbbwfqe}jbl elm Mftfhbwifl} #BFKM*

[pfmj{c Jl}fqle}jbleh Mftfhbwifl} Kbbwfqe}jbl E`flkz #[jme*

Vlj}fm Le}jbl{ Bddjkf bl Mqv`{ elm Kqjif #VLBMK*

Weq}lfq{

Jl}fqle}jbleh Dbbm Wbhjkz Qf{feqkc Jl{}j}v}f #JDWQJ*( Le}vqeh Qf{bvqkf{ Jl{}j}v}f #LQJ*( Btfq{fe{

Mftfhbwifl} Jl{}j}v}f #BMJ*( Lfp Weq}lfq{cjw dbq Edqjke{ Mftfhbwifl} #LFWEM*( Qf`jbleh Vlj}

dbq ]fkcljkeh E{{j{}elkf jl E`qjkvh}vqf #QV]E*( Pbqhm Tf`f}eahf Kfl}fq #ETQMK*( Jl{}j}v}f bd

Mftfhbwifl} [}vmjf{ #JM[*( ]fkcljkeh Kfl}qf dbq E`qjkvh}vqeh elm Qvqeh Kbbwfqe}jbl EKW)FV

#K]E* elm Lfvkc}fh Jlj}je}jtf #LJ*,

7;


6/60

EKQBLZI[

EEE Ekkqe E`flme dbq Ek}jbl

EKW Edqjkel( Keqjaafel elm Wekjdjk @qbvw bd [}e}f{

EdMA Edqjkel Mftfhbwifl} Aeln

EDEE[ Edqjkel Dbqvi dbq E`qjkvh}vqeh Emtj{bqz [fqtjkf{

E@ BFKM)MEK Emtj{bqz @qbvw bl Kjtjh [bkjf}z elm Ejm Fddfk}jtflf{{

E@QE Ehhjelkf dbq e @qffl Qftbhv}jbl jl Edqjke

EWD Edqjkel Weq}lfq{cjw Dbqvi

EQM E`qjkvh}vqf elm qvqeh mftfhbwifl}

E[EQFKE E{{bkje}jbl dbq [}qfl`}cfljl` E`qjkvh}vqeh Qf{feqkc jl Fe{}fql elm Kfl}qeh Edqjke

E[FEL E{{bkje}jbl bd [bv}cfe{} E{jel Le}jbl{

E=] Ejm dbq ]qemf

EVK Edqjkel Vljbl Kbiij{{jbl

AI@D Ajhh elm Ifhjlme @e}f{ Dbvlme}jbl

KEEMW Kbiwqfcfl{jtf Edqjke E`qjkvh}vqf Mftfhbwifl} Wqb`qeiif

KEKJHI Kfl}qeh E{jel Kbvl}qjf{ Jlj}je}jtf dbq Helm Iele`fifl}

KMI Khfel Mftfhbwifl} Ifkcelj{i

KDE Kbiwqfcfl{jtf Dqeifpbqn dbq Ek}jbl

K@JEQ Kbl{vh}e}jtf @qbvw bl Jl}fqle}jbleh E`qjkvh}vqeh Qf{feqkc

KJQMEW Kfl}qf bl Jl}f`qe}fm Qvqeh Mftfhbwifl} dbq E{je elm }cf Wekjdjk

KBIF[E Kbiibl Ieqnf} dbq Fe{}fql elm [bv}cfql Edqjke

K[JDKbiwqfcfl{jtf [}qe}f`jk Jltf{}ifl} DqeifpbqnK[B Kjtjh {bkjf}z bq`elj{e}jbl

K]E ]fkcljkeh Kfl}qf dbq E`qjkvh}vqeh elm Qvqeh Kbbwfqe}jbl Kfl}qf ]fkcljuvf mf

Kbbwqe}jbl E`qjkbhf f} Qvqehf

MEK Mftfhbwifl} E{{j{}elkf Kbiij}}ff

FEDD Fe{}fql Edqjke Deqifq{ Dfmfqe}jbl

FKHEK Fkblbijk Kbiij{{jbl dbq He}jl Eifqjke elm }cf Keqjaafel

FKBPE[ Fkblbijk Kbiivlj}z bd Pf{} Edqjkel [}e}f{

FMM Fvqbwfel Mftfhbwifl} Mez{

DEQE Dbqvi dbq E`qjkvh}vqeh Qf{feqkc jl Edqjke

DKWL Dbbm Kqj{f{ Wqftfl}jbl Lf}pbqn #Q{fev mf Wqtfl}jbl mf{ Kqj{f{ Ehjifl}ejqf{(

QWKE*@MKK @btfqlifl})Mblbq Kbbqmjle}jbl Kbiij}}ff

@JFP[ @hbaeh Jldbqie}jbl elm Feqhz Peqljl` [z{}fi bl Dbbm elm E`qjkvh}vqf

@I @hbaeh Ifkcelj{i

@LW @qb{{ le}jbleh wqbmvk}

@WED[L @hbaeh Weq}lfq{cjw bl E`qjkvh}vqf( Dbbm [fkvqj}z elm Lv}qj}jbl

7=


7/60

CHD; ]cjqm Cj`c)Hftfh Dbqvi bl Ejm Fddfk}jtflf{{( Ekkqe( [fw}fiafq 1773

CH]D Cj`c)Hftfh ]e{n Dbqkf

JME Jl}fqle}jbleh Mftfhbwifl} E{{bkje}jbl

JD[ Jl}f`qe}fm Djlelkjl` [}qe}f`jf{

J[DW Jlj}je}jtf bl [beqjl` Dbbm Wqjkf{

IEQM Ijlj{}qz bd E`qjkvh}vqf elm Qvqeh Mftfhbwifl}( Tjf}lei

IM@ Ijhhflljvi Mftfhbwifl} @beh

I$F Iblj}bqjl` elm ftehve}jbl

IM]D Ivh}j)Mblbq ]qv{} Dvlm

LFWEM Lfp Weq}lfq{cjw dbq Edqjke{ Mftfhbwifl}

BME Bddjkjeh mftfhbwifl} e{{j{}elkf

BMJ Btfq{fe{ Mftfhbwifl} Jl{}j}v}f

BFKM Bqèlj{e}jbl dbq Fkblbijk Kbbwfqe}jbl elm Mftfhbwifl}

WQ[W Wbtfq}z Qfmvk}jbl [}qe}f`z Wewfq

WAE Wqb`qeiif)ae{fm ewwqbekc

Whe}dbqi @hbaeh Mblbq Whe}dbqi dbq Qvqeh Mftfhbwifl}

WW Weq}lfq{cjw Whe}dbqi bd KEEMW

WQBWEK Kfl}qeh Edqjkel lf}pbqn bd deqifq{ bqèlje}jbl{

WTB{ Wqjte}f tbhvl}eqz bqèlj{e}jbl{

QFK{ Qf`jbleh fkblbijk kbiivlj}jf{

QFMMQfmvkjl` Fij{{jbl{ dqbi Mfdbqf{}e}jbl elm Mf`qeme}jblQBWWE Lf}pbqn bd Deqifq{ elm E`qjkvh}vqeh Wqbmvkfq{ Bqèlj{e}jbl{ bd Pf{} Edqjke

QV]E Qf`jbleh Vlj} dbq ]fkcljkeh E{{j{}elkf jl Kfl}qeh Eifqjke

[EKEV [bv}cfql Edqjkel Kbldfmfqe}jbl bd E`qjkvh}vqeh Vljbl{

[EMK [bv}cfql Edqjkel Mftfhbwifl} Kbiivlj}z

[K [}ffqjl` Kbiij}}ff

[PEK [ecfh elm Pf{} Edqjke Khva #BFKM*

[PEw [fk}bq)pjmf ewwqbekc

]K ]fkcljkeh kbbwfqe}jbl

]KW ]fkcljkeh Kbbwfqe}jbl Wqb`qeiif

]P@ ]fkcljkeh Pbqnjl` @qbvw{

VFIBE Vljbl Fkblbijuvf f} Ibl}ejqf Bvf{} Edqjkejlf #Pf{} Edqjkel Fkblbijk elmIblf}eqz Vljbl*

VLK]EM Vlj}fm Le}jbl{ Kbldfqflkf bl ]qemf elm Mftfhbwifl}

PMQ Pbqhm Aeln Pbqhm Mftfhbwifl} Qfwbq}

P]B Pbqhm ]qemf Bqèlje}jbl

ZEQM{ Zbvl` Eiae{{embq{ dbq Qvqeh Mftfhbwifl}

76


8/60

DBQFPBQM

]cf pbqhm ce{ iemf {}qbl` elm {v{}ejlfm wqb`qf{{ jl qfmvkjl` fs}qfif wbtfq}z( av} }cj{ j{ lbp afjl`vlmfqkv} az cj`cfq wqjkf{ weq}jkvheqhz bd dbbm elm bjh elm }cf `hbaeh djlelkjeh elm fkblbijk kqj{j{,

Ekkbqmjl` }b }cf VL Ijhhflljvi Mftfhbwifl} @beh{ Qfwbq} 1773(

]cf {beqjl` dbbm wqjkf{ jl feqhz 1773 }cqv{} e`qjkvh}vqf elm qvqeh mftfhbwifl} #EQM* }b }cf }bw bd }cf

mftfhbwifl} e`flme, ]cf dbbm wqjkf {cbkn kev{fm qjb}{ ekqb{{ }cf pbqhm elm }bwwhfm e `btfqlifl} jl

Cej}j, ]cf kqj{j{ ibtfm cvl`fq }b kfl}qf {}e`f jl jl}fqle}jbleh mftfhbwifl} }cjlnjl`, ]cj{ wqjbqj}j{e}jbl bd

dbbm elm cvl`fq j{ uvj}f lfp,

]cbv`c dbbm wqjkf{ cetf dehhfl {j`ljdjkel}hz dqbi }cfjq wfen( }cfz qfiejl cj`c, Elm( pj}c cvlmqfm{ bd ijh)

hjbl{ bd wfbwhf #ib{}hz pbifl elm kcjhmqfl* {}jhh {vddfqjl` e{ e qf{vh} bd cvl`fq elm dbbm jl{fkvqj}z( ek}jbl

khfeqhz lffm{ }b af }enfl, ]cbv`c wqjkf{ cetf mqbwwfm( }cf nfz mqjtfq{ }ce} abb{}fm mfielm dbq kbiibmj)

}jf{ elm mqbtf }cfi vw jl }cf djq{} whekf qfiejl? `qbpjl` wbwvhe}jbl{( kcel`jl` mjf}{ elm lfp ajbdvfh wbhj)

kjf{( dbq fseiwhf,

[b cbp eqf deqifq{ elm mblbq{ qf{wblmjl`2 Cj`cfq wqjkf{ wqf{fl} bwwbq}vlj}jf{ dbq deqifq{, Jlkqfe{fmmfielm elm cj`cfq wqjkf{ bd {}ewhf dbbm{ eqf flkbvqe`jl` deqifq{ }b `qbp ibqf( elm pbqhmpjmf kfqf)

eh wqbmvk}jbl pe{ fswfk}fm }b qfekc e qfkbqm cj`c bd ibqf }cel 1(177 ijhhjbl if}qjk }bl{ jl 1773,

Av}( }cf{f jlkqfe{f{ eqf iejlhz jl mftfhbwfm kbvl}qjf{( e{ deqifq{ }cfqf cetf affl eahf }b

qf{wblm uvjknhz }b cj`cfq wqjkf{( elm {b aflfdj} dqbi }cfi, Deqifq{ jl mftfhbwjl` kbvl}qjf{ ov{}

cetfl} affl eahf }b qfek} e{ uvjknhz }b ieqnf} }qflm{, E{ e qf{vh}( pcjhf kfqfeh wqbmvk}jbl `qfp

az 57,;& jl mftfhbwfm kbvl}qjf{ jl 1773( j} jlkqfe{fm az blhz 7,:& jl mftfhbwjl` kbvl}qjf{,

Mblbq bq`elj{e}jbl{ qf{wblmfm {}qbl`hz }b }cf kqj{j{ jl dbbm wqjkf{ pj}c jiifmje}f {cbq})}fqi ife{)

vqf{, [wfkjdjkehhz( }cf Cj`c)Hftfh ]e{n Dbqkf #CH]D* bl }cf @hbaeh Dbbm [fkvqj}z Kqj{j{( f{}eahj{cfm az VL

[fkqf}eqz)@flfqeh Ael Nj)ibbl( whezfm e {j`ljdjkel} qbhf pj}c j}{ Kbiwqfcfl{jtf Dqeifpbqn dbq Ek}jbl

#KDE*, Whe}dbqi Dbkeh Wbjl}{ wqbtjmfm kqj}jkeh wbhjkz emtjkf e{ ifiafq bq`elj{e}jbl{ {bv`c} }b }enf ek}jbl,

Cbpftfq( j}{ khfeq }ce} mblbq{ lbp lffm }b dbkv{ bl hbl`fq)}fqi ek}jbl{( {vkc e{ mftfhbwjl` {iehhcbhmfq

deqijl` elm wv}}jl` jl whekf {bkjeh wqb}fk}jbl {edf}z lf}{, ]cf{f pjhh wv} {iehh){kehf wqbmvkfq{ jl Edqjke(

E{je elm He}jl Eifqjke jl e af}}fq wb{j}jbl }b aflfdj} dqbi }cf bwwbq}vlj}jf{ bddfqfm az cj`cfq kbiibmj}z

wqjkf{,

Eijm{} }cf ivh}jwhjkj}z bd jlj}je}jtf{ }ce} pfqf hevlkcfm jl qf{wbl{f }b }cf dbbm elm flfq`z wqjkf kqj{f{( }cf

fs}fqleh ftehve}jbl bd }cf Whe}dbqi keif e} el bwwbq}vlf ibifl}, ]cf kqj{f{( elm }cf {}jivhv{ }cfz etf

}b qfepenfljl` jl}fqf{} jl e`qjkvh}vqeh mftfhbwifl}( vlmfqhjlfm }cf jiwbq}elkf bd wb{j}jbljl` }cf Whe}dbqi

pcfqf j} kbvhm ienf ib{} jiwek},

74

]cf jiijlfl} }cqfe} bd jlkqfe{fm cvl`fq pbvhm cetf affl hf{{flfm jd qfkfl}

mfkemf{ cem lb} affl ieqnfm az e hekn bd jltf{}ifl} jl e`qjkvh}vqeh elm qvqeh

mftfhbwifl} jl mftfhbwjl` kbvl}qjf{,


9/60

70

E{ el bv}kbif bd }cf ftehve}jbl( }cf Whe}dbqi ce{( kbhheabqe}jtfhz pj}c {}enfcbhmfq{( mftfhbwfm e {}qe}f`jk

whel, ]cf {}qe}f`z fiwce{j{f{ djq{}hz( emtbke}jl` dbq jlkqfe{fm elm ibqf fddfk}jtf ejm jl EQM elm( {fkblm)

hz( kew}vqjl` elm fskcel`jl` nlbphfm`f }b cfhw ifiafq{ fddfk}jtfhz {vwwbq} EQM jl fddfk}( }b qf{wblm }b}cf kcehhfl`f{ elm bwwbq}vlj}jf{ bd }cf mez,

]cf fs}fqleh ftehve}jbl elm }cf {}qe}f`jk whelljl` wqbkf{{ kbldjqifm }ce} }cf Whe}dbqi bkkvwjf{ e vljuvf

ljkcf jl }cf jlkqfe{jl`hz kbiwhfs ejm fltjqblifl}, ]cf `hbaeh mftfhbwifl} ejm {z{}fi j{ vlmfq`bjl` {j`)

ljdjkel} kcel`f{, Bl }cf blf celm }cfqf j{ `qbpjl` `hbaeh kbiij}ifl} }b iff}jl` }cf jl}fqle}jbleh mftf)

hbwifl} ejm }eq`f} bd ehhbke}jl` 7,0& bd `qb{{ le}jbleh wqbmvk} #@LW* }b bddjkjeh mftfhbwifl} e{{j{}elkf

#BME*, Bl }cf b}cfq celm }cfqf j{ `qbpjl` qfkb`lj}jbl bd }cf lffm dbq weq}lfq kbvl}qz bplfq{cjw elm hfem)

fq{cjw( ceqiblj{e}jbl elm ehj`lifl}( elm iv}veh ekkbvl}eajhj}z, ]cf Weqj{ Mfkheqe}jbl bl Ejm Fddfk}jtf)

lf{{( 1776( fiabmjf{ }cf{f wqjlkjwhf{, ]cf Ekkqe E`flme dbq Ek}jbl bd [fw}fiafq 1773 qfj}fqe}fm }ce}

mblbq{ lffm }b kbbwfqe}f }b ienf jltf{}ifl}{ ibqf fddfk}jtf, ]cj{ j{ fsek}hz pce} }cf Whe}dbqi j{ mbjl`,

]cf Whe}dbqi {fqtf{ }cf mblbq kbhhfk}jtf( fleahjl` }cfi }b wqbtjmf }cfjq {vwwbq} }b EQM ibqf fddfk}jtfhz

}cel }cfz kbvhm pcfl ek}jl` bl }cfjq bpl,

]cf Whe}dbqi{ {vkkf{{ jl fl{vqjl` }ce} EQM pfqf djqihz bl }cf e`flme e} }cf ]cjqm Cj`c)Hftfh Dbqvi bl

Ejm Fddfk}jtflf{{ jl Ekkqe qfeddjqi }cf tehvf bd kbhhfk}jtf( kblkfq}fm ek}jbl az Whe}dbqi ifiafq{,

Kbhhfk}jtf ek}jbl j{ eh{b afeqjl` dqvj} jl kbbqmjle}jl` EQM jl Edqjke vlmfq }cf viaqfhhe bd }cf

Kbiwqfcfl{jtf Edqjke E`qjkvh}vqf Mftfhbwifl} Wqb`qeiif #KEEMW*, ]cf Whe}dbqi{ pbqn bl flè`jl`

kjtjh {bkjf}z( ceqtf{}jl` fswfqjflkf{ elm mftfhbwjl` objl} wqjlkjwhf{ j{ eh{b ibtjl` ecfem,

Dbq }cf djq{} }jif( }cf Whe}dbqi ellveh qfwbq} jlkhvmf{ kbl}qjav}jbl{ dqbi ifiafq{, Pf eqf

mfhj`c}fm }ce} Dbkeh Wbjl}{ cetf qf{wblmfm }b }cf jltj}e}jbl }b kbl}qjav}f pj}c qfwbq}{ bd

pce} }cfjq bqèlj{e}jbl{ mjm jl 1773 jl qf{wbl{f }b }cf kqj{j{ jl dbbm wqjkf{ elm jl {vw)wbq} bd EQM elm ejm fddfk}jtflf{{ j{{vf{ jl }cj{ {fk}bq, ]cf ifiafq{ eqf }cf Whe}dbqi

elm }cfjq kbl}qjav}jbl{ {cbp jl mf}ejh }cf jiwek} }ce} ifiafq bqèlj{e}jbl{ eqf ienjl`,

Jl bqmfq }b {vkkffm jl }cf dj`c} eèjl{} wbtfq}z elm kcqbljk dbbm jl{fkvqj}z( mftfhbwifl}

weq}lfq{ iv{} {}fw vw fddbq}{ }b emmqf{{ jlkbl{j{}flkjf{ jl mftfhbwifl} wbhjkjf{( elm ehhb)

ke}f ibqf qf{bvqkf{ }b jlkqfe{f fddjkjflkz, E} }cf {eif }jif( weq}lfq kbvl}qjf{ iv{} }enf dvhh

bplfq{cjw bd }cf mftfhbwifl} wqbkf{{,

Jl }cf kbijl` zfeq{ }cf Whe}dbqi pjhh pbqn }b jlkqfe{f }cf {ceqf bd ifiafq{ BME `bjl` }b EQM, Pf pel}

}b ekcjftf }el`jahf wqb`qf{{ jl }cf jiwhfifl}e}jbl bd }cf Weqj{ Mfkheqe}jbl elm }cf Ekkqe E`flme dbq

Ek}jbl e} kbvl}qz hftfh, Pf eji dbq el jlkqfe{f jl }cf v{f bd wqb`qeiif)ae{fm elm {fk}bq)pjmf ewwqbekcf{jl EQM( elm }cf qe}jblehj{e}jbl bd EQM {vwwbq} az ifiafq{ jl {fhfk}fm kbvl}qjf{,

Kcqj{}bwc Nbchifzfq( Whe}dbqi Kcejq Aqjel Aehmpjl( Whe}dbqi Tjkf)Kcejq


10/60

]CF WHE]DBQI JL EK]JBL

Emtbkekz elm bv}qfekcJl 1773 }cf Whe}dbqi emtbke}fm {}qbl`hz dbq ibqf fddfk}jtf elm jlkqfe{fm jltf{}ifl} jl e`qjkvh}vqf elm

qvqeh mftfhbwifl} #EQM* }b ekcjftf }cf Ijhhflljvi Mftfhbwifl} @beh{, ]cf ]cjqm Cj`c)Hftfh Dbqvi bl Ejm

Fddfk}jtflf{{ #CHD;*( cfhm jl Ekkqe( jl [fw}fiafq( pe{ e nfz ftfl} dbq Whe}dbqi

emtbkekz,

]cf Abeqm elm [fkqf}eqje} {}qe}f`jkehhz emmqf{{fm nfz {}enfcbhmfq{ elm lfp whezfq{ jl }cf jl}fqle}jbleh

wbhjkz eqfle, ]cf{f jlkhvmfm }cf Ehhjelkf dbq e @qffl Qftbhv}jbl jl Edqjke #E@QE*( }cf Ajhh elm Ifhjlme

@e}f{ Dbvlme}jbl #AI@D*( Kcjle( Oewel elm Jlmje( }cf Kfl}qf bl Jl}f`qe}fm Qvqeh

Mftfhbwifl} dbq E{je elm }cf Wekjdjk #KJQMEW*( elm }cf Edqjkel Mftfhbwifl} Aeln

#EdMA*, Mfhfè}jbl{ elm iff}jl`{ }b mj{kv{{ wbhjkjf{ cetf hfm }b e {}qbl`fq lf}pbqnbd wqbdf{{jbleh{ elm e`flkjf{,

]cf qbem }b CHD; Ekkqe]cf Whe}dbqi qfkb`lj{fm }cf jiwbq}elkf bd }cf ]cjqm Cj`c)Hftfh Dbqvi bl Ejm

Fddfk}jtflf{{ #CHD;* dbq e{{f{{jl` cbp deq }cf jiwhfifl}e}jbl bd }cf Weqj{

Mfkheqe}jbl bl Ejm Fddfk}jtflf{{ cem wqb`qf{{fm elm dbq emmqf{{jl` kqj}jkeh lfp

kcehhfl`f{, ]cf mfkj{jbl }b flè`f pj}c CHD; wqbkf{{f{ qfkb`lj{fm }ce} }cf jiwhf)

ifl}e}jbl bd }cf Weqj{ Mfkheqe}jbl elm j}{ wqjlkjwhf{ j{ cetjl` e ieobq jiwek} bl ehh

{fk}bq{ jl mftfhbwifl} kbbwfqe}jbl,

]cf Whe}dbqi pbqnfm ceqm jl }cf qvl vw }b }cf CHD; }b fl{vqf }ce} }cf e`qjkvh}vqeh {fk}bq pe{ djqihz bl }cf

e`flme elm }ce} Whe}dbqi ifiafq{ cem bwwbq}vlj}jf{ }b emtbke}f dbq ibqf fddfk}jtf elm jlkqfe{fm jltf{})

ifl} jl EQM, ]cf Whe}dbqi mftfhbwfm khfeq wbhjkz if{{e`f{( elm jmfl}jdjfm nfz }eq`f}{ elm {}qe}f`jf{ }b

mfhjtfq }cf if{{e`f{,

Wv}}jl` e`qjkvh}vqf elm qvqeh mftfhbwifl} bl }cf CHD; e`flme

Jlj}jehhz( }cf CHD; wqbkf{{ dbkv{fm bl }qekjl` ejm fddfk}jtflf{{ jl }cqff {fk}bq{? cfeh}c( fmvke}jbl elm jldqe)

{}qvk}vqf, Av} j} pe{ jiwbq}el} dbq ejm fddfk}jtflf{{ jl EQM }b af weq} bd }cf mj{kv{{jbl{ hfemjl` vw }b elm

e} CHD;,

]cf Whe}dbqi pe{ mffwhz jltbhtfm jl }cf wqfweqe}jbl{ dbq Qbvlm ]eahf 3 Flcelkjl` qf{vh}{ az ewwhzjl` }cfWeqj{ Mfkheqe}jbl e} {fk}bq hftfh, Pj}c {vwwbq} dqbi {}enfcbhmfq{( }cf Whe}dbqi wqfweqfm e wewfq( E`qjkvh)

}vqeh {fk}bq fswfqjflkf{ jl jiwhfifl}jl` }cf Weqj{ Mfkheqe}jbl bl Ejm Fddfk}jtflf{{( {viieqj{jl` e`qjkvh)

}vqeh {fk}bq fswfqjflkf{ jl jiwhfifl}jl` }cf Weqj{ Mfkheqe}jbl, ]cf Whe}dbqi eh{b wqbtjmfm jlwv} }b }cf

Qbvlm ]eahf 3 bv}kbif wewfq Flcelkjl` qf{vh}{ az ewwhzjl` }cf Weqj{ Mfkheqe}jbl e} {fk}bq hftfh, ]cj{ pe{

wvahj{cfm jl Ev`v{} 1773 elm e{{f{{f{ ejm fddfk}jtflf{{ jl }cf cfeh}c( fmvke}jbl( e`qjkvh}vqf elm jldqe)

{}qvk}vqf {fk}bq{,

Cj`chj`c}jl` }cf jiwbq}elkf bd kjtjh {bkjf}z bqèlj{e}jbl{ jl }cf ejm fddfk}jtflf{{ wqbkf{{

Mblbq e`flkjf{ eqf lb} ehblf jl jiwqbtjl` }cfjq fddfk}jtflf{{ e{ mftfhbwifl} ek}bq{, Kjtjh {bkjf}z bqèlj{e)

}jbl{ #K[B{* eqf eh{b }enjl` vw }cf kcehhfl`f, Qfkb`lj{jl` }cj{( jl 1770( }cf Kelemjel Jl}fqle}jbleh

Mftfhbwifl} E`flkz #KJME* jltj}fm }cf Whe}dbqi }b {vwwbq} }cf Emtj{bqz @qbvw bl Kjtjh [bkjf}z elm Ejm

Fddfk}jtflf{{ bd }cf BFKM)MEK Pbqnjl` Weq}z bl Ejm Fddfk}jtflf{{ jl wqfweqjl` e wewfq bl af{} wqek}jkf{ jl

}cf djfhm bd K[B{ elm ejm fddfk}jtflf{{ jl EQM,

73


11/60

]cf Whe}dbqi {vwwbq}fm }cj{ wqbkf{{( pcjkc pe{ hfm az KJME elm jiwhfifl}fm az DEB( az bqèlj{jl` kbl)

{vh}e}jbl{ jl 5; kbvl}qjf{, Djlmjl`{ pfqf wqf{fl}fm jl }cf qfwbq} Kjtjh {bkjf}z bqèlj{e}jbl{ elm ejm fddfk)

}jtflf{{ jl e`qjkvh}vqf elm qvqeh mftfhbwifl}? [zl}cf{j{ qfwbq} bd e 5;)kbvl}qz kbl{vh}e}jbl, ]cf djlmjl`{bd }cf {}vmz pfqf wqf{fl}fm elm mj{kv{{fm e} }cf Jl}fqle}jbleh Dbqvi bl Ejm Fddfk}jtflf{{ jl @e}jlfev(

Keleme( jl Dfaqveqz 1773,

Dbhhbpjl` }cf Dbqvi( e Whe}dbqi pbqn{cbw jl Ieqkc 1773 mftfhbwfm e {}qe}f`z }b fl{vqf }ce} ejm fddfk}jtf)

lf{{ jl EQM( elm }cf qbhf }ce} K[B{ whez( pbvhm af bl }cf e`flme e} CHD;, ]cf Whe}dbqi{ dbhhbp)vw }b }cf

5;)kbvl}qz kbl{vh}e}jbl hfm }b }cf jlkhv{jbl bd e`qjkvh}vqf jl }cf BFKM Wqb`qf{{ qfwbq} bl }cf jiwhfifl}e)

}jbl bd }cf Weqj{ Mfkheqe}jbl }eahfm e} CHD;, ]cj{ wqb`qf{{ qfwbq} pe{ }cf bv}kbif bd kbiwqfcfl{jtf kbl)

{vh}e}jbl{ elm iff}jl`{( elm( dvq}cfqibqf( j} wqbwb{fm }ce} K[B{ {cbvhm af jlkhvmfm e{ dvhh ifiafq{ jl

}cf BFKM Pbqnjl` Weq}z bl Ejm Fddfk}jtflf{{,

Jl Ovlf 1773( e} el Fswhbqe}bqz Iff}jl` bl K[B Fddfk}jtflf{{ jl pcjkc }cf Whe}dbqi }bbn weq}( weq}jkjwel}{

e`qffm }b hevlkc e `hbaeh Bwfl Dbqvi, @vjmfm elm iele`fm az e K[B @hbaeh Dekjhj}e}jbl @qbvw( }cj{ Bwfl

Dbqvi aqjl`{ }b`f}cfq {}enfcbhmfq{ dqbi eqbvlm }cf pbqhm }b mftfhbw wqjlkjwhf{ elm `vjmfhjlf{ dbq }cf

qbhf bd K[B{ jl ejm fddfk}jtflf{{, ]cf Bwfl Dbqvi eh{b emtbke}f{ dbq }cf mftfhbwifl} bd e dejq( lf`b}je}fm

e`qffifl} af}pffl `btfqlifl}{( mblbq{ elm K[B{ bl mftfhbwifl} fddfk}jtflf{{, ]cf Dbqvi eji{ }b

cetf }cf e`qffifl} flmbq{fm e} }cf Dbvq}c Cj`c)Hftfh Dbqvi( }b af cfhm jl Afjojl` jl Mfkfiafq 1755,

E`qjkvh}vqf elm qvqeh mftfhbwifl} e} CHD;]cf qf{vh} bd emtbkekz elm flè`fifl} az Whe}dbqi ifiafq{ elm }cf [fkqf}eqje} pe{ }ce} e`qjkvh}vqf elm

}cf jiwbq}el} qbhf bd K[B{ pe{ bl }cf e`flme jl nfz {f{{jbl{ e} CHD;?

Qbvlm ]eahf 3 Flcelkjl` qf{vh}{ az ewwhzjl` }cf Weqj{ Mfkheqe}jbl e} {fk}bq hftfh> elm

Ieqnf}whekf bd Jmfe{,

]cf Whe}dbqi dvq}cfqibqf wqbtjmfm jlwv} }b?

Qbvlm ]eahf 5 Kbvl}qz bplfq{cjw>

Qbvlm ]eahf 4 ]cf qbhf bd kjtjh {bkjf}z bqèlj{e}jbl{ jl emtelkjl` ejm fddfk}jtflf{{> elm

K[B Weqehhfh Dbqvi,

E} }cf flm bd CHD;( ijlj{}fq{ dqbi mftfhbwjl` elm mblbq kbvl}qjf{( elm cfem{ bd ivh}j)

he}fqeh elm ajhe}fqeh mftfhbwifl} jl{}j}v}jbl{ flmbq{fm }cf Ekkqe E`flme dbq Ek}jbl#EEE*, Jl el jiwbq}el} elm eiaj}jbv{ {}fw dbqpeqm( }cf EEE qfkb`lj{f{ }ce} kbvl}qz

bplfq{cjw bd }cf mftfhbwifl} wqbkf{{ j{ kqj}jkeh( }ce} ibqf fddfk}jtf elm jlkhv{jtf

weq}lfq{cjw{ dbq mftfhbwifl} eqf lffmfm( elm }ce} mfhjtfqjl` elm ekkbvl}jl` dbq

mftfhbwifl} qf{vh}{ j{ f{{fl}jeh, ]cf jiwbq}el} qbhf{ }ce} kjtjh {bkjf}z elm }cf wqj)

te}f {fk}bq whez jl mftfhbwifl} jl `flfqeh( elm jl EQM jl weq}jkvheq( eqf cj`chj`c}fm,

Az {}qfl`}cfljl` elm dbkv{{jl` }cf Weqj{ Mfkheqe}jbl( }cf EEE pjhh vlmfqwjl Whe}dbqi

ifiafq{ pbqn }bpeqm{ ibqf fddfk}jtf mftfhbwifl} e{{j{}elkf jl EQM }ce} qfdhfk}{

hbkeh kblmj}jbl{( avjhm{ bl hbkeh {z{}fi{ elm {}qfl`}cfl{ jlkhv{jtf kbvl}qz bplfq{cjw,

Afkev{f bd {beqjl` dbbm wqjkf{( EQM dfe}vqfm wqbijlfl}hz jl whfleqz {f{{jbl{( dbq fseiwhf jl }cf {wffkc

az }cf Wqf{jmfl} bd }cf Pbqhm Aeln, ]cf Whe}dbqi }bbn dvhh emtel}e`f bd }cj{ }b fiwce{j{f }cf jiwbq}elkf

bd }cf Kbiwqfcfl{jtf Edqjke E`qjkvh}vqf Mftfhbwifl} Wqb`qeiif #KEEMW* e{ }cf dqeifpbqn dbq e`qjkvh)

}vqeh mftfhbwifl} jl Edqjke,

7:

Avqnjle De{b elm Afljl dbq kb}}bl> {ftfqeh kbvl}qjf{ dbq {vèq

{vwwbq}* pcfqftfq dfe{jahf, Avm`f} {vwwbq} pjhh eh{b af v{fm jl {ftfqeh kbvl}qjf{ }ce} pjhh aflfdj} dqbi }cf

Dbbm Dekjhj}z {}eq}jl` dqbi 177:,

1;
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/releases/20121107221618/tmp/scratch_5/ec.europa.eu/development/index_en.cfmhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/releases/20121107221618/tmp/scratch_5/ec.europa.eu/development/index_en.cfm


26/60

Dvq}cfqibqf( flcelkfm kbbwfqe}jbl elm kbbqmjle}jbl af}pffl VL E`flkjf{ elm }cf Pbqhm Aeln ce{ affl

{}jivhe}fm, ]cj{ cewwflfm jl }cf dqeifpbqn bd }cf Dbbm Dekjhj}z( pcfqf kbbqmjle}fm VL"Pbqhm Aeln wqb)

`qeiif{ pjhh af {vwwbq}fm, J} j{ eh{b el jl}qjl{jk dfe}vqf bd }cf Ehh)EKW #Edqjkel( Keqjaafel elm Wekjdjk@qbvw bd [}e}f{* E`qjkvh}vqeh Kbiibmj}jf{ Wqb`qeiif # =6 ijhhjbl wqb`qeiif jl {vwwbq} bd e`qjkvh}vqeh

kbiibmj}jf{* jl pcjkc djtf e`flkjf{ #Kbiibl Dvlm dbq Kbiibmj}jf{( DEB( }cf Jl}fqle}jbleh ]qemf Kfl}qf(

Vlj}fm Le}jbl{ Kbldfqflkf bl ]qemf elm Mftfhbwifl} elm }cf Pbqhm Aeln* pbqn }b`f}cfq }b {vwwbq} }cf

kbiwf}j}jtflf{{ bd kbiibmj}z kcejl{, Jl 1773( e {fqjf{ bd qf`jbleh {}qe}f`z pbqn{cbw{ kbl}qjav}fm }b }cj{

`beh,

]cf Qvqeh Cva jl Meneq( [flfèh( j{ ehqfemz qfkb`lj{fm e{ el fddjkjfl} }bbh }b jiwqbtf kbcfqflkf bd wbhjkjf{

elm wqb`qeiif{( elm pe{ e qf`jbleh ke{f {}vmz dbq }cf qbhf bd K[B{ jl iele`jl` ejm dbq qvqeh mftfhbw)

ifl}, Mvqjl` }cf {fkblm wce{f bd }cf Cva }cf FK pjhh wqbtjmf {vwwbq} }b {}qfl`}cfl kbbwfqe}jbl pj}c

Whe}dbqi weq}lfq{,

Hbbnjl` dbqpeqm }b 177:]cf FK pjhh kbiiflkf e qftj{jbl bd }cf FK Dbbm [fkvqj}z Wbhjkz,

]cf Aqv{{fh{ Qvqeh Mftfhbwifl} Aqjfdjl`{( kb)bqèlj{fm pj}c K]E elm b}cfq weq}lfq{( pjhh kbl}jlvf bl e

aj)ibl}chz ae{j{,

1=

wqjte}f {fk}bq

bqèlj{e}jbl{( jlkhvmjl` }qemf elm djlelkf `qbvw{> elm kjtjh {bkjf}z `qbvw{ }b hfem elm iele`f KEEMW,

Ejm fddfk}jtflf{{ jl EQM

]cf V[ @btfqlifl} j{ ek}jtf jl }cf VL Kbiij{{jbl bl [v{}ejleahf Mftfhbwifl}( @hbaeh Mblbq Whe}dbqidbq Qvqeh Mftfhbwifl}( KEEMW Weq}lfq{cjw Whe}dbqi( KEEMW ]e{n Dbqkf bl Cj`c Dbbm Wqjkf{( @hbaeh ]e{n

Dbqkf dbq Feqhz Ek}jbl( VL [}elmjl` Kbiij}}ff bl Lv}qj}jbl( Kbl{vh}e}jtf @qbvw bl Jl}fqle}jbleh E`qj)

kvh}vqeh Qf{feqkc #K@JEQ*( Pbqhm Dbbm Wqb`qeiif( Pbqhm Dbbm Wqb`qeiif Fsfkv}jtf Abeqm( DEB elm j}{

teqjbv{ kbiij}}ff{( jlkhvmjl` }cf Kbiij}}ff bl Dbbm [fkvqj}z( elm }cf VL @flfqeh E{{fiahz,

]cf V[ j{ pbqnjl` pj}c b}cfq kbvl}qjf{ elm jl}fqle}jbleh bqèlj{e}jbl{ }b {f} vw }cf @hbaeh Weq}lfq{cjw dbq

E`qjkvh}vqf elm Dbbm [fkvqj}z #@WED[*, ]cf @3 Fswfq}{ @qbvw bl Dbbm [fkvqj}z ce{ if} }pjkf elm iemf

{j`ljdjkel} wqb`qf{{ jl wqfweqjl` dbq }cf hevlkc bd @WED[ elm af`jlljl` }b iblj}bq dvhdjhifl} bd @3 kbi)

ij}ifl}{,

Vwkbijl` mftfhbwifl}{ kblkfqljl` EQM jl 177:@bjl` dbqpeqm( 1757 dvlmjl` elm wbhjkjf{ pjhh af mfkjmfm az }cf jlkbijl` Emijlj{}qe}jbl, J}fi{ vlmfq mj{)

kv{{jbl jlkhvmf wbhjkz kcel`f{ }b af}}fq ehj`l cvielj}eqjel elm mftfhbwifl} e{{j{}elkf }b emmqf{{ kcqbl)

jk dbbm jl{fkvqj}z elm e qftj{fm dbbm {fkvqj}z {}qe}f`z,
http://www.usaid.gov/http://www.usaid.gov/http://www.usaid.gov/


50/60

WHE]DBQI IELE@FIFL] ELM @BTFQLELKF

]cf Whe}dbqi j{ iele`fm elm `btfqlfm ekkbqmjl }b }cf Whe}dbqi Kceq}fq, ]cf Kceq}fq {f}{ bv} wbhjkjf{ dbqdjlelkjeh elm kbl}qek} iele`fifl}( wqbtjmjl wbhjkz emtjkf( elm Abeqm( [}ffqjl Kbiij}}ff elm Ellveh

Iff}jl`{, Jl 1770( }cf Whe}dbqi {}eq}fm e wqbkf{{ }b qftj{f j}{ Kceq}fq, Blf bd }cf bv}kbif{ pe{ }cf kqfe}jbl bd

}cf Abeqm( pcjkc djq{} if} jl Mfkfiafq 1770, ]cf qftj{fm Kceq}fq pe{ embw}fm jl Ieqkc 1773, ]cf Whe}dbqi

[}ffqjl Kbiij}}ff cbhm{ qf`vheq tjmfb kbldfqflkf{ }b mj{kv{{ wqb`qf{{ elm wqjbqj}j{f Whe}dbqi ek}jtj}jf{,

Jl `flfqeh( Whe}dbqi ek}jtj}jf{ jl 1773 pfqf keqqjfm bv} ekkbqmjl` }b }cf pbqn whel, E{ mjqfk}fm az }cf

Abeqm( ek}jtj}jf{ pfqf emov{}fm }b ehhbp }cf Whe}dbqi }b wqfweqf dbq }cf Ekkqe CHD elm }b qfek} dhfsjahz }b

}cf kqj{j{ jl dbbm wqjkf{ elm ienf ewwqbwqje}f qf{wbl{f{, Bl`bjl` wqjbqj}jf{ pfqf el fs}fqleh fte)

hve}jbl bd }cf Whe}dbqi( elm mftfhbwjl` e Whe}dbqi [}qe}f`jk Whel,

]cf jlmfwflmfl} fs}fqleh ftehve}jbl bd }cf Whe}dbqi }bbn whekf af}pffl Oelveqz elm Ewqjh,

Jl qf{wbl{f }b }cf ftehve}jbl( }cf Abeqm e`qffm }ce} e }cqff)zfeq {}qe}f`jk whel {cbvhm af

mftfhbwfm, Pbqn elm kbl{vh}e}jbl{ bl }cj{ af`el jl Ovhz 1773 elm pfqf keqqjfm }cqbv`c }b

}cf djq{} uveq}fq bd 177:,

Lfp Abeqm Ifiafq]cf Whe}dbqi pfhkbifm }cf @hbaeh Ifkcelj{i bd VLKKM e{ e lfp ifiafq bd }cf Abeqm, ]cf {}qfl`}c{ bd

}cf VLKKM)@hbaeh Ifkcelj{i jl elehz{jl` lfp djlelkjl` jl{}qvifl}{ jl ejm fddfk}jtflf{{( {vkc e{ ae{nf}

dvlmjl`( mjqfk} avm`f} {vwwbq} elm {fk}bq)pjmf ewwqbekcf{( pjhh af weq}jkvheqhz tehveahf }b }cf Whe}dbqi,

Abeqm iff}jl` elm qf}qfe}Mvqjl` }cf Abeqm iff}jl` elm qf}qfe} jl Wf}fq{afq`( Abll( jl Ovhz( }cf iejl j}fi{ bl }cf e`flme pfqf }cfdjlmjl`{ bd }cf fs}fqleh ftehve}jbl bd }cf Whe}dbqi,

Jl tjfp bd }cf qewjmhz kcel`jl` ejm eqkcj}fk}vqf elm jl hjlf pj}c qfkbiiflme}jbl{ bd }cf ftehve}jbl( }cf

Abeqm mfkjmfm }b fiaeqn bl e {}qe}f`jk whelljl` wqbkf{{ }b wb{j}jbl }cf whe}dbqi pcfqf j} kel cetf ib{}

jiwek}, ]cf Abeqm kceq`fm }cf Whe}dbqi [}ffqjl` Kbiij}}ff pj}c wqbtjmjl` `vjmelkf elm dffmaekn jl }cf

{}qe}f`jk whelljl` wqbkf{{ }cqbv`c tjmfb kbldfqflkf{,

]cf Abeqm eh{b jmfl}jdjfm wqjbqj}jf{ dbq }cf qfiejljl` cehd bd 1773?

[vwwbq} dbq }cf {}qe}f`jk whelljl` fsfqkj{f>[vwwbq} dbq }cf wqfweqe}jbl bd }cf Whe}dbqi Nlbphfm`f Iele`fifl} elm Kbiivljke}jbl [}qe}f`z>

Weq}jkjwe}jbl jl( elm dbhhbp vw bl }cf bv}kbif{ bd Ekkqe CHD;>

Mftfhbwifl} bd }cf Objl} Mblbq Wqjlkjwhf{>

[vwwbq} }b KEEMW>

Wqfweqe}jbl{ dbq }cf Whe}dbqi @flfqeh E{{fiahz>

Jiifmje}f wb{j}jbljl` jl }cf ftbhtjl` ejm eqkcj}fk}vqf>

Qfkb`lj}jbl az BFKM)MEK WbtLf},

Emmj}jblehhz( }cf Whe}dbqi pfa{j}f e{ pfhh e{ }cf Whe}dbqi djlelkf{ elm ifiafq{cjw kbl}qjav}jbl{ pfqf

jmfl}jdjfm e{ bl`bjl` wqjbqj}jf{,

=3

[zl}cf{j{f nfz qfwbq}{>

[ceqf jldbqie}jbl elm hf{{bl{ hfeql} bl {wfkjdjk }bwjk{( jlkhvmjl` {bkjeh wqb}fk}jbl"{edf}z lf}{( khjie}fkcel`f( dbbm {fkvqj}z( elm lv}qj}jbl>

Elehz{f }cf afcetjbvq bd mblbq{ jl }fqi{ bd mfkj{jbl{ bl djlelkjl` ifkcelj{i{>

]qekn whfm`f{ elm mj{avq{fifl}{>

Kbiwjhf jldbqie}jbl bl hfem mblbq{ jl }cf e`qjkvh}vqeh {fk}bq jl mftfhbwjl` kbvl}qjf{

#ae{fm bl }cf fswfqjflkf jl Edqjke*>

Mftfhbw e wb{j}jbl bl e`qjkvh}vqf elm khjie}f kcel`f dbq }cf VL Khjie}f Kcel`f Kbldfqflkf #KBW 56* jl

Kbwflce`fl( 177:> elm

Wqbtjmf EQM jlwv} }b }cf Pbqhm Mftfhbwifl} Qfwbq} 1757,

Documents

Platform Annual Report 2008