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Polidoro da Caravaggio 16th-century engraving of Saturnus

Polidoro da Caravaggio 16th-century engraving of Saturnus

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Page 1: Polidoro da Caravaggio 16th-century engraving of Saturnus

Polidoro da Caravaggio16th-century engraving of Saturnus

Page 2: Polidoro da Caravaggio 16th-century engraving of Saturnus

The Temple of Saturn, Villa Torlonia, Rome

)ביוונית: היה המנהיג והצעיר בדור הטיטאנים, קרונוס או כרונוס

.צאצאיהם האלוהיים של אורנוס )השמים( וגאיה )האדמה(

המיתולוגיה הרומית אימצה את דמותו של קרונוס, אך הוא מכונה בה בשם אחר - סטורנוס

.)שבתאי(. בנוסף לסגולותיו הקודמות, היא הוסיפה לתכונותיו גם את השלטון על הזמן

Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 1. 1

(trans. Aldrich( )Greek mythographer C2nd A.D: ).

["Ouranos the Sky ]fathered other sons on Ge )Earth(, namely the Titanes :

Okeanos, Koios, Hyperion, Kreios, Iapetos, and Kronos the youngest; also

daughters called Titanides : Tethys, Rhea, Themis, Mnemosyne, Phoibe,

Dione, Theia".

)Κρόνος , krónos

Page 3: Polidoro da Caravaggio 16th-century engraving of Saturnus

Giorgio Vasari and Gherardi ChristofanoThe Mutiliation of Uranus by Saturn )Cronus(, 16th centuryPalazzo Vecchio, Florence

GראנוFס )השמים(, שהיה לבעלה. אוראנוס חשש מצאצאיו, ולכן הכביד על תחילה נוצרו כJאוFס )החלל(, גאיה )הארץ( ואHרוFס )היצר(. גאיה ילדה את או

גאיה בגופו כדי שלא ייצאו מבטנה. אבל גאיה נהגה בעורמה. היא התקינה מגל מפלדה, וביקשה מבניה החבויים בתוכה למרוד באביהם: בואו, הקשיבו

לי, ילדי, צאצאי אב פושע, על אביכם שנהג בזדון נטיל את העונש, הוא הראשון שהגה בליבו לבצע דבר עוול! קKרוFנוFס, הצעיר בילדיהם של גאיה

ואוראנוס, היה היחיד שלא פחד מאביו. אמו מסרה לו את המגל והושיבה אותו במארב. אוראנוס נמלא תאווה, החשיך את העולם, וכשגהר לבעול את

גאיה, שלח קרונוס יד ממחבואו, כרת את איבר-המין של אביו והשליך אותו אל מעבר לגבו. אוראנוס נרתע בכאב, וחלל נפער בין הארץ והשמים. גאיה

ילJה. איברו של אוראנוס Mת )אלות הנקמה(, את הענקים ואת נימפות עצי המFריניוHת של אוראנוס וילדה מהן את האG קלטה את טיפות הדם מאיברו הכרו

צנח לים, נסחף לעבר האי קיתMרJה, ומשם צף על פני הגלים לקפריסין. מן הקצף )"אNפKרוFס"( שאפף אותו נולדה אNפKרוFדיטJה, האלה היפה שמעוררת את

התשוקה אצל כל היצורים ואף בלב האלים. אפרודיטה עלתה ממצולות הים אל אדמת האי, ובמקום השומם שעליו הציבה את כפות- רגליה צמח עשב.

)אהרון שבתאי / המיתולוגיה היוונית(

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Hesiod, Theogony 147 ff )trans. Evelyn-White( )Greek epic C8th or C7th B.C.(:

"She ]Gaia the Earth[ lay with Ouranos )Sky( and bare deep-swirling

Okeanos, Koios and Krios and Hyperion and Iapetos, Theia and Rheia,

Themis and Mnemosyne and gold-crowned Phoibe and lovely Tethys. After

them was born Kronos the wily, youngest and most terrible of her children,

and he hated his lusty sire. And again, she bare the Kyklopes, overbearing in

spirit, Brontes, and Steropes and stubborn-hearted Arges.

And again, three other sons were born of Gaia and Ouranos, great and

doughty beyond telling, Kottos and Briareos and Gyes ]the Hekatonkheires[.

From their shoulders sprang a hundred arms, not to be approached, and

each had fifty heads upon his shoulders on their strong limbs, and irresistible

was the stubborn strength that was in their great forms. For of all the

children that were born of Gaia and Ouranos, these were the most terrible,

and they were hated by their own father from the first. And he used to hide

them all away in a secret place of Gaia so soon as each was born, and would

not suffer them to come up into the light: and Ouranos rejoiced in his evil

doing.And he ]Ouranos[ used to hide them all ]the Hekatonkheires[ away in a

secret place of Gaia )Earth( so soon as each was born, and would not suffer

them to come up into the light : and Ouranos )Sky( rejoiced in his evil doing.

But vast Gaia )Earth( groaned within, being straitened, and she made the

element of grey flint and shaped a great sickle, and told her plan to her dear

sons. And she spoke, cheering them, while she was vexed in her dear heart :

`My children, gotten of a sinful father, if you will obey me, we should punish

the vile outrage of your father; for he first thought of doing shameful things'.

Central part of a large floor mosaic, from a Roman villa in Sentinum )now known as Sassoferrato, in Marche, Italy(, ca. 200–250 C.E. Aion- Uranus , the god of eternity, is standing inside a celestial sphere decorated with zodiac signs, in between a green tree and a bare tree )summer and winter, respectively(. Sitting in front of him is the mother-earth goddess, Tellus )the Roman counterpart of Gaia( with her four children, who possibly represent the four seasons.Glyptothek, Munich

Page 5: Polidoro da Caravaggio 16th-century engraving of Saturnus

Giovanni Battista Galestruzzi after Polidoro da CaravaggioThe Castration of Uranus, 17th centuryFine Arts Museums of San Francisco

And Ouranos )Sky( came, bringing on night and longing for love, and

he lay about Gaia )Earth( spreading himself full upon her. Then the

son from his ambush stretched forth his left hand and in his right

took the great long sickle with jagged teeth, and swiftly lopped off his

own father's members and cast them away to fall behind him. And

not vainly did they fall from his hand; for all the bloody drops that

gushed forth Gaia )Earth( received, and as the seasons moved round

she bare the strong Erinyes and the great Gigantes ]perhaps the

Kouretes[ with gleaming armour, holding long spears in their hands

and the Nymphai whom they call Meliai all over the boundless earth.

And so soon as he had cut off the members with flint and cast them

from the land into the surging sea, they were swept away over the

main a long time: and a white foam spread around them from the

immortal flesh, and in it there grew a maiden ]Aphrodite[. . .

But these sons whom be begot himself great Ouranos )Sky( used to

call Titanes )Strainers( in reproach, for he said that they strained and

did presumptuously a fearful deed, and that vengeance for it would

come afterwards".

So she said; but fear seized them all, and none of them uttered a word. But great Kronos the wily took courage and answered his

dear mother : `Mother, I will undertake to do this deed, for I reverence not our father of evil name, for he first thought of doing

shameful things. 'So he said : and vast Gaia )Earth( rejoiced greatly in spirit, and set and hid him in an ambush, and put in his hands

a jagged sickle, and revealed to him the whole plot.

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Thomas ColeThe Titan's Goblet, 1833Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York

.תמונת נוף דמיוני כמו גם סוריאליסטי

הקומפוזיציה מרמזת על שריד מעידן הטיטאנים, אשר על פי המיתולוגיה

.היוונית, איכלסו את האדמה קודם האלים ובני האדם

GראנוFס, נחלצו מרחם הארץ אחיו הטיטאנים .אחר שקKרוFנוFס סירס את או

Page 7: Polidoro da Caravaggio 16th-century engraving of Saturnus

Thomas Regnaudin , Saturn abducting Cybele, between 1675 and 1687, marble, Musée du Louvre, Paris

קרונוס תפס את השלטון ונשא לאשה את

Jה אחותו רMי

סטורנוס וקיבלה הרומים הם מקביליהם של קרונוס

.וריה היוונים בהתאמה

נישואי האלים במיתולוגיה מתוארים פעמים רבות

.כחטיפה

René-Antoine Houasse, Saturn Abducting Cybele )detail(, 1676, Salon of Venus, Château de Versailles

Page 8: Polidoro da Caravaggio 16th-century engraving of Saturnus

Francisco de Goya, Saturn Eats His Child, 1819-1823, Museo del Prado, Madrid

.כיוון שידע שאחד מילדיו אמור להדיח אותו, נהג קרונוס לבלוע אותם ברגע שנולדו

יידוFן MסFו Gן ופFטוG Kלו Gה, פJרMר, הMטMמMה, דJ טי KסHכך טמן קרונוס בבטנו את ה.

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Johann LadenspelderSaturn, 16 centuryBlanton Museum of Art

Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 1. 4 - 5 )trans. Aldrich( )Greek mythographer C2nd A.D.( :

"But Kronos once again ]after deposing Ouranos[ bound the Kyklopes and

confined them in Tartaros. He then married his sister Rhea. Because both Ge

)Earth( and Ouranos )Heaven( had given him prophetic warning that his rule

would be overthrown by a son of his own, he took to swallowing his children

at birth. He swallowed his first-born daughter Hestia, then Demeter and

Hera, and after them Plouton and Poseidon. Angered by this, Rhea, when she

was heavy with Zeus, went off to Krete and gave birth to him there in a cave

on Mount Dikte . . . the armed Kouretes stood guard over him in the cave,

banging their spears against their shields to prevent Kronos from hearing

the infant’s voice. Rhea meanwhile gave Kronos a stone wrapped in the

swaddling-cloths to swallow in place of his newborn son. When Zeus was

grown, he engaged Okeanos’ daughter Metis )Counsel( as a colleague. She

gave Kronos a drug, by which he was forced to vomit forth first the stone

and then the children he had swallowed."

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Peter Paul Rubens, Saturn devouring his son, 1636-38, Prado Museum, Madrid

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Jan GossaertCybele Beseeching Saturn to Spare Her Child, 1520’s The Bowes Museum

Ovid, Fasti 4. 197 ff )trans.Boyle( )Roman poetry C1st B.C. to C1st A.D.( :

"Saturnus ]Kronos[ received this oracle: ‘Best of kings, you

shall be knocked from power by a son.’ Jabbed by fear, he

devours his offspring as each was born, and entombs them in

his bowels. Rhea often complained of much pregnancy and no

motherhood, and mourned her fertility. "

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Hesiod, Theogony 453 )trans. Evelyn-White( )Greek epic C8th or C7th B.C.(:

"But Rhea was subject in love to Kronos and bare splendid children, Hestia, Demeter, and

gold-shod Hera and strong Haides . . . and the loud-crashing Earth-Shaker ]Poseidon[, and

wise Zeus . . . These great Kronos swallowed as each came forth from the womb to his

mother's knees with this intent, that no other of the proud sons of Ouranos )Heaven( should

hold the kingly office amongst the deathless gods. For he learned from Gaia )Earth( and starry

Ouranos )Sky( that he was destined to be overcome by his own son, strong though he was,

through the contriving of great Zeus.Therefore he kept no blind outlook, but watched and

swallowed down his children : and unceasing grief seized Rhea. But when she was about to

bear Zeus, the father of gods and men, then she besought her own dear parents, Gaia )Earth(

and starry Ouranos )Sky(, to devise some plan with her that the birth of her dear child might

be concealed, and that retribution might overtake great, crafty Kronos for his own father and

also for the children whom he had swallowed down. And they readily heard and obeyed their

dear daughter, and told her all that was destined to happen touching Kronos the king and his

stout-hearted son. So they sent her to Lyetos, to the rich land of Krete, when she was ready to

bear great Zeus, the youngest of her children. Him did vast Gaia )Earth( receive from Rhea in

wide Krete to nourish and to bring up. Thither came Gaia carrying him swiftly through the

black night to Lyktos first, and took him in her arms and hid him in a remote cave beneath the

secret places of the holy earth on thick-wooded Mount Aigeion; but to ]Kronos[ the mightily

ruling son of Ouranos )Sky(, the earlier king of the gods, she gave a great stone wrapped in

swaddling clothes. Then he took it in his hands and thrust it down into his belly: wretch! he

knew not in his heart that in place of the stone his son was left behind, unconquered and

untroubled, and that he was soon to overcome him by force and might and drive him from his

honours, himself to reign over the deathless gods.

Rheia hands the omphalos stone wrapped in swaddling cloth to Kronos as a substitute for the infant Zeus.Marble , Bas relief, metope Capitoline Museum, Rome

יימוFנים צעירים רקדו סביבו ושקשקו בחניתות Nס, היא הלכה לכרתים וילדה אותו במערה. נימפות השקו את העולל בחלב, ודG Hאו אך כאשר הרתה ריה את ז .ומגינים על-מנת להחריש בהמולתם את פעיותיו. ריה עטפה סלע בחיתול בד ומסרה אותו לקרונוס, שבלע את הסלע העטוף מבלי לחשוד בדבר

Page 13: Polidoro da Caravaggio 16th-century engraving of Saturnus

Hermann SteinfurthThe Education of Jupiter on Mount Ida in Crete, 1846

זאוס גדל בסתר

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Ubaldo Gandolfi, Zeus with Cybele Expelling Chronos, c.1770

.כשהיה לעלם התגבר זאוס על אביו, וכפה עליו להקיא מבטנו את אחיו ואחיותיוHesiod, Theogony 453 )trans. Evelyn-White( )Greek epic C8th or C7th B.C.( :

After that, the strength and glorious limbs of

the prince increased quickly, and as the

years rolled on, great Kronos the wily was

beguiled by the deep suggestions of Gaia

)Earth(, and brought up again his offspring,

vanquished by the arts and might of his own

son, and he vomited up first the stone which

he had swallowed last. And Zeus set it fast in

the wide-pathed earth at goodly Pytho under

the glens of Parnassos, to be a sign

thenceforth and a marvel to mortal men.

And he set free from their deadly bonds the

brothers of his father, sons of Ouranos ]the

Hekatonkheires and Kyklopes[ whom his

father in his foolishness had bound. And they

remembered to be grateful to him for his

kindness, and gave him thunder and the

glowing thunderbolt and lightening: for

before that, huge Gaia )Earth( had hidden

these. In them he trusts and rules over

mortals and immortals."

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Pausanias, Description of Greece 5. 7. 10

)trans. Jones( )Greek travelogue C2nd A.D.( :

"Now some say that Zeus wrestled here ]at

Olympia, Elis[ with Kronos himself for the throne,

while others say that he held the games in honour of

his victory over Kronos. The record of victors include

Apollon, who outran Hermes and beat Ares at

boxing."

Pausanias, Description of Greece 8. 2. 2 :

"The Olympic games . . . are traced back to a time

earlier than the human race, the story being that

Kronos and Zeus wrestled there, and that the

Kouretes were the first to race at Olympia."

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Cornelis Cornelisz van Haarlem, The Fall of the Titans, 1596-98Statens Museum for Kunst Copenhagen

אבל הטיטאנים לא קיבלו את מרותו

של זאוס. במשך עשר שנים השתוללה

המלחמה בין הדורות. השמים והארץ

הזדעזעו, הים געש ורתח, אדים

ותימרות עשן אפפו את המחנות

הלוחמים. לבסוף, בעצתה של סבתו

ים ואת GפFגאיה, שיחרר זאוס את הקיקלו

הענקים בעלי מאה הידיים. היו אלה

בניו של אוראנוס, שנכלאו על-ידי

.אביהם במעמקי השאול

ים התקינו לזאוס את נשקו, GפFהקיקלו

הברק והרעם, והוא שילח אותו

בטיטאנים. הענקים בעלי מאה הידיים

רגמו את הטיטאנים בסלעים כבירים,

כבלו אותם באזיקים, והשליכו אותם

למעמקי האדמה. שם נכלאו הטיטאנים

בכלא עשוי מארד, והענקים הוצבו

.לשמור עליהם

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Joachim WtewaelThe Battle Between the Gods and the Titans, c. 1600Art Institute, Chicago

Hesiod, Theogony 390 ff )trans. Evelyn-White( )Greek epic C8th or C7th B.C.( :

"The Olympian Lightener ]Zeus[

called all the deathless gods to

great Olympos, and said that

whosoever of the gods would

fight with him against the

Titanes, he would not cast him

out from his rights, but each

should have the office which he

had before amongst the

deathless gods; he said, too,

that the god who under Kronos

had gone without position or

privilege should under him be

raised to these, according to

justice."

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אייסכילוס מספר כי לאחר שקרונוס הודח על ידי זאוס הוא קילל את בנו

בגורל דומה. אך, פרומתאוס הזהיר את זאוס במועד, ומנע את איחודו עם

.האלה תטיס, שילדם היה המיועד להפילו

Aeschylus, Prometheus Bound 907 ff

)trans. Weir Smyth( )Greek tragedy C5th B.C.( :

"Prometheus: Yes, truly, the day will come when Zeus,

although stubborn of soul, shall be humbled, seeing that he

plans a marriage ]i.e. with the goddess Thetis[ that shall hurl

him into oblivion from his sovereignty and throne; and then

immediately the curse his father Kronos invoked as he fell from

his ancient throne, shall be fulfilled to the uttermost . . . Such

an adversary is he now preparing despite himself, a prodigy

]his son by Thetis[ irresistible, even one who shall discover a

flame mightier than the lightning and a deafening crash to

outroar the thunder; a prodigy who shall shiver the trident,

Poseidon's spear, that scourge of the sea and shaker of the

land. Then, wrecked upon this evil, Zeus shall learn how

different it is to be a sovereign and a slave."Jean Auguste Dominique IngresJupiter and Thétis, 1811Musée Granet, Aix-en-Provence

"She sank to the ground beside him, put her left arm round his knees, raised her right hand to touch his chin, and so made her petition to the Royal Son of Cronos" )Iliad, I.(

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]?[ – זריעה(, זוהה עם האל היווני Satus ,היה אל קדום באיטליה וברומא. כנראה אל המזרע )מSatres), אטרוסקית Saturnus סטורנוס )לטינית:

קרונוס. לפי המיתוס היווני הודח קרונוס מכסאו בידי זאוס )לטינית יופיטר(, הרומאים שילבו זאת במסורתם וסיפרו על מנוסת סטורנוס לאיטליה )וירגיליוס

- "שפע"(, שזוהתה עם ריה אשת קרונוס. ( Opsבאיניאס( ועל כינון תור הזהב שם תחת שלטונו: הוא הנהיג חקלאות, מגל, חוקים. לרעייתו נחשבה אופס

לפסה"נ למרגלות גבעת הקאפיטוליום, במקום מזבחו הקדום שעליו הקריבו קרבנות אדם. חגו, הסטורנליה 497מקדשו, ששרידיו עוד קיימים, נבנה ב-

Saturnalia) בדצמבר ונמשך ימים אחדים. זה היה חג עליז , בעל אופי קרנבלי. נערכו בו תהלוכות ומשתאות ונשלחו מנות. העבדים הסבו תוך 17( חל ב

חירות גמורה לשולחן המשפחה ואדוניהם שימשו אותם – לזכר תור הזהב האגדי שבו לא היו הבדלי מעמדות. חג זה השפיע על מנהגי חג המולד

וראש השנה הנוצריים. המשקל השירי הקדום של רומא, המשקל הסטורני נקרא על שם סטורנוס. שמו קרוי גם על אחד מכוכבי הלכת )סטורנוס- בעברית

Saturday) באנגלית ( Saturni dies שבתאי( ומכאן התגלגל גם לציון יום השבת

Temple of god Saturn in Rome Relief, so-called "Throne of Saturn". Marble, 1st century AD or 16th copy. From Italy, Louvre Museum, Paris

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The reverse of a silver denarius of Lucius Appuleius Saturninus showing Saturn driving a quadriga.

The reverse of an antoninianus of Gallienus showing Saturn with a long harpa.

The obverse of a silver denarius of Lucius Memmius Galeria showing the head of Saturn.

A silver Roman Republican denarius of M. Nonius Sufenas showing a bust of Saturn with harpa and baetyl.

Michele Fabris)1644-1684(Saturn

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Eumelus or Arctinus, Titanomachia Fragment 6

)from Scholiast on Apollonius Rhodius 1. 554( )Greek epic C8th B.C.( :

"The author of the War of the Giants says that Kronos took the

shape of a horse and lay with Philyra, the daughter of Okeanos.

Through this cause Kheiron was born a kentauros: his wife was

Khariklo."

Girolamo Francesco Maria Mazzola )Parmigianino(,Saturn )as a horse( and Philyra, c. 1534

האגדה מספרת כי קרונוס התאהב בפילירה היפה, בתו של אוקיינוס,

הנימפה מהר פיליון שבתסאליה. קודם שריה אשתו ה'מקורננת' תפסה

אותם במעשה האהבה התחפש קרונוס לסוס. פילירה הביאה לעולם

בן - יצור כלאים שחציו אדם חציו סוס - כירון הקנטאור - בן האלמוות

שנחשב לחכם שביצורים, מייסד תורת הרפואה, הנבואה והציד. כירון

ניהל מעין בית ספר לחיים. בין תלמידיו המפורסמים נמנו: אכילס,

יאסון, תסאוס ואסקלפיוס. את האם שהתביישה בבנה הפך קרונוס

Φιλύρα לעץ התרזה פילירה ביוונית

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Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 1. 9

)trans. Aldrich( )Greek mythographer C2nd A.D.( :

"The Titanes had children . . . Kheiron, a double-

formed kentauros, was born to Kronos and Philyra."

Jacques Fabien Gautier after Giulio RomanoThe Oceanid Philyra, naked, seen from behind, her arms around Saturn in the form of a horse emerging from the clouds and preceded by Cupid brandishing a scythe. c.1743British Museum, London

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Pseudo-Hyginus, Fabulae 13 :

"When Saturnus ]Kronos[ was hunting Jove ]Zeus[ throughout the

earth, assuming the form of a steed he lay with Philyra, daughter of

Oceanus. By him she bore Chiron the Centaur, who is said to have

been the first to invent the art of healing. After Philyra saw that she

had borne a strange species, she asked Jove to change her into

another form, and she was transformed into the tree which is called

the linden."

Giovanni Jacopo Caraglio after Rosso FiorentinoSaturn )Transformed into a Horse(, Philyra, Cupid with Scythe, 1527Museum of Fine Arts , Budapest

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Philyra and SaturnBernard Lépicié after Parmigianino , 1722-1724

Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica 2. 1231 ff )trans. Rieu( )Greek epic C3rd B.C.( :

"By nightfall they ]the Argonauts[ were passing the Isle of Philyra.

This was where Kronos son of Ouranos, deceiving his consort Rhea,

lay with Philyra daughter of Okeanos in the days when he ruled the

Titanes in Olympos and Zeus was still a child, tended in the Kretan

cave by the Kouretes of Ida. But Kronos and Philyra were surprised

in the very act by the goddess Rhea. Whereupon Kronos leapt out

of bed and galloped off in the form of a long-maned stallion, while

Philyra in her shame left the place, deserting her old haunts, and

came to the long Pelasgian ridges. There she gave birth to the

monstrous Kheiron, half horse and half divine, the offspring of a

lover in questionable shape."

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Giulio Bonasone ca Saturn in the guise of a horse being suckled by the nymph Philyra1513-1576The Metropolitan Museum of Art.

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CRONUS KING OF THE GOLDEN AGE

Kronos ruled over the first generation of mankind during the so-called Golden Age of

Man, a time of prosperity, peace and general ease. When Zeus came to power these

had been replaced by the Silver, who in turn were succeeded by the Bronze, the Hero,

and the Iron races. In the time of Kronos it was said the animals spoke with a human

voice.

Hesiod, Works and Days 109 ff )trans. Evelyn-White( )Greek epic C8th or C7th B.C.( :

"First of all the deathless gods who dwell on Olympos made a Golden Race of mortal

men who lived in the time of Kronos when he was reigning in heaven. And they lived like

gods without sorrow of heart, remote and free from toil and grief: miserable age rested

not on them; but with legs and arms never failing they made merry with feasting

beyond the reach of all evils. When they died, it was as though they were overcome

with sleep, and they had all good things; for the fruitful earth unforced bare them fruit

abundantly and without stint. They dwelt in ease and peace upon their lands with many

good things, rich in flocks and loved by the blessed gods. But after earth had covered

this generation--they are called Pure Spirits )daimones hagnoi( dwelling on the earth

)epikhthonioi(, and are kindly, delivering from harm, and guardians of mortal men; for

they roam everywhere over the earth, clothed in mist and keep watch on judgements

and cruel deeds, givers of wealth

]i.e. agricultural bounty[; for this royal right also they received."

מסורת אחרת מציגה את קרונוס כדמות חיובית, ועל פיה שלט בתור-הזהב של האנושות, או נעשה לאחר הדחתו, שליט אי-המאושרים

.אצל חופי האוקיאנוס המסעיר את מימיהו בעומק" )הסיודוס, "מעשים וימים("

Sir Edward John PoynterThe Golden Age, 1875

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Johann Theodor de BryDas goldene Zeitalter, Kupferstich, 1608Universitätsbibliothek Salzburg

Callimachus, Iambi Fragment 1

)from Oxyrhynchus Papyri 7( )trans. Trypanis( )Greek poet C3rd B.C.( :

"]Animals could speak like men[ in the reign of Kronos. But

anon, they say, Zeus changed all things to the contrary and

in no happy mood, Zeus, the just, dispensing injustice, he

robbed four-footed things of speech and, as if we had not

strength enough even to bestow on others, he changed this

hapless race to human kind . . . This is the tale of Aesop of

Sardis, whom, when he sang his story, the Delphinans

received in no kindly wise."

Callimachus, Iambi Fragment 192 )from Oxyrhynchus Papyri 7( :

"]In the Golden Age when Kronos ruled :[ It was the time

when birds and creatures of the sea and four-footed animals

could talk in the same way as the Promethean clay . .

)lacuna( in the time of Kronos, and even before. Just is Zeus,

yet unjust was his ruling when he deprived the animals of

their speech, and--as though we were in a position to give

part of our voice to others--diverted it to the race of men."

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José Manuel Félix MagdalenaThe Golden Age

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)תרגום מרומית שלמה דיקמן(89-114ספר ראשון אובידיוס / מטמורפוזות מתוך תור הזהב

דור הזהב שהיה בראשית – לא חוקים ולא אונס צדק למדוהו ותום, אך לבו הטהור הדריכהו.

עונש וחיל לא נודעו עוד, דברי איומים על נחושת לא נחרתו – ולפני השופט תחנונים לא הפילו

הנתבעים ברעדה – בלי נוגש יבטחו ויישליו, אורן עדן לא נכרת, לא נטש הרריו עלי גובה,

עוד בגלים לא חתר אל ארצות עם לועז, ובטרם ארץ נכר תתוודע לאדם זולתי חוף מולדת.

עוד לא הקיף את הקרת בור פחת תלול מכל עבר, קול השופר לא נשמע עוד וקרן מקשה לא הריעה,

לא נצצו חרבות וקובע. ללא קרב ומלחמת נחו לבטח עמים ויראו מנוחה כי נעמה.

אם אדמה לא מנעה תנובתה – ותדבנה בשפע, שן מחרשת ואת לא נגעו לרעה במעיה.

ששו מתים ליבולה שניתן לידיהם ללא יגע, וילקטו גרגרים, תותי בר בהרים ויאכלו,

ויקטפו פרי אטד בין שיחי השדה וישבעו, או בלוטי האלון, שליופיטר, מלך רקיע.

אף באביב עולמים זפירים ענוגים משמים חרש לטפו את הפרח שצץ מאליו ללא זרע.

לא נחרשה אדמה, לא עובדה – ושדותיה הזהיבו : שחו משפע ברכה שיבולים ותקודנה לארץ.

נקטר נשאו נהרות ויזרום החלב ממבוע, נופת צופים מאלון – אילנות את דבשם העניקו.

משהודח מכסאו סטורנוס לעלט הטרטר, יופיטר בא במקומו ותור כסף לארץ הגיע.

Pietro da Cortona, The Golden Age Fresco, Sala della Stufa, Palazzo Pitti, Florence

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Lucas Cranach the Elder , The Golden Age, circa 1530, Alte Pinakothek, Munich

Hesiod, Works and Days 156 ff )trans. Evelyn-White( )Greek epic C8th or C7th B.C.( :

"Zeus the son of Kronos made yet another, the fourth

]race of men[, upon the fruitful earth, which was

nobler and more righteous, a god-like race of hero-

men who are called demi-gods, the race before our

own, throughout the boundless earth. Grim war and

dread battle destroyed a part of them, some in the

land of Kadmos at seven-gated Thebe when they

fought for the flocks of Oidipous, and some, when it

had brought them in ships over the great sea gulf to

Troy for rich-haired Helene's sake : there death's end

enshrouded a part of them. But to the others father

Zeus the son of Kronos gave a living and an abode

apart from men, and made them dwell at the ends of

earth. And they live untouched by sorrow in the

islands of the blessed along the shore of deep swirling

Okeanos, happy heroes for whom the grain-giving

earth bears honey-sweet fruit flourishing thrice a year,

far from the deathless gods, and Kronos rules over

them; for the father of men and gods released him

from his bonds. And these last equally have honour

and glory."

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Plato, Laws 713a )trans. Bury( :

"]Plato employs the myth of the Golden Age of Kronos in his description of an

ideal state ruled by a philospher-elite :[ Long ages before even cities existed . . .

there existed in the time of Kronos, it is said, a most prosperous government and

settlement . . . Well, then, tradition tells us how blissful was the life of men in

that age, furnished with everything in abundance, and of spontaneous growth.

And the cause thereof is said to have been this : Kronos was aware of the fact

that no human being is capable of having irresponsible control of all human

affairs without becoming filled with pride and injustice; so, pondering this fact,

he then appointed as kings and rulers for our cities, not men, but beings of a

race that was nobler and more divine, namely, Daimones )Spirits(. He acted just

as we now do in the case of sheep and herds of tame animals: we do not set

oxen as rulers over oxen, or goats over goats, but we, who are of a nobler race,

ourselves rule over them. In like manner the god, in his love for humanity, set

over us at that time the nobler race of Daimones who, with much comfort to

themselves and much to us, took charge of us and furnished peace and modesty

and orderliness and justice without stint, and thus made the tribes of men free

from feud and happy. And even today this tale has a truth to tell, namely, that

wherever a State has a mortal, and no god, for ruler, there the people have no

rest from ills and toils; and it deems that we ought by every means to imitate the

life of the age of Kronos, as tradition paints it." ]Cf. The Daimones of Hesiod's

Works and Days above.[

Johann Wilhelm Baur, The golden AgeThe earth gave all fruits voluntarily, 1659 )Ovid, Met. I, 104(

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Joachim Wtewael, The Golden Age, 1605, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York

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Hans von Marées )1837–1887( Goldenes Zeitalter )I(Neue Pinakothek

Hans von MaréesGoldenes Zeitalter )II(Neue Pinakothek

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Giorgio Vasari, The first fruits from earth offered to Saturn, 1555-1557, Palazzo Vecchio Museum

Orphic Hymn 13 to Cronus )trans. Taylor( )Greek hymns C3rd B.C. to 2nd A.D.( :

"To Kronos, Fumigation from Storax. Eternal father, mighty Titan, hear, great sire of gods and men, whom all revere;

endued with various counsel, pure and strong, to whom increase and decrement belong. Hence matter’s flowing forms

through thee that die, by thee restored, their former place supply ]reincarnation[. The world immense in everlasting

chains, strong and ineffable thy power contains; father of vast eternity, divine, O mighty Kronos, various speech is

thine; blossom of earth and of starry skies, husband of Rhea, and Prometheus wise. Obstetric power and venerable

root, from which the various forms of being shoot; no parts peculiar can thy power enclose, diffused through all, from

which the world arose. O best of beings, of a subtle mind, propitious hear, to suppliant prayers inclined; the sacred

rites benevolent attend, and grant a blameless life, a blessed end ]passage after death to Elysion[."

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Pieter Christoffel Wonder, “Time”, 1810, Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam

Kronos, the god who devoured his own children )Poseidon representing the sea, Demeter the earth, Hera the air, and Hestia heavenly fire( symbolised the destructive ravages of time, which consumed all. As the King of the Golden Age, and of the Islands of the Blessed, he represented the passing of the ages. The name Kronos, means simply time )khronos(.

Cicero, De Natura Deorum 2. 24 )trans. Rackham( )Roman rhetorician C1st B.C.(: "Another theory also, and that a scientific one, has been the source of a number of deities, who clad in human form have furnished the poets with legends and have filled man’s life with superstitions of all sorts. This subject was handled by Zeno and was later explained more fully by Cleanthes and Chrysippus. For example, an ancient belief prevailed throughout Greece that Caelus ]Ouranos the Sky[ was mutilated by his son Saturnus ]Kronos[, and Saturnus himself thrown into bondage by his son Jove ]Zeus[: now these immoral fables enshrined a decidedly clever scientific theory. Their meaning was that the highest element of celestial ether or fire ]Ouranos the Sky[, which by itself generates all things, is devoid of that bodily part which required union with another for the work of procreation. By Saturnus ]Kronos[ again they denoted that being who maintains the course and revolution of the seasons and periods of time, the deity so designated in Greek, for Saturnus’ Greek name is Kronos, which is the same as khronos, a space of time. The Latin designation ‘Saturnus’ on the other hand is due to the fact that he is ‘saturated’ or ‘satiated with years’ )anni(; the fable is that he was in the habit of devouring his sons - meaning that Time devours the ages and gorges himself insatiably with the years that are past. Saturnus is bound by Jove ]Zeus[ in order that Time’s courses might not be unlimited, and that Jove might fetter him by the bonds of the stars."

.קרונוס הבולע את ילדיו הוא הלבוש המיתי של הרעיון על הזמן הבולע את ילידי הזמן

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Martin Josef GeeraertsAn Allegory of Time, 1769

Angelo Zaccarini and Giacomo Zampa, Cronos )Allegory of Time (, 18th Century, fresco, Emilia Romagna, Forlì, Lombardini Monsignani Palace

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The astrological Saturn, by Hans Sebald Beham, 1539. Saturn is shown here as the Grim Reaper, a lame old man, and the ruler of Capricorn and Aquarius.

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Kronos-Saturn represents Saturday in a mosaic depicting the seven days of the week. He rides on a stool carried by two winged gods. Roman Villa at Orbe-Bosceaz, Orbe, Switzerland, 3 century CE.

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POUSSIN, NicolasHelios and Phaeton with Saturn and the Four Seasons, c. 1635Staatliche Museen, Berlin

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Jean-Baptiste Mauzaisse Time displays ruins and masterpieces, 1822, Musée du Louvre

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Pompeo Girolamo Batoni Time orders Old Age to destroy Beauty, 1746The National Gallery, London

“Father Time is not always a hard parent, and, though he

tarries for none of his children, often lays his hand lightly

upon those who have used him well; making them old men

and women inexorably enough, but leaving their hearts and

spirits young and in full vigor. With such people the gray

head is but the impression of the old fellow’s hand in giving

them his blessing, and every wrinkle but a notch in the quiet

calendar of a well-spent life.”

Charles Dickens, Barnaby Rudge: A Tale of the Riots of Eighty

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Simon Vouet Saturn, Conquered by Amor, Venus and Hope, 1645-46Musée du Berry, Bourges

ה"זמן" מיוצג על ידי סטורן האוחז מגל בידו ומוטל ארצה כנוע . כנף אחת שלו

בידיה של התקווה )האטריבוט שלה הוא העוגן המונח לרגליה( השנייה בידיו של

אל האהבה אמור – )המלאכון הקטן(. האישה המושכת בשיער ראשו המאפיר

של סטורן היא האמת. מעליהם מעופפת התהילה ונושפת בחצוצרה ארוכה

.ולצידה המזל בידה אטריבוט הכוח

.האהבה והתקווה הכניעו את הזמן

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Simon Vouet Time Vanquished by Hope, Love, and Beauty, 1627Museo Nacional del Prado, Madrid

,גירסא נוספת של הנושא

מוקדמת יותר

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Francois LemoyneTime Saving Truth from Falsehood and Envy, 1737The Wallace Collection, London

Jean-Francois de TroyAn Allegory of Time Unveiling Truth, 1733The National Gallery, London

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Attributed to Guercino Chronos Admonishes Eros, in the presence of Aphrodite and Mars, 1624 -1626São Paulo Museum of Art

Anthony Van DyckTime clipping Cupids wings, c.1627

אהבה ופרחים אינם שורדים אלא אביב אחד." ) פייר דה רונסארד(" באלגוריות על ארעיות האהבה הזמן מזהיר את ארוס ומשאזהרותיו אינן נושאות פרי הוא מדביק את כנפיו זו לזו או קוצץ אותן

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SCHÖNFELD, Johann HeinrichAllegory of Time )Chronos and Eros(, 1630sGalleria Nazionale d'Arte Antica, Rome

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Pierre MignardTime Clipping Cupid’s Wings, 1694Denver Art Museum

סמלי ההיכר של קרונוס באמנות הם שעון החול, חרמש ומגל

Pompeo Batoni,Time clips the wings of Cupid, c.1740-1743

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Ivan AkimovSaturn Cutting off Cupid’s Wings with a Scythe , 1802 Tretyakov Gallery

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Joachim von SandrartMinerva and Saturn protect the Arts and Science from Jealousy and Lies, 1644Kunsthistorisches Museum, Wien

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Noël Coypel IThe Triumph of Saturn on his Chariot Pulled by Dragons )study(, circa 1671Château de Versailles

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מן השמים יורדת ונוס במרכבתה אל עבר קרונוס - אל הזמן. מעליה מרחפות היונים שהיו

רתומות למרכבתה ושלוש עלמות החן, מלוותיה, ישובות על גבי ענן וזורות עליה ורדים.

לצידה קופידון המכונף, בנה האלוהי, מרחף עם אשפתו המלאה בחיצי אהבה. ונוס הביאה

עימה את ילדה שזה עתה נולד, ונותנת אותו בזרועות הזמן שהניח את חרמשו לרגליו. הזמן

מסמל בכך חיי נצח ולא תמותה. הילד, שעינייו פקוחות לרווחה, שפתייו עבות וקו שער ראשו

בצורת האות וי מזכיר את הילדים שצייר טייפולו על קירות חדר המדרגות של ארמון

הנסיך-הבישוף בוירצבורג . הכוונה היא איפוא לילד אמיתי, ילד בשר ודם. המיתולוגיה

היוונית רומית מספרת כי ונוס ילדה בן אחד בלבד לבן תמותה , את איניאס בן אנכיסס נסיך

טרויה שצאצאיו )רומולוס ורמוס( ייסדו את שושלת מלכי רומא העתיקה. בני משפחת

קונטריני, אחת המשפחות המיוחסות והוותיקות ביותר בוונציה, אימצו לעצמם סיפור גנאולוגי

המייחסם לשושלת שייסדה את רומא העתיקה. ציור התקרה הוזמן איפוא כהכרזה על

הולדת בן למשפחה. לצאצא חדש זה של משפחת קונטריני מובטחת בהכרזה זו תהילת

."עולם כמו זו של "אבי השושלת

Giovanni Battista TiepoloAn Allegory with Venus and Time, 1754-58National Gallery, London

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Anton Raphael Mengs, The Triumph of History over Time )Allegory of the Museum Clementinum(, 1772 ceiling fresco in the Camera dei Papiri, Vatican Library,

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KאMת KGכHם ו לKכ Nת מG Gו KשJyאתHם אMת סכ Gנ .ןבתנ"ך מזוהה קרונוס עם כיון "ו .ו ./י יכHם כ MמKלNצ

GוFכNב א{לFהMיכHם אzש|Hר עzשy^יתHם לJכHם". )עמוס ה, כו( .כ

:בתלמוד, מסכת עבודה זרה פרק א, מוזכר חגו הסטורנליה

לא יישא אדם וייתן עם העובד כוכבים ביום אידו ולא יקל עמו את ראשו ולא "

ישאל בשלומו במקום שמתחשב מצאו לפי דרכו שואל בשלומו בכובד ראש.

שואלין בשלום העובדי כוכבים באידיהן מפני דרכי שלום. אומנין ישראל שהיו

עושין אצל העובד כוכבים בביתו של ישראל מותר בביתו של עובד כוכבים אסור

ר' שמעון בן אלעזר אומר אם היה שכיר היום בין בביתו של ישראל בין בביתו של

עובד כוכבים אסור אם היה שכיר קבולת בביתו של ישראל מותר בביתו של

עובד כוכבים אסור במחובר לקרקע בין כך ובין כך אסור בעיר אחרת בין כך ובין

כך מותר ואע"פ שגמר את כליו לפני אידו לא יוליכנו לו ביום אידו מפני ששמח

ביתו. עיר אחת עושה ועיר אחת אינו עושה אומה אחת עושה ואומה אחת אינה

עושה משפחה אחת עושה ומשפחה אחת אינה עושה העושין אסורין ושאין עושין

יום סטרוניא מותרין קלנדא אע"פ שהכל עושין אין אסור אלא לפולחין בלבד.

שאחז בו את המלכות. קראטוסם יום גנוסיא של מלכי עובדי כוכבים יום של כל

מלך ומלך הרי הוא כרבים יחיד אפילו יום המשתה שלו ויום שנעשה בו שלטון ר'

."מאיר אומר אף יום שעמד בו מחליו אסור

Antoine-Francois Callet, Saturnalia, 1782-3

Page 54: Polidoro da Caravaggio 16th-century engraving of Saturnus

פילון מגבל זיהה אותו עם "אל עולם" של הפניקים. על פי כתבי אוגרית , אל

ישב הרחק "בפי הנהרות", "בקרב אפיקי תהומותיים". נראה שקרונוס היה בתחילה אלוהות מסוג זה

ואחר כך שולב בחילופי דורות של אלים נוסח במיתוס החורי-חיתי: אנו המקביל לאורנוס סורס והודח בידי קומארבי )=

קרונוס(. הוא אשר נוצח על ידי אל הסערה )=זאוס(

Kronos was identified by the Greeks with the Phoenician god of time El Olam )El of Eternal Time(,

spelt Oulomos in Greek. The child sacrifices offered this god underlined the connection in the Greek

mind .

Diodorus Siculus, Library of History 5. 66. 4 )trans. Oldfather( )Greek historian C1st B.C.(:

" His ]Kronos'[ kingdom was strongest in the western regions, where indeed he enjoyed his greatest honour;

consequently, down even to comparatively recent times, among the Romans ]called by them Saturnus[ and the

Carthaginians ]elsewhere the author mentions the Carthaginians sacrifice of children to the god[, while their city still

stood, and other neighbouring peoples, notable festivals and sacrifices were celebrated in honour of this god and

many places bore his name".

Nonnus, Dionysiaca 41. 655 ff )trans. Rouse( )Greek epic C5th A.D.(:

" Now first appeared the golden crop of men ]the Golden Race of Mankind[ brought forth in the image of the gods,

with the roots of their stock in the earth. And these dwelt in the ]Phoenician[ city of Beroe, that primordial seat which

Kronos himself builded".

Gebel el Arak KnifeShowing a canaanite deity, possibly the god ElIvory )hippopotamus canine( and flintstone blade.Circa 3300 - 3200 BCFrom Gebel el-Arak, South of AbydosMusée du Louvre

Page 55: Polidoro da Caravaggio 16th-century engraving of Saturnus

Johann Wolfgang von der AuweraAllegory of Time )Kronos(, ca.1736-56

:מקורות

עריכה: אסף פלר

http://www.theoi.com/Titan/TitanKronos.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cronus

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cronus

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cronus

http://www.artcyclopedia.com/scripts/tsearch.pl?t=Saturn&type=2

http://www.wga.hu/frames-e.html?/html/v/vouet/2/10saturn.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_%28mythology%29

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Saturnus_)deus(

Page 56: Polidoro da Caravaggio 16th-century engraving of Saturnus

Maarten van Heemskerck, Saturn Devouring a Child, c. 1540

שלום לך, אני מזמין אותך לבקר באתר המצגות שלי

ולהנות ממצגות נוספות

להתראות, אסף פלר

http://assaffeller.com