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SWrucWural Analysis of HisWorical ConsWrucWions – Jerzy Jasieńko (ed) © 2012 DPNH ProcławH PolandH ISSN 0860-2395H ISBN 978-83-7125-216-7

pTorCTroAi mob-AkAivpfp clo CriTroAi ebofTAdb hkltibadb miAkkfkd modestà pKNI oomano `KO ABpToACT qhe= knçwledge= çf= existing= buildings= is= an= çverriding= issue= fçr= any= structural= evaluatiçnK= qhe=impçrtance=çf=knçwledge=develçpment=is=highlighted=by=the=recent=ftalian=qechnical=`çde=EjK=aK=N4=ganuary=OMMUI=jKaK=V=cebruary=OMNN=–=§4FI=that=intrçduces=different=knçwledge=levels=and=cçrrelates=each= level= tç= a= cçnfidence= factçrI= depending= çn= the= reliability= çf= dataI= adçpted= in= structural= safety=checksK=Althçugh= fçr= cultural=heritage= interventiçns= Eftalian=“duidelines= fçr= seismicJrisk=assessment=and= mitigatiçn= fçr= cultural= heritage”F= a= high= level= çf= knçwledge= is= desirable= Etç= prçtect= the=cçnstructiçn=frçm=tçç=preventive=interventiçnsFI=in=many=casesI=fçr=the=invasiveness=çf=tests=çrI=simplyI=fçr=ecçnçmic=reasçnsI=it=is=nçt=pçssible=tç=achieve=this=level=çf=deepeningK=qherefçre=it=is=necessary=tç=define=experimental=test=campaignsI=in=çrder=tç=identify=which=investigatiçns=are=strictly=necessary=tç=achieve=a=knçwledge=level=apprçpriate=tç=design=retrçfit=interventiçnsK=qhe=gçal=çf=this=research=is=tç=prçpçse=an= apprçach= that= exceeds= the= rigid= schematiòatiçn= defined= in= the= recent= technical= cçde= fçr=cçnstructiçnI=based=çn=the=definitiçn=çf=the=cçnfidence=factçrs=related=tç=the=level=çf=knçwledgeK=qhis=aim= is= achieved= thrçugh= structural= preJanalysis= frçm= which= we= can= çbtain= parameters= that= play=a=significant=rçle=çn=building=safety=K=qhis=decisiçnJmaking=prçcess=is=exemplified=in=the=case=study=çf=ptK=mardç=`athedral=in=iarinç=EftalyFI=damaged=by=the=OMMO=jçlise=earthquakeK=fn=the=case=studyI=it=is=demçnstrated=hçw=a=sensitivity=analysis=çf=cçnstructiçn=detailsI=cçnsidered=in=the=structural=evaluatiçnI=can=direct=bçth=an=experimental=test=campaign=and=seismic=imprçvement=interventiçnsK= heywords: Masonry buildingI hnowledge levelI aiagnostic tests NK fkTolarCTflk =hnçwledge=regarding=histçrical=masçnry=buildings=is=presumed=tç=be=fundamental=as=a=means=çf=bçth=reliably=evaluating=current=seismic=safety=as=well=as=the=chçice=çf=effective=strengthening=interventiçnsK=qhe=cçmmçn=prçblems=fçr=all=existing=buildings= even= in=the=case=çf=prçtected=çnesI= given=their= imJpçrtanceI=is=the=impçssibility=çf=knçwing=the=çriginal=characteriòing=data=çf=the=structureI=the=mçdifiJcatiçns=sustained=çver=time=due=tç=damage=derived=frçm=phençmena=çf=anthrçpic=transfçrmatiçnsI=the=aging=çf=materials=and=natural=calamitiesK==jçreçverI= the=executiçn=çf=a=cçmplete=research=campaign=may=prçve=tç=be=tçç=invasive=çn=the=fabric=çf=the=building=itselfK=ft=is=difficult=tç=determine=reliably=the=mechanical=parameters=that=are=used=in=structural=testing=Elimited=financial=resçurces=cçmpared=tç=a=diversity=çf=materials;=invasive=tests=fçr=the=direct=determinatiçn=çf=mechanical=parametersFK=qherefçreI= reliability=analysis= çf=parameters= is=necessaryI=which=çvercçmes=the= rigid= schematiòatiçn= defined= in= the= ftalian=qechnical=`çdeI= based= çn= the= definitiçn= çf= different=levels= çf= knçwledgeI= that= can= address= the=deepening=çf= knçwledge= Evia= diagnçstic= testingF= çnly= fçr=thçse=factçrs=that=play=a=significant=rçle=çn=the=safety=çf=the=buildingK=An=apprçpriate=level=çf=knçwledge=can=be=achieved=thrçugh=the=implementatiçn=çf=surveysI=tests=and=investigatiçnsI=aimed=at=structural=elements=that=characteriòe=the=behaviçr=çf=the=buildingsK=qhe= gçals= tçwards= which= tç= direct= test= campaigns= may= essentially= be= twçW= first= tç= increase= the= =knçwledge=çf=cçnstructiçn=techniques=and=cçnstructiçn=detailsI=then=tç=identify=materialsI=their=state=çf=decay=and=their=mechanical=prçpertiesK=qhe=recent=ftalian=qechnical=`çde=EjKaK=N4=ganuary=OMMUF=and=

================================================N=arK=ptefanç=mçdestàI=af`Aq=–=rniversità=degli=ptudi=di=dençvaI=stefançKpçdesta]unigeKit=O=arK=`hiara=oçmançI=af`bA=–=rniversità=degli=ptudi=di=oçma=“ia=papienòa”I=cKrçmanç]unirçmaNKit=

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the= ftalian= “duidelines= fçr= seismicJrisk= assessment= and= mitigatiçn= fçr= cultural= heritage”= EjKaK= V=cebruary= OMNN= –= §4F= intrçduce= different= levels= çf= knçwledgeI= cçrrelated= tç= cçnfidence= factçrs= that=graduate= the= reliability= çf= structural= evaluatiçn= bçth= fçr= the= actual= state= and= after= eventual=interventiçnsK= qhe=cçnfidence=factçr= ccI= adçpted=by=the=designerI=related=tç=the=diagnçstic=campaignI=ranging=frçm=N= tç=NKPRI= allçws=us= tç=graduate=the=reliability=çf= the=structural=analysis=mçdel=and= the=evaluatiçn=çf=the=seismic=safety=index=E§OK4=–=jKaK=V=cebruary=OMNNFK=fn=case=çf=existing=buildings=nçt=prçtectedI=tç=each=çf=the=three=levels=çf=knçwledge=prçvided=by=the=ftalian=qechnical=`çde=cçrrespçnds=a=single=value=çf=the=cçnfidence=factçrK=qhe=transitiçn=between=a=level=çf=knçwledge=and=the=çther=is=determined= by= the= executiçn= çf= specific= testsI= that= can= directly= determine= çne= çr= mçre= mechanical=parameters= çf= the= masçnryK= fn= case=çf= prçtected= buildingsI= the= regulatçry=apprçachI= cçmbines= badly=with= the= need= tç= prçtect= the= building= and= its= material= integrityK= aiagçnal= cçmpressiçn= testsI= fçr=exampleI=the=çnly=çnes=that=can=reach=a=maximum=level=çf=knçwledge=Ei`PFI=areI=in=factI=inapplicable=fçr=a=prçtected=buildingI=because=they=are=highly=invasive=and=destructiveK=qç=çvercçme=this=apparent=cçntradictiçnI=the=duidelines=have=related=the=cçnfidence=factçr=tç=multiple=parametersI=by=the=partial=cçnfidence=factçr=cck=Ek=Z=NI4FI=related=tç=fçur=categçriesW=- deçmetric=surveys=- eistçrical=analysis=çf=earthquakes=and=çf=subsequent=interventiçns=çn=the=building=- purvey=çf=cçnstructiçn=material=and=cçnservatiçn=states=- jechanical=prçperties=çf=materials=- qerrain=and=fçundatiçns=

qhe =cçnfidence =factçrI =ccI= may= be= determined= by= defining= different= partial= cçnfidence= factçrsI= cckI=assçciated=tç=these=categçries=and=the=level=çf=depth=reachedW=

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==qhe=rçle=çf=the=cçnfidence=factçr=is=tç=reduce=the=fractiçn=çf=nçn=cçnservative=results=tç=an=acceptable=valueK=eçweverI=it=is=gççd=tç=differentiate=its=meaning=depending=çn=the=level=çf=detail=çf=the=analysis=being=dçneK= fn= factI= when= wçrking= çn= a= large= sample= çf= buildingsI= within= a= territçrial= analysisI= the=level =çf =knçwledge =nçrmally =cçuld =nçt =be =very =detailedK =pince =the =gçalI =in =this =caseI =is =tç =define =a=classificatiçn=çf=buildings=accçrding= tç= the=seismic= riskI= nçt=always=a= high=cçnfidence= factçr= Elçw=level=çf=knçwledgeFI=can=be=assçciated=with=an=assessment=çn=the=safe=sideK=A=wellJstudied=and=very=vulnerable=building=may=be=less=at=risk=than=a=similar=çne=with=a=lçwer=level=çf=knçwledgeI=whichI=at=the=mçment=çf=definitiçn=çf=the=interventiçnI=dçes=nçt=prçve=sç=vulnerableK=fn=summaryI=since=the=gçal=is= an= assessment= çf= a= large= number= çf= buildingsI= it= is= necessary= tç= achieve= a= unifçrm= level= çf=knçwledge=fçr=the=sampleI=nçt=tç=distçrt=the=ranking=thrçugh=a=misuse=çf=the=cçnfidence=factçrK=ln=the=cçntraryI= in=mçre=detailed=evaluatiçnsI= it= is=necessary=tç=ensure=the=reliability=çf=the=analysisI= thrçugh=a=high=level=çf=knçwledgeI= which=shçuld=be=a= qualifying=requirement= fçr=each=mçnumental=building=Emçdestà= et= alKI= OMNMFK= fn= this= case= the= ability= tç= diversify= the= level= çf= knçwledge= thrçugh= the=applicatiçn=çf=the=cçnfidence=factçr=cc=is=essentialK==OK Teb MbTelalildfCAi AmmolACe =qhe=need=tç=apprçach=a=histçrical=buildingI=çften=characteriòed=by=several=cçnstructive=phasesI=different=materials=and=cçnstructive=techniques= requires=çne=tç=investigate=the=buildings= thrçugh=diagnçstic=tests=whichI= if= applied=in=a= systematic=way=Eaccçrding=tç= the=cçnstructive=phase=and=the=building=siòeFI= can=undermine=the=material=integrity=that=cçuld=be=at=the=base=çf=the=eventual=restçring=interventiçnK=====qhe= applicatiçn= çf= the= ftalian= `ircular= nçK= SNT= Ecebruary= OMMVFI= fçr= exampleI= determines= the=impçssibility=çf=reaching=a=deep=knçwledge=level=çf=a=histçrical=buildingI=since=the=tests=tç=çbtain=the=shear=strength=çf=the=masçnry=are=very=invasiveK==qhe=aim=tç=preserve= the= cultural= heritageI= nçt= çnly= frçm=the=passing= çf= timeI= but= alsç= frçm= natural=haòards=EhydrçlçgicalI=seismicI=etcF=needs=tç=study=these=buildingsI=in=a=preventive=wayI=as=the=ftalian=jinistry=çf=Arts=and=cine=Beauty=wishesI=in=çrder=tç=plan=seismic=imprçvement=interventiçns=befçre=the=earthquake=can=irreparably=damage=themK=Althçugh= the= recent=am`j= çf= Vth=cebruary=OMNN= intrçduces=a= new= level=çf= safety=checkI= aimed=at=a=territçrial=level=evaluatiçnI=accçrding=tç=the=gçal=çf=a=preventive=mitigatiçn=çf= the=seismic=riskI= the=

=

OVRM=

chçice= çf= diagnçstic= testI= qualifying= side= çf= each= clçse= examinatiçn= çf= a= histçrical= buildingI= is= left=mainly=tç=the=experience=and=sensitivity=çf=the=technicianK=aespite=having=a=greater=flexibility=than=thçse=prçpçsed=by=the=ftalian=`ircularI=the=knçwledge=level=çf=a=histçrical=buildingI=is=nçt=always=exhaustiveW=nçt=fçr=the=individuatiçn=çf=the=knçwledge=factçrsI=but=fçr=the=executive=methçds=with=which=tç=investigate=themK==qhe=several=kinds=çf=diagnçstic=testsI=that=cçuld=be=carried=çut=at=theçretical=levelI=determine=a=difficult=minimiòatiçn= çf= cçnfidence= factçrsI= causing= preventive= structural= evaluatiçns= that= can= lead= tç=designing= partially= invasive= retrçfitting= interventiçnsK= fn= this= wayI= an= çver= passing= çf= the= actual=apprçach=cçuld=be=cçnnected=tç=the=realiòatiçn=çf=a=series=çf=preventive=structural=analysesI=assumingI=as= mechanical= parameters= çf= the= masçnryI= the= average= values= Eçbtained= withçut= expensive= and=invasive= testsF=and=carrying=çut=a= sensitivity=analysis=çf= the=mechanical=and=cçnstructive=parameters=that=can=play=a=fundamental=rçle=in=the=structural=behaviçrK=fn=many=casesI=in=particular=when=seismic=vulnerability=is=analyòed=regarding=the=activatiçn=çf=pçssible=lçcal=cçllapse=mechanismsI=it=is=çppçrtune=tç=haveI=nçt=çnly=the=strength=values=çf=the=masçnry=butI=in=particularI=clamping=between=the=masçnry=wallsI=the=presence=çf=lçcal=aJseismic=devices=EiKeKW=steel=tieJrçdsFI=clamping=between=walls=and=flççrs=çr=the=thrust=çf=vaults=çr=çf=a=wççden=crçssbeamK=qhese=cçnstructive=details=play=a=significant=rçle=in=the=safety=level=çf=a=macrçJelement=with=respect=tç=a= cçllapse= mechanismK= crçm= this= pçint= çf= viewI= the= carrying= çut= çf= preventive= structural= analyses=Eassuming=average=values=and=hypçthesiòing=different=bçundary=cçnditiçnsF=allçws=çne=tç=define=the=diagnçstic=test=campaign=in=çrder=tç=limit=the=destructive=tests=çnly=in=thçse=pçints=that=can=permit=çne=tç=understand=the=presence= çf=discriminating= cçnstructive= elements=çr= mechanical= parameters= in= the=structural=checkK=puch= an=apprçach= is= exemplified= fçr= the=ptK= mardç=`athedral= in=iarinç= EftalyFK= qhe=aim=has= been= tç=highlight= hçw= a= diagnçstic= campaign= carried= çut= and= nçt= based= çn= a= structural= preJanalysis= might=cçmprçmise= the= material= integrity= çf= the= mçnumental= cçmplex= withçut= çbtaining= that= knçwledge=imprçvement=whichI=çnly=theçreticallyI=is=reachedK=

=PK Teb pbfpMfC BbeAsflo lc pTK mAoal CATebaoAi fk iAofkl EfTAivF =ln=PNst=lctçber=and=Nst=kçvember=OMMOI=twç=earthquakes=çf=mçderate=magnitude=Ejw=Z=RKTF=hit=many=tçwns=in=the=prçvince=çf=`ampçbassç=and=cçggiaK=qhe=damageI=prçduced=by=the=first=earthquakeI=was=further=aggravated=by=the=secçndI=which=invçlvedI=in=additiçnI=tçwns=that=were=marginally=affected=by=the=seismic=event=çn=PNst=lctçberK==

=

cigK N qhe=histçrical=centre=çf=iarinç=EftalyFW=aF=ptK=mardç=`athedral;=bF=ptK=crancescç=church;==cF=ptK=ptefanç=church;=dF=ptK=jaria=della=mietà=church

=Althçugh=the=jçlise=earthquake=cannçt=be=cçnsidered=amçng=the=mçst=intenseI=when=cçmpared=tç=the=magnitude= çf= the= eventI= the= damage= sççn=became=very=seriçus= and=widespread=E`urti= et alKI= OMMUFK=

=

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fn=the=histçrical=centre=çf=iarinçI=very=severe=damage=was=fçundK=qhis=trend=is=particularly=evident=fçr=the=prçtected=buildings= in=the=histçrical=centre=çf=iarinçI= in=particular= fçr=the=churchesI=that=were=all=declared=unsafe=because=çf=the=seriçus=damage=that=had=çccurred=EcigK=NFK=qhe=church=çf=ptK=crancescçI=as=well=as=the=church=çf=ptK=ptefanç=and=ptK=jaria=della=mietàI=suffered=significant=structural=damageI=althçugh=situated=near= the=ptK=mardç=`athedralI=whichI=çn=the=cçntraryI=was=nçt=seriçusly=damaged=and=remained=çpenI=ensuring=the=perfçrmance=çf=religiçus=functiçns=insideK=qhe=çnly=cracks=were=detected=çn=the=vaults=in=the=lateral=aislesI=but=safetyI=in=respect=çf=the=cçllapseI=was=always=guaranteedK==

=PKNK aescription of the building qhe= ptK= mardç= `athedral= in= iarinçI= cçnsecrated= in= NPNVI= is= cçnsidered= çne= çf= the= mçst= impçrtant=buildings=çf=the=religiçus=architecture=çf= the=thirteenth=and=fçurteenth=centuries= in=central=ftaly= E`alò=jarianiI= NVVTFK= ft= has= a= typically= oçmanesque= structureI= with= sçme= typical= elements= çf= dçthic=architectureI= like= the= pçinted= archK= qhe= façade= is= characteriòed= by= a= hçriòçntal= crçwning= and= an=impçrtant=pçrtalI=adçrned=with=twisted=cçlumns=and=with=figures=çf=liçns=and=griffins=EcigK=OFK=At =the =tçpI =there =are =twç =fanlightsI =separated =by =a =large =frameI =and =a =rçse =windçwI =with =cçlumns =fçrming=raysI=çf=which=there=are=NPI=in=cçntrast=with=the=liturgical=traditiçnK=crçm=a=structural=pçint=çf=viewI=it=seems=impçrtant=tç=highlight=sçme=distinctive=features=çf=the=building=such=as=the=prçnçunced=asymmetry=çf=the=structureI=the=high=pedestal=çn=which=the=church=stands=in=its=kçrthJbast=part=and=the=existence=çf=a=viable=crypt=çr=catacçmbK=fn=the=churchI=althçugh=unifçrm=in=architectural=and=çrnamental=languageI=it=is=pçssible=tç=lçcate=the=pçint=where=the=çverall=design=has=a=changeK=crçm=the=presbytery=until=the=secçnd=pair=çf=suppçrtsI=the= plan= develçps= regularly= and= symmetrically;= then= it= wçuld= seem= that= the= çblique= façade= has=çbliged=the=architects=tç=cçnceal=the=strçng=asymmetryI=dividing=the=sçuth=side=with=three=archesI=the=nçrthern=çne=with=fçurK=fn=this=secçnd=part=çf=the=buildingI=pillars=have=crçssJshaped=sectiçnsK=pçme=have= therefçre= fçrmulated= the= hypçthesis= that= the= çldest= bçdy= was= later= incçrpçrated= intç= the=fçurteenthJcentury=building;=çther=theçries=attribute=this=chçice=çnly=tç=the=change=çf=directiçn=çf=the=wçrk=rather=than=tç=different=cçnstructiçn=timesI=because=the=structural=and=decçrative=elements=are=identical=in=the=twç=partsK==

=

cigK O qhe=ptK=mardç=`athedral=in=iarinç=EftalyFW=aF=the=facade;=bF=the=main=pçrtal==

fn=the=fçllçwing=centuriesI=the=`athedral=saw=the=prçgressive=enrichment=çf=the=interiçrI=culminating=in=the= Barçque= phase= EcigK=PcFI= tç= the= mçst= drastic= stripping= during= restçratiçn= çf= çur= centuryK= ln= the=façadeI= twç=windçws= were=çpened= tç=allçw= mçre= light= tç= the= lateral=aislesK=qhe=twç= windçws= were=clçsed=after= the=restçratiçn=in=NUVT=EcigK=PaFK=pince=NVPN= the=`athedral=has=been=affected=by=several=structural=interventiçns=including=thçse=that=were=çngçing=at=the=time=çf=the=earthquake=in=OMMOK=

=

OVRO=

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cigK P eistçrical=images=çf=the=ptK=mardç=`athedralW=aF=the=facade;=bF=the=interiçr==

qhe=`hurch=has= a= lçngitudinal=develçpmentI= characteriòed=by=a= regular=and=cçmpact= çrganiòatiçn=çf=the=plan=EcigK=4FK==qhe=interiçr=has=three=aisles=divided=by=pçinted=arches=Efive=çn=the=left=and=six=çn=the=rightF=resting=çn=sturdy=crucifçrm=pillars=with=elabçrate=capitalsK=

=

=

cigK 4 qhe=plan=çf=the=`athedral==

qhe=aisles=have=different=widths=and=a=masçnry=vaulted=ceilingI=while=the=central=aisle=has=a=ceiling=with=expçsed=wççden=trussesK=qhe=apseI=with=a= square=planI=is= illuminated=by=a= slender= lancet=windçw=with=a=twentiethJcentury=stained=glass=windçw=depicting=ptK=mardçK=ln=the=right=side=çf=the=pçrtalI=there=is=the=bell=tçwerI=PP=meters=highI=where=the=base=dates=back=tç=N4RNI=while=the=crçwn=was=built=in=NROPK==PKOK peismic behaviour of the churchesW the macro-element approach

and local collapse mechanisms qhe= seismic= behaviçur= çf= the= churches= can= be= studied= thrçugh= the= divisiçn= intç= architectural=cçmpçnents= Ecalled= macrçelementsFI= characteriòed= by= a= substantial= autçnçmçus= structural= respçnse=cçmpared=tç=the=church=as=a=whçle=EfacadeI=hallI=apseI=bell=tçwerI=dçmeI=triumphal=archesI=etcKFK=qhe=lack= çf= intermediate= hçriòçntal= flççrs= çr= slender= wallsI= and= the= presence= çf= architectural= elements=already=pushing=frçm=a=static=pçint=çf=viewI=favçrs=a=macrçelement=behaviçur=Eaçgliçni=et alKI=NVVSFK=qhese= factçrsI= set= çut= in= the= recent= jKaK= V= cebruary= OMNN= E§RK4KPK= oeligious buildings and other structures with large hallsI without intermediate diaphragmsFI= suggest= the=equilibrium=limit= analysis=as=the=main=methçd=tç=check=the=seismic=vulnerability=çf=this=kind=çf=buildingsK=qherefçreI=the=çverall=

=

OVRP=

analysis= can= be= studied= as= the= sum= çf= elementary= cçllapse= mechanisms= that= can= be= activated= in=different=macrçelementsK=fn= çrder= tç= imprçve= the= seismic= behaviçur= çf= churchI= the= seismic= vulnerability= analysis= çf=macrçelementsI=must=taken=intç=accçunt=all=the=technical=sçlutiçns=nçrmally=adçpted=in=the=histçrical=cçnstructiçns= EjKaK= V= cebruary= OMNNFK= ff= an= apprçpriate= knçwledge= level= can= çnly= be= achieved=thrçugh=a= careful= diagnçstic= campaign= Ebased=çn= destructive= testsFI= it= may= be=useful= tç= have= tççls=capable= çf= directing= the= investigatiçns= whereI= a= deeper= knçwledgeI= can= really= be= decisive= in=determining=the=seismic=safetyK==fn=the=fçllçwing=case=studyI=it=is=repçrted=the=subdivisiçn=intç=macrçelements=fçr=ptK=mardç=`athedral=in=cigK=SK=

=

=

cigK R fndividuatiçn=çf=macrçelements ==

aF =bF

cigK S=kçnlinear=analysisW=aF=lverturning=mechanism=çf=the=clamped=facade;==bF=lverturning=mechanism=çf=the=nçt=clamped=facade;=

=oegarding=tç=the=“macrçelement”=façadeI=it=is=pçssible=tç=identify=different=cçllapse=kinematisms=EeKgKW=the=façade=çr=the=gable=çverturningF=with=different=bçundary=cçnditiçnsK=fn=particularI=the=check=çf=the=façade= çverturning= has= been= investigated= cçmputing= its= clamping= with= the= lateral= walls= çr= its= tçtal=absenceK=qhis=detailI=althçugh=representing=çne=çf=the=mçst=impçrtantI=is=nçt=easy=tç=individuateK=qhe=presence=çf= thick=wallsI=çften=plasteredI=characteriòed=by=different= layersI= Eçften=nçt=wellJcçnnectedFI=makes=this=evaluatiçn=very=difficultW=the=visual=inspectiçn=çf=the=building=cçrnerI=in=many=casesI=cannçt=be=sufficient=in=çrder=tç=çbtain=a=reliable=data=tç=assume=in=the=structural=checksK=

=PKPK peismic checks of “cacade” macroelement oeferring =tç =the =qechnical =`çdeI =the =safety =checks =were =perfçrmed =in =çrder =tç =evaluate =the =seismic =vulnerability=çf=different=cçllapse=mechanisms=adçpting=the=limit=equilibrium=analysis=accçrding=tç=the=

=

OVR4=

linear=and=nçnlinear=apprçachK=qhe=safety=checks=were=carried=çut=using=the=numerical=cçde=jc4içc®=by= jc4= pçftware®K= qhis= sçftware= analyòes= the= lçcal= mechanisms= çf= cçllapse= çf= existing= masçnry=buildings= frçm= a= Pa= mçdel= which= is= implemented= directly= in= Autç`Aa®K= fn= the= fçllçwingI= it= is=repçrted=the=study=çf=the=façade=seismic=vulnerabilityK=qhe=definitiçn=çf=the=seismic=actiçnI=depends=çn=the=siteI=çn=the=categçry=çf=subsçil=EiKeKW=B=classFI=and=çn =the =tçpçgraphic =categçry =EiKeKW =qO =classFK =qhe =seismic =input =dataI =assumed =in =the =analysisI =are =summariòed=in=qable=NK==

Table N fnput=data==

dbkboAi aATA

pite=lçcatiçnW sk=xyearsz= RM=iatitude= 4NKUMMV= `u=xJz= NKR=içngitude= N4KVNMO= so=xyearsz= TR=

pmbCToAi mAoAMbTbop

= ag=xgz= cM=xJz= qGc=xsz= qo=xyearsz=aip=Eaamage=iimit=ptateF= MKMUV= OK4UR= MKPNP= TR=rip=Erltimate=iimit=ptateF= MKOPP= OK4SN= MKP4S= TNO=

=aepending=çn=the=level=çf=knçwledge=achievedI=a=`çnfidence=cactçr=EccF=equal=tç=NKNU=was=assumedI=cçrrespçnding=tç=a=cçmplete=knçwledge=abçut= geçmetric=survey=and=sçil=and=fçundatiçnsI= extensive=knçwledge=abçut= materials= and= cçnstructive= elements= and= limited= knçwledge=abçut= the= quality= and=characteristics=çf=the=materials=E§4KO=–=duide=iinesFK=oegarding= the= masçnry= quality= çf= the= façadeI= it= was= classified= as= “squared= stçne= masçnry= blçcks”I=accçrding=tç=qable=`UBKN=çf=the=ftalian=qechnical=`çdeI=which=cçrrespçnds=tç=a=density=çf=OO=kkLmPK==qhe=tables=and=figures=belçw=shçw=the=results=çf=the=safety=checks=fçr=the=lçcal=cçllapse=mechanisms=that=can=be=activated=çn=the=façadeI=thrçugh=the=linear=and=nçnlinear=kinematic=apprçachK=qhe=result=analysis=shçws=the=impçrtant=rçle=played=by=the=clamping=degree=çf=the=facade=with=side=walls=tç=the=structural=respçnse=çf=the=macrçelementK=qhe=çverturning=mechanism=çf=the=façadeI=clamped=with=side=wallsI=was=verifiedI=unlike=the=mechanism=çf=the=façade=nçt=clamped=with=lateral=wallsK qhis=result=allçws=a priori=knçwledge=çf=the=seismic=behaviçr=çf=the=macrçelement=and=çf=the=rçleI=in=the= structural= safetyI= that= plays= the= clamping= degreeK= qhis= a priori= suggestiçn= can= direct= the= test=campaign=tç=be=made=çn=the=façadeK=qhe=evaluatiçn=çf=clamping=between=the=facade=and=the=side=wallsI=allçws=us= tç=understand=hçw=the=vulnerability=çf= the=macrçelementI= withçut= lçngitudinal= tieJrçdsI= is=apparent= and= the= insertiçn= çf= a= steel= tieJrçdsI= in= case= çf= seismic= imprçvement= interventiçnI= may= be=inapprçpriateI=because=the=structural=safety=çf=the=façadeI=with=respect=tç=an=çverturning=mechanismI=is=already=ensured=by=the=çriginal=cçnfçrmatiçnK=

=Table O hinematic parameters=and=spectrum=parameters=

=

= lverturning of the facade EclampedF

lverturning of the facade Enot clampedF

jultiplier=çf=activatiçn=çf=the=kinematic=–=aM=xJz= MKNNU= MKMRS=

`çntrçl=pçint=final=displacement=–=dkIM=xmz= OKNU4= NKMPU=

marticipating=mass==–=jG=xkgz= NMMNMNUK4= UMPPOUK4=

marticipant=mass=fractiçn=çf=the=structure==–=eG=xJz= MKVVV= MKVVV=

pecant=periçd=–=qs=xsz= OKSUR= OKSSV=

mAoAMbTbop clo Teb abcfkfTflk lc Teb pmbCTorM EripF

w=xmz= e=xmz= g=xJz= qN=xsz= p=xJz= qB=xsz= q`=xsz qa=xsz=

MKMMM= NUKTMM= NKO= MK4RM= NK4M= MKNRT= MK4TN OKRPO=

=

OVRR=

Table P `heck=çf=the=çverturning=mechanism=çf=the=facade=Eclamped=and=nçt=clampedF==

hfkbMATfC

aip rip EiinearF rip EkonlinearF

( )pia

sgGM a

qpma

a o =×

³

( )pis

sgGM a

qpma

a o =×

³

( ) ( )sdsaeGu qΔqpd =³

aGM=xmLsOz= apia=xmLsOz= aGM=xmLsOz= apis=xmLsOz= dGu=xmz= Δd=EqsF=xmz=

lverturning==çf=the=facade=EclampedF=

MKVTV= NKORT= MKVTV= NKSMR= MKPT4= MKOPV=

kçt=serified= kçt=serified= serified=

lverturning==çf=the=facade==Ençt=clampedF=

MK4SP= NKORT= MK4SP= NKSMR= MKNTR= MKOPV=

kçt=serified= kçt=serified= kçt=serified=

==

fn= qable= 4= the= results= çf= the= check= fçr= the= çther= mechanisms= çf= the= macrçJelement= façade= are=summariòedK=bven=fçr= the=mechanism=çf=the=tçp=çf=the=façade=the=rçle=çf=clamping=was=evaluatedK= fn=this=caseI=hçweverI=such=cçnstructiçn=detail=dçes=nçt=mçve=the=result=çf=the=checkK=tith=the=nçnlinear=kinematic=apprçach=this=check=is=always=verifiedI=demçnstrating=thatI= in=this=caseI=knçwledge=shçuld=be=directed=tç=çther=cçnstructiçn=detailsK=

=Table 4 `hecks=çf=the=çverturning=mechanisms=çf=the=tçp=çf=the=façade=

=

hfkbMATfC aip rip EiinearF rip EkonlinearF

aGM=xmLsOz= apia=xmLsOz= aGM=xmLsOz= apis=xmLsOz= dGu=xmz= Δd=EqsF=xmz=

lverturning==çf=the=tçp=çf==facade=EclampedF=

NKPTV= NKORT= NKPTV= NKVUR= MKO4S= MKNTP=

NKPTV= NKSMR= NKPTV= OKSMN= MKO4S= MKN44=

kçt=serified= kçt=serified= serified=

lverturning==çf=the=tçp=çf==facade==Ençt=clampedF=

NKMSR= NKORT= NKMSR= NKVUR= MKNVM= MKNTP=

NKMSR= NKSMR= NKMSR= OKSMN= MKNVM= MKN44=

kçt=serified= kçt=serified= serified==

=aF===== =bF=

cigK T jechanisms=çf=macrçJelement=facadeW=aF=lverturning=çf=the=tçp=EclampedF;==bF=lverturning=çf=the=tçp=Ençt=clampedF=

=4K ClkCirpflkp =qhe= study= çf= ptK= mardç= `athedralI= has= shçwn= hçw= a= structural= preJanalysis= can= identify= thçse=parameters=which=are=crucial=fçr=structural=checks=and=hçw=it= is=pçssible=tç=define=the=test=campaign=frçm=this= resultK=qhe= impçrtance=çf=a=deep=knçwledge=çf=a=histçrical=buildingI=designed=tç=highlight=weakness=and=vulnerabilitiesI=isI= in=factI=essential=because=it= is=the=starting=pçint=çf=the=design=çf=the=seismic=imprçvement=interventiçnK=

=

OVRS=

eçweverI= despite= the= fact= that= knçwledge= çf= a= histçrical= building= cannçt= be= separated= frçm=a=diagnçstic=testI=çperating=çn=a=prçtected=building=makes=this=step=very=difficultK=fntegrity=cçnstraintsI=that= exclude= direct= and= destructive= testsI= çr= a= limited= ecçnçmic= budgetI= nçt= always= related= tç= the=cultural= relevance= çf= the= buildingI= determines= the= need= fçr= careful= design= çf= the= test= campaignK=fnvesting= mçre= in= this= phase= becçmes= especially= useful= if= there= is= an= upstream= design= çf= the= test=campaignI=that=allçws=a=deeper=knçwledgeI=directly=usable=in=structural=checksK===AChkltibadbMbkTp =qhe= results= have= been= achieved= in= the= prçàect= mbombqrAqb= EwwwKpertetuateKeuFI= funded= by= the=burçpean= `çmmissiçn= in= the= peventh= cramewçrk= mrçgramme= EcmTLOMMTJOMNPFI= under= grant=agreement=n°=O44OOVK= obcbobkCbp =xNz `alò =jariani =jKpK =Ea =cura =diFI =ENVVTF =qwo Molise `athedrals: qermoli and iarinoI= pp=ONMI=

`assa=di=oisparmiç=jçlisanaI=`ampçbassçI=Ein=ftalianFK=xOz `ifani= dKI= jartinelli= AKI= `ialçne= dK= EOMMRF= qhe= jçlise= earthquakeW= frçm= the= emergency= tç=

recçnstructiçnK=i’bdilizia – ppecial bdition fq` 2MMRK=xPz `urti=bKI=dalascç=AKI=iagçmarsinç=pKI=marçdi=pKI=mçdestà=pKI=iaòòari=AK=EOMM4F=qhe=earthquake=

çn=NNth=April=OMMP= in=miedmçnt=oegiçnW=a=new=methçd=fçr= the=estimated=cçsts= fçr= repair=and=seismic=imprçvement=interventiçn=çn=churchesK=fnW=mrocK uf kational `onference “barthquake bngineering in ftaly”=dençaI=ORthJOVth=ganuary=OMM4I=Ein=ftalianFK=

x4z `urti= bKI= mçdestà= pKI= oesemini= pK= EOMMUF= qhe= pçstJearthquake= recçnstructiçn= prçcess= çf=mçnumental= masçnry= buildingsW= suggestiçns= frçm= the= jçlise= event= EftalyFK= fnternational gournal of Architectural eeritageI=vçlK=O;=pK=NOMJNR4I=fppkW=NRRUJPMRUK=

xRz açgliçni=cKI=jçretti=AKI=metrini=sK=ENVV4F=`hurches and earthquakesI=ifkqI=qrieste=Ein=ftalianFK=xSz iagçmarsinç= pKI= jaggiçlç= iKI= mçdestà= pK= EOMMNF= qhe= seismic= vulnerability= çf= churchesW=

prçpçsal= fçr= an= integrated=apprçach= tç= the= preventiçn= and= relief= çf= damage= in= emergencyK= fnK=mrocK u kational `onference “barthquake bngineering in ftaly”=mçtenòaI=OMMNK==

xTz iemme= AKI= jartinelli= AKI= mçdestà= pK= EOMMUF= barthquake in Molise oegion 2MM2: from the emergency to reconstructionK Masonry buildingsK=abf=qipçgrafia=del=deniç=`ivileK=

xUz jc4içc=–=rser=janual=EOMNNFI=qçurinK=xVz dKrK= nK= OV= del=M4JMOJOMMUK=pupplK=lrdinariç=k°=PM=–= aecretç=jinisteriale=N4= gennaiç=OMMUW=

kçrme=qecniche=per=le=`çstruòiçniK=xNMz dKrK=nK=4T=del=OSJOJOMMVK==pupplK=lrdinariç=nKOT=–=`ircçlare=O=febbraiç=OMMVI=nK=SNTW=fstruòiçni=per=

l’applicaòiçne=delle=“kuçve=nçrme=tecniche=per=le=cçstruòiçni”=di=cui=al=aKjK=N4=gennaiç=OMMUK=xNNz dKrK=nK=4T=del=OS=JO=JOMNNpupplK=lrdinariç=nK=R4==–=airettiva=del=mresidente=del=`çnsigliç=dei=

jinistri=del= V= febbraiç= OMNNW=salutaòiçne= e= riduòiçne= del= rischiç= sismicç= del= patrimçniç=culturale= cçn= riferimentç= alle=kçrme= tecniche= per= le= cçstruòiçni= cui= al= decretç= del= jinisterç=delle=infrastrutture=e=dei=traspçrti=del=N4=gennaiç=OMMUK=

xNOz mçdestà=pKI=oçmanç=`KI=pcandçlç=iK=EOMNMF=jçliseI=evaluatiçn=çf=the=seismic=safety=at=territçrial=levelI=in=iinee duida per la valutazione e riduzione del rischio sismico del patrimonio culturale=–=`ircçlare=n°=OS=del=OLNOLOMNMK=pK=PO4JP4PI=oljA;=dangemiI=fpBkLfppkW=VTUJUUJ4VOJOMOVJOK=Ein=ftalianFK=

xNPz mçdestà= pK= EOMNOF= peismic `hecks on masonry buildingsI= NTUI= claccçviç=bdK= malermçI= fpBk=VTUJUUJRTVJMNNVJMK=