Poglavlje IX

309

IX

, , ,

, , , . , , , ( ). ( , , ,, a , .)

, , , , - . , .

(.,9.1): 1), , , 2), , 3), , . , 4), (.,9.44,,.,9.49), .

(.,9.8): (), , () , .

, ( ), . (

310

, .) ( ) , , ( ). ( ), , (Lewin 2001). , .

) ( ) : 1) ,

(.,9.1). 2) .

) : 1) . 2) , .

) :

1) () , () ,/, .

2) .

3) . 4) .

) ,:

1) ( ). 2) . 3) , ( ).

) :

1) . 2) . 3) .

: 1) . 2) . 3) , , ,

. 4) . 5) . 6) . 7) , , .

311

, , .

IX.1 (.,9.1) ( ), ( ).

. 9.1

VIII.3.1. ( ) ( ) . , () ( ).

312

(.,2.11), . ( VIII.4.3.) ,, , . (, , ), (, , ). ( ) (.,9.2):

a) . b) . c) .

. 9.2

, ,

( ) , (.,9.1), (.,9.13). ( ) (). ( ) , , , , . :

313

a) ( ),

(.,9.3).

. 9.3 b) ( ,

.,9.4).

. 9.4

c) ,

(.,9.5).

. 9.5

. , (, ) . .

314

. , ,, . , , ( ).

(d,/B .,9.6), . , d,/B. ) , ( ) (, , , .,9.6), ( )

( ). (Sehgal 1996), , d,/B,>,1.

. 9.6

( ) , (.,8.20), ,, , . , d,/B , , , (Sehgal 1996). d,/B , , .

, , ( d,/B), . , , . b) , , . , , .

315

IX.1.1 (, ) (.,9.1,,9.7,,9.8) , ( ). , . ( , y, : .) , ,

(.,9.7).

: .

. 9.7

, , () . () (.,9.8), , , (I, L, U), .

, S, , . , () . .

. 9.8

( , ). , , , T. , :

316

(9.1): T = PH f , PH = , (.,9.7), f = ( , f,,0.50,,0.60). . , , . : (9.2): T = PH (fO r + fK ) /,R = PH f T , fT =,(,f0 r,+,fK),/,R , R = (m), r = (m), f0 = = 0.15,,0.30, fK = = 0.001. ( , f0 = 0.01.)

j (., , .,9.9), . . ( .) ( ) q,=,0.05,l,/s (Sehgal 1996). . (), .

. 9.9

, , , (.,9.3 9.10). 9.10, ( ). Sehgal- (1996), .

317

, , , , , .

. 9.10

* * * , S, : , G. , T ( 9.1 9.2). ( ) TZ .

( , ).

:

(9.3): S = K (G + T + TZ ) , : K,= , , (K,=,1.2,,1.5). j ( .,9.9), , TZ, :

. 9.11

(9.4): , : fZ,=, , fZ,,0.3,,1.0, LZ = , NZ = .

318

, p, NZ O (.,9.11b): . Novak (1996), : (9.5): G = k (PH B )n, : G = (kN), PH = (kN), B = (m), k = 0.12 , 0.09 , n = , 0.71 , 0.73 .

Erbiste (1984) , , , B,2,H,d, 9.6 ( ). ( ) : , :

(9.5): , : , : H = , (.,9.6, .,9.42) d = .

, (9.5,,9.5) . , , . ,30,% .

, U, . ( ): (9.6): Szatvaranja = K1 (G U T TZ ), K1 (K1,=,0.8,,0.9). 250,m2, 45,m, 15,m. (.,9.12). , .

, (Erbiste 1984):

, ,20,% .

319

:

1) . 2) . 3) ( ). 4) , ,

, . :

1) . 2) . 3) ,

. 4) (a H /15, .,9.2). 5) ,

, .

. 9.12

IX.1.2 ( , ) ( ) () (, , ). : , , ( , ). ( ), . , , , .

, (Erbiste 1984):

320

,

,10,% ( ,20,% ).

. 9.13

IX.1.3 () , , , . 560,m2, 15,,20,m ( 56.5,m, 22.5,m).

, Erbiste-, :

, :

.

. 9.14 ()

321

,15,% , ,60,% . (.,9.14) (1), () , (2), , (4), (), (5), (6), .

, ( ), , P, (.,9.15).

. 9.15

, , C, . , , C (.,9.15).

, S,,R (.,9.16), G,,RG, , , F0, fL,,dL ,2, , F0,= , fL,= dL,= .

. 9.16 9.16 ( SA, RA .,9.16), . ,

322

(.,9.16b), , :

(9.7): .1

, (

) . ,, , (.,9.17). 2 (). , , . , .

, , . , ( .,9.17). , , , .

. 9.17

( ), (.,9.18), , , .

1 . 2 (, .).

323

:

1) , , , , .

2) () , .

3) , ( ).

4) ( ).

5) () .

: ,

1) , .

2) . 3) .

. 9.18

IX.1.4 (.,9.19) ( ,) . , ( ). , , . :

1) . 2) , .

( )

.

324

. 9.19

* * *

.

IX.1.5 (.,9.20 9.21) , ( 50,m).

. 9.20

. (.,9.20) (.,9.20b). , . () , P2 (.,9.21). , O. , : (9.8) : .

,

, ( ). , ,

325

. , (Seghal 1996).

. 9.21

:

1) ( ). 2) . 3) . 4) . 5) .

:

1) . 2) . 3) . 4) () .

IX.1.6 () ( ) (.,9.22). , , . ,, , : ), , ), .

(Erbiste 1984):

, ,30,% . , .

326

, , . , (.,9.22):

(9.8): . , () , . , , , (Sehgal 1996). , .

. 9.22

:

1) . 2) . 3) . 4) .

,

: 1) . 2) () ,

. 3) .

* * *

(.,9.23), (Lewin 2001, 1984), (Lewin 2001, Sehgal 1996, Novak 1996), .

327

. 9.23 ()

IX.2 () , , . , . , Q, , a, , Z1 (Q,=,Q,(Z1,,a) .,9.24). ( ), , Z3 (Q,=Q,(Z1,,a,,Z3), .,9.28. , , , , ( ). , , . , .

()

, , , . , Q,=Q,(Z1,,a). 9.24 . , B, . ( .) :

.9.24

328

(9.9): ,

: ,= , . 2 , :

(9.10): ,

. , Q, :

(9.11): .

H2,=,CA,a ( CA,= ,

,) , 9.11 :

(9.12): .

, Z1, , H1 , , , CV, , CA, 9.12 , Q:

(9.12): ,

.

, V1, , 9.12 ,

V12,2g, . ( 9.12 9.9).

* * *

, CV, , (CV,,0.95,,1.0). CV,=1, (, ,=,0), (9.9) :

, :

329

, :

(9.12b): , .

, 9.12b 9.12,

CV,=,1. ,

. , .

* * * ,,, CA,

, a*,=,a,/H1. ) CA,,0.61.

b) () CA :

(9.13) : ,

(.,9.25).

. 9.25

330

, e , .

* * * , , (.,8.20):

(9.14): .

,

,, a*,=a,/H1 0.8 (a*,,0.8). * * *

9.9

a*,=,a,/H1, ( ), , . , a*, , , ( , .,9.42), 9.9 .

. 9.26 Z1 Q , a*, . . (.,9.12), (. 9.14). (USBR 1987, USA COPRS 1977) (.,9.26).

331

, V,(,y) y ( , .,9.26), : ,

(9.15): , : (9.16): .

9.16 a,=,H1,,h2 (.,9.26), Q ( ,,):

(9.17) : .

,

, , Q:

(9.18): ,

,

CQ1,=,2/3,CA . (USA CORPS 1977) .,9.18

( H1) 9.14 (. CQ1,=,CP,), :

(9.19): .

,

, , V12,2g, . 9.19

(a*,,0.8, 9.14), ( 9.12). (.,9.12) (.,9.19) (.,9.14) (.,9.27).

(9.9) (9.19) , Hager Bremen (1988) :

(9.20): ,

332

: QPR = ( ), HR = .

. 9.27 ()

* * * , . 2 FR2,=,V22,,(g,H2),>,1.5.

. . , , , . , , . , ( ) .

. 9.28

333

9.28 . , Q, , Z1 Z3 , a. ,, , h2 (.,9.28), 1 2 . ( ) 2 3. ( 2 3 , .) 2 , h2 ( , ), V2 H2,=,CA,a. ( H2, , , .) , 1 2 :

(9.21): ,

2 3 :

(9.21): .

, Z1 Z3, 9.21 9.21 Q h2. , h3 Q ( Z3 Q), 9.21 h2, H1 ( Z1) 9.21.

IX.3 : , , , . ( ) , . , . ( ), .

, , . , , .

, ( ),

334

, . ( ) ( ) .

1, , , . (.,9.35), ( ) (), . , ( ), 2. , , . , , (.,9.35), . , (.,9.36) , ,, ( ). (, , .)

, :

,, ,,, .

:

1) (.,9.29),

( ). .

2) (.,9.31),

( ). .

3) (, ), ( ). , . , , (.,9.44), (.,9.45) (.,9.46). .

1 . 2 , , , .

335

( ) , , . :

1) ( ) , .

2) , .

3) , , .

4) , , (, , .).

5) , . 6)

( ).

IX.3.1

, :

1) , , , .

2) , . 3)

(.,9.29) , , .

. 9.29

336

(.,9.30). ( ) , ( ) . ( , , .,9.11).

, .

, , . , , , () ( ).

. 9.30

(.,9.31). 9.31 (QIZL,=,0), , . . ( ).

, ( , ZA, ), ,, , .

, ( ) UMAX,=,,d,B,H (B,=, ). , , ZZ,, ZA, () . , PV,=,,d,B,H0. : PV + GZATVARAA + FTRENJA < UMAX, . ( , FTRENJA, , .)

337

, , aZ, () . , , .

. 9.31

IX.3.2 ,,

( ), , ,, . ,/, ( XI). ,, ( ), ,, , ( ) , . .,9.32, .,9.31. (, ) ,

338

. ( ), . , , , , .

. 9.32

L,=,1.5,,5.0,d0 (.,9.33), ( , , ). A0,/,A1 (.,9.33) 1.25. (USBR 1987) , ( ) , UZV, :

(9.22) : ,

( ) :

(9.23) : ,

: = , = () . ( NIZ 10.) , (ESUENJA,+,EPROIRENJA,+,ENIA). ( ),

339

. USA Corps of Engineers (1977), , TOTAL,=,0.30,,0.45, V1,,VC,= .

. 9.33

IX.3.3 VIII . , , , , , . ( ), . , , . , , .

9.34 . .

, :

1) , C ( ).

340

, . C, :

(9.24): , :

(9.25): , 1 . , ( ZC,1 ):

(9.26): .

( pV,/ =

).

. 9.34

2) , C, . , C , ,

341

, ZC,2, , VC,2:

(9.27) : .

C,2, ,

, ( ).

3) . , . , .

(

k ), :

(9.28): .

( ), . ,, , .

. 9.35

* * *

342

9.24,,9.28 VC , . ( ) (.,9.35). . C, (.,9.35).

, , , . , . , . , ( ). , , , , , ( )1. , , ,, , .

. 9.36

. ,

1 ( ), , .

343

, . ( , .,5.15), , ( ) , . , , (.,9.36), . ( ) . . ( XI.2).

* * * , .

( N .,9.37) , VN, C (VC), , N C:

. 9.37

(9.29): , :

(9.30): ,

: C = , VIII. .,9.37, , ( 1979, USA Corps of Engineers 1977) 0.15 0.50. pN / 9.30 , pV,/, . pV,/,,pN,/ , . (1979), ,

C ( 9.1).

344

( 1979, USA Corps of Engineers 1977). (.,9.38) ( , ), .

__________________________________________________________________ C

1. > 1 2. 1 0.8 3. 0.8 0.2 4. < 0.2 ___________________________________________________________________

. 9.1 C

. 9.38

USA Corps of Engineers (1977),

C,,0.05,,0.10. (Vischer & Hager 1998).

* * *

, 30,m/s , , , . () , . , , () (.,9.39).

, , ( .,9.40). ( ,, ). , .

9.40 ,, ( , VIII).

345

, .

. 9.39 ,

,,

.

. 9.40

( ) , , ,, . , .

IX.3.4 ( , ).

346

, . ( , .) . , , , .

(.,9.32) , , , (Vishcer & Hager 1998). ,, , (.,9.44). , , , , . , , ( ). , ( , ,,IX.3.3). , QA, , VA, , dA (.,9.41).

. 9.41

(Smith 1995, USA Corps of Engineers 1977) :

(9.31):

347

: Q = (. 9.41), n , = .

, , , . 9.31. Smith- (1985) ,=,0.04, n,=,0.85, USA Corpos of Engineers (1977) ,=,0.03 n,=,1.06.

, QA, , a. () hC,,d0,,2 (.,9.41).

, dA, 1,,2,m (h,=,,pA,/,,

348

5) , . 6) .

:

1) . 2) . 3) .

* * *

,, , CA, ( ) . 9.42 , , () , .

.

. 9.42

* * * , , , , . , .

IX.3.6 - ,, (.,9.43)

. , .

349

. 9.43

IX.3.7 (.,9.44) . ( ., ). . , (.,9.44).

. 9.44

: 1) ,, , 2)

( ) , 3) ,, 4) 5) .

350

, . , .

, ( ). 20 300 m ( 800,m). , (.,9.44c) , .

: 1) . 2) . 3) .

, hlept, (.,9.44). , :

.

IX.3.8 (.,9.45) 1) 2) , .

. 9.45

(1700,m). , ,, .

351

, .

, () , .

IX.3.9 (Howel Bunger)

(Howel,,Bunger)

(.,9.46). 250,m, 3.5,m (Lewin 2001).

1), 4), 2), . 1), 3), , .

. 9.46 (Howel Bunger)

, ( VIII.4.6).

, , (.,9.47). . ( ). (Lewin 2001):

(9.32): CQ = = 0.82 0.85,

:

CQ = 0.75 0.78,

352

( ). 9.32 : A0,= , H,= (.,9.47).

.9.47 ,

:

1) . 2) . 3) . 4) .

:

1) ( ). 2) (

B, .,9.48) 90,,95%. 3) ,, ,

. . ( 5,,6 .) (Lewin 2001).

. 9.48 90 95%

( sleeve valve, USBR 1974),

(), , . . .

353

IX.3.10 (.,9.49) ( ).

9.49

. .,9.49. , . , , (Peterka 1958). , , , .

, (.,9.49):

CQ = = 0.60.

: Creager, W.P and Justin J.D.,(1955), Hydroelectric Handbook, John Wiley and Sons. Creager, W.P et al.,(1961), Engineering For Dams, John Wiley and Sons. , ., (1984), , , . , .., (1954), ,

, .

354

Hager, W.H., and Bremen, R., (1988), Plane Gate on Standard Spillway, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, Vol. 114, No.11, Nov.

Henderson, F.M., (1966), Open Channel Flow, MACMILLAN. Knapp, R.T., Daily, J.W. and Hammit, F.G (1970), Cavitation, McGraw-Hill Book Company. Lewin, J., (2001), Hydraulic Gates and Valves in Free Surface Flow and Submerged Outlets, Thomas Telford. Novak, P. et al., (1996), Hydraulic Structures, E&FN SPON. Peterka, A.J., (1958), Hydraulic Design of Stilling Basins and Energy Dissipators, UNITED STATES

DEPARTMNET OF THE INTERIOR, BUREAU OF RECLAMATION, A Water Resources Technical Publication, Engineering Monograph No.25.

Roberson J.A. et al. (1988), Hydraulic Engineering, Houghton Mifflin Company. Sagar, B.T.A., (1995), ASCE Hydrogates Task Committee Design Guidelines for High-Head Gates, Journal of

Hydraulic Engineering, Vol. 121, No.12, Dec. Sehgal, C. K., (1996), Design Guidelines for Spillway Gates, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, Vol. 122, No.3,

March. , .., (1979), ,

, . Smith, D.C, (1995), Hydraulic Structrures, University of Saskatchewan. Streeter, V.L., (1962), Fluid Mechanics, McGraw-Hill Book Company. U.S.A. Corps of Engineers, (1977), Hydraulic Design Criteria. USBR, (1987), UNITED STATES DEPARTMNET OF THE INTERIOR, BUREAU OF RECLAMATION,

Design Of Small Dams, A Water Resources Technical Publication. USBR, (1974), UNITED STATES DEPARTMNET OF THE INTERIOR, BUREAU OF RECLAMATION,

Design Canal Structrures, A Water Resources Technical Publication. Vischer, D.L., Hager W.H., (1998), Dam Hydraulics, John Wiley & Sons.

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Poglavlje IX